Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/seta

The future energy internet for utility energy service and demand-side
management in smart grid: Current practices, challenges and
future directions
K. Parvin a, M.A. Hannan a, *, Looe Hui Mun b, M.S. Hossain Lipu c, Maher G.M. Abdolrasol d,
Pin Jern Ker a, Kashem M. Muttaqi e, Z.Y. Dong f
a
Department of Electrical Power Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
b
Smart Grid Unit, TNB Research Sdn. Bhd., Kajang 43000, Malaysia
c
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Green University of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
d
Electrical Department, Civil Aviation Higher Institute (CAHI), Alwatar, Tobruk, Libya
e
School of Electrical, Computer, and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
f
The Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798 Singapore, Singapore

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The energy internet (EI) integrated with smart grid (SG) has been a growing and emerging technology that
Energy internet manages and controls towards reliability, security, data integrity, demand response management, cyber-attacks,
Utility energy service efficient utility energy service, and protocols. Nevertheless, EI-based SG implementation has several shortcom­
Demand-side management
ings, such as scalability, congestion, and pricing, making the entire system vulnerable and complex. Hence, this
Structure
Smart metering
paper comprehensively reviews the EI concept for utility energy service and demand-side management (DSM) in
SG, related issues, and future directions. In line with the matter, this review showcases an inclusive description of
EI technology, highlighting architecture, theory, and applications. Besides, the various EI integrated utility
services are discussed with regard to cloud-based utility service, one-stop online utility service, short message
service-based utility service, future utility service, and affordable utility service. Moreover, the DSM in SG
connected with EI environment is explored, covering the resilience of EI architecture, 5G based EI, and EI-based
DSM for sustainable consumption. The numerous key issues, problems, and challenges are outlined to identify
the existing research gaps. Finally, the review proposes some improvements for future opportunities and de­
velopments for EI in utility energy service and DSM in SG. All the critical discussion, analysis, and suggestions
would be valuable for the power engineer and researchers to enhance EI-based SG for future sustainable oper­
ation and management.

Introduction time power demand information. This information can be utilized

A smart grid (SG) known as an intelligent grid, future grid, electrical
/power grid, intelligent and intergrid, is considered a remarkable
advancement and solution to address the current issues of the electrical
power grid in the 20th century [1]. The improvements of the present
power systems are moving towards incorporating advanced computing
technologies, communication infrastructure, smart meters, and sensors
[2]. The SG technology improves the incorporation of different sources
of energy generation into one system and accordingly enhances the
power generation efficiency [3]. The relationship of sensors, smart
meters, and SG networks permits the generation centers to access real-
further to implement an efficient power distribution and generation
plant [4]. Therefore, the energy efficiency has increased and electricity
price has reduced after integrating SG technologies into a power system
infrastructure [5].
There has been a dramatic variation in power consumption and load
demand in distribution networks with the development of electronic
devices and the generation of high-power sources like electric vehicles
(EV) [6]. Hence, the operation, control, and management of SG would
experience tremendous challenges [7]. The SG could suffer from a
massive wastage of power due to ineffective appliances, lack of smart
technology, unreliable monitoring and communication, inefficient

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hannan@uniten.edu.my (M.A. Hannan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102648
Received 21 October 2021; Received in revised form 3 August 2022; Accepted 24 August 2022
Available online 14 September 2022
2213-1388/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
K. Parvin et al.
routing of electrical power, and above all, the absence of a system to
store and manage the electrical energy [8,9]. Besides, the SG faces some
security and reliability difficulties, including developing energy demand
and aging infrastructure issues to give some examples [10].
There have been significant improvements in SG that have provided
fruitful and trustworthy solutions to address these difficulties. SG has
performed as a hopeful resolution with a diversity of communication
and technologies that can improve the traditional smart grid’s effi­
ciency, reliability, effectiveness, stability, scalability, sustainability, and
security [11]. The SG utilizes the constant power value, self-
recuperating, energy consumption schedule, and different strategies to
balance consumption and power generation [12], as per customers’
demands, where the power generation and demand are intently matched
[13]. SG gives advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), fault tolerance,
load balancing, unauthorized usage detection, as well as smart meters
[14,15]. SG employs sensors and advanced instruments in transmission
lines, distribution centers, and end-user consumers to monitor and
control energy consumption and conservation. The Internet of things
(IoT) is the ideal approach to accomplish these functions. The IoT
technology comprises a wide range of sensing devices to control, analyze
and evaluate data collection, processing, and communication [16]. The
energy internet (EI) has generally been utilised in dispatching command,
decision support, remote control, and other aspects of power and energy
systems.
Fig. 1. EI framework in the power grid.
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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648
The features of the power grids, as well as the IoT, are accumulated
in EI. The EI is about the Internet-based architecture, which works on the
data and services exchange between the unlimited distributed smart
devices [17–19]. EI utilizes communication technologies, and sensors
for detecting and transmitting constant information, which allows for
quick calculations and ideal decision-making [20,21]. Additionally, EI
can support energy transformation from centralization to distribution,
advanced and smarter, and incorporated energy framework. This is the
main necessity in deploying native, distributed renewable energy sour­
ces (RESs), for example, solar and wind energy, and transforming some
limited-scale end energy consumers into prosumers for strengthening
generation besides maintaining their demand [22]. Based on commu­
nications networks as well as the Internet, EI uses computing and soft­
ware facilities to process data and exchange information [23]. As a
result, utilizing EI tools and expertise could allow accomplishing human
duties, sharing pieces of information, continuous tie to data flows,
achieving continuous control, efficient managing, and logical manage­
ment in real-domain scenarios [24]. Fig. 1 presents the EI structure in
the power grid highlighting transmission, generation, distribution, en­
ergy storage, RESs, smart home, and buildings.
In recent years, EI technology has acquired important consideration
in different applications and permitted the internet interconnection for
numerous network-embedded devices utilized in day-by-day time [25].
Its objectives are to automate several systems, like security and
K. Parvin et al.
surveillance systems, health care systems, manufacturing systems, home
appliances, transport systems, electrical systems, military systems,
agriculture systems, and power grids. EI can be used for energy con­
sumption monitoring, wind power plant monitoring, energy storage
monitoring, pumped storage power plant monitoring, etc., and in the
different sectors of power generation [26]. On the other hand, a power
grid can provide a two-path connection between the energy manage­
ment system and the utility operator to control and monitor energy
production. Accordingly, EI has become progressively employed in
buildings, electric vehicles (EVs), distributed energy sources, and do­
mestic and industrial areas [27].
Demand-side management (DSM) has to pay attention to the
consideration of numerous scholars. Among DSM strategies, demand
response has been broadly considered [28]. The DSM is a significant
function in power management of the future power grid, which supports
power grid functionalities in different sectors like power marketplace
control and management, infrastructure improvement, and manage­
ment of decentralized power resources and EVs [29]. Demand response
is utilized to reduce customers’ electricity costs, minimize operation
bills of the smart grid, shift peak load demand, reduce carbon emission
levels, and curtail energy loss and greenhouse gas emissions [30,31]. EI
components gather energy data and information from various appli­
ances for the smart meters and smart devices. Using the control strategy
in the power system utility network schedules the power consumption
for many housing appliances based on consumers’ demands to decrease
the energy cost. The DSM issue can be addressed at various planes for the
progressive power utility grid substructure, and it tends to be tackled at
the level of buildings to save users’ privacy [32,33]. Also, more signif­
icant levels to produce a more effective controlling plan that profits
customers and the utility companies can be well managed [34,35].
The paper is arranged into five sections. Section 2 outlines the related
literature and key contributions of the work. Section 3 presents the
procedures for conducting this survey. Section 4 denotes the results and
critical discussion highlighting several numerous key metrics concern­
ing EI structure, layers, characteristics, applications, and utility services.
Besides, EI platforms for DSM in SG, along with bibliometric evaluation,
are reported under section 4. Moreover, the open issues, challenges, and
limitations are explained in section 4. Finally, the conclusion, along with
future directions, are depicted in section 5.
Related works and contributions
In the literature, many studies have been conducted concerning the
properties of EI in the smart grid system. Brundu et al. [36] introduced a
novel EI software infrastructure for energy management as well as a
simulation in smart cities. The main contribution of this paper is to
integrate heterogeneous EI smart devices for energy management and
monitoring of entire city regions and focus on power savings and end-
user comfort levels. However, it does not discuss all the aspects of EI
platforms, such as efficiency, reliability, and scalability. Kaur et al. [7]
discussed the various applications of EI in the smart grid, such as smart
meters, monitoring the utility grid’s power, and smart home devices.
Another attempt acknowledged the smart building’s homes as the core
bases of EI in smart grid technology. The authors [37] highlighted the
smart grid facilities, for example, energy management system, home
security, home automation, and dynamic pricing, which aid a smoother
lifestyle for customers. They also introduced a short comparison be­
tween EI protocols, for example, XMPP, CoAP, MQTT, and RESTfull
HTTP. Karale [38] and Skhini et al. [39] focused on the privacy and
security problems associated with EI applications in the smart grid. The
authors in [40] provided a comprehensive overview of EI applications’
privacy, security survey, and research challenges in the smart grid. In
addition, they also highlighted some practices adopted to deal with
privacy and security necessities for EI on the management of the smart
grids. The authors in [40] classified three types of issues: the grid
domain, customer domain, and information and communication
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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648
domain. At the same time, researchers in [39] discussed the extensive
statistical reference of EI security problems literature. Additionally, the
studies in [41–43] explored EI architecture, key technologies, rigorous
privacy, and security, including applications, services in SG, and chal­
lenges. These reviews provided new achievements, smart grid mainte­
nance and management, power system distribution, transmission,
generation, smart metering, customer interactions, and energy man­
agement system monitoring, with which EI can assist. A work in [44]
presented an extensive survey based on EI in the smart grid systems,
including the existing applications, prototypes, architectures, and
technologies of the EI-supported smart grid system. Moreover, the re­
searchers highlighted the future research directions, problems, and
challenges for the EI-assisted smart grid systems. However, there is a
drawback of standardization in the EI-assisted smart grid system. Mot­
lagh et al. [45] focused on the role of EI in creating electric power and
energy systems as well as exploring the social and economic effects.
Table 1 presents a comparison of the existing works of EI in the SG
system.
This review delivers new contributions to bridge the existing litera­
ture shortcomings by thoroughly examining utility energy service and
demand-side management in SG integrated with the EI platform. The
review offers the following novel contributions:
• An overview of EI, along with their architecture, related theory, and
applications of EI in SG, are broadly surveyed.
• A comprehensive review of the EI utility energy services, including
cloud-based utility services and consumer-based utility services, are
discussed in detail.
• The EI for DSM in SG, including SG optimization, sustainable con­
sumption, and 5G technology, is explicitly explored.
• The bibliometric assessment of EI in DSG and SG is carried out
concerning authorship, country, and universities.
• The critical issues and limitations of the EI in the SG are explored,
emphasizing data integrity, reliability, interoperability, security,
privacy, cyber-attack, eavesdropping, and mobility.
• Selective and significant future directions toward the performance
improvement of EI in the SG are provided.
Reviewing methodology
The literature survey was done in line with content analysis to ach­
ieve the goals of the review. The databases of Scopus were exploited to
investigate the review writing. The information was gathered based on
the most important source of information, such as Web of Science,
Research gate, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were picked
for reference. In addition, the researchers utilized various keywords to
find relevant journals within the scope of the research, including EI, SM,
DSM, utility energy service, reliability, scalability, SG architecture,
application of EI in utility and SG, impacts of EI in SM, EI features in SM,
EI privacy and security. Although various articles were found from the
search, appropriate literature was chosen by evaluating the paper con­
tent, title, abstract, keyword, and the critical topic of attention of the
paper. Consequently, the related articles were selected based on the
review process, impact factor, and citation. The review procedure can be
divided into two stages, as displayed in Fig. 2 and summed up as follows:
Selection process
• A total amount of 450 references were selected after the primary
search using Scopus, Google Scholar, web of science, Science Direct,
and Research gate.
• The second assessment, screening, and evaluation were decided to
utilize the appropriate title, abstract, keywords, contents, and the
relevant journal of the most important subject. Therefore, 280 papers
were specified.
K. Parvin et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648

Table 1
Comparative analysis of the existing studies on EI technology.
Reference Main contributions i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x

[36] Integrate heterogeneous EI devices for energy management and monitoring of an entire city district £ £ £ £ £ £ ✓ £ £ £
[7] Briefly discusses the usage of EI for ✓ ✓ ✓ £ £ £ ✓ £ £ £
Smart grid.
[37] Discuss the potential applications of EI for residential smart grids. ✓ ✓ £ ✓ £ £ £ ✓ ✓ ✓
[40] An extensive overview of the privacy and security survey of EI applications in the smart grid. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ ✓ £
[39] Presented a bibliometric survey paper concentered on the security aspects of EI assisted smart grids. ✓ ✓ ✓ £ £ £ £ £ ✓ £
[41] Described the application of EI in smart grid technology ✓ ✓ ✓ £ £ £ £ £ ✓ £
[42] Introduced the characteristics, concepts, and applications of EI in smart grid. ✓ ✓ ✓ £ £ ✓ ✓ £ ✓ £
[43] Briefly discusses the applications and services of EI for ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ £ ✓ £ £ ✓ £
Smart grid.
[44] An overview of the existing architecture of the EI-aided smart grid system. ✓ ✓ ✓ £ £ £ ✓ £ ✓ £
[46] Highlighted a comprehensive review of EI in electric power and energy systems applications and services. £ ✓ ✓ £ £ £ ✓ ✓ ✓ £
Discussed: i. EI architecture in smart grid, ii. Impacts of EI on smart grid, iii. EI feature trends in smart grid,
iv. Demand response management, v. Renewable energy, vi. Secure data exchange, vii. Reliability, viii.
Scalability, ix. Security and privacy, x. EI protocols in smart grid. ✓ Shows the theme is covered, £ Shows
the theme is not covered.

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the review section process.

4
K. Parvin et al.
• The third assessment utilized the article’s impact factor, citation, and
procedure of the review.
• Finally, 145 papers were chosen available in scientific conference
proceedings and journals to review literature, analysis, challenges,
and future research directions.
Result of the review
• The explanation of EI architecture, theory, and applications.
• The discussion of various EI integrated utility services.
• The exploration of numerous key issues and challenges.
• The future improvements trends for EI in utility energy service and
DSM in SG.
Analysis of the results
Key components of EI
EI is a rising technology that utilizes the internet and connects things
or physical devices [47]. The physical sensor devices incorporate in­
dustrial equipment and house appliances. With the utilization of suitable
communication networks and sensors, these strategies allow delivering
important information and permit the contribution of various facilities
for individuals. For example, the consumption of power from homes in a
smart way decreases the power cost [48]. EI has wide-ranging of utili­
zations, for example, in construction industry, logistics, and
manufacturing [49]. EI is broadly applied to achieve effective man­
agement of power in homes, healthcare systems and services, drone-
based services, and environmental monitoring [50,51].
When arranging an EI application which is the initial phase in
planning EI frameworks, the determination of parts of EI like sensor
gadgets, communication protocol, information storage, and calculation
should be suitable for the expected implementation. For instance, an EI
platform designed for controlling heat, cool, ventilation, and Air con­
ditions needs pertinent sensors of the environment and utilizes appro­
priate communication links [52,53]. EI strategies and platforms are
sensors, actuators, EI gateways, or any devices joining the information
collection, transmission, and processing cycle. For instance, the gateway
of the EI device allows direction-finding the data into the EI framework
and building up bi-directional link information, for example, from
(gadget-to-gateway) as well as (gateway-to-cloud). Fig. 3 shows the
various component of an EI platform.
Component number 03 in the EI platform is the communication
Fig. 3. The components of an EI platform.
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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648
platform that enables the various gadgets to share and communicate
their information with the controllers. EI platforms promote good sort of
communication networks based on internet availability, including Zig­
Bee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and cellular pieces of equipment, for example,
LTE-4G and 5G networks [54], as per the requirements of the applica­
tions. The information saved is component number 04 of the EI platform
that allows sensors to gather information. Cheng et al. [55] proposed
Markov model-based user mobility prediction model to examine the
virtual small cell (VSC) supported multi-tier heterogeneous networks.
The multi-agent Q-learning (MAQL) and deep Q-network (DQN)
methods are employed to find the optimal resource allocation and
accelerate the convergence, respectively. The results indicate that the
VSC can maximize the system capacity and spectrum efficiency. Inga
et al. [56] applied a column generation approach to address capacitated
multicommodity flow problem considering cost, coverage, and capac­
ities. The proposed work integrates a cellular network with smart meters
through base station. The results demonstrate 100 % coverage of the
smart meters as well as 10 % calculation time reduction of the capaci­
tated multicommodity flow problem for advanced metering infrastruc­
ture. Wei and Masouros [57] investigated the interference exploitation
(IE) in heterogeneous networks employing transmitted data and shared
channel state information coordinated heterogeneous base stations. The
proposed method can minimize the signal-to-interference-and-noise
ratio and obtain low transmission power consumption.
The gathered information from gadgets is extremely enormous. They
require arranging effective information storage, allowing cloud servers
at the edge of an EI web. The information saved that is used for the
analysis formulae the component number 05 for EI platforms. The in­
formation investigation could be done as a follow-up storing the infor­
mation. The information investigation is conducted for the best decision
in the region of the application activities. Because of need, the infor­
mation investigation could be done in real-time or when offline. In the
offline analysis, the saved information is firstly gathered and afterward
imagined in buildings utilizing perception apparatuses. On account of
the real-time investigation, the cloud or edge workers give perception,
for example, stream analytics [58].
The architecture of EI
The architecture of the EI for the utility girds compromises the
traditional and renewable energy future supplies as well as the energy
management systems. The utility network system is based on wide-scale
usage of distributed energy generation and storage systems. A green
energy generation of utility grid infrastructures allows high integration
and scalability for different distributed energy generating and storage
systems linked with the power network grid systems. The 5G of high-
speed, reliable, and secure internet service help to promote a green-
energy-based industry and utility networks [59]. The various kinds of
modular resources with a standardized plug-and-play interface support
control the energy demands of end-users. To optimize the energy utili­
zation in distributed power grid infrastructure systems, it is necessary to
manage the energy demand of household users and industrial customers.
Mahmud et al. [60] explored the management, control, and optimiza­
tion of distributed energy resources, prosumers, and small-scale virtual
power plants. Besides, the control objectives, constraints, classifications,
and functions are reported. Moreover, the methods, algorithms, and
relevant objective functions are summarized to manage small-scale
virtual power plants. Wedashwara et al. [61] proposed IOT-oriented
smart small-scale solar energy planning by incorporating wireless
sensor network and tree-based fuzzy rule to enhance energy efficiency.
Teng et al. [62] introduced of large-scale IoT in the smart city using a
low-cost physical locations discovery scheme. In order to reduce the
cost, the adaptive unmanned aerial vehicles flight path planning algo­
rithm is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme
reduces the localization error. Xiao et al. [63] proposed a large-scale
energy internet system highlighting several key aspects, including
K. Parvin et al.
management mechanisms and optimizing strategies. The new energy
internet platform is effective for adjusting energy structure and pro­
moting energy scale development which could be considered as the
reference for future EI in demand side management and smart grid ap­
plications. EI-aided SG system is configured with a three-layered ar­
chitecture that has been broadly utilized in the literature. It has been
proposed in [44,64–67]. As introduced in Fig. 4, the architecture of EI
can be expressed as three layers, a perception layer, a network layer, and
an application layer.
Perception layer
This layer allows the key goals of detecting and gathering data in EI-
aided SG systems utilizing various devices. It contains different sorts of
sensing apparatuses, for example, sensors for security monitoring,
Global Positioning Systems (GPS), video cameras, Machine to Machine
(M2M), Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID), Wireless Sensor
Network (WSN), and sensor gateways to gather information in SG. The
perception layer contains double the first sublayers is a perception
control, and the second sublayer is communication extension. Now, the
control sublayer allows understanding the perception of the real envi­
ronment by dispensing the EI gadgets, management, monitoring, and
Fig. 4. The architecture of EI technology.
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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648
data acquisition. In contrast, the second sublayer includes the commu­
nication module that interfaces EI gadgets with the communication
links.
Network layer
This layer merges networks formed by different communication
technologies as well as the internet web [68]. The established technol­
ogies assist in largely acknowledging the network layer. this layer drives
the data gathered by employing the EI strategies within the perception
layer for the communication protocols [17]. Consequently, the
communication protocol sends the planned information for the appli­
cation layer from side to side of the pertinent communication network
level. Communication network essentials, such as the Internet, are in
control, securing, routing, and transmission. However, the access
network is motivated by the next communication network. The EI is
controlling, and data hubs are in the right place for the network layer.
And the network layer depends on the community and some industries’
communication networks.
Application layer
This layer incorporates EI industry skills and technologies to
K. Parvin et al.
acknowledge a comprehensive set of EI-aided SG applications [69]. The
application layer comprises the application substructure of the middle­
ware as well as a variety of EI applications. The application substructure
of middleware provides data processing, data computing, and storage
capacity general services and resources for the EI interface. The vital
concern of this layer is data security and data sharing. Over this layer, EI
permits to achieve deep integration for the data technologies and the
industry-specific. An extraordinary impact on financial and community
advancement could be achieved.
Characteristics of EI
The essential characteristic of EI is to introduce raw information and
other particular services. The EI platform lets a range of flexibility to
allow 3rd parties to improve complex applications by providing an
Application Program Interface (API) [70]. The technology synthesis
makes it happen for advanced network technology, artificial intelligence
technology, perceptive technology, and automatics to cooperate into a
framework to understand the interconnections of devices and people
[23]. The essence of sustainability turns into the organized improvement
of life and its habitat, material production environment, work, culture,
and community, which make it happen together with the objective of
the EI [71].
The overall characteristic of EI is displayed in Fig. 5, denoting every
significant component in the framework. Numerous technologies in EI
make interoperability between devices [72]. In the EI system, the in­
formation is constantly produced; consequently, information deluge,
extensibility, and scalability should be considered [73]. EI architecture
is progressive and active as such for the time factor where the compo­
nents in the framework can be reconfigured [74].
Applications of EI in smart grid
EI through advanced technologies in SG. EI’s comprehensive
handling and detecting capabilities can enhance SG processing, self-
healing, reliability, warning, and disaster recovery. The integration of
EI with SG can offer the improvement of smart sensors and meters and
communication devices. EI can provide a reliable transfer of information
in both wired and wireless communication frameworks in various parts
of SG. EI devices look for applications in SGs interior parts. The interior
parts are able to incorporate the scope of consumer interactions, smart
metering, energy distribution and generation, grid maintenance, and
management.
Fig. 5. Characteristic of EI.
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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648
Consumer interactions
The Industrial Automation Systems (IASs), Building Automation
Systems (BASs), and Home Area Networks (HANs), EI technologies are
utilized to achieve automated energy management, as well as their
effective usage and functionality. These applications incorporate
examining the energy utilization and controlling the loads consequently
[75]. Superior control for utilities, like energy, water, and gas supply,
able to acquire relay on Machine to Machine (M2M) collaborations
upheld by progressed communication technologies and optimized cor­
respondence networks [76]. In order to maintain broadband’s bi-
directional association between utility clients and their suppliers, net­
works are needed. The key implementation of EI in the consumer
interface appears in demand response plans [77–79].
Grid generation transmission, distribution, maintenance, and management
Deployment of EI in energy storage systems and energy harvesting
farms such as solar, wind, etc., can assist in battery anticipating by
accomplishing a harmony between battery storage system, consump­
tion, and generation [80]. Furthermore, implementation of EI is very
beneficial for generation and distribution in separately islands control­
lers if there should be an occurrence of blackouts, rearrangement of
excitation controllers, and reducing loading in the system power
resumption, also for self-healing purposes [81]. Accordingly, EI can play
an efficient role in the generation, transmission, and distribution. An EI-
based online framework to control the power transmission lines is
introduced in [82], as shown in Fig. 6. The proposed framework can
monitor the parameters, including conductor icing and galloping, micro-
meteorology, and temperature control, wind deviation and vibrations,
and transmission tower leaning. Which can be utilizing an online
controller frame; these parameters are observed continuously and
exposed to more analysis, which can be employed to keep a reliable
power transmission process [82].
EI is able to empower effective help management through good
operation, status, and monitoring of SG belongings. The energy system
parameters, like line-icing, impacts of wind, dynamic heat ability, power
system lines, etc. Able to assist fault detection and maintenance [83].
Care about the present grid and preparation of grid development
managed in a superior utilizing information achieved from EI.
Smart metering
In conjunction with EIs applications in power generation trans­
mission and distribution, EIs utilization smart meters are the other sig­
nificant SG implementation area. The information for the Energy Service
Providers (ESP), as well as cloud facilities utilizing appropriate in­
terfaces, allow sent through the EI platform. Hence, it could raise the
possibility of necessary maintenance, which allows starting the event of
the failure at that time [84]. Different leading suppliers in EI industrial
and smart meters, for example, Itron, and MOXA sierra wireless, have
already been the most important and leading smart metering technology
[85]. Furthermore, with the improved amount of information, EI
deployment of smart meters frameworks gets to a higher level of
knowledge that improves the usefulness of Advanced Metering Infra­
structure (AMI). The network communication was backup smart meters
to communicate with power stations [86] as well as its scalability [87].
The usage of smart meters in commercial, industrial, and residential is
presented in Fig. 7 [88].
EI in utility energy services
European Union argues for extending universal service to broadband
communication services [89] and the general upgrading in the elec­
tricity sector for energy manufacturers and the communication infra­
structure [23]. The EI allows energy production efficiently and cleanly
with the least amount of waste. The web-enabled SG system has very
efficient power generations and consumption, transport, and the entire
chain from the provider to the end-user [90]. The planning of energy
K. Parvin et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648

Fig. 6. EI data transmission network in smart grid application [82].

Fig. 7. Application of smart meter in various domain’s boundaries [88].

systems is extremely significant in devising and evaluate long-term
future energy strategies, such as the electrification of transport to
manage and coordinate the sources [91]. The shift in the direction of
carbon-free transport aims to reduce car emissions by introducing the
concept of electric vehicles (EV). A record three million new EVs were
registered in 2020, a rise of 41 % from 2019. EVs have good sales in the
first quarter of 2021, reaching about two and half times their level at the
same time a year earlier [92]. More EVs in the utility grid mean more
charging and discharges, thus affecting the utility distribution network
and services.
The utility network is connected with transmission lines and distri­
bution systems that supply energy from the main generation sources to
deliver electricity to end-users. However, SG employs advanced infor­
mation technologies and communication in the middle of the utility grid
and the consumers through smart meters to achieve a secure and reliable
energy transfer. The digital smart meters enable bidirectional

8
K. Parvin et al.
communication between the central utility and the smart meters con­
nected to home appliances. SG ensures efficient, reliable, and affordable
power by integrating modern and renewable energies into the utility
grid. The scheduling of distributed energy resources interacting with the
business and energy market is very important to operate and transfer
energy cost-effectively and efficiently.
In this regard, power utility operators always dispatch rapid and
ready resources to match momentary variations in the local energy de­
mand to keep the utility network system stable. Therefore, utility
operator flexibility is very crucial for the best operational consideration
to confirm consistent, stable, and secured power supplies. The EI uses
the advanced SG concept and the web-supported embedded systems so
that the utility grid can become smarter and provide advanced services
in all circumstances. The EI significances are as follows:
• EI for the utility network is capable of accessing large-scale distrib­
uted generation resources and storage systems.
• EI with utility networks can integrate distributed energy technolo­
gies such as smart meters, smart sensors, big data and demand his­
tory, cloud computing in real-time, and auto-adjustment of
parameters, control, management, and optimization when needed.
• EI with a utility network can allow more interface embedded
advanced plug-and-play devices to obtain bi-directional information
and execute energy sharing enabled by the internet web.
Cloud-based utility service
With the increase of internet connections and customers, cloud
computing technology is employed in many applications such as data
storage, service over the internet or dedicated network, delivery on
demand, and payment based on usage. However, the data center power
consumption in cloud computing is rising, despite reverse environ­
mental effects. As energy costs increase, it is necessary to measure the
online forecasting energy cost depending on the online demand for en­
ergy. Utility computing is a model in which the end-users calculate re­
sources based on specific power demands. The foundational concept is
that users or businesses pay the utility computing providers for the
amenities used, such as computing capabilities, storage space, and
application services. The cloud types are as follows: substructure and
software used as a service. The list of cloud types groups the main genera
as high, middle multi-level, or low, all are according to the altitude level
or levels at which each cloud has. The utility-based cloud services allow
efficiently providing several support services to the providers. Trust
Fig. 8. The operational entities in cloud-based trust negotiations utility service model [95].
9
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648
negotiations with federated identity management are vital for preser­
ving privacy in open systems such as distributed collaborative systems
[93,94].
The trust negotiation procedure includes two parties. These parties
are unknown to each other to create trust over and done with an itera­
tive two-sided exchange of credible digital identities when dealing with
each other. These trusts are precious in cooperative bids as collabora­
tions frequently continue over a short time or maybe one time. Thus,
organizational restrictions for incorporating these collectives consumers
for the future security policies to be used later. The energetic factor in
facilitating reliable and unified trust negotiations is the digital identity
management for the commercial association with many branches in
geographically different sites, as depicted in Fig. 8 [95]. The distributed
components may collaborate on various applications. The trust negoti­
ations rely upon federated identity management to identify the act as a
team users as the right securely. The most obligation to achieve precise
end-user identifications is to put full trust in the identity provider. If the
identity providers are not trusted, the end-user cannot guarantee dis­
closed identity attributes [96].
Gird web-based utility service
The exemplary achievements of Web-services need that numerous
utility services turn into a commoditized product, so the individual
utility is not in charge of creating their web service. The providers are
responsible for their services in their list of contributions and are
compulsory for payments through Web-services. Suppose one business
has established a good portfolio-management Web service but desires to
subcontract its infrastructure to Web-services hosting providers. This
may require the hosting provider to have services that support functions
such as metering, provisioning, billing, and security [97]. The services
utility allows the end-users to monitor the service status by selecting the
service and outlook the level of that service and stop, start, pause, and
resume assistance. Particular services allow you to view the service
dependencies, configure the service recovery options, and choose the
account service used to run. The utility grids services in the industry are
on demand frugality. The utility grids are allocated based on enterprise
business services to provide a source level for the grid services offered by
third-party utility providers on a pay-per-use basis. Therefore leads to
faster information technology responses to altering business desires
[98]. Some of the key points of gird web-based utility service are
mentioned below,
K. Parvin et al.
• Web-based utility service systems have some communication fea­
tures that can extend the conventional technology to get numerous
advantages:
• Web-based utility service systems can minimize administration and
operation effort for observation, and resource integration in com­
parison to handling many individual systems.
• On-demand supplying of abandoned, geographically scattered,
diverse resources.
• Web-enabled by exploiting beneath the utilized or unused energy
sources to solve online problems in the utility grid when they occur.
• Over web-enabled load balancing and resource allocation based on
utility service level arrangements to satisfy service standers
requirements.
• Managing sharing resources and problem solving over cyber internet
administrations.
• More visible structures have autonomic managing skills for extra
reliable, resilient, and demand-based power aggregation from mul­
tiple sources and sites to satisfy unexpected demands.
One-stop online utility service
Internet online services have converted the thinking of interacting
with today’s technologies with extreme online services and customers.
The countless user and online services provided improved by time and
technological innovation upgrades, affecting users to accept and
perceive value [99]. Many utilities offer online services to offer multi­
service to the public, such as telecommunications services, water ser­
vices, sewage water services, energy services, and many more. These
services concluded by streamlining the patterns of managing,
measuring, and organization linked to utility operators and the end-
users, each with a different software system.
The end-user interface is necessary, especially in providing distrib­
uted sources to utility operators for management and providing the best
decisions. More data can help the utility system. This can be done by
collecting the information from many designs and sharing the end-users
the necessary information. At this time, online service delivery thinking
allows the end-user with limited access and management to all utilities’
resource pieces of information on their platforms [99]. Some utility
providers have electronic infrastructure issues associated with end-user
engagement concerning and urging for more efficient use of some sus­
tainable resources or access to specific pieces of information. There are
some challenges stem are allowed in online services. This also can
happen inside a particular utility service organization. Also, the utility
service providers have essentially been motivated continuously to shift
from old-fashioned means of service delivery to interrelating with end-
users based on the online interface system. Typically, users deal with
many utility service providers and access individually the various
website of service providers by different service layouts, events, and
procedures of authentic and accessibilities.
The customers continuously need to deal with several utility service
providers through they likewise want to have control of their source’s
consumption from their utility interface websites services. Currently,
customers are allowed to monitor some general information about the
utility providers with limited provider-specific benefits online compared
to several access methods related to the utility service provided. How­
ever, the online utility services facility scattered, duplicated, and altered
authentication is not the best solution. However, interacting within the
one-stop online utility service to organization sources has management
tools to access different services based on trained data that can allow
value-added services for end-users.
One-stop utility service offers various ways with a comprehensive
framework for the benefit of the end-users and the utility provider, such
as profitability, sustainability, environmental concerns, good saving of
Megawatts, and saving of utility resources. Reducing the limitations of
the utility stockholders with the utility and end-users allows more
interaction and data sharing with all utility parties. The one-stop-online
utility service finds ways to avoid the challenges such as:
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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648
• avoiding the shortcoming of the current online utility services pro­
motes an example of providing value-added services for the com­
munity, end-users, and service providers.
• Comprising various ideas to utility services management as well as
the consumption of resource matters with attention particular to the
online utility service distributer establishments.
• allocating some constraints that will begin from a defragmented
operation and operability criteria. Perhaps end-users may need to
interact with distributed energy sources regarding data from multi­
ple utility authorizations producing several technical means. Here
the integration is necessary to support real-time home data from one
provider to various service providers.
• Permit a limited infrastructure and standardization to involve con­
sumption of information figures without administrative obstacles to
data access.
There are many components associated with the one-stop-shop of the
utility grid management integration to deliver the preferred function­
ality. The structure is intended to fulfill the principles of end-user- as­
pirations. The structure components comprise end-user data, provision
of the online services integration, end-user personalization, recom­
mendation service information, estimations and recommended service,
made-to-measure information, feedback, and information exchange
environment to whole utility agents, and a framework for backup utility
gird.
There are many advantages of utility service and also lots of chal­
lenges to be consoled. The benefits of a one-stop online utility service are
as follows: it can build good trust, get more loyalty, reinforce community
ties as a high priority, create a good relations workforce, it is a way to
promote noble social responsibility, deliver opportunities for positive
impact, and utilities service report that further communication with the
community also strengthens local support for the utility integrated ser­
vice modeling for the online one-stop government [100].
SMS based utility service
Short message service (SMS) based utility service for mobile has an
advantage of the mobile network infrastructure in the human hand
nowadays to investigate the opportunities to achieve information ex­
change between mobile phone users and utility companies in terms of
payments, notifications, statements, and many more.
Fig. 9 shows the SMS network architecture for normal SMS of a cell
phone device or an external short message entity (ESME) over an initi­
ating telecommunications operator to a mobile switching center (MSC).
After that, it will receive data in a short message service center (SMSC)
that guarantees the transfer to the fitting mobile device. At the same
time, the signal transfer point (STP) benefits the SMSC by inter­
connecting with the household location register (HLR) and MSC for the
ending mobile network operative [101].
SMS based is widely used in many sectors, and it is an excellent way
of notifications that could reach users even without an internet line. And
it may contain essential data or links that could provide direct access to
designated web pages for advertising, notification, or paid links. The
literature on SMS-based utility is discussed in some research. In [103],
the architecture for an SMS-based utility-services mobile billing system
was compared and edited to solve paying utility bills with an SMS. Also,
the SMS-based recharge protocol for prepaid energy billing system dis­
cusses the SMS-recharge system for a prepaid meter to save energy and
time and can recharge/activate their meters using SMS without using a
keypad by sending a 12-digit PIN by SMS to the utility company [104].
Developing an SMS-based prepayment energy meter monitoring system
for consumers and utility companies, a short message service (SMS)
based on the prepayment energy meter monitoring system for con­
sumers and utility companies [105].
Affordable utility service
Integrating advanced shares of variable renewable energy pieces of
K. Parvin et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648

Fig. 9. The architecture of short message service in a communication system [102].

equipment, for example, wind and solar PV is necessary for decarbon­ Future utility service
izing the power system while meeting the increasing energy demand. Supervisory control and data acquisition systems can be applied to EI
The good point of dropping costs and supportive policies, utilization has toward upgraded smart utility services and allow for critical supervisory
increased in the last few years. The inherent variability of wind and solar control factors, such as reliability, timeliness, and integration of web
PV power generation raises challenges for power systems operators and technology for future utility services energy trading with digital tech­
regulators. Some regions force some regulations to assist renewable nologies developments. The developed smart devices can improve en­
energy resources in Europe. The low-cost natural gas supplies undersea ergy products and create innovative solutions for utility services and
pipes from North Africa and Russia to decrease carbon emissions and business models. The electricity sector could not stand yesterday’s
create more energy nearby as possible, enabling wind power to expand traditional utility products and utility services. At this time, the end-
in the energy market to share in some countries. The giant wind turbines users expect an energy supply with a complete service that could meet
now have the lowest-cost renewable electricity in history. Electricity today’s needs, which may arise tomorrow, such as energy transition,
generated by wind can now be generated and delivered at an inexpen­ audits, energy efficiency regulations, corporate image, etc. [107].
sive cost, demonstrated in comparison to prices paid by utility grids to EI technologies are the interconnection for various networked
wind power to provide electricity to housing and manufacturing energy embedded devices used in the energy sector incorporated into the
prices in the European Union. However, the energy costs for wind power internet to target and automate many domains. For examples, Smart
are usually mandated by law and are often set at a fixed percentage of homes, distributed RES, industrial systems, distributed energy storage,
the supplied housing energy price. The regular international charge of electric vehicles, electrical transportation systems, home appliances,
electricity of recent onshore wind farms in 2019 stood at USD 0.053/ security and surveillance systems, military electrical systems, nuclear
kWh per country or region standards of range of USD 0.051 to USD electrical systems, etc. The EI includes many layers such as the internet
0.099/kWh subject to the state base IRENA analysis. The fast develop­ network layer, perception layer, application layer, and many more. Like
ment in China and India, with a population of 2.3 billion in both other sectors, such as banking or telecommunications sectors, business-
countries, has placed a massive load on a lot of raw material prices, to-business energy customers expect to monitor their sales using online
counting natural gas and petroleum. Developing countries like these channels permitted by new technologies. The utility sector could be one
view imported natural gas as a highly required clean fuel and competed of the most profitable areas for doing business; the chances and chal­
for liquefied natural gas supplies in Europe, the US, and Japan. In lenges for scaling and speeding up the deployment of clean energy
Malaysia, renewable energy policies for building cities help policy­ technologies. However, the IEA has revamped the publication in 2020,
makers accelerate efforts to create sustainable cities powered by focusing on technology opportunities for reaching net-zero pollution
renewable energy [106]. Based on TNB with teamwork with Argentina’s from energy production. Table 3 shows the comparative study of the
renewable energy firm, Industrias Metalurgicas Pescarmona S A different utility services applied in the EI environment.
(Impsa), 500 to 2000 MW of energy may generate from wind power in
Malaysia; good winds are blowing during the year in certain areas. The
annual wind speed reaches 1.8 m/s in Peninsular Malaysia, especially on Energy internet for DSM in smart grid
Sabah’s east and west shores. Table 2 represents electricity consumption
by country based on renewable energy in 2019. The demand-side management (DSM) concept was invented end of
year 1970s [108], and it passed through stages of development with
information technologies and communications development. The IoT
with smart girds allows the DSM to thrive, especially with optimization
and advanced technologies. The increasing modern lifestyle and popu­
Table 2
lation have upraised energy demands universally and forced researchers
Electricity consumption based on renewable energy in 2019.
to find more ideas and concepts that allow the energy easy energy share
Country Wind (GWh) Solar (GWh) Hydro (GWh) and explode on the available resources with advanced technologies and
Malaysia – 194 – working on variable sustainable resources. The EI is with the web, and
China – – 965,325 interconnection allows power conversion, transmission, and network
Sweden 19, 846 663 65, 139
data routers using plug-and-play characteristics. Also, EI inspires the
Denmark 16, 150 963 16
Germany 125, 975 47, 517 26, 201 usage of reliable and sustainable computing practices to fit in many
United State 303, 410 93, 129 843, 330 energy resources, allowing the utility grid to be multipurpose and of­
India 66, 008 50, 557 173, 803 fering a valid analogy of the internet. Also, the EI permits exhaustive
Indonesia 484 98 21, 161 packing and routing services. It is worth noting that during the processes
Finland 5, 985 178 12, 439
of energy generation, transmission, distribution, storage, and energy

11
K. Parvin et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648

Table 3 Table 3 (continued )

Comparative study of various utility services used in EI platforms. Type of Functions/operations Advantages Limitations/
Type of Functions/operations Advantages Limitations/ utility Suggestions
utility Suggestions service
service
Future - Supervisory control - The improved - Further
Cloud- - Data storage, service - Digital identity - Reliability and utility and data acquisition smart devices investigation is
based over the internet or management security issues service system to achieve can improve necessary for
utility dedicated network, facilitates due to the reliability, energy products energy
service delivery on demand, reliable and disclosed identity timeliness, and and create transition, audits,
and payment based seamless trust attributes of the integration of web innovative energy efficiency
on usage. negotiations end-users. technology for future solutions for regulations and
Gird web- - Support functions - Web-based - Further utility services. utility services corporate image.
based such as metering, utility service exploration is and business
utility provisioning, billing, systems can necessary to models.
service and security minimize manage and
- Allow the users to administration share the
view the service and operation resources and management in EI systems, a large quantity of data is created, also
dependencies, efforts. problem solving identified as big data [109]. Energy internet involves the three-tier ar­
configure the service - Exploit under- over cyber
chitecture of the energy layer, information layer, and value layer by
recovery options, and utilized or un­ internet
choose the account used energy administrations. monitoring the energy conversion mechanism, network interconnection
service used to run. sources to solve - A resilient demand, energy efficiency, and energy quality efficiency of the energy
online problems infrastructure system [110]. The traditional utilities depend on communication in the
in the utility with advanced middle of distribution and transmission. Nevertheless, the end-users are
grid. management
schemes is
not actively intricate in their business model. Dynamic requirements
essential to concerning end-users, for example, DSM, result in an extra collaborating
control system, to be precise, a smart grid. DSM is a very effective tool used to
resources, manage energy demands. It engagements in an advanced power infra­
supply, and
structure end to end with bi-directional information flow among utilities
demand to
achieve stable and end-users. However, the effective implementation of DSM changes
and sustainable load consumption also the utility grid’s entire load, reducing the pre­
operation. dictable peak loads in the grid [111]. Bringing down the costs, the DSM
One-stop - Manage and measure - Propose several - Permits the end- handles end-users electricity consumption shape and creates the
online an organization ways with a user with limited
utility linked to utility comprehensive access and man­
preferred alterations in the load profile by way of shifting the load curve
service operators and the framework for agement to the of distribution utility power. The DSM is classified into six main types
end-users, each with the benefit of resource pieces based on daily and seasonal energy usage. These approaches comprise
a different software the end-users of information of strategic conservation, load shifting, valley filling, strategic load growth,
system. and the utility all utilities on
peak clipping, and flexible load curve. Fig. 10 shows the general struc­
- Offer multiservice to provider, such their platforms.
the public, such as as profitability, - Electronic ture for EI concept with DSM and G5 internet.
telecommunications sustainability, infrastructure Many research discusses DSM in the power system in different as­
services, water environmental issues related to pects. For example, in [112] discussing optimization approaches for
services, sewage concerns end-user engage­ progress on the demand side management for the smart grids and The
water services, ment concerning
energy services, and and urging for
integration of DSM with smart grid can facilitate populations transfer
many more. more efficient into smart households and smart cities by means of decreasing the car­
use of some sus­ bon release. The power optimization on tie-line for the island energy
tainable re­ internet is based on an interactive distribution network [50]. Some re­
sources or access
searchers focus on DSM in the smart grid, such as in [111], a simulation
to certain
information. model for DSM for prosumer-based energy sharing and management for
SMS based - Investigates the - Ability to notify - May contain the smart grid.
utility opportunities to the users even important data or
service exchange without an links that could DSM for the energy internet enables smart grid
information between internet line. have direct
mobile phone users access to
EI uses the internet to accumulate, organize, optimize, and manage
and utility companies designated web the network’s power from different edge devices for advanced infra­
in terms of payments, pages for structure toward smart energy. The distributed sensors with telecom­
notifications, advertising, munication technologies are available to collect data and predict
statements, and notification, or
demand and supply by consumers and suppliers, respectively [113].
many more. paid links.
Affordable - Integrate higher - The supportive - Power systems EI refers to the advance and computerizing of electricity and utility
utility shares of variable policies, laws, operators and infrastructures. The EI term is derivative from the Internet of Things
service renewable energy regulations regulators are (IoT) technology that has improved the electrical systems that make up
technologies, such as encourage and required for the the EI. The EI can make energy production work professionally and
wind and solar PV, in help utilization of
power systems that policymakers to renewable
effectively with the minimum wastage of power. Demand response is
are essential for accelerate resources and normally defined as programs and activities that decrease peak demand
decarbonizing the efforts and decarbonization using advanced metering, dynamic pricing, and supporting technologies
power sector while create issues. [108]. The addition of EI technology to the process can also prime to
meeting the growing sustainable
smart grid technology setup. Smart grid technologies agree with end-
energy demand. cities powered
by renewable users to control power and electrical flow by integrating communica­
energy. tion systems, assessing the customization, displaying the condition of
end-user systems, systematizing their utility networks, and many more.

12
K. Parvin et al.
Fig. 10. General structure for the internet of the energy concept.
The smart grids allow end-users to make good decisions for their busi­
ness and forecast energy [113].
The development of the demand-side management for the smart
grids allows neighborhoods’ houses to transfer into smart homes and
sustainable cities by reducing carbon emissions [112]. However, DSM
implementation within the smart grid faces many challenges, for
example, regulation of tariffs, energy utilization of the resources,
transmission, distribution, privacy, and security. However, some inter­
national organizations have engaged a number of measuring and some
solutions to ensure the confidentiality and security of the DSM in smart
girds.
Some applications for EI can be found in a diversity of technology,
including utilizing smart meters and sensors similar and common with
other IoT technology applications. EI permits mechanics facilities to
monitor power generation and demand, renewable energy resources,
storage devices, and the energy market. There are many advantages of
implementing EI for end-users, utility companies, and renewable energy
producer owners. The EI could increase efficiency, reduce transmission
and improve distribution efficiency. Besides, a significant energy cost for
utility companies and end-users [103].
EI has mixed several well-known technologies in the electricity
sector by integrating various forms of energy connected to the market
and online blockchain for EI management [113]. There are minimal
studies about the EI renewable energy integrations. However, some re­
searchers tackled the EI in various aspects in [114], discussing evalu­
ating the effect of the EI on the air quality of pilot cities. Also, in [115]
concerning the 5G with EI using deep learning for optimal renewable
energy accommodation with bad data tolerance. A distributed network
security framework of energy internet based on the internet of things
solves the problems of clean energy compatibility and profound and
efficient control of power systems [116]. Research is solving energy is­
sues associated with sharing a complex of houses through energy trading
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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648
in the EI [75], as denoted in Fig. 11. EI training through remote labo­
ratory demonstrator to interact with the critical challenges through
smart energy management cutting-edge the innovative complex
distributed pattern for the shape of electrical power systems networks
[117].
Progress on DSM based energy internet for smart grid optimization
Growths in energy generation from different sustainable sources,
counting nuclear and low-carbon resources, are high 30 % in 2021
[118]. DSM and demand response, including drivers and benefits,
shiftable load scheduling methods, and peak shaving techniques [119].
In the literature, DSM techniques in smart grids are overviewed: A DSM
control strategy using a Whale optimization algorithm to demonstrate
methods based on load shifting, peak clipping, and strategic conserva­
tion techniques designed for forthcoming smart grid[120]. Development
of a smart controller for DSM in a smart grid using reactive power
optimization [121]. A DSM for smart grid relies on smart building ap­
pliances using renewable energy sources also the storage system [122].
A DSM with a shared energy storage system in a smart grid [123].
Table 4 demonstrates the various optimization algorithms applied in
DSM-based EI for SG operation, focusing on the target, parameters,
constraints, contributions, and applications. In [124], the exact opti­
mized multi-objective methodology is proposed for EI-enabled demand
side management in SG applications. The robustness of the system is
analysed under various uncertainties such as energy price, random
changes in the consumption pattern, and the number of appliances. The
developed scheme delivers promising solutions by deriving a trade-off
relation between energy production cost and power consumption.
Energy internet-based DSM for sustainable consumption in smart gird
The EI and smart grid could be the bright future energy since it has
reached extraordinary popularity due to special characteristics, such as
K. Parvin et al.
Fig. 11. EI integrated complex of n houses with an energy trading platform [75].
distributed generation,self-monitoring, self-healing, universal control,
and digital two-way communication. Smart grids are able to regulate
renewable energy generation, create smart measurement systems, and
allocate and transmit power by using up-to-date data and communica­
tion technologies. Also, the smart grid allows managing and controlling
online monitoring electricity market, managing the decentralized en­
ergy resources and Smart grid infrastructure. DSM is necessary for the
smart grid systems functionality by analyzing the electricity market’s
short and long-term status, which is a decisive cost-effective choice for
power supply, also displaying and identifying the system load profiles.
The need for the largest smart grid capacity to develop new infrastruc­
ture will increase the complexity of the smart grid networks and relevant
system costs. For that reason, the best implementation of DSM programs
in smart gird could overcome the complication also the high prices by
the control and energy demand influence. Also, the DSM could enhance
the utility grid sustainability via reshaping load profiles decreasing the
peak load demand, and whole decreasing charges and emissions
reduction. Earlier research stated the aids of DSM on decrease emissions
for the smart girds. A survey including energy scheduling with efficient
and reliable communication infrastructure and distributed energy stor­
age planning approach based on a game algorithm in DSM for demand-
side management in the smart grid reduces the peak-to-average ratio,
overall cost, end-user monthly payment, and energy consumption [125].
Reducing the emission problems by a model called carbon emission flow
assists and analyzes the carbon emission in power networks using a piece
of information, DSM, and supply-side management in a smart grid sys­
tem [127]. In [128], discussing an environment considering carbon
emissions trading in the smart grid by integrating electric vehicles and
interfaced demand responses. Implementing DSM with smart strategies
to control the peak to an average ratio near unity in a hybrid building
using an optimization framework [129]. Developing control strategies
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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648
for DSM in smart girds using reliability as a measure [130].
5G based energy internet and smart grid. The development of the mobile
networks starting from the 1 s Generation 1G data rate is just in a range
of 2.4 and 9.6 Kbps, which can only carry voice calls because it is an
analog signal. Next, 2G to 5G are digital communication. With 2G
transfer speed able to deliver up to 270 Kbps yet cannot transfer media.
The 3G generation can reach 350Kbps, and it can share media files. The
4G generation is widely used, and it can reach 300 Mbps. The EI requires
a breakneck transfer speed to connect more devices and achieve intel­
ligent energy system functions. Although the data transfer speed of 4G is
better than that of earlier generations, some issues still exist and tie up EI
applications, such as less security of data, the limitations of connected
devices number, and communication latency. The 5G is investigated for
faster data transfer, small communication latency, high security, and
massively connected devices. Based on 5G capabilities and capacity of
volume data bigger up to 1000 times, increase connected devices up to
100 times, Typical user data rate reaches100 times, Prolonged the bat­
teries life up to10 times, and edge-to-edge latency in milliseconds [131].
The 5G will allow common connection platforms to act at different
technical levels relevant to spectrum usage. Currently, frequency spec­
trums include two spectrum ranges: multi-antenna transmission, elec­
tromagnetic higher wave frequency, radio links, and network dimension
[23]. The first spectrum range, known as “low- to mid-band spectrum,”
is less than 6 GHz the second spectrum range, known as “high-band
spectrum,” is between 24 GHz and 100 GHz [30]. Both of 5G frequency
spectrums are more than the existing counterparts, and this fact brings
with it some different characteristics compared to the previous gener­
ations. in this regard. Malaysia will develop as one of the first countries
in Southeast Asia to implement the 5G ecosystem using the internet and
cloud services in real-time to allow immediate sharing of info by the end
K. Parvin et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648

Table 4
Summary of optimization algorithms employed in SG integrated with EI platform.
Refs. Optimization Target/strategy Parameters/Constraints Contributions Applications
algorithm

[120] Whale optimization - Strategic conservation peak - Hourly load of appliances. - The proposed method reduces peak load - Future smart
algorithm clipping and load shifting. - Number of appliances. demand for residential areas and commercial grids
- Electricity price. areas by 48.53% and 15.92%, respectively
- Forecasted load.
[121] Elephant herd - Limit the power flow in the - Daily load patterns. - The smart controller improves the voltage - Reactive power
optimization and transmission network. - Active and reactive profile and minimizes the power loss optimization
firefly - Improve the energy efficiency and - power load. significantly by integrating DG units in
voltage profile in the power grid - Load bus active power. optimal locations.
network. - Generator bus reactive
power.
- Power flow variation.
- Real power losses.
[125] Game theory-based - Select suitable size storage units to - Total load of the user. - Reduce the energy consumption, peak-to- - Distributed
algorithm balance the cost in the planning - Starting and ending time of average ratio (PAR), user’s daily payment and energy storage
period and during its usage. the interval that appliance. total cost in smart grid
- Total daily energy - networks.
consumption.
- The maximum and
minimum energy of
appliances.
[122] Quasi-newton - Enhance the efficiency of battery - Power consumed by - The proposed model improves the users’ - Smart home
method storage and renewable energy by appliances. utility and minimizes the energy appliances
scheduling household appliances. - Electricity is produced from consumption cost.
renewable energy sources.
- Maximum and minimum
capacity values of the
energy storage systems.
- Total electricity
consumption of the user.
[126] Heuristic-based - Reduce the overall operational cost - Actual power consumption - The proposed DSM obtains significant energy - Future smart
evolutionary and carbon emission intensity. of appliances savings while dropping the peak load grids
algorithm - Forecasted consumption - the demand of the SG.
- Number of appliances
- Load demand
[123] Distributed - Battery capacity trading by - Total load. - Reduce the total energy cost and PAR of the - Shared energy
optimization defining the 24-hour ahead battery - Energy usage profile. energy for the entire grid without ESS storage system
strategy charging-discharging. - Energy cost. sharing.
- Scheduling and minimize the - Battery charging,
energy operation cost. discharging efficiency.
- Energy dissipation rate.
- Battery state of health price.

of the year 2021 [132].
The EI integration of 5G sorts communication data as more real-time
due to the high speed of communications. The 5G based EI and future
development, together with the DSM optimization algorithm with less
complexity, enable mass access and fast communication. At any failure
occurrence, the sensor’s performance permits the collection of data.
Soon, due to the impact of the climate and severe environment, data loss
and data damage occurred in data transmission [115]. If these unex­
pected data are integrated, the state input turns from the real state value,
and the wrong accommodation strategy affects the stability and security
of the EI. The traditional methods to deal with unexpected data are
mainly to extract the time series data manually. However, in a smart
grid, consumers’ energy demand curve is analysed by gathering infor­
mation using the EI platform, let’s say, the time of charging of energy
storage or electric vehicles. At that time, the next-door 5G based EI
charging station can allocate the best standby chargers at the right time
and tools needed. EI self-control and monitoring of the battery-equipped
devices. So, primary, the energy power supplies can be adjusted, and
additionally, the power delivery to batteries storage or cars are, without
doubt, are guaranteed, which makes unnecessary energy consumption
avoidable. the advantages of 5G are fast transfer speed, high reliability,
robust security, low power consumption, and many connections. [79]. A
5G enabled smart grid wireless network-enabled model using state-of-
the-art solutions empowers the end-users [133]. The effects of
communication failure problems have been solved on state estimation of
5G to the enabled smart grid [134]. In [135], the security in the network
architecture for smart grids in 5G network is investigated.
Bibliometric analysis
This section presents the bibliometric analysis of energy internet for
utility energy service and demand-side management in smart grid
covering co-occurrence keywords, relevent countries, universities, and
authors relevant to the topic.
Co-occurrence keyword analysis
Fig. 12 represents the co-occurrence keyword analysis of the selected
manuscripts using VOSViewer. This keyword analysis also highlights the
connective network of the most frequent keywords from the selected
articles using Scopus database. Here the impact of keywords defines the
volume of the label and circle, but the connecting line among the key­
words describes as a conjunctive connection. Different colors are used to
differentiate the clusters based on the area of expertise. The advanced
metering infrastructures, digital storage, electric load flow, electric
power distribution, electric vehicles, energy efficiency, information and
communication technologies, information management, internet pro­
tocols, renewable energy resources, two-way communications, and
vehicle-to-grid are in the red cluster that represents the power distri­
butions in EVs. The green cluster represents the cloud computing, de­
mand response, demand side management, electric power transmission
networks, electric utilities, electricity-consumption, energy resources,
fog computing, internet of things, and smart power grids for smooth
power transition. Cost effectiveness, economics, energy conservation,

15
K. Parvin et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648

Fig. 12. Co-occurrence keywords analysis using VOSviewer visualization.

energy storage, energy utilization, renewable energies, scheduling, and
smart city are clustered by blue color. Finally, artificial intelligence,
automation, energy management, housing, intelligent buildings, and
micro grid, are directly connected to electric vehicles energy manage­
ment and presented by a yellow cluster.
Document authorship and collaboration analysis
Fig. 13 denotes the co-authorship and collaboration analysis using
the VOSviewer from the Scopus data. It is also noticed that the highest
number of authors participated from the United States, followed China
and Italy. With the 6 manuscripts, N. Javaid was in the top position from
the selected articles, followed by T.U. Daim published 3 articles. The
authors L. Bottaccioli, K. Cowan, E. Patti, and X. Wen, each published 2

Fig. 13. Co-authorship analysis using VOSviewer illustration.

16
K. Parvin et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648

manuscripts. Table 5 represents the top 10 authors profile based on the
selected manuscripts analysis. The highest number of articles (6) pub­
lished by Javaid, Nadeem with the affiliation of COMSATS University
Islamabad, Pakistan. Followed by Daım, Tugrul and Bottaccioli, Lorenzo
with the affiliation of Portland State University, United States and
Politecnico di Torino, Italy, respectively.
Country analysis using selected articles
Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 represent the graphical presentation of the co-
occurrence and top ten countries using the VOSviewer that dominates
the utility energy service and demand-side management in smart grid.
United States has taken first place by publishing 10 manuscripts. Fol­
lowed by China and Italy, with 9 articles each. France and Pakistan are
in the third position with 8 manuscripts each, while with 5 articles each
Canada and Germany are in the fourth position. South Korea and Spain
each published 4 papers. Fig. 14 shows that Italy has the highest number
of links with other countries, followed by France. “European Commis­
sion” is the sponsor of the highest number of articles with the figure of 4
papers followed by “Horizon 2020 Framework Program” with 3 papers.
Open issues and challenges
This section briefly explains the most significant issues and chal­
lenges faced by the EI-supported SG.
Security and privacy
EI-based SG introduces new security and privacy issues and identifies
key challenges [136] as there are various instances of vulnerabilities,
threats, and risks [137]. The challenges relating to EI-based SG privacy
and security can be categorized based on the consumer, grid domains
data, and communication [40]. According to the Hewlett Packard En­
terprise Research study [138], inadequate authorization and authenti­
cation, absence of transport encryption, unreliable web interface,
firmware, and insecure software, etc., are considered the key security
and privacy issues. Fig. 16 presents the most well-known EI-aided SG
security and privacy issues. Smart appliances and meters in domestic
houses could tell more than energy utilization. Their produced fine-
grained information could harm the privacy of the end-client by
divulging data about their habits (such as sleeping, dinner times, wake
up, etc.), whether they are in or away from home, or on vacation, etc.
Scalability
The EI framework contains an enormous number of EI smart objects
and devices installed over big zones that may not consist of many urban
areas in a country. Subsequently, scalability is a significant challenge
that mentions network progress and controls the peak workloads with
no service dilapidation. Scalability consistently remains an open prob­
lem in EI-aided smart grids because the deletion/addition of devices is
problematic [103]. Scalability is ordered into three sections, including
(i) device addressing of old/new devices, (ii) data communication to
sustain the constant operation, (iii) service provision and management
for a high number of connected nodes. The key challenge associated
with scalability is to support an enormous amount of several devices
with memory, bandwidth, processing and other resource limitations
[139]. The design of the EI-aided smart grid architecture that boosts
scalability is quite difficult with regard to the future development of EI-
aided SG systems. These structures need to deal with various devices
associated with the framework, which phrases scalability problems
[140]. One of the possible solutions is to utilize vastly scalable cloud-
based platforms with the probability of storing a large number of
collected information. This way, a cloud of Things [141] can be utilized
as a worldwide architecture that scales up cloud computing.
Cyber attacks
There is no uncertainty that cybersecurity presents one of the biggest
and most challenges faced by EI devices. Internet-connected devices,
sensors, and networks are constant targets of online probing, ransom,
espionage, theft, and even destruction [142]. Since EI-aided SG com­
prises possibly a massive number of online nodes crossing over wide
geological locales, it is the most defenseless against critical cyberattacks.
Therefore, a cyber-attack would result in a considerable monetary loss
and devastating effects, and such an attack would stop entire nations. A
new report [143] revealed attacks in the United States. America tracked
down that the energy infrastructure is a significant objective of attacks
at 54 % even as the number of attacks continues rising. (Fig. 9). Hence,
cyber security is a considerable challenge in the sending and running of
EI-aided SG networks. The influence of cyber security attacks on critical
infrastructure is depicted in Fig. 17.
SG includes different physical objects, such as transformers, keen
meters, and links managed by EI. Subsequently, SG is vulnerable to
cyber-attacks which could subvert the management and cause indirect
damage to these assets [144]. There are four types of cyber-attack,
privacy attack, device attack, data attack and network availability
attack [145]. These attacks are listed in Table 4. Attacks can be pre­
vented by smooth operations, the energy supply from being balanced,
the billing process proceeding, and interfering with maintenance
procedures.
Identity spoofing and eavesdropping
In identity spoofing, attacks allow attackers to imitate an approved
customer without utilizing the customer’s passwords. In identity
spoofing, attacks contain network spoofing, message replays, and soft­
ware exploitation attacks [146]. This attacks the objectives at collabo­
rating on behalf of a legitimate client in an unapproved way by utilizing
its identity. In EI-based SG systems, an attacker could spoof somebody’s
Meter’s identity to make it pay for its energy utilization. Since devices on
the EI aided SG communication, regularly utilizing public communica­
tion infrastructure, an attacker can simply have access to their switched
information. An attacker can effortlessly know the energy utilization of
families. Therefore, eavesdropping is a serious challenge [147].

Table 5
Top ten authors’ profiles, along with their profile summary.
Rank Author Name Recent affiliation Origin Country No. of Articles Citations h-index Author’s position

1 Javaid, Nadeem COMSATS University Islamabad Pakistan 6 12214 52 Senior Author= 1

Co-author= 5
2 Daım, Tugrul Portland State University United States 3 6893 36 First author= 1
Co-author= 2
3 Bottaccioli, Lorenzo Politecnico di Torino Italy 2 457 12 Co-author= 2
4 Cowan, Kelly R. Portland State University United States 2 280 9 First author= 1
Senior Author= 1
5 Patti, Edoardo Politecnico di Torino Italy 2 1368 20 Senior Author= 2
6 Wen, Xiangming Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications China 2 2875 23 Co-author= 2
7 Abate, F. Università degli Studi di Cagliari Italy 1 181 5 First author= 1
8 Abu-Rub, Haitham A. Texas A&M University at Qatar Qatar 1 14308 378 Senior Author= 1
9 Acquaviva, Andrea Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna Italy 1 3113 30 Co-author= 1
10 Afzal, Muhammad Khalil COMSATS University Islamabad Pakistan 1 1533 19 Co-author= 1

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K. Parvin et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648

Fig. 14. Graphical representation of top ten countries that dominate the EMSs for EV applications.

Fig. 15. Co-occurrence country analysis by VOSviewer from the Scopus database.

Mobility and interoperability Reliability, confidentiality, and trust management

There will be a constant need for validation and secure communi­
cation with shifting surroundings (electric charging stations. Smart
meters, etc.), with mobile objects, for example, e-vehicles, as well as on-
the-field technical agents [103]. Each kind of smart device in the EI has
different data, processing, and communication abilities. Other smart
devices would likewise be exposed to various conditions like energy
accessibility and communications bandwidth necessities. To facilitate
communication and cooperation of these, common standards are
required [148].
In EI aided SG applications in various environments to fulfill several
necessities, such as self-healing and reliability. Accordingly, an appro­
priate EI-based smart grid device should be chosen to overwhelm
environmental problems based on the real environment. For instance,
when a few devices cannot send information because of an energy
deficiency, a novel route of the information should originate to ensure
the network reliability remaining parts at the necessary level [149]. SG
information ought to be protected from the prying eyes of unapproved
parties. Confidentiality implies that the transmitted and stored infor­
mation is accessible to apprehensive end-users. Perhaps, the energy

18
K. Parvin et al.
Fig. 16. EI aided SG security and privacy issues.
Fig. 17. Impact of cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure [143].
utilization information of customers is not acceptable for anybody
except for the SG’s administration and the energy supplier’s proper of­
fices [150]. A specific level of trust management is needed for two ob­
jects to interconnect. It is not difficult to set up a trust connection
between objects that are achieved via a similar entity, yet now various
entities own it, like the users for apparatuses and administrators for
smart meters. In an enormous EI-based SG system, it is exceptionally
challenging to build up trust between EI devices managed by various
substances [151,152].
Data integrity and availability
Data integrity denotes the correctness of information for accuracy,
change, tempered, and alteration. The data integrities are moreover
actual significant to assure which can the expected piece of information
from EI objects (like smart meter) is not able to be adjusted by an un­
approved party [153]. The EI-based SG systems, the EI devices, for the
most part, convey utilizing the open Internet. Hence, information ex­
changes can be simply comprised by the attacker. Availability of services
is one of the main problems to be addressed to achieve the dynamics of
EI-based SG systems appropriately. Availability assures that EI appli­
cations ought to be accessed anyplace and anytime for each approved
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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648
device [154]. The devices that will be associated ought to be intelligent
and adaptive to help desired availability and seamless connectivity.
Enormous–scale EI aided SGs are helpless against IP-based attackers,
making them completely inaccessible due to DoS attacks [155].
Conclusion and future suggestions
The EI is an intelligent system that provides the access, control, and
transmission of large data applications such as distributed and scalable
RES, energy storage systems, and loads for efficient energy consumption
and conservation on both the supply-side and load side. EI integrated SG
could be the perfect option to address the global energy crisis and
negative environmental impacts and provide a secure and cost-effective
energy supply. Nevertheless, the development of EI technology requires
several factors to consider. Thus, this paper aims to analyse the perfor­
mance and of EI-based SG concerning structure, utility services, DSM,
issues, and challenges. At first, this review comprehensively outlines the
EI theories, key elements, architecture, and applications applied in SG.
The analysis reveals that each layer of EI has different performance
characteristics, executions, and applications. Secondly, the various
utility services of EI are discussed. The investigation shows that cloud-
based, grid-based, SMS-based, future utility services, and affordable
utility services are the key services in EI technology. Thirdly, the review
explores the EI for DSM in SG applications. It is reported that optimi­
zations, sustainable consumption, and 5G-based EI for DSM need further
exploration. Fourthly, the review conducts a bibliometric assessment of
EI related to DSM and SG. It is found that the countries, authorship,
collaborations, and universities are vital indicators. Fifthly, several open
issues and challenges of EI-based SG technology are identified. The
study denotes numerous key limitations such as security, cyber-attacks,
spoofing and eavesdropping, interoperability, and reliability. Lastly, the
study offers several future research directions for EI based SG, which are
mentioned below,
• EI needs advanced bidirectional communication among energy
storage, distributed RES, and different energy loads to achieve quick
responses, efficient data handling capability, and strong computation
intelligence for future energy analysis, evaluation, and efficiency
improvement.
• The progress of a universal platform, communication standards,
protocols, and appropriate models in EI is challenging as EI is con­
nected with many sensors and communication technologies. There­
fore, future attention is required to select the proper protocols,
interfacing, and communication strategy to improve the EI security
system.
• The application of EI in SG may cause high risk due to malicious and
illegal users, side-channel attacks, and eavesdropping, resulting in
serious issues such as information blockage, chaos, termination,
network collapse, and customer privacy leakage [156,157]. Thus,
further studies can be carried out on diverse network security stan­
dards, including 802.11i, 802.16e, 3GPP LTE, and ISO/IEC18883
[27].
• The RESs connected with EI have several technical issues, including
material, control strategy, site selection, design structure, sizing,
cost, power quality, energy loss, and environmental settings. Thus,
further investigation is essential to address the challenges of RESs
toward reliable quality and power generation.
• A smart and autonomous system with self-healing control technology
is essential to back the system to a stable condition under power
blackouts. A multiagent framework with an enhanced cooperative
structure is necessary to monitor and detect faults, control and
switching, and protection under system failures and abnormal loads.
• The optimal resource allocation with a flexible cross-layer optimi­
zation methodology integrated with an efficient EI communication
network is required to minimize energy consumption. A decision
K. Parvin et al.
support tool is required to optimize distributed energy resources and
optimize the energy service to increase the total income revenue.
• The distributed grid intelligence software, real-time information,
and communication system, and plug-and-play option can be intro­
duced to ensure efficient supply and demand through real-time en­
ergy management and control systems.
• The security of EI have issues such as false logic design, like pro­
gramming errors, and system vulnerabilities due to inaccurate
monitoring processes, tampering, communication outage, and com­
puter virus, allowing illegal attackers to enter and implant viruses.
Besides, the various information carriers such as mobile hard disks,
and USB disks can cause malicious attacks through hackers. There­
fore, a robust security system needs to be developed to confirm the
reliability and safety of the EI system.
• The information packet can be lost during both in the uplink and
downlink processes. The challenges such as machine-type commu­
nication (MTC) are addressed using the third Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) which uses the different modern technologies,
including NarrowBand IoT (NB-IoT), Long Term Evolution (LTE) and
Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) [158].
• The design of an ideal routing model of EI is essential to overcome
the complexity of routing and data transmission problems leading to
balancing the energy loads and reducing energy transmission
congestion.
• The EI requires new communication technologies, built-in sensors,
communication nodes, and external hardware to monitor the various
key parameters, examine the abnormal conditions, identify the fault
and assess the power quality of multiple sources, including renew­
ables and energy storage.
The analysis, information, critical discussion, issues, and challenges
would serve as valuable guidelines for industries, engineers, and
decision-makers to conduct further research on EI-based SG, particularly
in utility energy services and DSM. The recommendations would be
noteworthy in obtaining excellent performance in SG under the EI
platform using improved utility services and DSM that can obtain a
pathway towards achieving future sustainable development goals
(SDGs), specifically SDG7, by 2030.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
K. Parvin: Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing –
original draft. M.A. Hannan: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition,
Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization,
Writing – review & editing. Looe Hui Mun: Investigation, Resources,
Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. M.S. Hossain Lipu:
Formal analysis, Investigation, Software. Maher G.M. Abdolrasol:
Formal analysis, Software. Pin Jern Ker: Funding acquisition, Super­
vision, Writing – review & editing. Kashem M. Muttaqi: Resources,
Visualization, Writing – review & editing. Z.Y. Dong: Validation,
Writing – review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
Acknowledgment
The Ministry of Higher Education supports this work, Malaysia,
under the long-term research grant scheme (LRGS) program project
20
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 53 (2022) 102648
grant no. 20190101LRGS through the Universiti Tenaga Nasional.
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