OBD II

S C AN T O O L C O M M U N I C AT I O N

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 OBD II TERMS
• $ -- Hexadecimal, refers to a scientific
numbering system based on 16.
• PID – Parameter Identification Data.
• TID – Test Identification Data.
• CID – Component Identification Data.
• MID – Monitor Identification Data.

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 HEXADECIMAL
• The dollar sign is used to indicate the use of the Hexadecimal system.
• OBD II uses the Hexadecimal to communicate and calculate.
• Hexadecimal is based on 16, with 65535 possibilities.
– 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, etc.
– 4 bits = nibble
– Each bit = 0 or 1
– Two nibbles = 1 byte
– 20 = two and zero not twenty!

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 10 MODES OF OBD II
• $01. Current Data
• $02. Freeze Frame Data
• $03. Current confirmed DTCs.
• $04. Clear Emission related data.
• $05. O2 sensor test results, pre-CAN
• $06. Non-continuous monitor test results.
• $07. Pending Codes
• $08. Request for control of emissions component.
• $09. Request vehicle information.
• $0A. Permanent codes.

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 MODE $01 CURRENT DATA
• PID $01, Monitor status since DTCs cleared. (Includes
malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) status and number
of DTCs.)
• Number of PIDs varies by vehicle.
• Live Serial Data, e.g. ECT, RPM, VSS
• Different PIDS are available in generic OBD II and
the Enhanced side of the PCM.
• The same sensor may display differently in generic
OBD II than on the Enhanced side of the PCM.
• Generic OBD II and Enhanced are the same PCM
only different.

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 MODE $02 FREEZE FRAME
• EPA requires a minimum of 8 PIDs be displayed in
Freeze Frame data.
• Freeze Frame data may vary between the generic
and Enhanced side of the PCM.
• Data must be displayed the same way by all
manufactures in generic freeze frame.
• What are the 8 required PIDs?

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 MODE 2 FREEZE FRAME

You can see that fuel system and fuel trims are displayed for both banks.
Fuel system 2 shows not used because this vehicle is in either open or closed loop for
both banks.
There are 8 different PIDs shown, don’t forget the DTC is a PID!

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 MODE $03 CONFIRMED
CODES
• 1 trip codes and confirmed 2 trip codes.
• Codes may have turned on the MIL.
• Codes remain in Mode $03 even after 3 good trips
and light is turned off because the problem is
intermittent, or the vehicle has been repaired
without the system being reset.
• Type A codes 80 trips.
• Type B codes 40 trips.
• If codes will not turn on the MIL no Freeze Frame will
be set for that code. Examples:
• P0325, P0328, Knock sensor for Nissan
• P1519, IMRC malfunction for Ford, some models.

IMRC = Intake Manifold Runner Control

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MODE $04 CLEAR EMISSION
DATA
• Mode $04 is the preferred method of clearing
emissions data if you do not have access to the
Enhanced side of the PCM.
• Mode $04 may not clear codes and turn of the MIL
on some European vehicles.
• Sometimes after clearing emissions related data a
Global Reset is required to reset adaptations for the
vehicle to operate properly.

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MODE $04 CLEAR EMISSIONS
DATA
• Using mode $04 will clear data from the following
modes:
• $01, PID $01, Monitor Status.
• $02, Freeze Frame.
• $03, Confirmed Codes.
• $05, O2 sensor test results.
• $06, Non-Continuous monitor test results.
• $07, Pending and non-confirmed codes.
• Remember mode $04 will not clear permanent
codes from mode $0A.

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MODE $05 O2 SENSOR TESTS
• Not used by all manufacturers.
• Only used on some Pre-CAN vehicles.
• Other manufacturers put O2 sensor test results in
mode $06 on Pre-CAN vehicles.
• All CAN vehicles us Mode $06 for O2 sensor test
results.
• Not all failed Mode $05 tests will set codes.
• Manufacturers are not required to set codes for
slow rear O2 sensor operation prior to 2004. But they
may display the test results.

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 MODE $06 MONITOR TEST
RESULTS
• Displays test results of non-continuous monitors.
• Breaks monitors down to individual tests.
• Individual tests relate to a specific code.
• Individual test may fail and not set a code.
• Some tests are to determine if the enable criteria for
a monitor has been met.
• All CAN vehicles use MID to self ID the tests.

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 MODE $06 TERMS
TID = Test Identification Data
CID = Component Identification Data
MID = Monitor Identification Data
TLT = Test Limit Type

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 MODE $06 TERMS
Hexadecimal – Numbering system based on 16, Example:
($0A3F)
Raw Data – Hexadecimal value converted to standard
numbers (1-65535)
Manufacturer’s Conversion Factor – Converts Raw Data to
actual values
Test Value – Actual test result, regardless of which scale
Results – Pass or Fail
Limit Type – Min or Max

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 WHICH MONITORS ARE
NON-CONTINUOUS
• Converter.
• Fuel Evaporation.
• O2 Sensor.
• O2 Sensor Heater.
• AIR Injection.
• EGR.
• Some manufactures put other data in mode $06.
• Misfire counters, Ford non-CAN and all CAN
• Thermostat operation, Toyota, Honda

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 LOOKING UP MODE $06

1st Click, Square for TID10, CID 85 Odyssey.

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MATCHING TESTS TO CODES

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 MATCHING IT UP

1st Click, TID

2nd Click, CID
3rd Click, CODE

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 MANUFACTURES
CONVERSION FACTOR
• TID $04 CID $02 HO2S Heater Circuit
Mode 6 Data Captured by Scanner
TID CID O2 sensor Test Value Pass Minimum Value
$04 $02 heater 8337 ($2091) 2621 ($0A3D)

Conversion Factor supplied by Manufacturer

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 RESULTS EXPLAINED
Heater current recorded is good for the proper
operation of the HO2S when engine is first started. The
current is recorded on initial startup of the engine. The
maximum level is displayed in mode $06. As the sensor
increases in heat, the resistance increases with a
resulting decrease in current flow. This heated HO2S
helps the fuel system to go into closed loop operation
sooner, thus reducing cold startup emissions. It also
prevents the system from going into open loop during
extended periods of engine idle.

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 MANUFACTURES
CONVERSION FACTOR
• TID $05 CID $01 EGR Monitor
Mode 6 Data Captured by Scanner
TID CID Test Test Value Results Test Limit
$05 $01 EGR 96 ($0060) Pass 64 ($0040)

Conversion Factor Supplied by Manufacturer

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 RESULTS EXPLAINED
• In this case the increase in temp. caused by
exhaust gases flowing through the EGR valve must
be at a minimum of 40 degrees centigrade. This
EGR system is causing an increase of 20 degrees
centigrade above the minimum. In other words the
increase is 40 + 20 = 60 degrees centigrade. If the
temp. increase is too little, it could be caused by a
partially plugged EGR port.

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 MANUFACTURES
CONVERSION FACTOR
• TID $01 CID $01 Catalyst Monitor
Mode 6 Data Captured by Scanner

Conversion Factor Supplied by Manufacturer

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 RESULTS EXPLAINED
• 10 x .0039 = .039 Actual Reading
• 128 x .0039 = .4992 Maximum Allowable (Approximately 50%)
• 100% - 50% = 50% minimum efficiency allowable
• 100%- 4% = 96% Efficient (Actual Efficiency of Catalytic
Converter)

• Here is an example of using Mode $06

determine the actual efficiency of the
catalytic converter and what the
manufacturer feels is the minimum acceptable
performance.

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 MANUFACTURES
CONVERSION FACTOR
• TID $06 CID $01 Air Fuel Ratio Sensor
Mode 6 Data Captured by Scanner

Conversion Factor Supplied by Manufacturer

Test Value: 0x0.000244 = 0

Test Limit: 20480x0.000244 = 4.99712

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 RESULTS EXPLAINED
• This is a measurement of the response time, of
the A/F sensor, when the PCM richens the fuel
mixture. If the response time is 5 or greater, the
monitor fails the A/F sensor. If the sensor is close to
failure, it will not set a code. However, the efficiency
of the converter will be decreased and could
cause an emissions failure.

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 LOOKING AT MODE $06

This is an example of a MIN test; the test result can’t go below the
minimum without failing the test. The TID and CID are listed in their
hexadecimal number that will have to be looked up in the repair
information for this vehicle.
Since this test easily passes there is no need to perform the
manufacturers conversion to take the raw numbers to actual
values.

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 FAILED MODE $06

Here is an example of a failed Mode $06 test. This is a MAX test

where the test result can’t exceed the Max number without
failing. Although a conversion of the raw data numbers to actual
values could be done. What's the point?. Look up the TID and
CID in the repair information and move on to component testing.
Your done here for now.

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 MODE $06 AT A GLANCE

1998 Nissan Pathfinder, Cat monitor incomplete, failing tailpipe emissions.

TID $01 and CID $01 are for bank 1 converter.
No codes were present in this vehicle.
TID $03 CID $02 is for bank 2 converter.
See the difference!

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MODE $06 AT A GLANCE

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 PRE-CAN MODE $06 DEFAULT

Probably
Not Run

Failed Test

Tests
Not Run

1st Click, Failed Test

2nd Click, Blue Rectangle on TID 21,22
3rd Click, Tests not run.
4th Click, Green rectangle on TIDs 04-06
5th Click, Probably not run.

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CAN MODE $06

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MODE $07 PENDING CODES
• Pending codes
• Monitor that failed it’s first trip.
• Flashing MIL with no code set and MIL is not
currently on.
• Some codes will only display in mode $07 and stay
here because they are not “Emission Codes” but
may prevent a monitor from completing.
• Example P0463, Fuel level sensor malfunction on GM prior to
2006. Could this effect the EVAP monitor completing.

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 MODE $08, BIDIRECTIONAL
• Not supported by all vehicle manufacturers.
• Never required by EPA.
• If the technician wants to use bidirectional controls,
he must use the OE side of the PCM.
• Remember Bidirectional controls are a request and
may not be supported even on the OE or
Enhanced side of the PCM.

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 MODE $09, INFORMATION
REQUEST
• 09 00 4 mode 9 supported PIDs 01 to 20 Bit encoded
• 09 01 1x5 VIN Message Count in command 09 02 Returns 1 line/packet
(49 01 05 00 00 00 00), where 05 means 05 packets will be returned in VIN
digits.
• 09 02 5x5 Vehicle identification number (VIN) Returns the VIN as a multi-
frame response using the ISO 15765-2 protocol. This is typically five frames,
with the first frame encoding the size and count.
• 09 03 varies calibration ID message count from mode $09 PID 04
• 09 04 varies calibration ID Returns multiple lines, ASCII coded
• 09 05 varies calibration verification numbers message count from mode
$09 PID 06 Returns multiple lines, ASCII coded
• 09 06 4 calibration verification numbers
• 09 07 in-use performance tracking message count from mode $09 PID 08
• 09 08 in-use performance tracking
• 09 09 ECU name message count from mode $09 PID 0a
• 09 0a ECU name
• 09 0b in-use performance tracking

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 MODE $09 HIGHLIGHTS
• VIN number, required on all light duty vehicles from
2005. Many manufacturers support VIN ID much
earlier.
• Software calibration number or version number.
• CAL-VID, Calibration verification ID. (CVN)
• In Use Performance Tracking (IPT)

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MODE $09

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MODE $09 VIN

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MODE $09 CVN

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MODE $09 IPT

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 MODE $09 IPT

Even on this 2012 vehicle that is only 16 months old you can still
see that the EVAP monitor has completed a lot fewer times then
the monitor conditions have been met.
Still keep in mind that 399 completions is still almost once a day
that this monitor has completed.

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 UNDERSTANDING IPT RATIOS
IPT Ratios
• Divide completions by Monitor Name Minimum Ratio
conditions to
determine ratio AIR Injection 0.26
• Ratio may be higher Fuel Evaporation 0.26_0.020 leak test
• If ratio is lower there is Fuel Evaporation 0.52_0.040 leak test
a problem with the Fuel Evaporation 0.52_Purge Flow
system Catalyst 0.336
O2 Sensor 0.336
EGR 0.336
2288 ÷ 4995 = 0.46 VVT 0.336
The resulting ratio of 0.46 is
higher than 0.336, so the
catalyst monitor is performing
correctly.

For IPT data it is all about ratios. This is what allows the data to be just as valid after
10 engine starts as it is after 1000. Of course the more starts the better the picture is
but the ratios should remain fairly constant. In this slide we see the ratio limits for
each monitor in percentage. We also see the formula on the left side of the screen on
how we got it. You will need to spend some time on this slide and most likely use the
white board for demonstration. Don’t move on past this slide until the students
understand the math and what it means. If you don’t take the time here the students
will be lost in the following slides and some of the case studies.

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 MODE $0A PERMANENT
CODES
• Codes that have been confirmed.
• Can’t be erased by a scan tool, Generic or OE.
• Can’t be erased by disconnecting the battery.
• Can only be erased by the PCM once it is satisfied
that the system is working properly.
• Codes in mode $0A will not turn on or keep on the
MIL.
• Some manufacturers have a special drive cycle to
clear permanent codes.

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 OBD II DIAGNOSIS
• The key to properly diagnosing any system is to
always test it in the same way every time so no
steps are missed.
• With OBD II it should start as follows regardless of
type of failure or whether the MIL is on or off.
• Only by gathering information can good decisions
be made.
• Not all vehicles support all functions or all modes!
You don’t know if you don’t check.

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 OBD II DIAGNOSIS
• Here is an example of Modes that should be
checked.
• Mode $01 PID $01 Monitor Status.
• If the monitors are not complete, then the memory
has been cleared which means you have had help
fixing this car already.
• Your mode $05 and $06 data might not be valid.
• Systems not tested might not be working properly.

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 OBD II DIAGNOSIS
• Is the MIL on?
• Mode $03 Confirmed codes.
• If there are confirmed codes in Mode $03 then
there will be freeze frame data if it is an emission
related code so check there next.
• Record all codes from Mode $03, Remember there
may still be more codes on the Enhanced side of
the PCM, however these are the only codes that
can illuminate the MIL.

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 OBD II DIAGNOSIS
• Mode $02 Freeze Frame
• Remember the first emissions code set gets the
freeze frame spot unless a higher priority code
bumps it A code vs. B code.
• This can help prioritize the diagnostic time and
repairs.
• Learn to use your 8 PIDs effectively by looking at
data on vehicles that don’t have a problem.

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 OBD II DIAGNOSIS
• Mode $07 Pending Codes
• Remember there are codes that may never go to
Mode $03.
• There are also 2 trip codes that may aid in the
proper diagnosis of 1 trip codes.
• Example: A P0135 O2 heater code that is pending when an
O2 Performance code has turned on the MIL.
• Mode $07 can be very helpful if monitors are
incomplete since they are monitoring systems that
set 2 trip codes.

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 OBD II DIAGNOSIS
• Mode $06 results of non-continuous monitored systems.
• The Mode $06 data must be looked at very closely if
monitors are incomplete as some of the data may
be false or default.
• If a Mode $06 test is run, then the data is valid even
if the monitor is incomplete.
• At this point we are looking for failed and barely
passing tests, ignore everything else.

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 OBD II DIAGNOSIS
• Mode $05 Oxygen sensor test results
• Mode $05 is not supported by all manufacturers.
• Data is harder to interpret than Mode $06 in some
cases.
• Many Mode $05 tests will not set a code.
• The more data you look at the better you will be at
interpreting it.
• Don’t get lost here if there is nothing that sticks out.

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 OBD II DIAGNOSIS
• Mode $0A Permanent Codes
• Even though Mode $0A was not required to be
supported until 2010 on 50% of vehicles sold and
100% of vehicles sold by 2012, we should be getting
in the habit since the vehicle fleet has aged.
• Remember codes stay in Mode $0A even if
someone has helped you fix the car by clearing
codes.

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 PRACTICAL APPLICATION
• A 2005 Dodge Caravan is refereed to your shop
from a non-smog station because they are unable
to complete the O2 Heater and Evap. Monitors.
• Where to start? The other shop has already
replaced the B1S1 O2 sensor and driven the vehicle
over 400 miles.
• This is where a disciplined approach is critical.

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 2005 DODGE CARAVAN
• The other monitors are complete therefore it
cannot be a Keep Alive Memory (KAM) problem.
• Mode $06 data shows that the Fuel Evaporation
Purge Flow tests and O2 Heater tests have not
been performed.
• Reading the enable criteria for the O2 heater
monitor it is discovered that it is run key off after
the O2 monitor has run with no failed tests.
• The Fuel Evaporation Monitors used the O2 sensor
to monitor Purge performance also.

1st Click, The other monitors are complete therefore it cannot be a KAM problem.
2nd Click, Mode $06 data shows that the Evap. Purge tests and O2 heater tests have
not been performed.
3rd Click, Reading the enable criteria for the O2 heater monitor it is discovered that it
is run key off after the O2 monitor has run with no failed tests.

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 2005 DODGE CARAVAN
• Where could the technician find out if there are any
failed tests? MODE $06
• Upon reviewing the Mode $06 data a failed test for
the new O2 sensor is found.
• A new OE O2 sensor was installed and mode $04
was used to clear emission data.
• The vehicle was driven following the
recommendations in the Drive Cycle, and all
monitors completed in 15 miles.

1st Click, mode $06

2nd Click, Upon reviewing the mode $06 data a failed test for the new O2 sensor is
found.
3rd Click, A new OE O2 sensor was installed and mode $04 was used to clear emission
data.
4th Click, A drive cycle was performed and all monitors completed in 15 miles.

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