Nesters Microbiology A Human Perspective 8th Edition Solutions Anderson

Nesters Microbiology A Human Perspective 8th

Edition Solutions Anderson

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Nesters Microbiology A Human Perspective 8th Edition Solutions Anderson

Chapter 7 The Blueprint of Life: From DNA to Protein

Overview

For a cell to carry on its normal functions, the genetic information encoded in the DNA
must be used to make proteins in the process called gene expression. For a cell to replicate,
its DNA must be copied in the process called DNA replication. This chapter begins by
introducing genetics, DNA structure, and RNA structure. Next, the major genetics
processes are discussed: (1) replication (copying) of the DNA, (2) transcription of genes in
the DNA into RNA and (3) translation of the RNA to make specific polypeptides/proteins.
The differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene expression are discussed, as well
as the principles of regulation of gene expression. Last, genomics is briefly discussed.

The case presentation discusses Vibrio cholerae, the pathogen that causes cholera, focusing
on the role of quorum sensing in allowing the pathogen to cycle from the environment to
the human host.

Learning Objectives
These are taken from the learning outcome headings of each chapter section – instructors
may find it useful to use and/or modify these to provide students with a framework for
making a study guide.

After studying the material in this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Compare and contrast the characteristics of DNA and RNA.
2. Explain why gene regulation is important to a cell.
3. Describe the DNA replication process, including its initiation and the events that occur at
the replication fork.
4. Describe the process of transcription, focusing on the role of RNA polymerase, sigma
factors, promoters, and terminators.
5. Describe the process of translation, focusing on the role of mRNA, ribosomes, ribosome-
binding sites, rRNAs, tRNAs, and codons.
6. Describe four differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression.
7. Describe how quorum sensing and two-component regulatory systems allow cells to
adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions.
8. Compare and contrast antigenic variation and phase variation.
9. Give an example of a constitutive enzyme, an inducible enzyme, and a repressible
enzyme.
10. Using the lac operon as a model, explain the role of inducers, repressors, and inducer
exclusion.
11. Describe how RNA interference silences genes.
12. Explain how protein-encoding regions are found when analyzing a DNA sequence.
13. Describe metagenomics and the information it can provide.

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