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Toaz - Info Setting Out PDF PR
Toaz - Info Setting Out PDF PR
– (3) structural
grid;
– (4) grid secondary.
• A control grid enables points
to be set over a large area.
• Several different grids can be
used in setting out:
– (1) grid survey; The secondary grid is established inside
the structure from the structural grid when
– (2) grid site;
it is no longer possible to use the structural
– (3) structural grid; grid to establish internal features of the
building – as the vision becomes obscured.
– (4)grid
secondary.
• Whether used in the form of a
baseline or a grid, the
horizontal control points are
used to establish design points
on the proposed structure.
• Once excavations for the
foundations begin, the corner
pegs will be lost. To avoid this
extra pegs, offset pegs are
used.
• In order the design points can be positioned at their correct levels,
vertical control points of known elevation relative to some specified
vertical datum are established.
• Some vertical control techniques:
1. TBM
2. Sight rails
3. Travellers and boning rods
4. Slope rails or batter boards
• TBM:
The positions of TBMs should be
fixed during the initial
reconnaissance so that their
construction can be completed in
good time and they can be
allowed to settle before levelling
them in. In practice, 20mm
diameter steel bolts and 100mm
long, driven into existing steps,
ledges, footpaths etc. are ideal.
• Sight rail:
These consist of a horizontal
timber cross piece nailed to a
single upright or a pair of uprights
driven into the ground. The upper
edge of the cross piece is set to a
convenient height above the
required plane of the structure,
usually to the nearest 100mm, and
should be a height above ground to
ensure convenient alignment by
eye with the upper edge.
• Sight rail:
Sight rails are usually offset 2 or 3 m
at right angles to construction lines to
avoid them being damaged as
excavations proceed.
• Travellers and boning rods:
– A traveller is similar in appearance to a sight rail on a single
support and is portable. The length of the upper edge to its
base should be a convenient dimension to the nearest half
meter.
– Travellers are used in conjunction with sight rails. The sight
rails are set some convenient value above the required
plane and the travellers are constructed so that their length
is equal to this value.
– As excavation works proceeds, the traveller is sighted in
between the sight rails and used to monitor the cutting and
filling.
• Slope rails or batter boards:
– For controlling side slopes on embankments and cuttings
slope rails are used.
– For an embankment the slope rails usually define a plane
parallel to the slope of the embankment offset by a
convenient distance:
• Before the excavation for the proposed foundation is commenced, the site
shall be cleared of vegetation, brushwood, stumps of trees, debris, etc.
• Next is to set out a baseline for the work.
• For setting out the foundations of small buildings, the centre line of the
longest outer wall of the building is first marked on the ground by
stretching a string between wooden or mild steel pegs driven at the ends.
• For accurate work, nails can be fixed at the centre of the pegs.
• Two pegs, one on either side of the central peg, are driven at each end of
the line. Each peg is equidistant from the central peg, and the distance
between the outer pegs corresponds to the width of foundation trench to
be excavated.
• Each peg may project about 25 to 50 mm above ground level and may be
driven at a distance of about 2 m from the edge of excavation so that they
are not disturbed.
• When string is stretched joining the corresponding pegs (say 2-2) at the
two extremities of the line, the boundary of the trench to be excavated can
be marked on the ground with dry lime powder.
• The centre lines of other walls, which are perpendicular to the long wall,
are then marked by setting out right angles.
• A right angle can be set out by forming a triangle with 3, 4 and 5 units
long.
• These dimensions should be measured with the help of a steel tape.
Alternatively, a theodolite or prismatic compass may be used for setting
out right angles.
• Similarly, outer lines of the foundation trench of each cross-wall can be set
out, as shown in the following figure.
The six corners of a proposed L shaped excavation shown in Figure 1 (a)
below have been set out on site.
Figure 1 (a)
Offset pegs have been established to help define the sides of the excavation.
The proposed formation level of the surface of the excavation at point R is
95.72 m. The surface is to fall at 1 in 150 from R to W and is to rise at a slope
of 1 in 100 at right angle to the line RW.
Figure 1 (b)
The cross-sections for lines P1RWP2 and P4UTP3 are as depicted in Figure 1
(b) and (c), respectively.
To help with excavation site, sight rails are to be erected above the offset
pegs for use with a 2 m traveler. Given the reduced levels of the offset pegs,
calculate the heights of the sight rails to be used at P1, P2, P3 and P4.
Figure 1 (c)
Solution for line P1RWP2
Formation level at P1 = 95.72 + (3/150) = 95.74m
Formation level at P2 = 95.72 – (48/150) = 95.40m