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ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT, Quarter 1, Week 6

I. Introductory Concept

This learner’s packet explains the different types of planning as well as the
planning techniques and tools which enable us to know what we need to do and how
are we going to do it through planning.

II. Learning Competencies

At the end of the learning activities, you are expected to discuss/explain the
nature and levels of planning and types of plans and apply appropriate planning
techniques and tools in business decision making (ABM_AOM11-1a-b-3).

Planning: Different Types of Plans, Techniques and Tools

In life, we are confronted with so many things that we need to plan out in order to
accomplish them as desired. Therefore, planning is somehow our blueprint or map to
reach certain destination of our wants.

According to David Halt, planning is the process of defining an organization’s

Objectives and how it will achieve them like “what is to be done and when it is to be
done”. In an organization, planning is not solely done by the top management but by
other levels in the organization as well to be prepared of what might arise in the future.

Planning can be done in a formal or informal way. Formal Planning uses

systematic criteria and rigorous investigation to establish objectives, decide on activities
and formally document organizational expectation while Informal Planning uses
intuitive ideas in deciding and on the activities needed to achieve them without rigorous
and systematic investigation. Some managers use formal while the others use informal
planning, but still it is safer and wiser to use formal plan to avoid, or at least, lessen the
errors that the organization will face.

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 Types of Plans according to its Dimension
Planning is a process that involves techniques and tools and comes from
different types such as corporate, divisional or business, unit or functional plans.

Type of Plan Organizational Time Focus Elements Repetitiveness

Level

Corporate Executive Level Long Total Strategies, Standing plans

Planning range Organization
planning Policies

Divisional Middle- Long Divisional or Strategies, Standing plans

Planning Management range Business
Level planning, Policies,

Medium Procedures
range
planning

Unit Planning First-Line Short Unit, Policies, Standing plans

Management range Function or Procedure,
planning Department Rules

For further understanding about

the Different Types of Plan
according to its Dimension,
read the discussion below.

Corporate Planning or Strategic planning evolves from the goals and

strategies created by organization’s top management and they are usually long
term in nature. It covers the entire organizational activities. Thus, it sets the
foundation of the organization in terms of all plans, policies and strategies.

Divisional or Business Planning also referred to as Tactical planning

concerns the process of determining the divisional actions that will satisfy the
consumer’s need, decide on specific sub-goal within its defined area or
responsibility and establish policies and budget to attain these goals.

Functional or Unit Planning or commonly called as Operational planning is the

lowest level of planning. At this level, department managers or first-line
supervisors develop a set of feasible action plan and focus on planning for a day
to day activity to implement the division plans. This uses short-range actions and
adheres to planned schedules and budgets.

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 Time Frame or Length of the planning horizon can be long range, medium
range or short range planning.
Long range deals with decisions for broad technological and
competitive aspects of the organization which might extend up to
fifteen years.
Medium or intermediate range deals with plans that are more
detailed compare to long range since the time span shorter and
concerns the specific and basic functions of the organization.
This is between two to five years.
Short Range is an extension of long range planning and usually
extends to about one year and includes more specific plans with
respect to plant location, work methods, inventory and controls
employee training and the like.

Elements. There are different planning elements that are involved in the
planning process which depend upon the activity involved.

Strategies involve choices of particular actions by the

organization to achieve stated goals.

Policies limit the behavior or organizational members

towards achieving the goals. They are guidelines of
the organization that are useful in decision making.

Procedures are narrower in terms of application in the

organization. It only tends to involve departmental
activities such as hiring procedures and payment
procedures.

Rules are the thinnest element; these are usually

orders with what is appropriate or not in terms of
behavior of members in organizations. These are strict
advices for employees with specific functions like rules
on wearing uniform in the workplace, rules on deadline,
etc.

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 Repetitiveness
Repetitivenessplans
planscan
canbe
becharacterized
characterizedbybythe
thedegree
degree
ofof sameness
sameness with
with which
which they
they are
are used
used byby the
the
organization.
organization.

Standing
Standingplansplansare
arethose
thosedeveloped
developedby by
the
theorganization
organizationtotodirect
directactivities
activitiesthat
that
will
willoccur
occurfrequently
frequentlyovertime.
overtime.

Single-use
Single-useplans plans
deal with
deals
ill-structured
with ill-
orstructured
non-repetitive
or non-repetitive
problems problems
to fit ato
specific
fit a specific
situation
situation
and mayandnotmay be not
used
be
any
usemore
anywhen
moregoalwhen
has been
goal achieved.
has been
achieved.

Focus refers to the concentration of a given plan in an

organization. It clarifies the function of a particular area where there is
more attention needed.

Planning Tools and Techniques

Due to fast changing environment, managers need to develop and adapt tools
and techniques that can be used for more effective and accurate plan in the
organization.

Scenarios refer to written description of a set of events suitable to occur in the

future that bears on organizational effectiveness. It is a story describing “what if”
situation. Scenarios are intended to raise awareness in managers and to prevent
surprises. Alternate scenarios serve to broaden the outlook of managers to the external
forces that shape the future of the organization and sensitize them their vulnerabilities
and the opportunities that lie within other possible futures.

Nominal Group Technique is a technique that is particularly useful for planning

task or elements that require a high degree of innovation, idea generation, and
creativity. The technique is usually applied to a group of knowledgeable people with

ROV_ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT_Q1_W6 4

different backgrounds and experiences whose pooled skills and judgment are needed to
identify desirable goals and strategies.

Simulation Planning Models refer to computer simulation modeling by which

planners construct sophisticated models of an organization showing desired, reality-
based characteristics. With the aid of computer, managers can test certain hypothesis
on a wide range of decision at a much lower cost and with greater speed. Computer
simulation in planning is a quantitative modeling techniques developed to test
alternatives courses of action based on historical facts and managerial assumptions.
With the continuing knowledge and sophistication of computer usage, simulation models
in planning activities will become one of the dominant techniques in the future.

III. ACTIVITIES

Activity 1 – My greatest dream…

Direction: Write down your greatest dream in life in the thinking bubble below. How are
you going to reach your goal?

Activity 2

True or False. Write True if the statement is correct and False if otherwise.
Indicate your answer in the space provide for.

____________1. Informal planning makes use of systematic criteria and rigorous

investigation.
____________2. Rules are the thinnest elements, these are usually order with what is
appropriate or not.

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____________3. Divisional Planning is also referred as Tactical planning which
established policy that will satisfy consumer’s need and the allocation of budget and
other resources.
____________4. Short range plan deals with decisions regarding the broad
technological and competitive aspects of the organization over a period of time.
_____________5. A standing plan is non-repetitive plan that cannot be used again in a
certain situation.
_____________6. Simulation Planning Models make use of a group of knowledgeable
people with different background and experience where their ideas and judgement
greatly contribute in the achievement of the desired goal of the organization.
_____________7. A scenario is a “what if” situation and these are written events
happened in the past that raise awareness to managers to prevent happening in the
future.

Activity 3

Direction: Match column A with column B by connecting a line from the statements in
A to the corresponding word/s in B.

Column A Column B

1. These ought to know what is to be done A. Unit Planning

and when it is to be done.
B. Standing Plan
2. A plan that occurs frequently over time;
can be used several times as needs arises.
C. Planning
3. A type of plan that is also referred as
Strategic Planning. D. Simulation Planning
Models
4. It is a tool in planning that utilizes
computer simulation modelling.
E. Corporate Planning
5. It is also a type of plan that is also known
as Operation Planning which line supervisor F. Rules
focuses on day to day & month to month
activities.
G. Strategies
6. It is characterized by the degree of
sameness with which they are used by the H. Repetitiveness
organization.
7. Concerns choices of particular actions by
the organization to achieved stated goals.

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IV – Rubric for Scoring

Category 4 3 2 1 Score

Completion Completed all Completed Completed Completed just a

the activities most of the some of the little of the work
activities some
Neatness Writing is clear Writing is clear Writing is Writing is scribbled
and organized but solution is messy and the and very hard to
not organized solution is not read
organized
Accuracy All of the Most of the Some of the Little to none of the
answers are answers are answers are answer are correct
correct correct correct
Timelines Activity sheet 1 day late 2 days late 3 or more days late
was submitted
on time

V – ANSWER KEY

Activity 1 – Answers may vary

Activity 2

1. False 5. False
2. True 6. False
3. True 7. True
4. False

Activity 3

Column A Column B
1. These ought to know what is to be done and A. Unit Planning
when it is to be done.
2. A plan that occurs frequently over time; can B. Standing Plan
be used several times as needs arises.
C. Planning
3. A type of plan that is also referred as
Strategic Planning.
D. Simulation Planning
4. It is a tool in planning that utilizes computer Models
simulation modelling.
5. It is also a type of plan that is also known as E. Corporate Planning
Operation Planning which line supervisor
focuses on day to day & month to month F. Rules
activities.
6. It is characterized by the degree of sameness G. Strategies
with which they are used by the organization.
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7. Concerns choices of particular actions by the H. Repetitiveness
organization to achieved stated goals.
 Reflection:
I noticed _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

A question I have is _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

I’m not sure _____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

I realized _______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

Reference:

Samar, Gregorio L. et al. (2016) Introduction to Organization and Management. Hunt

Publishing Center, 54-65.

Prepared by: Reviewed:

GLENDA C. BAS MERIAM L. CAMILA

Writer Quality Assurer

JINKY A. VILLAREAL, Ed.D

EPS II - Mathematics
Consultant

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