Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4주차-History of Preservation-보존의 역사
4주차-History of Preservation-보존의 역사
4주차-History of Preservation-보존의 역사
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1786 - 1827
Peale Museum in
Philadelphia, opened by
Charles Willson Peale,
painter and collector
Collections include:
• Art
• Natural history
• American Indian
artifacts
• American history
exhibits
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1813
• Philadelphia State
House
(Independence Hall)
saved from
demolition
1824
The Historical
Society of
Pennsylvania
founded in
Philadelphia
Library holdings
include:
• Genealogical
information
• Manuscripts
• Printed historical
information
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1835
Eugène Viollet-le-
Duc appointed to
supervise the
restoration of the
basilica of St.
Madeleine in
Vézelay, France
1846
Smithsonian Institution
established as
national museum by
act of US Congress
• Main building, the
“Castle,” designed
by James Renwick,
finished in 1855
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1853
Mount Vernon
Ladies'
Association formed
to save Mount
Vernon by Ann
Pamela
Cunningham and
volunteers– first grassroots
preservation effort
1872
Yellowstone
National Park
designated a
federally protected
area
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1876
Centennial Exposition in
Philadelphia
• Celebrates 100
anniversary of US
• Introduces telephone,
telegraph, linoleum,
typewriter
• “New England Kitchen
of 1776” exhibit
1877
Society for the
Protection of
Ancient Buildings
founded by William
Morris and Philip
Webb in London,
England
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…It is for all these buildings, therefore, of all times and styles,
that we plead, and call upon those who have to deal with them,
to put Protection in the place of Restoration, to stave off decay
by daily care, to prop a perilous wall or mend a leaky roof by
such means as are obviously meant for support or covering,
and show no pretence of other art, and otherwise to resist all
tampering with either the fabric or ornament of the building as it
stands; if it has become inconvenient for its present use, to
raise another building rather than alter or enlarge the old one;
in fine to treat our ancient buildings as monuments of a bygone
art, created by bygone manners, that modern art cannot
meddle with without destroying. Thus, and thus only, shall we
escape the reproach of our learning being turned into a snare
to us; thus, and thus only can we protect our ancient buildings,
and hand them down instructive and venerable to those that
come after us.” Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings
Manifesto, 1877.
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1879
• Boston Antiquarian
Club founded to save
the Old State House
from being moved to
Chicago for World's
Fair
• Reorganized as
Bostonian Society in
1881 to operate
museum in Old State
House
1880
The Seven Lamps of
Architecture by
John Ruskin
published in London
• In the “Lamp of
Memory” he
advocated for
conservation instead
of restoration of old
buildings
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1882
Ancient Monuments Act
enacted by UK
parliament.
• Provides for
government to have the
authority and funding
for maintaining
monuments, the
appointment of
monument inspectors, a
“schedule” list of
monuments and legal
penalties for persons
who deface monuments
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1889
• First national
funding for historic
preservation in US
US Congress
appropriates $2,000
to preserve Casa
Grande ruin in
Arizona
1895
National Trust
founded in Great
Britain as a charity
to acquire and
protect threatened
coastline,
countryside and
buildings
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1898
Fanueil Hall
(1762/1806) in
Boston, rebuilt to
make fireproof
1899
John Dewey in The
School and Society,
encourages teachers to
provide students with
direct experience of
history by visiting
historic places
• “The aim of education is
to enable individuals to
continue their
education.”
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1901
William Sumner
Appleton founded
the Society for the
Preservation of New
England Antiquities
(SPNEA), now
known as Historic
New England
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1906
Antiquities Act
• first national
preservation legislation
in the US
• designated national
monuments on federal
land
• imposes penalties for
destroying federally
owned sites
1911
Parks Canada
founded
• world's first national
park service
• Currently an agency
in Environment
Canada
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Parks Canada
• Mandate: On behalf of the
people of Canada, we
protect and present
nationally significant
examples of Canada's
natural and cultural heritage,
and foster public
understanding, appreciation
and enjoyment in ways that
ensure the ecological and
commemorative integrity of
these places for present and
future generations.
1913
Wallace Nutting (1861-1941)
minister, photographer and
preservationist, publishes
Old New England Pictures
• Over the next several years
he acquires and restores a
“Chain of Colonial Picture
Houses” which are open to
the public for a fee and serve
as backdrops for his
photographs
• 1918 - publishes first catalog
of reproduction furniture
• 1922 - publishes Beautiful
Vermont
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Wallace Nutting
“The acquisition of old
paneling and its
installation in rooms
which perhaps never
had any, is legitimate. If
the dwelling is
substantial there is
nothing but praise in the
effort to give it good
dress.” 1936
1916
• National Park
Service established
in the US
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1926
• John D. Rockefeller,
Jr. begins funding
support for the
restoration of
Williamsburg,
Virginia
Colonial Williamsburg
• Project lead by Rev. W.
A. R. Goodwin
• Buildings on the 130
acre site, “weeded” to
preserve 18th century
structures, with
important missing
buildings added as
replicas, including the
1770 Courthouse
recreated in 1932.
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1927 - 1931
• Storrowton Village
erected at Eastern
States Exposition, West
Springfield, MA, as a
recreated antique
village using
disassembled buildings
from Massachusetts
and New Hampshire
• Named for Helen
Storrow, benefactor and
trustee of Eastern
States Exposition
1929
• Henry Ford establishes
Edison Institute,
renamed Greenfield
Village, in Dearborn,
Michigan with relocated
and replicated historic
buildings, including a
replica of Independence
Hall
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1931
• Historic Maryland
founded in 1931 as the
Society for the
Preservation of
Maryland Antiquities.
Purpose: preserving
historic buildings,
neighborhoods,
landscapes and
archaeological sites
through outreach,
funding and
advocacy
1931
• Charleston, South
Carolina establishes
its "Old and Historic
District," the
country's first
designated historic
district
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1931
• The Athens Charter for
the Restoration of
Historic Monuments
adopted at the First
International Congress
of Architects and
Technicians of Historic
Monuments in Athens,
Greece
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1933
• Historic American
Buildings Survey
(HABS) authorized
by President
Franklin Roosevelt
1935
• Historic Sites Act Historic Sites Act of 1935
passed by US [ PUBLIC– N o . 2 9 2 – 74TH CONGRESS]
[ S. 2 0 7 3 ]
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1936
• Vieux Carré
established as
historic district in
New Orleans,
Louisiana
1941
Lewis Mumford,
encourages architects
to seek a new direction
for the future within the
context of regionalism,
rather than just
reproducing historical
designs in The South in
Architecture.
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Lewis Mumford
“Let us be clear about this, the forms that people used
in other civilizations or in other periods of our own
country’s history were intimately part of the whole
structure of their life. There is no method of
mechanically reproducing these forms or bringing
them back to life; it is a piece of rank materials to
attempt to duplicate some earlier form, because of its
delight to the eye, without realizing how empty a form
is without the life that once supported it. There is no
such thing as a modern colonial house any more than
there is such a thing as a modern Tudor house.
Lewis Mumford
“If one seeks to reproduce such a building in our own
day, every mark on it will betray the fact that it is a
fake, and the harder the architect works to conceal
that fact, the more patent the fact will be…The great
lesson of history–and this applies to all the arts–is that
the past cannot be captured except in spirit. We
cannot live another person’s life; we cannot, except in
the spirit of a costume ball… Our task is not to imitate
the past, but to understand it, so that we may face the
opportunity of our own day and deal with them in an
equally creative spirit.”
From The South in Architecture, 1941.
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1946
Old Sturbridge Village in
Sturbridge, Massachusetts
opened to public
• Recreated village used to
display collection of antiques
with guides in period
costume
• Mixture of moved and
reassembled buildings and
recreated conjectural historic
buildings
1947
• Shelburne Museum in
Shelburne, Vermont,
founded by Electra
Havemeyer Webb,
collector of American
folk art.
• Of 39 exhibition
buildings, 25 are
historic. Most were
relocated to the site.
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1949
National Trust for
Historic Preservation
established by an act of
the US Congress as
membership-based
organization partially
supported by federal
appropriation
• Headquartered in
Washington, D.C.
• Currently has 270,000
members, 6 regional
offices, 28 historic sites
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1952
Historic Deerfield
incorporated by Mr.
& Mrs. Henry Flynt
of Greenwich, CT, to
preserve the historic
Deerfield, MA village
with some relocated
houses as a public
museum
Mission Statement
Historic Deerfield,
Incorporated, is dedicated
to the heritage and
preservation of Deerfield,
Massachusetts, and the
Connecticut River
Valley. Its museums and
programs provide today's
audiences with experiences
that create an
understanding and
appreciation of New
England's historic villages
and countryside.
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1958
Upper Canada Village,
Morrisburg, Ontario,
established as a heritage
park as part of the St.
Lawrence Seaway project. It
depicts a historic village of
1866, using buildings
relocated from areas flooded
by the construction.
1963
• Destruction of
Pennsylvania
Station in New York
City mobilizes
preservation
movement in US
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1964
• First university
degree in Historic
Preservation
established at
Columbia University
by James Marston
Fitch
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1964
• International Charter on
the Conservation and
Restoration of
Monuments and Sites
(Venice Charter)
adopted by the Second
Congress of Architects
and Specialists of
Historic Buildings
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1965
• International Council on
Monuments and Sites
(ICOMOS), an
international non-
governmental
organization of
professionals dedicated
to the conservation of
the world's historic
monuments and sites,
was established by
UNESCO
1966
National Historic
Preservation Act passed
by US Congress
established:
• preservation roles for
federal, state and local
levels of government
• the National Register of
Historic Places
• the concept of historic
districts
• the Advisory Council on
Historic Preservation
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1967
Civil Amenities Act passed in England
• Provides for local authorities to designate conservation areas
• Extends concept of heritage conservation to move beyond
preservation (i.e. protection) to the management of change (i.e.
enhancement)
• Currently over 8,000 conservation areas and 500,000 heritage
buildings are listed in England
• Application, review and approval from local authorities required
for:
– Demolitions
– Minor developments and exterior alterations
– Tree cutting or lopping
1968
• Association for
Preservation
Technology (APT) was
founded by US and
Canadian
preservationists.
Operating in English
and in French, it grows
to 1500 members from
19 countries by 1998.
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1972
• Convention Concerning
the Protection of World
Cultural and Natural
Heritage, adopted by
the General Conference
of UNESCO,
establishing the World
Heritage Site program
1973
• Heritage Canada
Foundation started
as a registered
charity and
membership-based
organization
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Heritage Canada
Mandate
"...preserve and demonstrate and to encourage
the preservation and demonstration of the
nationally significant historic, architectural,
natural and scenic heritage of Canada with a
view to stimulating and promoting the interest of
the people of Canada in that heritage."
1976
US Bicentennial
• Major patriotic
cultural event
celebrated at
national and local
levels
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1977
Main Street Project
launched by National
Trust for Historic
Preservation to help
advocate for downtown
revitalization
• National Main Street
Center established in
1980 with financial
support from various
federal agencies
• Evolves into a fee-
based consulting
service
1978
• US Congress passes
Revenue Act that
established investment
tax credits for
rehabilitation of historic
buildings
• Revised in 1986
• Certification regulations
codified in 36 CFR 67
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1978
• The Secretary of the
Interior's Standards for
Historic Preservation
Projects developed by
the National Park
Service and codified in
the Code of Federal
Regulations 36 CFR 68
• Revised in 1983
1979
• National Council for
Preservation
Education (NCPE)
established
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1982
CHARTER FOR THE
PRESERVATION OF
QUEBEC'S HERITAGE
(Deschambault
Declaration)
• Adopted by the Conseil
des monuments et des
sites du Québec,
ICOMOS Canada
French-Speaking
Committee, April 1982
Deschambault Declaration
• DEFINITION OF HERITAGE AND PRESERVATION
• Heritage is defined as "the combined creations and
products of nature and man, in their entirety, that make
up the environment in which we live in space and
time.Heritage is a reality, a possession of the
community, and a rich inheritance that may be passed
on, which invites our recognition and our
participation."(Quebec Association for the
Interpretation of the National Heritage, Committee on
Terminology, July 1980).
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Deschambault Declaration
Article VIII THE REVIVAL OF OUR HERITAGE MUST BE
COMPATIBLE WITH THE MAINTENANCE, AND EVEN
THE IMPROVEMENT, OF ITS SPECIFIC IDENTITY,
INTEGRITY AND CULTURAL VALUES
Article VIII-B We must promote the continuous use of our
heritage, without any interruption of occupation.
Article VIII-C Whenever we decide to make new use of
heritage material, we must ensure the preservation of all
the important characteristics of that material.Any changes
that are made must, at all times, be reversible.
Article VIII-D The selection of a new function for heritage
material must avoid excessive use and the deterioration
that would result from such use.
Deschambault Declaration
Article IX THE PRESERVATION OF THE DYNAMIC AND
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER OF OUR HERITAGE IS
ENSURED BY LOCAL RESIDENTS WHO ARE AN
INTEGRAL PART OF THAT HERITAGE AND
CONTRIBUTE TO ITS PROTECTION AND ITS VITALITY
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Deschambault Declaration
Article IX THE PRESERVATION OF THE DYNAMIC AND
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER OF OUR HERITAGE IS
ENSURED BY LOCAL RESIDENTS WHO ARE AN
INTEGRAL PART OF THAT HERITAGE AND
CONTRIBUTE TO ITS PROTECTION AND ITS VITALITY
Deschambault Declaration
Article X OUR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS MUST
PROMOTE THE IDEA THAT EVERYONE HAS TO TAKE
RESPONSIBILITY FOR PRESERVING THE NATIONAL
HERITAGE
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Deschambault Declaration
Article X OUR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS MUST
PROMOTE THE IDEA THAT EVERYONE HAS TO TAKE
RESPONSIBILITY FOR PRESERVING THE NATIONAL
HERITAGE
1983
• English Heritage
established under
National Heritage Act.
Officially known as the
Historic Buildings and
Monuments
Commission for
England, it is the
statutory adviser to the
government on the
historic environment.
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English Heritage
Partially funded by government and partially from
revenues from its properties and services, English
Heritage works in partnership with the central
government departments, local authorities, voluntary
bodies and the private sector to:
•Conserve and enhance the historic environment
•Broaden public access to the heritage
•Increase people's understanding of the past
English Heritage
Meets those responsibilities by:
•acting as a national and international champion for the heritage
•giving grants for the conservation of historic buildings,
monuments and landscapes
•maintaining registers of England's most significant historic
buildings, monuments and landscapes
•advising on the preservation of the historic environment
•encouraging broader public involvement with the heritage
•promoting education and research
•caring for Stonehenge and over 400 other historic properties on
behalf of the nation
•maintaining the National Monuments Record as the public
archive of the heritage
•generating income for the benefit of the historic environment
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1984
Statue of Liberty
restoration begins
• Listed on World
Heritage site
• $62 million federal
project with substantial
private fund raising
• American Express
promotion raises $1.7
million
• Reopened to public in
1986
1988
11 Most Endangered
Places annual list
launched by National
Trust for Historic
Preservation
• Soon many statewide
and local preservation
organizations develop
similar lists to drawn
public attention to
preservation threats
• Entire state of Vermont
listed in 1993 and 2004
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1990
Town & Country Planning Act and the Planning
(Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act
enacted in England & Wales
• Listed buildings designated if of national importance
• Consent required for demolitions and alterations of listed
buildings from local authority's planning department
• Reviewed by planning or conservation officer (and occasionally
by English Heritage)
• Local authorities can designate conservation areas of 'special
architectural or historic interest' worth protecting or enhancing
with character or appearance assessed according to local and
regional criteria
• Demolitions and alterations to buildings in conservation area
require local consent
• Violations considered criminal offences
1991
• New Orleans Charter
drafted jointly by
members of The
Association for
Preservation
Technology
International (APT) and
American Institute for
Conservation of Historic
and Artistic Works (AIC)
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1995
• The Secretary of the
Interior's Standards for
Historic Preservation
Projects were revised
as the Secretary of the
Interior's Standards
for the Treatment of
Historic Properties
and codified in the
Code of Federal
Regulations 36 CFR 68
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(a) Preservation.
(1) A property will be used as it was historically, or be given a
new use that maximizes the retention of distinctive materials,
features, spaces, and spatial relationships. Where a treatment
and use have not been identified, a property will be protected
and, if necessary, stabilized until additional work may be
undertaken.
(2) The historic character of a property will be retained and
preserved. The replacement of intact or repairable historic
materials or alteration of features, spaces, and spatial
relationships that characterize a property will be avoided.
(3) Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its
time, place, and use. Work needed to stabilize, consolidate,
and conserve existing historic materials and features will be
physically and visually compatible, identifiable upon close
inspection, and properly documented for future research.
(4) Changes to a property that have acquired historic
significance in their own right will be retained and preserved.
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(b) Rehabilitation.
(1) A property will be used as it was historically or be given a
new use that requires minimal change to its distinctive
materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships.
(2) The historic character of a property will be retained and
preserved. The removal of distinctive materials or alteration of
features, spaces, and spatial relationships that characterize a
property will be avoided.
(3) Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its
time, place, and use. Changes that create a false sense of
historical development, such as adding conjectural features or
elements from other historic properties, will not be undertaken.
(4) Changes to a property that have acquired historic
significance in their own right will be retained and preserved.
(5) Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction
techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a
property will be preserved.
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(c) Restoration.
(1) A property will be used as it was historically or be given a
new use which reflects the property's restoration period.
(2) Materials and features from the restoration period will be
retained and preserved. The removal of materials or alteration
of features, spaces, and spatial relationships that characterize
the period will not be undertaken.
(3) Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its
time, place, and use. Work needed to stabilize, consolidate
and conserve materials and features from the restoration
period will be physically and visually compatible, identifiable
upon close inspection, and properly documented for future
research.
(4) Materials, features, spaces, and finishes that characterize
other historical periods will be documented prior to their
alteration or removal.
(5) Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction
techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize the
restoration period will be preserved.
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(d). Reconstruction.
(1) Reconstruction will be used to depict vanished or non-
surviving portions of a property when documentary and
physical evidence is available to permit accurate
reconstruction with minimal conjecture, and such
reconstruction is essential to the public understanding of the
property.
(2) Reconstruction of a landscape, building, structure, or object
in its historic location will be preceded by a thorough
archeological investigation to identify and evaluate those
features and artifacts which are essential to an accurate
reconstruction. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation
measures will be undertaken.
(3) Reconstruction will include measures to preserve any
remaining historic materials, features, and spatial relationships.
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1995
Preserving The
Recent Past
conference held in
Chicago
• Sponsored by the
National Park Service,
the Association for
Preservation
Technology
International and others
• Follow-up conference
in 2000 in
Philadelphia
1995
National Trust for
Historic Preservation
ceases publication of
Preservation News,
which since 1961 had
served as the official
journal to "keep
members and the public
informed about
preservation issues and
activities"
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1998
Termination of
federal appropriation
for support of
National Trust for
Historic
Preservation
1999
Burra Charter adopted
by Australia ICOMOS
• The Burra Charter
advocates a cautious
approach to change: do
as much as necessary
to care for the place
and to make it useable,
but otherwise change it
as little as possible so
that its cultural
significance is retained.
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Burra Charter
Conservation Principles
Article 2
Conservation and management
2.1 Places of cultural significance should be
conserved.
2.2 The aim of conservation is to retain the cultural
significance of a place.
2.3 Conservation is an integral part of good
management of places of cultural significance.
2.4 Places of cultural significance should be
safeguarded and not put at risk or left in a vulnerable
state.
Burra Charter
Conservation Principles
Article 3
Cautious approach
3.1Conservation is based on a respect for the existing
fabric, use, associations and meanings. It requires a
cautious approach of changing as much as necessary
but as little as possible.The traces of additions,
alterations and earlier treatments to the fabric of a
place are evidence of its history and uses which may
be part of its significance. Conservation action should
assist and not impede their understanding.
3.2 Changes to a place should not distort the physical
or other evidence it provides, nor be based on
conjecture.
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2005
• 1897 Century Building
in St. Louis, MO
demolished despite
local and national
preservation efforts
• National Trust for
Historic Preservation
criticized for supporting
demolition while
profiting from project
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Officials at the national trust said that its part in the demolition reflects the
changing role of preservation, which they said includes fighting urban sprawl
and reviving entire downtown areas, as well as saving historic buildings and
sites. Increasingly, the national trust is "using preservation as a tool for
community revitalization," said Richard Moe, its president. Sacrificing the
Century, he added, was in line with the trust's efforts to broker the renewal of
historic but rundown neighborhoods like downtown St. Louis, even at the
occasional expense of a treasured building.
But for many preservationists, like Michael Tomlan, the director of the graduate
program in historic preservation at Cornell University, that price is too high.
What the national trust did, Mr. Tomlan said, was wrong. "It's morally and in any
number of senses ethically inappropriate. It violates preservation's Hippocratic
oath: if you can't be supportive, for gosh sakes shut up."
2006
• English Heritage
introduces
Conservation
Principles for the
Sustainable
Management of the
Historic
Environment
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2007-2008
• National Trust for
Historic
Preservation
addresses
sustainability
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2007-2008
• National Trust for
Historic
Preservation
addresses
sustainability
2007-2008
• National Trust for
Historic
Preservation
addresses
sustainability
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