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    Ammonia can be produced through three processes in the body: transamination and deamination of biogenic amines and amino acids, and by intestinal bacteria breaking down urea. Ammonia has several functions including being a waste product and being used to synthesize compounds like non-essential amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, and more. Normal plasma ammonia levels are 10-20 μg/dL but can rise to 80-100 μg/dL or higher, which is toxic to the central nervous system. Hyperammonemia can be genetic due to a defect in urea synthesis enzymes or acquired through conditions like hepatitis or alcoholism that impair urea synthesis. High ammonia levels cause neurological issues and

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    Ammonia can be produced through three processes in the body: transamination and deamination of biogenic amines and amino acids, and by intestinal bacteria breaking down urea. Ammonia has several functions including being a waste product and being used to synthesize compounds like non-essential amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, and more. Normal plasma ammonia levels are 10-20 μg/dL but can rise to 80-100 μg/dL or higher, which is toxic to the central nervous system. Hyperammonemia can be genetic due to a defect in urea synthesis enzymes or acquired through conditions like hepatitis or alcoholism that impair urea synthesis. High ammonia levels cause neurological issues and

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    2 views10 pages

    Ammonia and Porphyrins

    Uploaded by

    Nikhat
    Ammonia can be produced through three processes in the body: transamination and deamination of biogenic amines and amino acids, and by intestinal bacteria breaking down urea. Ammonia has several functions including being a waste product and being used to synthesize compounds like non-essential amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, and more. Normal plasma ammonia levels are 10-20 μg/dL but can rise to 80-100 μg/dL or higher, which is toxic to the central nervous system. Hyperammonemia can be genetic due to a defect in urea synthesis enzymes or acquired through conditions like hepatitis or alcoholism that impair urea synthesis. High ammonia levels cause neurological issues and

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    Ammonia

    Transamination and deamination of Biogenic amines,


    amino group of purines and pyrimidines
    By the action of intestinal bacteria(urease)on urea
    Functions of ammonia
    • Waste products of nitrogen
    • Synthesis of compounds like
    • a) Non essential amino acids
    • b) Purines
    • c) Pyrimidine
    • d) Amino sugars
    • e) Asparagine
    • f) NH₄⁺(acid base balance )
    Normal plasma 10-20 μg/dL
    Hyperammonaemia: Elevation in
    Can exceed upto 80-100 ug/dL. Beyond
    this is toxic to CNS blood NH3 level may be genetic or
    acquired.
    Impairment in urea synthesis due
    to a defect in any one of the
    five enzymes is described in urea
    synthesis.
    All these disorders lead to
    hyperammonaemia and cause
    mental retardation.
    The acquired hyperammonemia may
    be due to hepatitis, alcoholism etc.
    slurring of speech and blurring of
    where the urea synthesis becomes
    the vision and causes tremors. lt may
    defective, hence NH3 accumulates.
    lead to coma and, finally, death, if
    not corrected
    Porphyrins
    • Cyclic compounds
    • Linkage of four pyrrole rings
    • methyne (=HC—) bridges
    • Side chains may have :
    A= Acetyl
    V= Vinyl
    M= Methyl
    P= Propionyl
    • Depending on the side chain group, can
    be Symmetrical or Asymmetrical

    Hemoproteins: Catalase
    Hb, Peroxidase
    Mb,
    Cytochrome
    Measurement
    The conjugated double bonds in the
    pyrrole rings and linking methylene
    groups of porphyrins are responsible for
    their characteristic absorption and
    fluorescence spectra.
    They have characteristic UV and Visible
    spectra which helps in their identification
    Porphyrins Syn : avian erythrocytes and mammalian reticulocytes
    Only two precursors, glycine and succinate, are required for all
    the atoms of the porphyrin molecule.
    Porphyrias

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