MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

BAGUIO: Upper Ground Floor, Pilando Center, Baguio City
Contact Number: (+63)956 2568509 (Manila), (032)254-9967 (Cebu), (+63)939 5746940 (Baguio)
E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com

Review MODULE – TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC FLOW Capacity/Maximum Flow (𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙) – ability of a roadway to accommodate traffic.
Maximum number of vehicles that can pass a given point in unit time.
Speed (𝝁) – distance traveled per unit of time.
Time Mean Speed (𝝁𝒌) – arithmetic mean of the speeds observed at some
designated point along the roadway. 𝝁𝒇 𝒌 𝒋 𝝁𝒇 𝒌 𝒋
Space Mean Speed (𝝁𝒔 ) – harmonic mean of the speeds observed at some 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝁𝒄𝒂𝒑 𝒌𝒄𝒂𝒑 = ( ) ( ) =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
designated point along the roadway.

1. Two sets of students are collecting traffic data at two sections A and B of a 1. Two platoons of cars are timed over a distance of 0.5 km. Their flows are
highway 200 m apart. Observation at a shows that 4 vehicles passes that section recorded. The first group is timed at 40 seconds, with the flow at 1350 vehicles
at intervals of 8.18 sec, 9.09 sec, 10.23 sec, and 11.68 sec. per hour. The second group took 45 seconds, with a flow of 1800 vehicles per
a. Determine the time mean speed in kph. hour.
b. Compute the space mean speed at kph. a. Determine the free flow speed in kph.
b. Determine the jam density in veh/km.
2. The data below shows the result of the flow of traffic at certain part of the c. Determine the maximum flow of the traffic stream in veh/hr.
highway by observing the arrival times for four vehicles at two sections A and B
that are 150 m apart. Compute the space mean speed of the vehicles.
QUEUING THEORY
Vehicles Section A Section B Queue – vehicles/individuals lining up and waiting for service.
1 T T + 7.24 sec Arrival Rate (𝝀) – the rate at which vehicles arrive at the queue point.
Departure Rate (𝝁) – rate at which vehicles leave the queue point.
2 T + 3 sec T + 9.37 sec Traffic Intensity (𝝆) – ratio of arrival rate and departure rate.
3 T + 6 sec T + 12.47 sec
4 T + 12 sec T + 21.78 sec D/D/1 QUEUING
This queueing model is the simplest having deterministic arrivals, deterministic
SPEED, DENSITY AND FLOW RELATIONSHIP departure and one departure channel.

1. A freeway has three lanes in each direction and has a maximum flow of 100
Traffic Flow (q) – the rate at which vehicles pass a given point in a roadway
veh/min. It is operating at 50 veh/min. A collision occurs, blocking the two lanes
given in terms of vehicles per unit of time.
and restricting the flow of the third lane to 25 veh/min. The freeway has a constant
Traffic Density (k) – measure of the number of vehicles occupying a length of
speed of 60 veh/hr and its three-lane jam density is 60 veh/m. The incident is
roadway.
completely cleared in 30 minutes and traffic returns to normal as soon this
Space Headway – the distance between successive vehicles moving in the
happened.
same lane measured from head to head at any instance.
a. Determine the length of queue 20 mins after the collision.
Time Headway – the time interval between the passage of successive vehicles
b. Determine the longest vehicle queue.
moving in the same lane measured from head to head as they pass a point on
c. In how many minutes will the queue dissipate?
the road.
d. How many vehicles were affected by the accident?
e. Compute the total delay due to the accident.
Relationship between traffic flow, space mean speed and density.
f. What is the average delay per vehicle?

𝒒 = 𝝁𝒔 𝒌 M/D/1 QUEUING
1. There are 4 vehicles passing through an intersection of two highway in a period Queueing that has exponentially distributed arrivals, deterministic departures and
of 20 seconds. one departure channel.

Vehicles Spot Speed (kph) Average Length of Queue Average Waiting Time in Queue

1 34.20 𝝆
𝝆𝟐 ̅ =
𝒘
2 42.40 ̅=
𝑸
𝟐(𝟏 − 𝝆) 𝟐𝝁(𝟏 − 𝝆)
3 46.30
4 41.10
a. Determine the space mean speed in kph. Average Time Spent in the System
b. Compute the flow of traffic if the traffic density is 60 veh/km.
𝟐−𝝆
𝒕̅ =
2. The vehicle time headway is 2.5 sec/vehicle and the spacing of cars measured 𝟐𝝁(𝟏 − 𝝆)
at a point along the North Luzon Expressway from a single lane is 60 m/veh over
the course of an hour. 2. Vehicles arrive at the parking entrance of the new SM. There is a single toll
a. Compute the traffic density. booth at which all vehicles must stop and pay parking fee. It takes the attendant
b. Determine the space mean speed in kph. 15 seconds to distribute the parking ticket to every vehicle. The average arrival
rate of vehicles is 200 veh/h and it is unevenly distributed (Assume that the arrival
JAM DENSITY AND FREE FLOW SPEED rate follow Poisson’s distribution) over the entire period. Determine the following:
a. Average length of queue.
Jam Density (𝒌𝒋) – the density at which the speed of traffic is approaching zero. b. Waiting time in queue.
Free Flow Speed (𝝁𝒇 ) – the speed at which the density of traffic is approaching c. Average time spent in system.
zero.
M/M/1 QUEUING
Relationship between free flow speed and jam density. Queueing that has exponentially distributed arrivals, exponentially distributed
.
departures and one departure channel.
𝒌 𝒖 Average Length of Queue Average Waiting Time in Queue
𝒖 = 𝒖𝒇(𝟏 − ) 𝒌 = 𝒌𝒋 (𝟏 − )
𝒌𝒋 𝒖𝒇
𝝆𝟐 𝝀
̅=
𝑸 ̅=
𝒘
𝟏−𝝆 𝝁(𝝁 − 𝝀)
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
BAGUIO: Upper Ground Floor, Pilando Center, Baguio City
Contact Number: (+63)956 2568509 (Manila), (032)254-9967 (Cebu), (+63)939 5746940 (Baguio)
E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com

Average Time Spent in the System ACCIDENT ANALYSIS

AADT – is the average 24 – hour traffic volume at a given location over a full
𝟏 year.
𝒕̅ =
𝝁−𝝀 ADT – is the average 24 – hour traffic volume at a given location for a period of
time less than a year. (e.g. summer, six months, a month, a season)
3. Assume that the toll attendant in the new toll gate takes an average of 4
minutes to serve each vehicle, but the distribution time varies depending on Directional Design Hourly Volume:
whether drivers pay exact toll fee. Given an average arrival rate of 12 veh/h which 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 𝑘(𝐷)(𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇)
vehicles arrive at unequal time intervals, compute the following: k = proportion of AADT occurring at the peak hour
D = peak hour volume proportion in the major direction
a. Average number of vehicles waiting in the line.
b. Average waiting time in the queue Hourly Expansion Factors:
c. Average time spend in the system 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 24ℎ𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝐻𝐸𝐹 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
SERVICE RATES AND DEMANDS ON HIGHWAYS
1. A toll bridge carries 6000 veh/day. The current toll is $3.50/vehicle. Studies Daily Expansion Factors:
have shown that for each increase in toll of 50 cents, the traffic volume will 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘
𝐷𝐸𝐹 =
decrease by 500veh/day. It is desired to increase the toll to a point where revenue 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
will be maximized.
A. Write the expression for travel demand on the bridge related to toll increase Monthly Expansion Factors:
and current volume. 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇
B. Determine the toll charge to maximum revenues. 𝑀𝐸𝐹 =
𝐴𝐷𝑇 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
C. Determine the traffic in veh/day after toll increase.
D. Determine the total revenue increase with new toll. Accident rate for 100 million vehicle miles of travel (HMVM) for a segment
of a highway.
2. (MAY 2016) A ramp meter operates during the morning peak period. Ramp
meter cycles vary with time as shown in the table below. The metering scheme 𝐴(100 000 000)
allows one vehicle per cycle to pass the signal. The table below gives the number 𝑅=
𝐴𝐷𝑇(𝑁)(365𝐿)
of vehicles demanding service on the ramp during the particular time intervals,
the cumulative demand for the ramp for the morning peak and the ramp meter Accident rate per million entering vehicles (MEV) for an intersection
cycle for each interval.
𝐴(1 000 000)
TIME PERIOD 15 min Volume Cumulative Meter cycle (s) 𝑅=
𝐴𝐷𝑇(𝑁)(365)
Volume
6:30 – 6:45 75 75 6
Severity Ratio
6:45 – 7:00 100 175 10 𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
7:00 – 7:15 125 300 12 𝑆𝑅 =
𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
7:15 – 7:30 110 410 12
7:30 – 7:45 80 490 10 1. A traffic engineer urgently needs to determine the AADT on a rural primary
7:45 – 8:00 65 555 6 road. She collected the data shown below on a Tuesday during the month of
A. What are the service rates for meter cycle 12s? (75) May. Determine the AADT of the road. (18402.46)
B. What are the service rates for meter cycle 10s? (90) Time Volume HEF
C. What are the service rates for meter cycle 6s? (150) 7:00 – 8:00 250 29.00
D. Determine the time the queue on the ramp begins and ends. (6:45 – 8:00) 8:00 – 9:00 356 22.05
E. Determine the longest queue. 9:00 – 10:00 251 18.80
F. Determine the total delay. (3750veh-min) 10:00 – 11:00 800 17.10
11:00 – 12:00 567 18.52
PEAK HOUR FACTOR DEF for Tuesday = 7.727
MEF for May = 1.394
Peak Hour Factor: 2. The projected AADT of a proposed facility is 33,000 veh/day. If the proportion
𝑉
𝑃𝐻𝐹 = of AADT in the design hour is 16 percent and the peak-hour directional
4(𝑉15 ) distribution is 65:35. Determine the DDHV. (3430)
For the given data shown:
3. Assume that the PHF, fHV, and fp of the proposed facility are 0.91, 0.925, and
TIME VOLUME 1.0, respectively, the maximum service flow rate for the facility to provide a LOS
of 1,500 veh/h/ln. The number of lanes required will be: (2.3)
8:00 – 8:15 32
8:15 – 8:30 37 4. The number of accidents for 6 years recorded in a certain intersection of a
8:30 – 8:45 29 highway is 4877. If the average daily traffic is 467, what is the accident rate per
8:45 – 9:00 33 million entering vehicles?
9:00 – 9:15 37 5. The number of accidents for 5 years recorded in a 10 – mile long highway is
9:15 – 9:30 19 2345. If the average daily traffic is 502, what is the accident rate per hundred
A. Peak hour million entering vehicles?
B. Peak hour volume
C. Peak hour factor 6. Data on a traffic accident recorded for the past 5 years on a certain stretch of
a two highway is tabulated as follows. Determine the severity ratio.

YEAR PROPERTY INJURY FATAL

DAMAGE
2001 213 67 5
2002 178 89 4
2003 152 55 3
2004 183 74 2
2005 245 29 1