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4 views31 pagesThe document provides notes on social studies chapters about citizenship and good governance in Singapore. It discusses several attributes that shape citizenship, including legal status, sense of identity, and participation in public affairs. It also examines challenges in deciding what is good for society, such as differing needs and priorities as well as unequal sharing of costs. The government manages these conflicting demands through understanding trade-offs, decision making in a representative democracy, and following principles of good governance.
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Report this DocumentThe document provides notes on social studies chapters about citizenship and good governance in Singapore. It discusses several attributes that shape citizenship, including legal status, sense of identity, and participation in public affairs. It also examines challenges in deciding what is good for society, such as differing needs and priorities as well as unequal sharing of costs. The government manages these conflicting demands through understanding trade-offs, decision making in a representative democracy, and following principles of good governance.
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ZHANG HAONING HCIThe document provides notes on social studies chapters about citizenship and good governance in Singapore. It discusses several attributes that shape citizenship, including legal status, sense of identity, and participation in public affairs. It also examines challenges in deciding what is good for society, such as differing needs and priorities as well as unequal sharing of costs. The government manages these conflicting demands through understanding trade-offs, decision making in a representative democracy, and following principles of good governance.
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Social Studies Condensed Notes
THE WORDS IN RED MAY DIFFER BY QUESTION FOCUS (E.G. IN WORKING FOR THE
GOOD OF SOCIETY)
MAKE LINKAGES TO SHOW HOW THE EXAMPLE ANSWERS THE QUESTION FOCUS
Chapter 1: Attributes that shape a Singapore citizen
Legal statuscan shape citizenship because it allowsone toenjoy rights and participate in
the country’s politics.Legal status includes therights of citizens toaccess public services
such as education andfreedom to practice one’s ownreligion,the responsibility to protect
one’s own country, and to observe the laws of thecountry. For citizens in a democracy,
legal status consists ofthe right to votefor theirdesired leaders of the country.The rights
of citizensare also crucial for one’s legal status.For example, the Singapore Constitution
established in 1965 states that there must be a freedom of speech and freedom of religion
in Article 14 and Article 15 respectively. The PCMR, (Presidential Council for Minority Rights)
examines all laws before they are passed to prevent any laws from discriminating against
any racial or religious minority.This shows thatcitizens have rights or liberties and are
protected by the law of the country.
Asense of identitycan shape citizenship becauseit createsa sense of belongingin
citizens. It comes from ashared belief that peopleliving in Singapore all belong to the same
country,sharing aspects of a common way of life,andfeel strongly about similar thingsas
other Singaporeans. A sense of identity makes usloyalto the republic, which means that
we havefaith and confidencein the republic of Singapore,andlove and devotionto
Singapore. It makes the citizen proud of his country, itscustoms, traditions, language, and
institutions.For example, there is a wide varietyof food that can be found in hawker
centres all across Singapore, such as Malay Nasi Lemak, Chinese fried hokkien noodles, and
Indian prata.This recognition of Singapore as a foodhaven as well as the unique idea of
hawker centres creates a bond with fellow Singaporeans and strengthens our sense of identity
as Singaporeans. When Singaporeans feel closer to one another and the country, other positive
outcomes may result such as willingness to care for others and improve society.
Asense of belongingto a country is shaped byparticipationin public affairsbecause
citizenshave a say and are given a stakein the country,thereforecontributing to greater
ownership and commitmentin the citizens towards thenational causes that they are
involved in. Participating in public affairs also allows citizens tobond together through the
shared experience, thus creating a sense of belonging to the country.For example, all
Singaporean males are required to participate in National Service at the age of 18. National
Service was started as a form of military conscription to defend Singapore. National Service
allows Singaporean males of different races and religions to bond over common
experiences during their time in National Service, hence enhancing cohesion. In addition,
this develops loyalty and sense of belonging to the country through a shared objective of
protecting Singapore.Hence, through participationin public affairs such as National Service,
Singaporeans can shape their sense of belonging to Singapore by interacting with other
Singaporeans, bonding with them through shared experiences and working together towards a
common goal, defending our own country.
Chapter 2A: Challenges in deciding what is good for society
Differing needs and interestspose a challenge indeciding what is good for society as
people from Singapore’s diverse population havedifferentcultures and lifestyles. Hence,
these various groups of peoplemay not be able toagree on common interestsandwhat is
important for a happy and fulfilling life is different for everyone.For example, an efficient
public transport system would be an important priority for those without their own mode
of transport. However, those with their private transport may be more concerned about an
efficient road network to ensure that they are able to reach their destination quickly and
efficiently.Given that society has limited resources,it would be impossible for everyone’s needs
and interests to be met fully. As such, wise decisions on how the resources should be used would
need to be made. It is therefore a challenge due to the inability to please everyone in decision
making.
Differing prioritiescan be a challenge for the Singaporegovernment in deciding what’s
good for the society because while people agree on what is important for the country such
as affordable healthcare, good education and a clean environment, they maydisagree on
which area the government should prioritisefirst.While some groups of people receive
benefits, others may receive trade-offs.For example,a survey conducted between
2012-2013 of 4000 Singaporeans to find out what they hope to see in 2030 revealed that
some priorities varied by income groups. Low income groups prioritised public housing as
first in the list of what they care about most. On the other hand, for the high income group,
public healthcare is the top of their priority.Itis a challenge for the government when trying
to balance out the priorities and to decide which policy should take precedence because while
certain groups would benefit from a policy, other groups may experience certain trade-offs. The
difficulty lies with trying to convince and explain the decision that is made to the public and
trying to get people’s support for the government's policies.
Unequal sharing of costsalso plays a great challenge in deciding what is good for society.
Deciding what is good for the society by considering unequal sharing of costs refers to the
fact that it isnot able to ensure equal benefitsfor all, hence when decisions are made,
some people will have tobear more coststhan others,thus these people would feel that it
isunfairto them.For example, an expressway willgenerally benefit society by providing
smoother traffic flow, but it will negatively impact the residents nearby who will have to
deal with increased noise from the traffic. Facilities such as an MRT are generally desired by
residents, but they would not want it to be built too near, as the construction process
produces a lot of noise and causes much inconvenience. Given that we have limited access
to land, such facilities have to be built near residential areas, amplifying the issue in
Singapore.Hence unequal sharing of costs is a challengeas some residents may not want to put
up with the additional costs for social benefits to be implemented since they may have to suffer
from more severe trade-offs, hence it is a challenge for the government to decide what is good
for society as not everyone would be satisfied, and they would need to convince those that are
affected to accept new policies.
Chapter 2B: How the government in Singapore manages conflicting demands?
Understanding trade-offscan help the government tomake decisions. This is because
understanding trade-offs allows the Singapore government to make decisions thatbest use
the limited amount of resources availablein Singapore.Making best use of the resources
available will ensure thatmore people are able togain the most benefitsfrom the decisions
made.For example, in 2014, the government had tomake the decision to acquire land
previously used for other purposes, such as residential and commercial, to build the
Thomson-East Coast Line. Although this decision will mean that the piece of land used
could no longer be used for recreation or industry in the future, the government knew it
would be more beneficial for the people to build the Thomson-East Coast Line because
when the Thomson-East Coast Line becomes fully operational in 2024, it is expected to
serve about 500 000 commuters daily in the initial years, rising to one million commuters
daily in the longer term, making travelling more convenient for people in the long run.
Therefore, understanding trade-offs is effective in helping the Singapore government to make
good decisions because the government is able to weigh the pros and cons of their decisions and
thus know how to balance the costs of trade-offs with what they choose to spend their limited
resources on, allowing them to make wise decisions on behalf of the people after convincing the
people to support their decisions by explaining the trade-offs and benefits gained in exchange.
Decision making in a representative democracyalso allows the Singapore government
to make decisions that benefit the citizens. This is because to make decisions on what is
needed and good for society, the governmentmakeslaws, implements laws and interprets
and applies them.This will be carried out by organsof states as provided by the
Constitution; the Legislature, the Executive and Judiciary. Debates are conducted at the
Second Reading of the Bill, a Select Committee is set up to examine the clauses of the Bill in
detail and the public may be asked to give their views on cases affecting them before
recommendation is made. Legitimate decision-making ensures that decisions made are not
partial, the PCMR ensures that Bill will not discriminate against any racial or religious
minority.Therefore, issues that generate conflictingdemands can be managed using legitimate
rule of law for the best interest of the people. When the government can resolve conflicting
demands, they can make fast and effective decisions.
Chapter 2C: Principles of Good Governance
*Maychoose to ignore since this came out in CT
Havinggood leadershipis important in working forthe good of society because good
leaders canmaintain stability in the governmentandtomake right decisionsfor the
country. They also havemoral courage and integrityto do what is rightandnot what is
popular with the people. Thus, these right leaderswould helm the government apparatus
andintroduce effective policiesthat work for thegood of society as they will lead to
political and social stability and economic growthfor the people.For example, in 1972, SM
Lee Kuan Yew persuaded Ong Teng Cheong, then an architect, to give up his well-paying
job to join the PAP and he later became the first elected President of Singapore. In 1976,
Goh Chok Tong who later became a Prime Minister, and in 1979, Tony Tan who later
contributed to education (streaming) and became President were chosen to join the
government.Renewal of talents is a continuous processto ensure Singapore continues to train
up good and capable leaders.These good and capableleaders who are not corrupted have
implemented policies which have helped to benefit Singapore’s economy and strengthen the
stability of Singapore, thus working for the good of society and improving the society both
economically and politically.Right leaders are thosewho arehonest and incorruptibleso
that they canwin the trust, respect and confidenceof the people. The law deals with
dishonest behaviour.For example, a senior officialat the Singapore embassy in Beijing was
found to have accepted hongbaos and all-expense paid holidays in return for quick
approval of business and tourist visas for several China nationals. She was jailed for 10
months in June 2003.
Providing a stake for everyoneis also important in working for the good of society. This is
because Singapore has citizens of diverse backgrounds, therefore Singapore can only
survive ifevery Singaporean sees their future andthat of their fellow countrymen as
intertwined. Giving a stake to everyone, not justcitizens but all who have a role to play in
Singapore’s future willhelp create opportunitiesfor all Singaporeans, regardless of their
abilities, torealise their full potential, to helpdevelop Singapore as a land of diverse
opportunities. This willcreate more avenues for Singaporeansto pursue their interests in
fields that contribute to Singapore’s developmentas a vibrant and balanced society. An apt
example of the government providing a stake for everyone is through home ownership.
The Public Housing Scheme enables many Singaporeans to own their own homes, through
provision of housing grants. A couple who applies for public housing for the first time is
eligible for the Special Central Provident Fund (CPF) Housing Grant and may qualify for
Additional CPF Housing Grant.In this way, the owner-ownedhomes become Singaporeans’
most valuable asset which they would be willing and ready to defend. Thus, they would have a
sense of ownership and would want to work hard to keep their jobs and to defend their asset.
Therefore, this helps to improve society economically and leads to successful nation-building for
Singapore and an increased productivity, resulting in an economic growth, which is working for
the good of society.
Practising meritocracyis a way to strengthen citizens’sense of belonging to Singapore
because meritocracy refers to a system thatdistributesopportunities to enable future
successes, wherepeople are rewarded according tothe effort they put inrather than
factors such as their race, religion or socio-economic background. When people are
rewarded based on their abilities and effort, they areencouraged to work hardand excel.
One such example of this is that students who perform well in their studies and CCAs are
rewarded in ways to help them excel further in their education. The Edusave Scholarship
and Merit Bursary schemes reward the top 10% and 25% of school students respectively in
schools and the ITE.This thus helped to give everybodyin society an equal opportunity to
achieve their best and be rewarded for their performance, regardless of race, religion and
socio-economic background. By practising meritocracy, where students’ hard work is
appreciated by the country, making them feel more belonged. Hence, important positions like
leadership positions are given to those who are most capable, leading to an efficient and
effective government made up of good leaders. Meritocracy allows the best to be groomed to
run the system, producing the best results.
Anticipating change and staying relevantis important because citizens’ needs and
interests can beadversely affected in the short term due to a decision based on more long
term considerations, and tensions can arise. The governmenttherefore needs tomanage
these tensions and remain forward-looking. They needtomake decisions that will benefit
the people of Singapore in the future.For example,in making the decision to build
integrated resorts, the government tried to anticipate change and stay relevant, especially
in seeking potential economic benefits, such as job opportunities and higher tourist
spending. The government was aware of the social consequences in terms of concerns
about higher gambling rates and took measures to lessen the potential impact of gambling
problems. The National Council of Problem Gambling was set up to conduct public
education and outreach on problem gambling prevention, as well as provide counselling
services for problem gamblers and their family members.
Chapter 3A: Role of the government in working for the good of society
Inmaintaining internal order, agencies such as thepolice, prisons and civil defence
forcesprotect the citizens, propertyand whateversociety believes should be protected.
This is important so that social services such as schools and hospitalscan exist with the
peace and safetythat the government provides.Anexample of maintaining internal order
in Singapore is the Singapore Police Force (SPF). During the Little India Riots in December
2013, foreign workers attacked a bus involved in a fatal accident with another foreign
worker. The SPF was dispatched to do a thorough investigation on the situation of the riot,
dispersed the rioters and deterred future occurrences by increasing the number of officers
on patrol to ensure social order in Little India. The SPF was able to prevent people from
using violence via effective communication, managing the rioters and improving the lives of
the foreign workers. The SPF also deterred potential troublemakers from succeeding in
sparking social disorder.
Toensure the external securityof Singapore, thegovernment is responsible for engaging
agencies such as the army, navy and air force. Through collaboration between these
agencies, Singapore’sdefence is strengthenedandpotential enemies are deterred from
attacking Singapore.An apt example is the Ministryof Defence (MINDEF). It is ready and
capable in deterring aggression from foreign forces and to secure a swift and decisive
victory. Throughout their basic military training, NS men will acquire skills that will aid them
in defending the country. Examples include operating and firing a SAR 21 assault rifle and
throwing both practice and live SFG 87 hand grenades. They will be “operationally ready”
which means they can be deployed at any given time to defend the country after their
2-year NS stint.
Upholding justiceis an important role of the governmentin our society as it ensures
Singaporeans willhave confidence that the court willjudge people fairly. The main part of
upholding justice is through the Judiciary, the Judiciary’s responsibility is toindependently
interpret and apply lawspassed by the Legislature.One example is The Family Justice
Courts which provide guidelines on what is defined as family violence, who can apply for a
Personal Protection Order (PPO), which helps to protect Singaporeans in the event of family
violence. A PPO will be granted if the court is convinced that family violence has been
committed or is likely to be committed against the applicant, and the PPO is necessary for
the applicant’s protection. If the applicant receives the PPO, the court can take action such
as to prevent or restrict the perpetrator from entering the applicant’s house or part of the
house.Thus, upholding justice is an important roleas it provides an opportunity for any
Singaporean citizen to seek help and stand up for their justice, allowing them to have a sense of
security and wellbeing when in the country due to a fair Judiciary system.
The government is responsible forproviding goodsand services for the public. The
government mustprovide citizens with affordable basicservices, such as healthcare,
transport and water. The government ensures that people haveconvenient accessto basic
services andoffers subsidiesto make services moreaffordable. This in turn improves the
well-being of citizens.An example of a service providedfor the public is transportation. To
enhance commuter experience, the Singapore government provides premium bus services,
an app known as My Transport SG, upgraded bus stops, upgraded bus poles, CEPAS
Smartcard, bus services map, real-time bus arrival info and travel information system. As of
2014, there are 22 bus interchanges, 272 taxi stands, 35 LRT stations, 105 MRT stations,
4638 bus stops and 164 km of expressways.
Safeguarding the interestsof the public is an importantrole of the government in our
society as it ensures that citizens have asense ofsecuritywhen living in the country.
Government canimplement legislationto safeguardthe interests of the citizens by
ensuring that there isno abuse by employersas wellas asense of security in old age.For
example, the government introduced the Work Right Initiative to help both employees and
employers understand their rights and responsibilities respectively. The Work Right
Initiative is intended to create awareness of employment rights amongst low-wage workers
and better ensure retirement security for this group of workers.By having this initiative, all
citizens’ well-being will be accounted for and they will feel very safe when living in a country.
Chapter 3B: Role of citizens in working for the good of society
*May choose to ignore since this came out last year
(a) Individualsplay an important role incontributingto the needs of societyby giving
back to society in areas they find are insufficiently addressed. Often, citizenscontribute in
areas they are passionate and concerned about, throughvolunteering their time, effort and
moneytowards meaningful social causes. They usuallydo so because they feel their
actions will be helpful and theyfeel strongly forthe causethey are contributing towards. As
a result, their actions can benefit many people directly, possiblyinspiring othersto do the
same, and the improvements that result can be immediate, thus helping touplift the less
fortunate in societyandaddress the needs of societywhich would otherwise have been
neglected.For example, the “A Litter at a Time” programmewas started by Ms Elisa Ng in
2013 to encourage citizens to go the extra mile and pick up a piece of litter a day. She and
her boys have also been going on regular clean-up exercises, motivating others to pledge
to pick up just a piece of litter a day on her Facebook page.Hence, individuals play an
important role in putting their best foot forward to advance social causes to improve the lives of
the unfortunate in society, leading to a ripple effect where other individuals are inspired to do
the same, thus contributing to the needs of society.
(b) Organised groupsplay an important role incontributingto the needs of societyby
bringing together citizens with common interests to make an improvement in the area of
need they are addressing. This is because citizens with common interests candirect
collective efforts, ideas and resourcestowards theircauses. Organised groups are either
formal or informal. Formal groups are organisations thathave clear objectives and are
formally registeredwith the government. Theyaddressa wide range of interestssuch as
persons with special needs and protecting the environment. Bycatering to the needs of
specific groupsin society, formal groups complementthe role of the government in
working for the good of society. Informal groups, on the other hand, are organisations with
aspecific, short term objective related to issuesthat arise suddenly. When a situation
occurs or when a gap is noticed in an area of need, these informal groups wouldorganise
themselves to attend to this specific need, therebycomplementing the support systems
provided by the government at that point in time.For example, 25-year-old Mr Jeremy
Chua started a Facebook page called “SG Haze Rescue” in June 2013, asking for people to
help and donate their excess masks immediately after seeing the Pollutant Standards Index
rise to 321. Within a day of making his call on Facebook, Mr Chua received a donation of
200 masks, which he and a group of ten volunteers distributed in five Housing Board
blocks.In this example, Mr Chua created an informalgroup through social media to help
Singaporeans manage the ill effects of the haze, contributing towards efforts to ensure they
remain healthy during the haze period. Hence, informal groups bring individuals together to
carry out activities or programmes to benefit Singaporeans or help them through a crisis.
(a) Individualsplay a very important role ininfluencinggovernment decisions. In today’s
largely digitalised world,social media and onlinediscussion forumshave become
prevalent, making it easier for people tomake commentson their own preferences and
opinions, helping toshape government decisionsthatcan benefit the public in general.In
2012, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong set up a national-level online conversation platform,
“Our Singapore Conversation” (OSC), which enabled conversations between Singapore
citizens and the government. It took place over the course of one year and involved over
47000 people from all walks of life.
(b) NGOsplay a very important role ininfluencinggovernment decisions. NGOs can help
torefine government policiesandpoint to areas thatrequire more attention, by working
for the good of the people through their daily work and the activities they organise.In
2011, two NGOs, the Humanitarian Organisation for Migration Economics (HOME) and
Transient Workers Count Too (TWC2), put forth their recommendations on improving the
working conditions of foreign domestic workers in Singapore. They recommended that
foreign domestic workers should be given a day off a week in recognition of the work they
do.
Citizens play an important role instrengthening theirsense of belonging. The media,
especially social media such as Facebook and Instagram, has become a powerful platform
for citizens to engage with the government and political leaders toclarify or provide
feedbackonnational issues and policies. Singaporeanscan also engage with the
government and provide their feedback through other channels.For example, the
Reaching Everyone for Active Citizenry @ Home (REACH) channel aims to gather and gauge
ground sentiments and keep the government apprised of key issues of concern amongst
Singaporeans. It also aims to reach out and engage citizens through community and
grassroots organisations, volunteer welfare groups, professional groups and groups with
specific needs and interests. Citizens who are interested to engage the government can do
so via a wide variety of traditional and new media channels such as public forums, dialogue
sessions, SMS, telephone, email, Facebook and Twitter.
Chapter 4: Attributes that shape an individual’s identity
Nationalityis a great factor in shaping one’s personalidentity because it builds a sense of
belonging which can shape one’s identity. This is because people of the same nationality
usuallyshare a common history, acommon set of traditions,common practices, a common
language, andlive together in a particular geographicalarea.For example, New Zealanders
identify themselves as “Kiwis” and rugby is their national sport. Most kiwis would watch the
games of the national team, the All Blacks. The Kiwis bond through their common love for
rugby and their admiration of the All Blacks.
Race and ethnicityis a great factor in shaping one'spersonal identity because we belong
to a particular racial and / or ethnic community and the practices and beliefs of these
communitiesshape our way of life, thus influencingour identity. "Race" refers to the
classification of people according to physical characteristics that are biological in nature.
Examples of physical characteristics that define a person's race includeskin, hair and eyes,
bone structure and jaw structure. "Ethnicity" refersto one'sancestry, cultural practices,
language, food and dressing that are associated with a set of practices and customsunique
to a particular country or region.For example, withinthe Malay race, there are different
ethnic groups like the Bataks, Bugis, Dayaks etc. They may share the similar physical
features of the Malay race, but they have unique costumes, practices and customs that
shape their lives and influence their personal identity.
Religionis important in shaping one’s identity asthey influence our way of life in many
ways. Religionembodies a set of shared core beliefsand practices, regardless of nationality
and ethnicity. These beliefs and practicesshape theway we interact with others, choices
we make and our thinking. The main religions in Singaporepromote the attitudes of
compassion, sensitivity in believers’ interactions with others, and helping others.For
example, believers of Buddhism known as Buddhists follow the teachings of Buddha. The
teachings of Buddha promote peace and harmony amongst different races and religions,
non-violence and the appreciation of all living beings in an interdependent world. Hence,
Buddhists also believe that they must care for the welfare of all living things as they too
equally desire peace and happiness.
Socio-economic status (SES)is important in shapingone’s identity because itdetermines
their group of friends that play a role in influencing their behaviour and activities. SES
refers to certain indicators of an individual, such asincome, occupation, education levels
and wealth. In Singapore, an individual or household’sincome levelis used as the indicator
for SES. SES influences one’s identity as itaffects one's choice of housing, food,
entertainment and activities, which in turn affectstheir circle of friends.One example of
SES affecting a person’s identity is that people of high SES tend to have access to leisurely
activities such as golf and polo, fine dining and frequent vacationing to distant destinations
which the lower SES group are not privy to. Hence, the circle of friends they make will
typically be those of similarly high SES as they have common topics and activities.
Conclusions
SES v.s. Religion
In conclusion, I think that one’s socioeconomic status plays a more important role in
shaping one’s identity than religion as an individual’s socioeconomic status directly impacts
the circle of friends they have, causing a huge difference in the activities and behaviours
between people of different socioeconomic status, whereas religion makes people behave
according to their beliefs. However, not everyone has a religion and as such, religion does
not affect one’s identity as much as their socioeconomic status.
SES v.s. Race & ethnicity
In conclusion, I think that race and ethnicity is more important in shaping one’s personal
identity than SES because race and ethnicity comes with unique costumes, practices and
customs which in turn results in a unique set of shared beliefs and values among such
groups which can be very hard to change. While one’s race and ethnicity lasts for a lifetime,
a person could always change their SES as it is not fixed. Through hard work, an individual
can move from lower to higher levels of income. It is also possible for people with higher
SES to experience a drop in income. The possibility of changing your SES means that the
SES you are born with may not be the same SES you have throughout your life, thus, I think
that race and ethnicity is more important in shaping one’s personal identity than SES.
SES v.s. Nationality
In conclusion, I think that nationality has a more important role in shaping one’s individual
identity than SES because nationality is something that all citizens of a nation would share
which is a greater group of people than SES thus, it would have a greater impact on an
individual’s identity as interaction with people of the same nationality would occur more
frequently than that of the same SES. National identity would also give an individual
empowerment and inspiration, enabling them to have a larger sense of purpose beyond
their immediate concerns and this sense of purpose of acting beyond themselves such as
participating in public affairs would also shape their personal identity. This sense of
purpose would affect the beliefs and values they hold and the actions they carry out and
would go beyond how SES affects their daily lifestyles and actions. Thus, I think nationality
has a more important role in shaping an individual's identity than SES.
Religion v.s. Race & ethnicity
In conclusion, I think that race and ethnicity has a more important role in shaping one’s
individual identity than religion because one's race and ethnicity is essentially fixed from
birth, whereas it is possible to change one's religion over time, or even not have a religion
at all. As such, race and ethnicity impacts one's lifestyle to a greater extent throughout their
life, and shapes their behaviour and traits and thus their identity. Thus race and ethnicity is
more important in shaping one's identity than religion.
Religion v.s. Nationality
In conclusion, I think that one’s nationality plays a more important role than religion
because everyone would have a nationality while not everyone has a religion. Both
nationality and religion influences the attitudes and beliefs shared by citizens of the same
country or people in the same religion. As some people do not have a religion, these
attitudes and beliefs are only from common experiences fostered by interactions between
citizens that can lead to individuals adopting the same practices and or way of thinking,
thus having nationality shape their personal identity.
Race & ethnicity v.s. Nationality
In conclusion, I think that nationality is a greater factor in shaping one's personal identity
than race and ethnicity. In a Channel News Asia - Institute of Policy Studies Survey on Ethnic
Identity done in 2017 with a representative sample of over 2,000 Singaporeans. The survey
revealed the fact that a greater proportion of respondents picked a choice involving the
Singaporean identity indicates that the notion of "Singaporean-ness" resonates with many
of us. In contrast, comparatively fewer see themselves purely in ethnic terms. For example
how around 80 per cent of respondents in each of the three main ethnic groups viewed
speaking good English as important to being considered a Singapore Chinese, Malay and
Indian. This was accorded more weight than ethnic lineage and heritage markers, such as
tracing one's ancestry. It shows that Singaporeans are more greatly influenced by
nationality than race and ethnicity in their personal identities. Thus, I think that nationality
is a greater factor in shaping one’s personal identity than race and ethnicity.
Chapter 5: Reasons for the increase in immigration in Singapore
*Examples are not found in SS Examinable Notes
Singapore’simmigration policyis another importantfactor for attracting immigrants to
Singapore. Immigrants are attracted to Singapore as it isquick and easyto come and work
here. Singapore has anopen-door and lax immigrationpolicyand allows foreigners to
easily immigrate into Singapore.An example of Singapore'sopen immigration policy is
Tech@SG, a 2-year programme designed to attract foreign technology talents to
Singapore’s shores. By offering increased flexibility in Employment Pass applications, the
scheme makes it easier for qualifying companies in digital, medical technology and financial
technology sectors to hire talents from overseas.
Abundanteconomic opportunitiesare one of the reasonsfor Singapore's increase in
diversity.The ease of doing business, growth potential,world-renowned efficiency as well
as stable political environmenthaveattracted globalinvestors, such as MNCs to invest and
do business in Singapore.For example, Singapore rankedtop in the list of countries with
conducive business environments in 2014, compiled from the World Bank’s data.Due to
the large number of businesses that operate in Singapore, employment opportunities are
available for migrants and immigrants from all parts of the world, being a key factor for
attracting immigrants.Take the L’oreal Group, anMNC in Singapore as an example. It has
many brands offering a variety of positions for job seekers like counter managers, beauty
advisors, managerial positions, etc.The abundantjobs offered by MNCs have provided good
reasons for job seekers and investors to come to Singapore, contributing to the growth of
immigrants in Singapore, therefore increasing the diversity of cultures and races in Singapore.
Immigrants are attracted to Singapore because of the favourablesocial-cultural
environment, which encompasses our robust(a) communitysupportfor immigrants.
There are areas in Singapore thatprovide goods andservices unique to the immigrant
communities’ needsandoffer spaces where immigrantscan engage in activities common in
their country. There are Chinese, Indian, Thai, Japanese,Korean, Australian and Myanmar
immigrant communities in Singapore.For example, theGolden Mile Complex along Beach
Road, dubbed “Little Thailand”, offers many authentic Thai eateries and remittance centres
where Thai nationals can send money to their families back home. There is also a large Thai
supermarket and some convenience stalls selling Thai daily supplies, produce and
products.These immigrant communities help new immigrantsand migrants feel more at home
in Singapore and allow them to retain their cultural background.
Immigrants are also attracted to Singapore because of the favourablesocial-cultural
environment, which includes(b) high safety standards,hence contributing to increased
diversity. Singapore is a safe country where thecrimerate is very low. This encourages
immigrants to come to Singapore since theirsafetyand security is protected, which would
allow them tofeel more at ease.Singapore is the6th safest country in the world, based on
the safest and most dangerous countries ranking. Singapore is the safest country in Asia.
Violent crimes against tourists almost do not exist. The extremely low crime rate in
Singapore is due to the severe penalties that are handed out for crimes that may seem
petty to people from other parts of the world.Whenimmigrants are assured of their
wellbeing and protection from danger, they would be more comfortable living in Singapore.
A favourablesocial-cultural environmentwhich includesa(c) good education systemis
an important factor in attracting more immigrants to Singapore. Many immigrants come to
Singapore forquality educationeither for themselvesor for their children. Singapore’s
education system iswell-recognised and admired forits effectiveness and high standards.
Today Singapore’s education system is considered one of the best in the world. The country
consistently ranks at the top of the OECD’s Programme for International Student
Assessment (PISA), a triennial test of 15 year-olds in dozens of countries, in the main three
categories of maths, reading and science. Singapore’s public schools are becoming
increasingly popular with foreigners due to their high standards. Many primary schools,
secondary schools and junior colleges accept international students. The Ministry of
Education conducts an annual admissions exercise between September and October for
international students who wish to join public schools. In addition to the primary and
secondary schools, tertiary institutions such as polytechnics and universities have also
been popular with international students. They offer high standards of certification and a
wide range of courses, from the Sciences, Engineering, Humanities, Arts, and vocational
skills. The options available have made Singapore a well-known hub for quality education,
which attracted about 80,000 international students in 2014.
Chapter 6A: Interactions in a Diverse Society
Singapore has a diverse society and hence, it is essential to ensure harmonious
interactions. For this to occur, there must be awillingnessto live together and build
harmonyas a society.Common spaceshelp to promotesocial interactions byproviding
opportunitiesfor people of different nationalities,races and ethnicities, religions and
socio-economic statuses tocome togetherto work,play, live and havecommon
experiences. It also serves as a physical space forshared values and common experiences
to come together and thisbuilds national identity. Such areas also provide a conducive
environment which allows formeaningful eventstotake place.For example, social, cultural
and sports events provide a conducive environment for interactions to occur. These can be
organised via different organisations such as the Inter-Racial and Religious Confidence
Circles (IRCCs) which are community inter-racial and inter-faith platforms that promote
racial and religious harmony and can be found in every constituency. The Inter-Faith
dialogues help to build meaningful interactions as participants gain greater insights into
the religion and practices of others. This enables building positive relationships across
different communities.
Chapter 6B: Exchange and Appreciation in a Diverse Society
Exchange and appreciation of culturecan create distinctexperiences because of
diversity in nationality, race, religion and socio-economic status. It also provides people
with manyopportunities to interact and learnfromthose who hail from different countries
and cultures, resulting infusion between local andforeign culture, resulting in interesting
outcomes, as seen in areas such as food, music and fashion. It also results indeeper
appreciation, understanding and openness to foreign ideas.For example, Chef Willin Low
creates food that is a fusion between Singapore local cuisine and modern European
cuisine. These include soft shell chilli crab with squid ink mantou, laksa pesto linguine and
char siew pork burger. He has won cooking awards from the New York Times and Financial
Times. Furthermore, it brought Singaporean food to the world stage, bolstering our sense
of identity while also introducing foreigners to the delight of our local delicacies.
Exchange of skills and knowledgecan help tostrengthenareas of research and
developmentin Singapore. Foreign scientists cansharetheir knowledge and expertiseto
help strengthen research competencies and collaborations in Singapore.For example, the
Biomedical Research Council (BMRC) of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research
(A*STAR) funds and supports public research initiatives in Singapore. Under BMRC,
internationally renowned scientists with the expertise and knowledge to jump start the
country’s biomedical sciences moved to Singapore. Foreign scientists have provided
leadership to local research institutes and mentored young local scientists. The openness
to learn and collaborate with overseas scientists has led to robust research, which in turn
has led to significant discoveries made in Singapore like the H1N1 flu vaccine.Thus, we can
facilitate meaningful exchanges such as the exchange of knowledge and skills, and gain
knowledge from other peoples’ experiences, while bringing about more harmonious interactions
in diverse societies.
Chapter 6C: Challenges in a Diverse Society
Prejudice and misconceptionsare significant problemsin a diverse society like Singapore,
where there aremany opportunitiesfor people fromdifferent backgrounds tointeract and
communicate. These opportunities may bring possibilitiesfor misunderstandings as
differences in cultural backgroundmay lead toconflictingviews on values, beliefs and
customs.Negative sentiment can arisewhen peoplejump into conclusions about others
and make incorrect judgements due to insufficient understanding and erroneous
assumptions. Threats to diversity may occur as prejudices may lead todiscrimination
against the victims, who are either hurt or excludedfrom the interactions in a diverse
society. Such prejudices also cause theerosion oftrustand theweakening of social
cohesionbetween the different groups of people insociety.For example, in 2012, Amy
Cheong, a former assistant director of membership at the National Trades Union Congress
(NTUC), made headlines after she lost her job for posting an insulting message on her
Facebook page. In it, she disparaged Malays for what she perceived to be their low-cost and
lengthy void-deck weddings. She also mocked their divorce rates. The post went viral
quickly and she was branded a racist by netizens. Her employer took swift action and she
was told to leave her job the next day. Episodesof prejudice and discrimination can cause
unnecessary suffering for groups that are targeted for abuse, both verbal and through actions,
tearing apart our social fabric and showing the harm that could be brought about by prejudice
and misconceptions and the challenges they pose to society.
Competition for resources such as (a) jobsposes achallenge to a diverse society, as it
could in turn lead to frustration and tension. Concerns can cause tension in areas such as
employment, housing and transportation. With more than 40% of Singapore’s population
being work permit holders, there will inevitably beincreased competition over resources in
terms of opportunities such as employment and availability of infrastructuresuch as
demands for public transport. This could cause Singaporeans toresent foreign workersfor
the impacts they brought to their lives, as they fear that the increased number of
foreigners in Singapore’s workforce would lead to increased competition for jobs. As some
believe employers would ratherhire foreign workersthan local workersbecause of the
lower salary, they may attribute suchjob lossestobeing the result of having more foreign
workers in Singapore, leading to unhappiness and tension.An example of such tension
over competition for jobs would be in 2014 when abuse was directed against the Filipino
community after they revealed plans for celebrating the Philippines Independence Day in
Orchard Road.This shows that with more competitionfor resources, the greater inflow of these
work permit holders could be taken as the reason for the negative impacts people experience in
life, therefore illustrating the challenge competition for resources poses to a diverse society.
Many Singaporeans have expressedconcerns over resourcessuch as (b) living space
and infrastructuredue to the influx of foreign manpower.These concerns were mainly
over anincreasingly congested public transport system,competition over healthcare
resourcesas well as theavailability of public housing.The government addresses transport
issues byintegrating transport modes and servicesso as to allow forconvenient access to
amenities.For example, the Land Transport MasterPlan 2040 is the addition of two new
stations on the North-South Line. Located between Choa Chu Kang and Bukit Gombak
stations, the new Brickland station will benefit people living in Keat Hong, Bukit Batok West
and Pavilion Park, as well as the Brickland district in the upcoming Tengah town.More
public housing, hospitals and healthcare facilities will also be built.Singapore will build
more healthcare institutions by 2030 including 4 more public hospitals and up to 12
polyclinics. Tweaks will be made to the existing financing method, and subsidies will be
expanded so as to ensure that healthcare remains affordable.
Many Singaporeans have expressedconcerns over resourcessuch as (c) social mobility
due to the influx of foreign manpower.Income gapsbetween the lower and higher income
groups haveincreasedover the years in Singaporedue to thecompetition brought by
influx of foreign manpower.One example is lower incomegroups working in the
manufacturing sector affected by the shifting of jobs to regions which offer lower labour
costs.This affects their ability to progress up thesocio-economic ladder.The government
addresses this issue byemphasising re-training andthe learning of new skillsto enable
Singaporeans of a lower income group tostay relevantto economic demands, thus helping
to improve their social mobility. The government alsoupholds the principle of meritocracy
and ensures that every Singaporean has the opportunity to progress.Some examples of
meritocracy are the Edusave scholarship which rewards the top 10% of students in schools
and the Merit scholarship which rewards the top 25% of students in schools.These remedies
will help social mobility to increase and help Singaporeans achieve their full potential even
though there is influx of foreign manpower.
*Important: if asked to compare between benefits and challenges / positive and
negative interactions in a diverse society, compare 6A/6B (positive) to 6C (negative)
(excluding concerns over resources paragraphs (b) and (c)).
Chapter 7A: Management & Impact of Socio-Cultural Diversity
Assimilation in France:A government can adopt thepolicy of assimilation in managing
diversity. Immigrants are expected toadopt the beliefs and practicesof the majority group
in the host country.For example, assimilation ispractised in France. The country practices
secularism where there is clear separation of religious affairs from governance and no
religion is favoured over another. The French government mandated that it was illegal to
collect data on race, ethnicity, religion etc. since 1905. Wearing of religious items is also
frowned upon in schools.This is done with the hope that the French areencouraged to
only have one observable national identityinstead of viewing themselves as different
groups of people.Over time, this is supposed to makethe identity of the immigrants
indistinguishable from the majority group in aspects such as cultural beliefs and practices.
Benefits:
- Ensures a homogenous population - greater social cohesion as all French nationals
would have a common culture and language
- Assimilation of minority groups - strengthen French national identity
Challenges:
- Lack of rights of individuals to practice religion and lack of recognition of impact of
religion on identity
- Certain religious groups feel marginalised and unrecognised, cause social division
Integration in Singapore: A government can adopt thepolicy of integration in managing
diversity. Immigrants will beable to retain their unique identitieswhile forging common
ground with the groups already living in the host country. Integration is practised in
Singapore wheredifferences of various groups of people are recognisedand respected.
Equality is promoted without favouring one group over the other.SG has about 50,000 new
immigrants coming from all over the world annually. To integrate these immigrants and
their descendants into Singaporean society, the government has implemented integration
policies such as the adoption of the Bilingual Policy and the Ethnic Integration Policy.With
the various integration policies in Singapore, foreigners can now contribute their own
unique differences in Singapore.Different socio-culturalidentities will then complement
Singapore’s national identity, hence managing diversity in the country.
Benefits:
- Promotes cross-culturalism, immigrants can retain a unique identity while
complementing Singapore’s national identity
- Successful integration strengthens bonding between ethnic groups
Challenges:
- Singaporeans perceive their job security to have been compromised
- Immigrants are blamed for causing increases in prices, constant traffic congestion
and greater incidences of a breakdown of public infrastructures
- Immigrants' inability to communicate effectively seen as erosion of national identity
Chapter 7B: Management & Impact of Socio-Economic Diversity
Market-based approach in US:In a market-based approach,the government gives
citizens thefreedom to decide how much they wish to payfor healthcare. It allows the
market to determine the provision of services to meet healthcare needs.This approach can
be seen in the USA's healthcare system, which adopts a laissez-faire attitude. The
government does not intervene in the setting of prices by healthcare providers and with
the choice of healthcare service options.Citizens have tobuy their own insurance or secure
jobs with good insurance plansto have decent healthcare coverage. Insurance companies
often charge higher to earn a profit, resulting in only 10% of Americans being able to afford
private medical coverage beyond employers’ provision. The price of insurance and
healthcare can vary due to the privatisation of this industry.For instance, mammograms in
New York may be less than US$100 or more than US$1700 depending on which medical
provider a citizen chooses to go to.This shows thatalthough the market-based approach
has a greater degree of flexibility, it only means that prices can vary significantly and there
may be unfairness in the way goods and services are priced.Thus, this may disadvantage
certain socio-economic groups.
Benefits:
- Government services can be easily overwhelmed logistically, especially in a large
country like USA, thus delegating some of these roles to private sectors
- Less government budget needs to be spent on providing healthcare, freeing up
funds to develop other areas of the country like education and infrastructure
Challenges:
- Cost and coverage of medical insurance is a challenge for Americans of lower
income groups, burdened as insurance premiums are deducted
- Many choose not to buy insurance to save money on premiums - risky for health
Shared Responsibility Approach in Singapore: In a shared responsibility approach, the
government intervenesthrough the provision of basic healthcare services andshares the
cost of some aspectsof healthcare. There is abalance of personal responsibilityand the
role of government in providing healthcare. This approachcan be seen in Singapore’s
healthcare system. Singapore’s healthcare system is made up of both public and private
healthcare service providers. Within the public hospital system, people are allowed to
choose between the wards which offer varying amounts of luxury and convenience and
higher-class wards would mean less government subsidy or aid. While the government
provides subsidies, citizens have a part to play too. A portion of their Central Provident
Fund (CPF) savings is set aside in Medisave to help them pay for healthcare. There are also
other schemes such as Medishield and Medifund to aid Singaporeans in financing their
healthcare.Singapore’s approach ensures that financing healthcare isnot the sole
responsibilityof one party alone. This approach ensures that while the government helps
to subsidise healthcare, citizens too, take the personal responsibility to fund their
healthcare.This will ensure that healthcare remainsaffordable and accessible to all regardless
of socio-economic status.
Benefits:
- Good balance between the role of government and individuals to ensure healthcare
remains accessible to citizens who require healthcare coverage
- Everyone gets treatment regardless of their income as government is able to bear
the brunt of subsidising amounts for those who are unable to afford
Challenges:
- The population continues to grow with a large percentage of the ageing population -
healthcare system needs to accommodate the needs of the elderly
- Infrastructure needs to be upgraded, manpower will be imperative
- Healthcare costs rising all over the world, government implements more subsidies
to assist lower income groups, costs shared among different stakeholders -
Singaporeans will not feel the pinch in paying for healthcare
- For-profit hospitals may focus more on providing better service for people of higher
socio-economic status as they earn more from them - situation where healthcare is
catered to the rich
Government-Financed Approach in Sweden: In a governmentfinanced approach, the
government providessubstantial subsidies and servicesfor most of the healthcare needs
of its citizens. This sometimes means thatsome of the healthcare services could be free.
This approach can be seen in Sweden’s healthcare system. The Swedish government
believes that all citizens should have access to healthcare services no matter what
backgrounds or socio-economic groups they come from. Healthcare is financed by the
government with citizens paying a small nominal sum of not more than €122 annually as a
form of co-payment, while the government foots the rest of the bill.Although this approach
incurs high taxes, it ensures that healthcare is accessible to all, in particular to the lower
income groups.This strong intervention by the governmentensures that there is social and
economic equity in the country.
Benefits:
- Entire population has access to healthcare - better health among people
Challenges:
- Personal taxation in Sweden is hefty to finance such approach - although Swedes
are willing to pay such high taxes, burden will eventually fall on younger generations
as there is a high percentage of ageing population - not sustainable in the long run
- Immigrants and citizens of European Union eligible for government-financed
healthcare - enormous strain on government - over-reliance on taxation
- Everyone has equal access to healthcare - people more likely to pursue treatment
for minor illnesses - longer waiting times - may not receive the care they require
Chapter 8: Driving Forces of Globalisation
Developments in transportation: Developments in transportationare one of the key
drivers of globalisation. Improvements in the size and speed of the different modes of
transportation, and development of integrated transportation infrastructure like airports,
seaports, railways and expressways, have greatly increased the mobility of goods and
people from one place to another.For example, steamships in the 19th century could only
travel at 13 km/h and were very limited in capacity. Today, large container ships can travel
at more than three times the speed, carrying significantly more goods and people across
multiple destinations around the world.This acceleratedexchange makes the world a
seemingly smaller place as more destinations can be reached within a shorter period of
time. When goods and people can be moved around the world more quickly and at a lower
cost, it allows for integration between different countries’ businesses and cultures.It
facilitates the process through which people’s activities and ideas become more interconnected,
promoting the exchange of ideas and thus driving globalisation.
Growth of Multinational Corporations (MNCs): The growth of multinational corporations
is another key driver of globalisation. MNCs are businesses with economic activities in
more than one country. As they grow in number and size, they control more aspects of
international trade and investment. Between the 1990s and 2014, the number of MNCs and
individuals employed by them have more than doubled. MNCs set up operations in
different parts of the world tosource for new markets and lower production costs. They
allow forinterconnections between people, goods and servicesaround the globe, making
the global economy more integrated. These interconnections can then lead to
interdependent relationships between the parties involved in the operations of MNCs.
One example is Starbucks, with operations spread over the world. It is the largest coffee
chain in the world today with operations across North and South America, Africa and Asia.
Its roasted beans are packed and delivered to over 21,000 stores in more than 65
countries.The vast economic interconnections andresultant interdependent relationships
made by such MNCs is what makes the world increasingly globalised.The global span of
their operations drives globalisation as they spur the economic interconnections between people
and goods throughout the world.
Advancements in Communication Technology:Advancementsin communication
technology is the final key driver of globalisation. Technological advancements in
communication have resulted ingreater access to the Internetandincreasing use of
mobile communications. These facilitate the communication and exchange of information
and ideas across the world.For example, with theinvention of smartphones at the
beginning of the 21st century, mobile phones are no longer limited to making voice calls.
With special features and functions like faster processing speed and compatibility with
more advanced mobile networks, information can be accessed and disseminated at a much
greater speed and volume. This facilitates communication and exchange of ideas as users
can connect easily to the Internet.The quantum leapin technology has made
communication and the exchange of ideas between people over greater geographical
distances moreefficient and convenient, leading to a more integrated world. Furthermore,
businesses across the globe can grow rapidly as people can now purchase goods and
services online and new ideas can beformulated and conveyedat a much faster rate.This
sparks off a cycle that continuously encourages the rate of interconnectivity around the world,
leading to globalisation.
Chapter 9A: Economic Impacts on Countries
Economic Growth (positive):Countries are able toexperience economic growth through
different economic activities such asagriculture, manufacturing, tourism, trade and
investments. With globalisation, countries depend on trade and investment with the global
economy to drive economic growth, resulting in more tax revenue collected. Governments
caninvest more in infrastructurelike roads and railways, and inhuman capitallike
education, training, research and development. These investments boost productivity,
allowing more goods and services to be produced, leading to further economic growth and
improving the citizens’ quality of life.One way Singaporeaims to sustain its economic
growth is through Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Treaties are signed between countries to
establish a free trade area where exchange of goods and services can be conducted
without tariffs and hindrances. USA and Singapore signed an FTA in 2003 that included the
exchange of electronics, information technology, petrochemicals and textiles industries. It
has encouraged foreign investment and capital into Singapore, providing jobs and
promoting Singapore as a regional financial haven.Thus, globalisation brings about positive
economic growth to countries when countries are able to leverage on the opportunities by
participating in the global economy. Work efficiency is raised as there is aneasier
movement of goods and servicesas well as skilled personnel, facilitating business to
flourish which in turn attracts even more investment and helps countries attain constant
economic growth and prosperity.
Economic Downturn (negative):Countries are also negativelyimpacted by the forces of
globalisation when there is an economic downturn. Economic downturn can causerising
unemployment,decrease in production of goods and services, and an increase in poverty
levels. When one country is affected, the effects can also be felt all across the world.For
example, the 2008 Global Financial Crisis that started in the USA affected many countries in
the world. The slowdown in USA’s economic activity led to inability of individuals to repay
bank loans, causing unpaid loans and confiscation of property. As much of the income of
European banks was based on investments in the USA, many economic interconnections
between them affected Europe.Europe’s reduction indemand for goods and services
worldwide then affected manufacturing countries like China and India, causing loss of
investments. With globalisation, economies of various countries are more interconnected
as trade and currency are interdependent on the economic stability of each country.This
increases the vulnerability of every country as a sudden economic downturn can spread
throughout other countries like a domino effect.
Chapter 9B: Economic Impacts on Companies
Higher Profits or Market Share (positive):Developmentsin transport and advancement
in technology as a result of globalisation has allowed companies to widen their market
reach beyond their own country, allowing for higher profits or market share. Companies
have the opportunity to earn higher profits byexpanding operations due to lower labour
costs, lower rent and cheaper resources. Companies can also expand market share, which
is the portion of the total market they control, by building in other countries through
Foreign Direct Investment, or by buying local companies in other countries.One such
example is PepsiCo, an American MNC which produces items like potato chips, orange juice
and oats. It has its headquarters in the USA but manufactures its products all over the
world.Therefore, globalisation has allowed companiesto expand businesses across
borders and earn higher profits and larger market share, as technology has enabled them
to travel and communicate much faster between its headquarters and branches located all
over the world.
Lower Profits or Market Share (negative):Due to globalisation,companies face
increasing competition from other companies which are also trying to expand profits and
market reach, resulting in lower profits or market share. With so many companiesvying for
the same market, it becomes harder for companies to compete for a share of the profits
from the global economy. Increased competition at a global level can cause companies to
lose out to companies that aremore innovative and flexible. The inability to capture a
bigger market would bring about fewer consumers’ spending, leading to smaller profits for
these companies.For example, the introduction ofthe smartphone Xiaomi in 2011 saw its
ability to capture 4.4% of the world’s smartphone market share within 4 short years.
However, shortly after, its market share has declined due to quality issues and also
increasing competition from other smartphone makers such as Apple and Samsung.With
globalisation, it is increasingly harder for companies to compete for a share of profits from
the global economy.Companies which are unable toanticipate change and remain relevant
will risk losing its share of the global market.
Chapter 9C: Economic Impacts on Individuals
Higher Income (positive):Globalisation leads to higher income for individuals.
Globalisation has facilitated mobility, making it easier for individuals to look for jobs
overseas withbetter job prospects and higher income. Due to greater opportunities in
globalisation, some may prosper as their skills and experience are in demand by MNCs.For
example, in a Straits Times report on 14 October 2012, a Singaporean was headhunted to
work in Dubai in 2008 as an engineer for triple his Singapore pay. He mentions how
globalisation has made it possible for him to have a less stressful working life with shorter
working hours and higher income in Dubai.Therefore, the ease of movement allows
individuals to compete with one another within the same country and also with others in the
world, allowing them to develop skills and capabilities. Globalisation allows individuals to
venture beyond their countries to have more freedom, to find better paying jobs and seek a
better way of life. Individuals continue to upgrade their skills and stay relevant in order to
remain employable and enjoy a higher income.
Loss of Income (negative):With globalisation, individuals may also face a loss of income
due to increased competition in securing employment. Withcheaper labour costs
elsewhere and the inability to find alternative employment, individuals face the prospect of
losing their jobsand hence their stable source of income. Individuals who are unable to
upgrade their skills are at risk of facing these threats.For example, when MNCs close down
their operations in a country and move to another country where labour costs are cheaper,
which is made possible by globalisation. This can be seen by the Japanese fashion chain
Uniqlo, which moved out of Shenzhen China to Vietnam in 2013 when labour costs rose.
This led to individuals who previously worked at Uniqlo losing their jobs.As globalisation
increases the volatility and mobility of jobs, individuals can be adversely affected. If they are
unable to upgrade their skills to keep up with the changing time, they face a risk of losing their
jobs, eventually affecting their livelihoods and standard of living.
Chapter 10: How do we respond to tensions arising from globalisation?
Cultural Homogenisation:Cultural homogenisation refers to the process in which local
cultures are diaplced by foreign cultures, leading to some foreign aspects dominating a
local culture. Globalisation leads toincreased access to various goods and services,
facilitating the exchange of cultures, which may allow foreign cultures to gradually
overpower and dilute local ones.For instance, English is the main language of
communication in many areas including businesses, science and higher education. 80% of
electronically stores information is in English. Its prevalent use has a homogenising effect
as many local languages and dialects get overshadowed by the dominance of English.
When foreign cultures may become dominant, local cultures lose their influence.Such
homogenisation of local cultures may lead to threats to diversity and subsequent total loss of
local cultures when no resistance is put up by the government or locals, creating a significant
impact on cultural diversity.
Cultural Hybridisation:Cultural hybridisation refers to the process in which foreign and
local cultures are blended, resulting inunique combinationscontaining elements from both
cultures. Globalisation leads to increased access to various goods and services, which
facilitate the exchange of cultures, which may allow different cultures to blend together,
resulting in aform of fusion.For example, Salsa music is a mixture of foreign
Afro-Caribbean musical influences and North American jazz and rock.When components of
various cultures are combines together to form something fresh and interesting without
dilution of local cultures, there is aricher exchange of cultures.With hybridisation, local
cultures, which may at times be at threat of being replaced, can be preserved. Such
hybridisation can lead to changes in the nature of local cultures.
Homogenisation in Entertainment:Homgenisation in entertainment occurs when the
presence and proliferation of foreign entertainment, either in television, music, film or
radio, leads to increasedacceptance of foreign entertainment influences, causing them to
overpower local entertainment. Globalisation leads to increased access to various forms of
entertainment across the globe, facilitating the exchange of entertainment cultures, leading
todilution of local entertainment cultures.For example, the Korean wave has spread
across countries, where the Korean culture’s popularity is evident from Kpop groups,
Korean dramas and cosmetics products. Instead of catching shows produced locally, many
individuals turn to bingeing Korean dramas. In several countries, there have been protests
for increased presence of Korean cultures, leading to political tensions.Excessive
influences of foreign entertainment culture can empower consumers to develop identities,
which can then lead to resistance towards their own local entertainment.Such
homogenisation of local entertainment cultures may lead to threats to diversity and subsequent
total loss of local entertainment culture when no resistance is put up by the government or
locals, creating a significant impact on entertainment diversity.
Hybridisation in Entertainment:Hybridisation in entertainment occurs when presence
and proliferation of foreign entertainment leads to increased acceptance of foreign cultural
influences, leading to afusion of local and foreign entertainment. Globalisation leads to
increased access to various forms of entertainment across the globe, which facilitate the
exchange of entertainment cultures, leading tointeresting combinationsbetween local and
foreign entertainment.For example, hybridisation in entertainment has led to creation of
movies like Kung Fu Panda, where an English speaking character is trained to practise
Chinese martial arts. It is well received in various countries as it is a fusion of American and
Chinese culture.When components of various forms of entertainment are combined
together to form somethingfresh and interesting without dilutionof local entertainment,
there is a richer exchange of entertainment.With hybridisation, local entertainment, which
may at times be at threat of being replaced, can be preserved.
Homogenisation in Food:With the spread of fast food culture, food varieties have been
criticised to have fallen as local food culture becomes homogenised. With globalisation,
food chains and restaurants canexpand their businesses across countries, providing
people with awider food landscapeand easier access to foreign flavours without having to
travel out of their countries. This may lead todilution of local flavours.For example, as of
January 2022, StarBucks Coffee has over 34,000 stores in 80 countries serving coffee drinks.
Its popularity shows that many have embraced this aspect of American culture, highlighting
the homogenisation of coffee culture.When foreign food chains gain popularity in other
countries, the local flavours are at risk of losing their influence, leading to homogenisation
of food culture.This will lead to subsequent dilution or loss of local food culture when no
resistance is put up by the government or locals, creating a significant impact on the local food
diversity.
Hybridisation in Food:The presence offoreign food cultures shows that locals have
embraced some aspects of foreign influences, leading to hybridisation as food varieties
have increased. With globalisation, food chains and restaurants canexpand their
businesses across countries, providing people with awider food landscapeand easier
access to foreign flavours without having to travel out of their countries. This can lead to
increased acceptance towards foreign flavours.For example, in Singapore, an example
would be fusion foods like otah burgers, beef satays or chilli crab pasta, which are new
dishes created from different cuisines blended together.With hybridisation, unique
combinations of different food cuisines can be formed. Local flavours, which may at times
be at threat of being replaced,can be preserved. Local cultures are respected and kept
close to the hearts and taste buds of the locals.
Chapter 11A: Impacts of Cyber Security Challenges
Impact on Government:Hackers or cybercriminals can use malicious software known as
malware toinfect computer networks to gain access to confidential informationinside
government networks and steal them. Cybercriminals exploit thespeed, convenience &
anonymityof the Internet to access these networks with the goal of theft, disruption,
damage or other unlawful actions. The Internet makes it possible for cybercriminals to
operate fromany part of the world. By hiding behind complicated cyber networks,
cybercriminals can remain anonymous, making it tough for authorities to track them down.
For example, in 2013, the USA accused China’s military of mounting cyberattacks on its
government computer networks. These attacks were focused on collecting information on
the USA’s political, economic and defence sectors. In response, China made an allegation
that the USA has also been engaging in cyber-attacks to steal secret information from the
Chinese government.Cyberattacks can also create a widespread crisis if they cause a
breakdown in thecomputer systems controlling critical infrastructurelike power plants,
water treatment plants and transport systems. Governments have to spend more time and
money torepair the damage to the systems and strengthen them.If not, the credibility of the
government organisations whose networks are hacked, will be affected. People might lose
confidence in their government’s efficiency.
Impact on Businesses:Cybercriminals also hack into commercial businesses’ networks to
steal trade secrets or money. If a company steals information on new technology that a
rival is developing, it can use this information tostay competitive. Financial institutions like
banks are often targets as hackers can steal vast amounts of money if they hack into an
online banking network.For example, in January 2022, a total of S$13.7 million was lost in a
spate of phishing scams involving Singapore’s OCBC bank. 7 youths were charged in
February over their alleged involvement in the scams.Companies will not only lose
company secrets, but also customers and revenue when their network is compromised.
They may be unable to stay relevant and sustain in the market due to their reputation being
affected.
Impact on individuals:Cybercriminals create malware to steal individuals’ information
online. When using technology, weleave digital footprints unknowinglyas trails of data are
being left behind, making our digital activities traceable.For example, they can collect our
personal information through computers, smartphones or social media. Once there is
sufficient information collected, they can easily launch a cyberattack by making use of our
online identities.We may end up exposing our confidential information and lose our savings,
affecting our livelihoods.
Chapter 11B: Ways to Manage Cyber Security Challenges
Preventive Measures:In Singapore, the government takes a strong stance against
cybercrimes and ensures that cybercriminals are severely dealt with by the law.In 2013, a
few individuals were traced and arrested after they had hacked into the Istana’s website.
Soon after these cyber-attacks, the Singapore government announced efforts to strengthen
its cyber security. The government will upgrade the Cyber Watch Centre in order to track
malicious activities and respond swiftly to security threats. The government implemented a
5-Year National Cyber Security Masterplan 2018 to further secure Singapore’s cyber
environment.It will also increase efforts to promote adoption of cybersecurity measures
among businesses and individuals, and expand Singapore’s pool of cyber security experts.
By taking actions and implementing plans, the government strengthens its cyber security
defences to better prevent or fight against cyber threats.
Individuals’ Roles:Individuals mustremain vigilantand alwaysprotect their well-being
online. Individuals play an important role in protecting themselves from being the next
victim of cybercrime, bytaking real actions in their daily liveswhen using technology.For
example, they should ensure that their computers are defended against cyber threats
through anti-virus software and firewalls to prevent malware infections. They should create
strong passwords and enable two-factor authentication (2FA). They should be smart about
how and where they surf, and never be complacent about maintaining online privacy.By
taking these actions in their daily lives, individuals can prevent themselves from falling
into cyber traps and protect their personal information.
Chapter 11C: Impacts of Transnational Terrorism
Why terrorism is a complex security challenge:
- Terrorists can come fromwithin and beyond a country’s borders.
- Terrorists couldappear to be ordinary peopleand are often difficult to detect until
they carry out their attacks.
- They mayfight against one or many governments, or against another group of
people to achieve their objectives and do not follow the rules of conventional
warfare set out in the International Humanitarian Law (IHL).
Global Spread of Al-Qaeda and its Affiliates:
- Transnational terrorist organisations have used the Internet to spread their violent
beliefs to a global audience. Through the internet, theyfreely recruit, train, raise
money, transfer funds, collect intelligence and distribute propaganda.
- The low cost of the internet and its wide reach are attractive to the terrorists.
- Between 2003 to 2005, there were more than 4300 websites serving terrorism
groups and their supporters.
- Transnational terrorist attacks in different parts of the world caused theloss of lives
and property, eg. The 9/11 Attacks.
- On 11 September 2001, Al-Qaeda, a militant group, hijacked four American
aeroplanes and crashed them into various locations in the USA such as the World
Trade Centre in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC. In 80 minutes,
19 terrorists had killed themselves and nearly 3000 other people.
Backlash against Muslims:
- Although Al-Qaeda’s interpretation of Islam and the Quran to justify their violence is
wrong, their global influence hadresulted in a backlash against Muslims.
- This is despite the fact that Muslim leaders havespoken out against Al-Qaeda.
Growing Threat from Self-Radicalisation:
- In recent years, there is a growing threat from self-radicalisation.
- These self-radicalised individuals or “lone-wolves” refer to individuals who are not
members of any organised terrorist group, but have beeninspired and redicalised
by extremist propaganda, usually through what they have read on the Internet.
- If such individuals are not prevented from becoming further radicalised, they could
move down the path of terrorism. The threat of self-radicalisation could persist
given thepervasiveness of social media and the Internet in our society.
- Terrorist groups and racial ideologies are spreading their propaganda through social
media and the Internet in order to attract recruits and supporters to their causes.
Chapter 11D: Ways to Manage Transnational Terrorism
Preventive Measures:Preventive measuresreduce a country’s vulnerability to
transnational terrorist threats.Effective border controls of a country serve as an important
preventive measure. In Singapore, the Immigration & Checkpoints Authority (ICA), which is
in charge of fortifying our borders, has introduced biometric technology in the immigration
process and radiographic image analysis of cargo vehicles crossing Singapore borders. This
strengthens ICA’s effectiveness & efficiency in monitoring and regulating the movement of
people, goods and conveyances across Singapore’s borders.This will prevent the
movement of foreign terrorists as well as materials that can be used to produce explosives
into Singapore through land, sea and air checkpoints. With stringent measures put into
place to form astrong defence system for the country, terrorists will find it harder to plan
and carry out their attacks, thusdeterring them. Thisreduces a country’s vulnerabilityto
transnational terrorist threats and ensure acts of transnational terrorism do not take place.
Protective Measures:Together with preventive measures, protective measures enhance
the security of the country. A strategy employed by countries to counter transnational
terrorism is through survellience, to ensure the safety of citizens.In Singapore, there is
enhanced surveillance for key installations and infrastructure like power stations and
public places with many people, as they are more vulnerable to terrorist attacks. For
instance, cameras are installed at MRT stations to check for any suspicious characters or
activities. Airport custom checkpoints have full body scanners to detect any hidden and
potentially dangerous objects under passengers’ clothes.With stringent measures put into
place to form a strong defence system for the country, terrorists will find it harder to plan
and carry out their attacks, thus deterring them. This reduces a country’s vulnerability to
transnational terrorist threats and ensure acts of transnational terrorism do not take place.
While surveillance can enhance security for society, some maycriticise these methodsdue
to being aninfringement of people’s privacy. The introduction of full body scanners in USA
in 2007 led to much opposition as some saw such scanssimilar to a virtual body strip. In
2013, these scanners were replaced with those which revealed fewer details.
Responsive Measures:Responsive measuresare aimed to deal with damages or harm
brought by security threats if they occur.The Singapore Police Force and the Singapore
Civil Defence Force frequently hold emergency preparedness exercises to test their
contingency plans for acts of terrorism. Exercise Heartbeat is held annually, where Home
Team agencies work with the community and private corporations. These exercises help
Singapore to be better prepared to deal with a range of security threats. They also help to
enhance our resilience to stand united as a community and recover quickly after an
incident. On a larger scale, Exercise Northstar tests the whole-of-government ability to
respond to emergency scenarios.Such exercises serve to raise public awareness on terrorism
and emphasises the need for continued resilience. These responsive measures ensure that
people will always remain vigilant and in the event of an actual terrorist attack, they are ready
and know how to handle the situation.
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