TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

ALCOHOL as 2 0 alcohol or secondary

alcohol.
 Alcohol are hydroxyl  General formula of these
derivatives of hydrocarbons.
alcohols is R  CH OH (R & R
R  H 
-H
R  OH |
( Hydrocarbo n )  - OH 
R
( Alcohol )

 The hydroxyl group (–OH) is may be same or different alkyl

the functional group of all group)
alcohols.
 The general formula of all the
Ex. : CH 3  CH  OH
alcohols is CnH2n+2O or R-OH |
CH 3
where ‘n’ is the number of ( Isopropyl alcohol )
carbon atom.
(R  Alkyl group) CH 3  CH  OH
CLASSIFICATION OF |
M O N O H Y D R I C CH 2
ALCOHOLS : - |
 Alcohols can be classified into
CH 3
( Sec  Butyl alcohol )
different types based upon the
nature of carbon atom to which (c) Tertiary alcohol or 3o alcohol
it is attached.  If the –OH group is attached
(a) Primary alcohol or 1 alcohol:
o
to tertiary C-atom, it is known
 If the –OH group is attached to as 3 0 alcohol or Tertiary
primary C-atom, it is known as alcohol.
1 alcohol.
0
 General formula of these
 General formula of these
alcohols is R–CH2–OH. R
|
Ex. : H  CH 2  OH alcohols is R  C  OH (R,
( Methyl alcohol 
|
CH 3  CH 2  OH R
 Ethyl alcohol 
R  and R 
may be same or
(b) Secondary alcohol or 2 o
different alkyl group)
alcohol
 If the –OH group is attached to
secondary C-atom, it is known
// 1 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

CH 3 CH2-OH
|
e.g. : CH 3  C  OH eg. :
|
CH 3
(tert  butyl alcohol ) (1 -benzyl alcohol)
0

CH 3 CH-OH
| |
CH3
CH 3  CH 2  C  OH
|
CH 3
(tert  pentyl alcohol ) (2 -benzyl alcohol)
0

(d) Allylic alcohol : -

 It is the alcohol in which the – (f) Vinylic alcohols : -
OH group is attached to a sp3  If the –OH group is directly
hybridised C-atom next to attached to a C=C, it is called
C=C. vinylic alcohol.
eg. : CH2=CH–OH
sp3

(vinyl alcohol)
Ex. : CH2  CH  C H2  OH (g) Phenols :
1 allyl alcohol
0
 If the –OH group is directly
attached to benzene ring, It is
sp called phenols.
3


CH 2  CH  C H  OH OH
|
CH 3
2 allyl alcohol 
0

(e) Benzylic alcohols: - Ex. :

 In aromatic alcohols, if the –
OH group is attached to a sp3 (Phenol)
C-atom next to benzene ring,
thent it is called benzylic
alcohol.

// 2 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

OH CH 3
|
CH3 CH 3  C  OH
|
CH 3

Common Name IUPAC Name

(O-Cresol)
Methyl alcohol Methanol
Ethyl alcohol Ethanol
n-propyl alcohol Propan -1-ol
Isopropyl alcohol Propan -2-ol
n-Butyl alcohol Butan -1-ol
sec Butyl alcohol Butan -2-ol

NOMENCLATURE Isobutyl alcohol 2-methyl propan -1-ol

OF ALCOHOLS : tert -butyl alcohol 2-methyl propan -2-ol
General molecular Formula :
CH 2  OH
R–OH or CnH2n+1 OH or CnH2n+2O CH 2  OH |
Functional group : –OH (hydroxyl) CH3  OH | CH  OH
CH 2  OH
Suffix : –Ol
carbinol
 Ethylene glycol  |
CH 2  OH
Comon Name : Alkyl alcohol  glycerol 
IUPAC Name : Alkanol (Alkane+ol)
General formula Structural formula ISOMERISM IN ALCOHOLS :
CH4O CH3–OH Monohydric alcohols can show
C2H6O CH3–CH2–OH 3 structural isomerism along
C3H8O CH3–CH2–CH2–OH with optical isomerism.
CH3  CH OH
(i) Chain isomerism
|  If two or more alcohols with
CH3
same molecular formula differ
C4H10O CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH
in the nature of carbon chain
CH3  CH2  CH  OH without changing the position
|
CH3 of –OH group are known as
chain isomers.
CH3  CH  CH2  OH
|
CH3
// 3 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION
 Alcohols containing atleast  If 2 or more organic
four C-atom can show chain compounds with same
molecular formula but differ in
isomersim. the nature of functional group,
Ex. : CH3  CH2  CH2  CH2  OH they are known as functional
 nButyl alcohol
Bu tan 1ol isomers.
 Alcohol shows functional
CH 3
|
isomerism with ether.
CH 3  CH  CH 2  OH eg. : C2H6O
 Isobutyl alcohol 
2  Methyl propan 1 ol CH 3  CH 2  OH CH 3  O  CH 3
(ii)Position Isomerism : -
 Ethanol 
 Dimethyl ether or 

 Methoxymethane  or 
 
 Ethyl alcohol 
 If 2 or more monohydric
 

alcohol with same molecular Question :

formula but differ in the Write all the possible structure
position of –OH group, they are with molecular formula
known as position isomers. C4H10O.
 Alcohols containing atleast 3 Ans : C 4 H 10 O indicates the
C-atoms can show position structure of either alcohol or
isomerism. ether.
Ex. : CH 3  CH 2  CH 2  OH
CH3  CH2  CH2  CH2  OH
 Propan 1 ol 
 Or 
 n  Propyl alcohol 
 Butan1ol
 

CH 3  CH  CH3
|
CH 3  CH  CH 2  OH
OH |
 Propan  2 ol 
 Or 
 Isopropyl alcohol  CH 3
2  Methyl propan 1ol 
 

H3C  CH2  CH2  CH2  OH

 n Butylalcohol
 

CH3  CH2  CH  CH3

or
 Butan1ol 
 

CH3  CH2  CH  CH3 |

| OH
OH  Butan2ol 
 SecButyl alcohol
 or 
 Butan2ol 
 

(iii)Functional Isomerism : -

// 4 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

CH3 CH3 CH3

|
H  C OH HO  C H
| |

CH3  C  OH | |
| C2 H5 C2 H5
d  l 
CH3
2Methyl Propan2ol 

Optical isomers of (Butan-2-

CH3  O  CH2  CH2  CH3 ol)
1Methoxypropane
CH3  CH2  O  CH2  CH3
 Ethoxyethane  GENERAL METHOD OF
OCH3 PREPARATION OF
ALCOHOLS:
CH3  C H  CH3
|

2Methoxypropane 1. By the hydrolysis of alkyl

So, it has total 7 structure. halides:
(iv)Optical Isomerism: When  When alkyl halides are

two compounds with the same boiled with aqueous solution

molecular formula having of sodium or potassium hy-
same structural formula repre- droxide, produce alcohols.
sent two compounds which R  X  K OH heat  R  OH  KX
rotate the plane polarised light
(Alkyl halide) (aq) (Alcohol)

either towards right or towards e.g:

left, then such compounds are
called optical isomers and the CH 3  Cl  K OH
methyl chloride (aq)

phenomenon is known as op- heat


 CH3  OH KCl
tical isomerism.  methyl alcohol

 Alcohols containing chiral

C2H5  Br  Na OH
 Ethyl bromide (aq)

centres also exhibit optical heat


 C2H5  OH NaBr
isomerism.  Ethyl alcohol

 Butan-2-ol is the simplest al-  Moist Ag O (Ag O+H O)

cohol which exhibit optical
2 2 2
also on reaction with alkyl
isomerism. halides produces alcohols.

// 5 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

Ag 2 O  H 2 O 
 2AgOH
2. Hydrolysis of esters:
 Esters on hydrolysis with
R  X  AgOH heat  R  OH  AgX
 Alkyl halide   Alcohol  alkalies or mineral acids pro-
e.g: duce alcohols & carboxylic
C2H5  I  AgOH
acid.
 Ethyl iodide  (a) Alkaline hydrolysis of es-
heat

 C2H5  OH AgI ter: (SAPONIFICATION):
Ethyl alcohol
Esters on boiling with aque-
 The order of Reactivity of ous NaOH or KOH produce
alkyl halides towards hy- alcohol and sodium or potas-
drolysis is, sium salt of carboxylic acid.
R  I  R  Br  R  Cl This process is known as
Q. How Ethyl alcohol can be saponification.
prepared form an Alkyl ha- O
lide. R  C O  R1  Na OH Heat  
||

Ester
Ans:- When Ethyl bromide reacts
(aq)

with moist Ag2O or aq solution O

of KOH it produces Ethyl al- R  C  ONa  R OH
||
1
alcohol 
cohol.
Sodium Carboxylat e 

C2H5 - Br  AgOHmoistAg
 2O
C2 H5  OH  AgBr O
CH3  C O  CH3  Na OH heat

||
Ethylbromide Ethylalcohol

or  Methyl acetate (aq)

C2 H 5 - Br  aq.KOH 
 C2 H 5  OH  KBr O
CH3  C ONa  CH3OH
Ethyl bromide Ethyl alcohol ||

Q. How Methyl alcohol is pre- SodiumAcetate  Methylalcohol

pared form an alkyl halide? (b) Acid hydrolysis of ester:
Ans:- When Methyl bromide reacts
Esters on hydrolysis in pres-
with moist Ag2O or aq . solu-
ence of dilute mineral acid
tion of KOH, it produces
which acts as catalyst produce
Methyl alcohol.
carboxylic acid & alcohol.
CH3  Br AgOH moist
  CH3  OH  AgBr
Ag2O

methyl bromide methyl alcohol

or
CH 3  Br  aq. KOH 
 CH 3OH  KBr
methyl bromide methyl alcohol

// 6 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION
Q. How Ethyl alcohol is pre-
pared from an Ester by acid
hydrolysis?
Ans:- When Ethyl acetate reacts with
water in presence of dilute HCl,
it produces ethyl alcohol.
O
||
CH 3  C  O  C2 H 5  H 2O H


ethyl acetate

O
||
Q. How Ethyl alcohol is pre- CH 3  C  OH  C2 H 5OH
pared form an Ester? acetic acid ethyl alcohol

Ans:- When Ethyl acetate reacts with Q. What do you mean by sa-
NaOH, it produces Ethyl alco- ponification?
hol along with sodium acetate. Ans:- Alkaline hydrolysis of Ester is
O known as saponification be-
|| cause , soap is nothing but so-
CH 3  C  O  C 2 H 5  NaOH  
ethyl acetate dium salt of higher fatty acid
like stearic acid. When Ester
O
|| reacts with NaOH it produces
 CH 3  C  ONa  C 2 H 5OH sodium salt of Carboxylic acid
and alcohol.
sodium acetate ethyl alcohol

Q. How Methyl alcohol is pre-

pared from an Ester? O
||
Ans:- When Methyl acetate is treated R  C  O  R1  aq.NaOH  
with NaOH, Methyl alcohol is
ester

formed along with sodium ac- O

etate. ||
 1
R  C  ONa  R  OH
O sodium salt of carboxylic acid alcohol

||
CH3  C  O  CH3  NaOH 
 O
||
CH3  C  O  CH3  aq.NaOH 
methyl acetate

O methyl acetate

||
 CH 3  C  ONa  CH 3OH O
||
 CH3  C  ONa CH3OH
sodium acetate methyl alcohol

sodiumacetate methyl alcohol

// 7 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

O (iii) Metal hydrides such as

||
C17 H 35C  O  C2 H 5  aq.NaOH 
LiAlH4 or NaBH4
ethyl sterate (a) Aldehyde:
O Aldehydes on reduction give
C17 H 35
||
 C  ONa  C 2 H 5OH primary alcohol.
sodium sterate ( soap ) ( ethyl alcohol )

Q. What do you mean by acid

hydrolysis of Ester?
Ans:- When an ester reacts with
water in presence of dil.mineral
acid such as HCl, it produces
carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
(b) Ketone:
O
|| Ketones on reduction give
R  C  O  R1  H 2O HCl
ester

 secondary alcohol.
O
||
 R  C  OH  R1  OH
carboxylic acid alcohol

O O
CH3  C CH3  2H Na
||
C 
||

CH 3  C  OC2 H 5  H 2O HCl


2 H5OH

ethyl acetate
Acetone

O OH
||
CH 3  CH  CH 3
|

 CH 3  C  OH  C2 H 5OH  Isopropyl alcohol 

acetic acid ethyl alcohol

3. By Reduction of aldehydes, Note:

Ketones, Carboxylic Acids
and Esters:
 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxy-
lic acid and esters can be re-
duced to alcohol by using
common reducing agents like; (c) Carboxylic Acid:
(i) H2 in presence of Ni, Pd or Pt
(ii) Nascent Hydrogen by the
If Na in C2H5OH is used as
reducing agent for preparation
of alcohols, this process is
known as BOUVEAULT-
BLANC REDUCTION.
Carboxylic acid on reduction
p r o d u c e s 1 -alcohol.
o

action of Na in alcohol
// 8 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION
Q. How Ethyl alcohol is pre-
pared from an Aldehyde?
Ans:- When acetaldehyde reacts
with sodium and ethyl alcohol
then ethyl alcohol is formed.
This reaction is known as
Bouveault-Blanc reduction.
O
||
CH 3  C  H  2[ H ] Na
/ C 
2 H 5OH

acetaldehyde

 CH3  CH 2  OH
ethyl alcohol

Q. Write short note on

(d) Esters: Bouveault - Blanc Reduc-
Esters also upon reduction tion?
produce 1o alcohol. Ans:- When an aldehyde or ketone
reacts with sodium and ethyl
alcohol, then primary and sec-
ondary alcohol are formed re-
spectively.
O
||
e.g. R  C  H  2[H ] Na
/ C  R  CH2  OH
2 H5OH

aldehyde
1 - alcohol

O
||
CH 3  C  H  2[ H ] Na
/ C  
2 H 5 OH

acetaldehyde

 CH3  CH2  OH
Remember: ethyl alcohol

Aldehyde Reduction
  1 -alcohol
o
O
||
Ketone Reduction
  2 -alcohol
o
R  C  R1  2[ H ] Na
/ C  R  CH  R1
2 H 5OH

Carboxylic acid Reduction

  1 - |
ketone
o
OH
alcohol

2 - alcohol 

Ester Reduction
  1 -alcohol
o

// 9 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

O H  CH3  CH2  OH  MgBrOH


2O H

||
CH3  C  CH3  2[ H ] Na
/ C  
Ethyl alcohol

(b) Preparation of 2o-alcohol:

2 H 5OH

acetone

All other aldehydes except

 CH 3  CH  CH 3 formaldehyde on reaction
| with Grignard reagent fol-
OH
isopropyl alcohol  lowed by hydrolysis produce
4. By action of Grignard’s 2o-alcohol.
reagent on aldehydes &
ketones:
 Aldehydes & ketones on reac-
tion with Grignard’s reagent
produces an adduct which on
hydrolysis in acidic medium
produces alcohol.
(a) Preparation of 1o-alcohol:
Formaldehyde on reaction
with Grignard reagent fol-
lowed by acidic hydrolysis
produces 1o alcohol. Ex.:
H  OH

R  CH 2  O MgX
adduct 

OH
H  R  CH2  OH Mg/

2O H

1o alcohol. \
X

(c) Preparation of 3o-alcohol:

Ex.: Ketones on reaction with
Grignard reagent followed by
hydrolysis produce 3o-alcohol.

// 10 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION
with methyl magnesium bro-
mide, an addition product is
formed. Which undergoes hy-
drolysis with dilute mineral
acid to produce ethyl alcohol.
O 
||  
H  C  H  CH 3  MgBr 

formaldehyde


methyl magnesium bromide


OMgBr
Ex.: |
 H  C  H H

2O
CH3  CH2  OH  Mg(OH)Br
dil HCl ethylalcohol
|
CH3
additionproduct

Q. How isopropyl alcohol can be

prepared by using
Grignard’s reagent?
CH 3
Ans:- Acetaldehyde when reacts
   CH 3  C  OH  Mg OH Br
|
with methyl magnesium bro-

H O H
2

mide, an addition product is

|
CH 3
t  Butyl alcohol formed which undergoes hy-
Remember: drolysis with dil. HCl to pro-
duce Isopropyl alcohol.
Formaldehyde 2.  
1. Grignard's reagent
Hydrolysis
O 
1o-alcohol   ||
CH3  Mg  Br  CH 3  C  H 

Aldehydes 2.  
1. Grignard's reagent
.

methyl magnesium bromide acetaldehyde
Hydrolysis

2o-alcohol
OMgBr OH
Ketones 2.  
1. Grignard's reagent | |
Hydrolysis CH3  C  H dil
.HCl
CH3  CH  CH3  Mg(OH)Br
3 -alcohol
H2O Isopropylalcohol
o |
CH3
Q. How Ethyl alcohol can be
prepared by using 5. By action of Nitrous acid on
Grignard’s reagent? primary amine:
Ans:- When Formaldehyde reacts When aliphatic primary
// 11 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION
 The commonly used acids as
amines (except CH3NH2) are
catalyst are H2SO4 & H3PO4.
treated with a cold solution of
 It follows markownikoff’s
sodium nitrite and dilute hy-
Rule.
drochloric acid, primary
R  CH  CH2  H   OH  H 
alcohols are produced.
2SO4

 Alkene

NaNO2  dil.HCl 
 HNO2  NaCl R  C H  CH 3
|

R  NH2  HNO2 OH
 Alcohol 

o R  OH N 2   H 2O

1o amine


NaNO2  HCl  e.g.
0 5 C alcohol
 
CH 2  CH 2  H  OH H 
2SO 4

ethene 

C H 2  CH 3
|
OH
 Ethyl alcohol 
e.g.:
 
CH3  CH 2  NH2  HNO2 H3C  C  CH2  H OH

o  CH3  CH 2  OH N 2    H 2O

|
CH3
Ethyl amine


NaNO2  HCl 
 2Methyl propene
0 5 C Ethyl alcohol or
 Isobutylene 
Q. How Ethyl alcohol can be
prepared form Ethyl amine? OH
Ans:- When Ethyl amine is treated HSO H C  C|  CH
with a cold solution of sodium
2 4
3 3
|
CH 3
nitrite and dilute hydrochloric  2  methylprop an  2  Ol 
acid, ethyl alcohol is formed.
or
 tert  butyl alcohol 

CH3  CH2  NH2  HNO2 NaNO

 
2  HCl
Q. How ethyl alcohol can be
prepared form ethene?
ethyl a min e nitrous acid

CH3  CH2  OH N2  H2O Ans:- When ethene reacts with wa-
ter in presence of sulphuric
ethylalcohol

6. From Alkenes: acid ethanol is produced.

(a) Hydration of alkenes:
CH2  CH2  H2O HSO
CH3  CH2  OH
 Alkenes undergo acid ethene
2 4

Ethanol

catalysed addition of water to

produce alcohols.
// 12 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

Q. How isopropyl alcohol can be R  CH2  CH2

prepared form an alkene?  R  CH2  CH2  B HOOH
R CHCH
\



Ans:- When propylene reacts with

2 2 2

/
R  CH2  CH2
water in presence of sulphuric trialkylborane

acid, it produces isopropyl al-

3R  CH2  CH2  OH H3BO3 or(B(OH)3)
cohol. alcohol boricacid

  Ex.:
CH3  CH  CH2  H  OH
1
3CH2  CH2  B2H6
propl ene

OH  Ethene 2
|  CH3  CH2 3 B
THF

 CH 3  CH  CH 3
H 2 SO 4
Triethylborane

H  3CH3  CH2  OH H3BO3

isopropyl alcohol

(b) By hydroboration-

2O 2 OH

 Ethyl alcohol  Boric Acid

Oxidation:
Reagent: 3CH3  CH  CH 2  B2H 6
1
(i) Diborane (B2H6) Propene  2
(ii) H2O2 in alkali  CH3  CH 2  CH 2 3 B HOOH
THF
 

2 2

 Alkene undergo hydroboration

Tri n propyl borane 

with diborane in THF to pro- 3CH 3  CH 2  CH 2  OH H 3BO3

n  propyl alcohol 
duce trialkyl borane which on
Q. Write a shortnote on
subsequent oxidation with Hydroboration-Oxidation?
H 2O 2 in presence of alkali Ans:- Alkene reacts with diborane
(NaOH) produce alcohol. (B2H6) in THF medium to pro-
 It follows anti duce trialkyl borane, which on
markownikoff’s rule. subsequent oxidation with
H 2 O 2 in presence of alkali
 CH  CH2  B2H6  THF
1
Ex. RAlkene 

2 (NaOH) produces alcohol.
R  CH2  CH2 
2  R CH  CH 1
3R  CH  CH 2  B2 H 6 THF


| Alkene 2
B H2
diborone

R  CH2  CH2  BH R  CH2  CH2 3 B H  

2O2 ,OH

R  CH  CH/
2 2 3R  CH2  CH2  OH  H3BO3
alcohol Boricacid

// 13 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

1  (CH 3  CH 2  CH 2 )3 B H 

3CH3  CH  CH 2  B2H 6

2 O2 ,OH

Propene  2 tripopyl borane

 CH3  CH 2  CH 2 3 B H
THF
   3CH 3  CH 2  CH 2  OH  H 3 BO3

2O 2 OH

Tri n propyl borane  n  propyl alcohol Boric acid

(c) By Oxymercuration and

3CH3  CH2  CH2  OH H3BO3
n propylalcohol demercuration reaction:
Q. Prepare ethyl alcohol by Reagent:
hydroboration oxidation re- (i) Mercuric acetate
action. HgOAC2   H 2O
Ans:- Ethylene reacts with diborane (ii) NaBH4
(B2H6) in THF medium pro- Alkenes react with mercuric
duces triethyl borane, which on acetate in presence of water
subsequent oxidation with
to yield a product which on
H 2O 2, in presence of alkali
reduction with sodium boro-
(NaOH) produces ethyl alco-
hol.
hydride, NaBH4, give alco-
hol.
CH 3  CH 2 3 B
1
3CH 2  CH 2 
2
B2 H 6 THF
 R  CH  CH2  HgOAC2  H2O   
ethylene  Alkene CH COOH 3

H  3CH 3  CH 2  OH  H 3 BO3

2 O2 , OH

R  C H  C H2
| |
Ethyl alcohol OH Hg(OAC)
Q. How propyl alcohol can be R  C H  CH3
prepared from propene. NaBH
 |  Hg  CH 3COOH
4

OH
Ans:- n-propyl alcohol can be pre-  Alcohol

pared from propene by  This method is addition of

hydroboration oxidation reac- water through indirect method
tion which follows anti and takes place according to
markonikoff’s rule. Markownikoff’s rule.
Propene when reacts with Mechanism:
diborane (B2H6) Tripropyl bo- Step-1:
rane is formed, which on sub-
sequent oxidation with H2O2 in O
presence of alkali NaOH pro- O  C  CH 3
||

Hg /\
duces n-propyl alcohol. O  C  CH 3  H  OH  
||
1 O
3CH3-CH  CH2  B2 H6 THF

 (CH
propene 2

// 14 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

O O acetate in presence of water to

 || ||  form a hydroxy mercurial com-
H g  O  C CH3  CH3  C OH  O H pound, which on subsequent
Step-2 reduction with NaBH 4 pro-
O
duces alcohol.
R  CH  CH 2      R  CH  CH2  Hg(OCOCH3 )2 THF
 
||

OH  Hg O C CH 3
 , H 2O

Markonikoff addn alkene mercuricacetate

R  C H  C H2 O  R  CH  CH 2 NaBH
4  R  CH  CH 3
OH Hg  O  C CH 3
| | ||
| | |
OH Hg(OCOCH3 ) OH
R  C H  C H2 O alcohol
Step-3: | | ||
Example:
OH Hg  O  C  CH3
Propene on reaction with mer-
NaBH
4  R  C| H  CH3  CH3 COOH  Hg curic acetate in presence of
2H 
OH H2O produces a hydroxy mer-
Ex.: curial compound, that under-
CH 2  CH 2  Hg OAc 2  H 2 O 
 goes reduction with NaBH4 to
produce isopropyl alcohol.
C H2  C H2
| |
CH 3  CH  CH 2  Hg (OCOCH 3 ) 2 H
2O

OH HgOAc propene mercuric acetate

4  C| H 2  CH 3
 NaBH
2[H]  CH3COOH  Hg
OH
 Ethyl alcohol 
PROPERTIES:
CH3  CH  CH2  HgOAc2  H2O   (A) PHYSICAL ROPERTIES:
Propene
(i) Physical state:
CH3 C H  C H2
| | At ordinary temperature the
OH HgOAc lower members of alcohols
CH 3  C H  CH 3 are colourless, volatile liq-
|
OH
uids having distinct odour &
 
burning taste.
NaBH 4

2[H] (Isopropyl alcohol)

 CH 3COOH  Hg (ii) Solubility:

Q. Write a note on  The first 3 members are com-
oxymercuration- pletely soluble in water but the
demercuration reaction? solubility decreases with in-
Ans:- Alkenes reacts with mercuric crease in molecular mass.
// 15 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

 Higher members are soluble in

organic solvents like benzene
& ether.
 The solubility of lower mem-
b e r s o f a l c o h o l s i n H O is due
2
to intermolecular H-bonding.

R H R H
 -|    -|    -|    -|  
- - - OH- - - OH- - - OH- -- OH- - -

H- bond
 With the increase in molecu-
lar mass, the size of non-polar (iii) Boiling Points:
alkyl group increases so these  Boiling point of alcohols are
are insoluble in H2O. much higher than that of
 Among isomeric alcohols the hydrocarbons, ethers &
solubility in H 2O increases haloalkanes of comparable
with branching. It is because molecular mass.
with branching the surface  This is due to intermolecular
area of non-polar part de- H-bonding in alcohols.
creases.
 The solubility order of alco-
hol is

 Among isomeric alcohols the

boiling point follows the
order
Primary  Secondary Tertiary
This can be explained on the
// 16 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION
fact that with branching the
surface area decreases so
does the intermolecular at-
traction.
n-Butyl alcohol >
391K
Sec-butyl alcohol >
372.5K
tert-butyl alcohol
356K
(iv) Physiological effect:
 Alcohols are toxic in nature
 Amongst all alcohol ethyl
alcohol is least toxic and
methyl alcohol in turn is
quite toxic.
(B) CHEMICAL PROPER-
TIES:
 The chemical properties of
alcohols are mainly due to
their functional group (-OH).
 The chemical reactivity of
alcohols can be classified as
(1) Reactions involving the
cleavage of O-H bond.
(2) Reactions involving the
cleavage of C-O bond
(3) Reactions involving both
the alkyl and -OH group.
(i) REACTIONS INVOLV-
ING CLEAVAGE OF O-H
BOND:
(i) Reaction with metals:
Alcohols react with active
// 17 //
metal such as Li, Na, K to
form metal alkoxide with
liberation of Hydrogen gas.
2R  O  H  2Na 
 2R  ONa  H2 
 Alcohol Sodiumalkoxide
e.g.
2CH3  O  H  2Na 
 2CH3  ONa H2 
Methylalcohol Sodiummethoxide
2C2H5  O  H  2Na 
 2C2H5  ONa H2 
 Ethylalcohol Sodiumethoxide
In this reaction the reactivity
of different alcohols is, pri-
mary alcohol > sec-alcohol >
tert-alcohol.
Q. What happens when Ethyl
alcohol reacts with sodium
metal?
Ans:- Ethyl alcohol reacts with so-
dium metal produce sodium
ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
2C2 H5  OH 2Na 
2C2 H5  ONa H2
Ethylalcohol Sodiumethoxide
Q. What happens when Methyl
alcohol reacts with sodium
metal?
Ans:- Methyl alcohol reacts with so-
dium metal to produce sodium
methoxide and hydrogen gas.
2CH3  OH  2Na 
 2CH3  ONa  H 2
methyl alcohol sodiummethoxide
(ii) REACTION WITH CAR-
BOXYLIC ACID:
(Esterification Reaction)
Alcohols on reaction with
carboxylic acid in presence
of conc. H2SO4 produces
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION
ester. O
||
CH3  C  OH  H  O  C2 H 5 conc
 
. H 2 SO4

acetic acid ethyl alcohol

O
||
CH3  C  O  C2 H5  H 2O
ethyl acetate

Q. What happens when Ethyl

alcohol reacts with Formic
acid ?
Ans : Ethyl alcohol reacts with for-
mic acid in acidic medium to
produce Ethyl formate.
O
||
H  C  OH  H  O  C 2 H 5 conc
 
. H 2 SO4
 Formic acid  ( Ethylalcho l )

O
||
 H  C  O  C 2 H 5  H 2O
ethyl formate 

(iii) Reaction with acid chlo-

rides and acid anhydrides:
Alcohols on reaction with acid
Q. What do you mean by “Es- chlorides and acid anhydrides
terification”? in the presence of bases like
Ans:- Alcohol react with carboxylic pyridine as catalyst, form es-
acid in acidic medium pro- ters. This reaction is called
duces ester. This reaction is acylation.
called Esterification.
O
O
|| ||
R  C  OH  H  O  R1 conc
 
.H 2 SO4 R' C  Cl  H O  R
Acid chloride
O
Carboxylicacid alcohol

O ||
||   R' C  O  R  HCl
Pyridine

R  C  O  R1  H 2O Ester
Ester

// 18 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

O
||
CH3  C  Cl  H O  C2 H 5
Acetyl chloride Ethyl alcohol
O
||
Pyridine
 CH3  C  O  C2 H 5  HCl
Ethyl acetate

O
R' C \
||

O  H  O  R Pyridine

R' C / alcohol

O
||

 C 2 H 5  Cl  POCl 3  HCl
Ethyl chloride
acid anhydride

CH 3  CH 2  CH 2  OH  PCl 5 

O O n  Propyl alcohol
CH 3  CH 2  CH 2  Cl  POCl 3  HCl
R' C O  R  R' C OH
|| ||
n  Propyl chloride
Ester Carboxylic acid
Q. What happens when ethyl
O alchol reacts with PCl5 ?
CH3  C \
||
Ans : When Ethyl alcohol reacts
O  H  O  C H 
Pyridine
with PCl5 it produces ethyl
CH3  C / 2 5

chloride and phosphoryl

ethylalcohol
||
O chloride
aceticanhydride

CH 3CH 2OH  PCl5 


O O ethyl alcohol

CH3  C O  C2H5  CH3  C OH  CH 3CH 2Cl  POCl3  HCl

|| ||

Ethyl acetate aceticacid

ethyl chloride 

2. Reactions involving cleav- (b) With PCl3

age of C-OH bond.
(i) Reaction with phosphorous
halides:
(a) With PCl5: Alcohols react
Alcohols on reaction with
PCl3 produce alkyl chloride
and phosphorous acid.
3R  OH  PCl3 
 3R  Cl  H 3PO 3
Alcohol alkyl chloride phosphorou s acid

with PCl5 to produce alkyl

chloride along with POCl3 &
HCl.

// 19 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION
Q. What happens when methyl (i.e. Red P+I2) produce alkyl
alchol reacts with PCl3 ? iodide and phosphorous acid.
Ans : When Methyl alcohol reacts
3CH  OH  PI 3
with PCl3 it produces methyl 3
methyl alcohol
chloride and phosphorous acid.
  3CH 3  I H 3PO 3
Red P  I 2 

3CH 3OH  PCl3 

 3CH 3Cl  H 3 PO3 Δ methyl iodide
 methyl alchol  methyl chloride   Phosphorous acid 

Q. What happens when Ethyl (ii) Reaction with Thionyl chlo-

alchol reacts with PCl3 ? ride (SOCl2):
Alcohols on reaction with
3CH3  CH2  OH PCl3
Ethylalcohol Thionyl chloride in presence

3CH3  CH2  Cl  H3PO3 of pyridine produce alkyl
Ethylchloride
chloride along with SO2 &
(c) With PBr3: HCl.
Alcohols on reaction with
PBr3 (i.e. Red P+Br2) pro-
duce alkyl bromide & phos-
phorous acid.
3R  OH  PBr3
alcohol

   3R  Br  H 3 PO 3
Red P  Br2 
Δ alkyl bromide

3CH 3CH 2  OH  PBr3

Ethyl alcohol

   3CH 3CH 2  Br  H 3PO3

Red P  Br2 
Δ Ethyl bromide

Q. How Ethyl alcohol can be

converted to ethyl bromide ?
Ans : Ethyl alcohol when reacts with
PBr3 (Red P+Br2), it produces
 C2H5  Cl  SO2(g)   HCl(g) 
ethyl bromide.
Pyridine
3CH3  CH2  OH  PBr3 Re
d 
P Br reflux
Ethyl chloride

3CH 3CH 2 Br  H 3 PO3 Note: This is the best method for

ethyl bromide 
the preparation of alkyl chlo-
(d) With PI3: ride.
Alcohol on reaction with PI3
// 20 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

Q. How Ethyl alchol reacts with CH 3  CH 2  OH  HCl

thionyl chloride ?
Ethyl alcohol

Ans : Ethyl alcohol reacts with 2  CH 3  CH 2  Cl  H 2O

Anh.ZnCl
thionyl chloride (SOCl 2) in
Δ Ethyl Chloride

Q. What happens when Ethyl

presence of a base (Pyridine)
alcohol reacts with Lucas’ re-
to produce ethyl chloride
agent ?
This reaction is called Darzen
Ans : Ethyl alcohol is heated with
reaction.
Lucas’ reagent (i.e. conc. HCl
CH3CH 2OH  SOCl2  
pyridine
+ anh. ZnCl2) to produce ethyl
ethyl alcohol thionyl chloride
chloride.
C H Cl  SO2  HCl
CH 3CH 2  OH  HCl Anh
. 
2 5 ZnCl2
( ethyl chloride)
ethyl alchol 
(iii) Reaction with halogen


acids: (HX): CH 3CH 2Cl  H 2O

Alcohols react with halogen
ethyl chloride

(b) Reaction with HBr in Conc.

acids to produce alkyl halide H2SO4
& water. Alcohols on reaction with HBr
R  OH HX   R  X  H2O in presence of conc. H2SO4
produces alkyl bromide
alcohol alkylhalide

In this reaction, the order of

reactivity of alcohols is, 3o-al- RAlcohol
 OH HBr Conc.H SO  R  Br  H2O 2 4
Alkylbromide

cohol > 2 -alcohol > 1 -alco- CH  CH  OH  HBr

Δ
o o

hol.
3 2
Ethyl alcohol

The reactivity order of differ- Conc.H

 SO   CH 3  CH 2  Br  H 2 O
ent halogen acids is,
2 4

Δ Ethyl bromide

HI > HBr > HCl. (c) Reaction with HI:

(a) Reaction with conc. HCl & Alcohols on reaction with HI
Anh. ZnCl2: (Lucas Reagent) (i.e. KI+Conc.H2SO4) pro-
Alcohols on reaction with duces alkyl iodide.
Lucas Reagent (Conc. HCl & RAlcohol  OH  H I    R  I  H 2 O
KI  H SO  2 4

Alkyl.iodide

Anh. ZnCl2) produces alkyl

Δ

C2 H5  OH  HI
chloride. Ethyl alcohol

  R  Cl  H2O
R  OH HCl Anh.ZnCl
alcohol
2
   C2 H5  I  H 2O
KI H2SO4 
Δ Alkyl Chloride Δ Ethyl iodide

// 21 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION
(d) Reaction with Ammonia:
On passing a mixture of am-
monia & alcohol vapours over
Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) or thoria
(ThO2) at 633K, a mixture of
primary, secondary and ter-
tiary amines are formed.
Note: No quaternary salt is
formed in this case.
Example:
3. Reactions involving both
the alkyl & hydroxyl
groups:
(i) Dehydration:
// 22 //
 Dehydration means removal
of water molecules from al-
cohol to produce alkene.
 Some common dehydrating
agents are
conc. H2SO4, Al2O3 (alumina)
CaO, P2O5 etc.
OH H
R  C H  C H2
| |
alcohol
Conc.H
 2SO 4  R  CH  CH 2  H 2O
 alkene
Mechanism of Dehydration of
Alcohols:
The mechanism of dehydra-
tion of an alcohol (e.g. ethyl
alchol) involves the follow-
ing steps.
Step - 1 : Protonation of alco-
hol
In this step protonated alco-
hol is formed by absorbing a
H+
Step - 2: Formation of
carbocation:
In this step a carbocation is
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

formed by loss of H2O form H OH

protonated alcohol. H2 C  C H2 Conc.H
|
 o2SO
|
4  H 2C  CH2  H 2O
Ethyl alcohol 170 C
Ethene

 But if it is heated with Conc.

H2SO4 at 140oC, diethyl ether
is formed instead of ethene.
H3C  CH2  O H  HO  CH2  CH3
Ethyl alcohol

  H3C  CH2  O  CH2  CH3  H2O

Conc.H2SO4
140 C diethylether

 If it is heated with conc.

H2SO4 at 110oC, ethyl hydro-
gen sulphate is formed.
Step-3 : Loss of H+ ion : H 3C  CH 2  OH  H  HSO 4
In this step H+ is released Ethyl alcohol

from carbocation and alkene Conc.H

  2SO
4  CH 3  CH 2  HSO 4
110 C

is formed.
Ethylhydro gen sulphate
 H 2O

C2H5  OH Conc.H
  CH2  CH2 (Ethene)
2SO4
o
170 C

C2H5  OH   Conc.H2SO4

o
140 C

CH3  CH2  O  CH2  CH3 (Diethylether)

C2H5  OH Conc.H
 
The mechanism of dehydra-
2SO4

 110 C
o

CH3  CH2  HSO4 (Ethylhydrogensulphate)

tion includes the formation
of carbocation. Example:
 So the order of dehydration
OH H
of alcohols is
CH3  C H  CH2
| |

3o-alcohol > 2o-alcohol >1o-alcohol Isopropylalcohol

Example:
Conc.H
SO CH3  CH  CH2  H2O
Ethyl alcohol on heating with
2 4
Δ
Propene

Conc.H2SO4 at 170oC, pro-

100 C o

duces ethene. OH
CH 3  C H  CH2  CH3 Conc.H
|
 SO  2 4

Sec  Butyl alcohol 100o C

 H 2O

// 23 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

CH2  CH  CH2  CH3  CH3  CH  CH  CH3  CH 2  CH 2  H 2O

But lene But2ene  Ethylene
It can be explained by (ii) Oxidation:
(Major)


Saytzef’s rule i.e.  The most common oxidising
It two or more different alk- agents are alkaline KMnO4,
enes can be produced by de- acidic K2Cr2O7, Conc. HNO3
hydration of alcohols the most etc.
alkylated alkene will be the  Different types of alcohols
major product. produce different types of
Q. What happens when Ethyl products on oxidation.
alcohol reacts with conc. (a) Oxidation of 1o-alcohol:
H2SO4 at 1o-alcohols on oxidation with
a) 1100C b) 1400C c) 1700C strong oxidising agents first
Ans : a) When Ethyl alcohol reacts produce aldehyde which then
with conc. H2SO4 at 110 C,
0
gets converted to carboxylic
Ethyl hydrogen sulphate is acid.
formed
CH 3CH 2OH  H 2 SO4 110
 C

0

CH 3CH 2  HSO4  H 2O
 Ethyl hydrogen sulphate 

b) When excess of ethyl alco- O O

hol react with conc. H2SO4 at R   O   
    OH
||

C H R C
|| K Cr O H 

140 C, diethyl ether is pro-

2 2 7

0 O Carboxnyli c acid

aldehyde

duced. Example:
C2 H5OH  HO  C2 H5 conc
 
. H 2 SO4
0
140 C

 C2 H 5  O  C2 H 5  H 2O
 Diethyl ether 
c) When ethyl alcohol reacts
with conc. H2SO4 at 1700C, eth-
ylene is formed.
H
|
OH
|
Q. What happens when ethyl al-
CH 2  CH 2  conc . H 2 SO4 170

0
C
 cohol is treated with acidified
 Ethyl alcohol  KMnO4 solution ?
Ans : Ethyl alcohol when treated
// 24 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION
with acidified KMnO4 solution,
O
it is first oxidized to acetalde-
CH3  CH2  C CH3
||

hyde and then to acetic acid. Butan 2one

O O
CH 3  CH 2  OH [O] KMnO
  K  

4/H

2Cr2O7 H

CH3  C OH  HO  C CH3
|| ||
ethyl alcohol  O 
Acetic acid

O
|| O What happens when Isopro- Q.
||
CH3  C  H KMnO
  CH 3  C  OH pyl alchol is treated with

4/H

acetaldehyde acetic acid PCC in acidic medium ?

(b) Oxidation of 2 -alcohol:
o
Ans : Isopropyl alcohol when
2 -alcohols on oxidation pro-
o
treated with PCC in acidic me-
duce ketone, which on further dium produces acetone.
oxidation produce a mixture of OH
lower carboxylic acids. |
CH 3  OH  CH 3  [O ] PCC
 
/H
 Isopropyl alcohol 

O
||
CH3  C  CH3  H 2O
 acetone

O
(c) Oxidation of 3o-alcohols:
3o-alcohols do not have any  -
R  CH2  C R1 K  
|| 

hydrogen atom, so these have

2Cr2O7 H

O
Ketone
to be oxidised by strong
O O oxidising agent like conc.
R  C OH  HO  C R1 HNO 3 to produce alkene,
|| ||

(Carboxylic acid) which on further oxidation

Example: produce carboxylic acid.
OH
CH3  CH 2  C CH3 K  
| 
2 Cr2O7 H

| O 
H
Sec Butylalcohol

O
CH3  CH2  C CH3
||

Butan 2one

// 25 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION
Ex-

Ex:

:elm
pa

(b) 2o-alcohol:
Secondary alcohol on dehy-
drogenation by red hot cop-
Remember: per tube produce ketone at
O
1o-alcohol  aldehyde 3 0 0 C.
o

O
 Carboxylic acid
O
2o-alcohol Ketone
O Carboxylic acid
 
3o-alcohol 
 
O
alkene
 

O
Carboxylic acid
(iii) By dehydrogenation:
When vapours of alcohol are
passed through red hot copper
(c) 3o-alcohols:
tube at 300 C, alcohols loose
o
Tertiary alcohols on dehydra-
H2 molecule to produce a va-
tion in red hot copper tube
riety of products.
produce alkene & H2O.
(a) 1o-alcohol:
Example:
Primary alcohols on dehydro-
genation by red hot copper
tube produce aldehyde

// 26 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

R  OH HCl Anh

.  R  Cl  H 2O
ZnCl2
alcohol conc  Alkyl chloride
The three types of alchols un-
dergo this reaction at different
rates. The rates of reaction with
Q. How ethyl alcohol reacts with
Lucas reagent is of the follow-
copper metal at 3000C ?
ing order - tertiary alcohol >
Ans: Ethyl alcohol reacts with cop-
secondary alcohol > Primary
per metal at 3000C to undergo
alcohol
catalytic dehydrogenation and
produce actaldehyde. R  CH2  OH HCl Anh
. 
ZnCl2
No
1 alcohol
0 conc

O
||
reaction (no turbidity at room
CH3  CH2  OH 
Cu
CH3  C  H  H 2 temperature)
ethyl alcohol 300 C  acetaldehyde 
0

Q. How isopropyl alcohol reacts

with copper metal at 3000C ?
Ans : Isopropyl alcohol reacts with
copper metal at 3000C to un-
dergo catalytic dehydrogena-
tion and produce acetone .
OH O
| ||
CH3  CH  CH3  CH  C  CH  H
Cu
300 0 C 3 3 2
 Isopropyl alcohol  Acetone

Remember:
1o-alcohol Cu300
C
 aldehyde +H2
2o-alcohol Cu300
C
 Ketone + H2
3o-alcohol Cu300
C
 alkene + H2O
Q. Distinguish between 10,20 &
30 -alcohol by Lucas reagent.
Ans : Lucas reagent : conc. HCl +
Anh. ZnCl2
Distinction between 1o, 2o & 3o
when alcohols react with a mix-
alcohols
ture of conc. HCl and Anh.
(1) Lucas Test:
ZnCl 2 , corresponding
 Lucas Reagent (conc. HCl
alkylhalide is formed.
and anh. ZnCl2).

// 27 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION
 This test is based on the dif- (c) 1o-alcohol do not react with
ference in the reactivity of Lucas reagent. They will
various alcohols towards react only after heating.
Lucas Reagent. R  CH 2  OH  HC l
R  OH H  Cl  R  Cl  H2O
Anh.ZnCl2 1  alcohol 
o

 Anh.ZnCl
 2  R  CH 2  C l  H 2 O
alcohol Δ alkylchloride

 The alkyl chloride formed is Δ Alkyl chloride

insoluble so bring about tur-

(only after heating)

bidity. Remember:
 As the order of reactivity of
1o-alcohol Lucas
   Turbid-
Reagent

different alcohols is ity after heating.

3o-alcohol > 2o-alcohol > 2o-alcohol Lucas
  Turbid-
Reagent

1o-alcohol ity after 5 minutes.

(a) 3o-alcohols on reaction with 3o-alcohol Lucas
  Turbid-
Reagent

Lucas Reagent immediately ity appear immediatly.

form turbidity 2. Victor Meyer’s Test:
 This reaction is based on the
R different behaviours of
\
R  C  OH  H  Cl nitroalkanes towards nitrous
/ acid.
R
3alcohol Following steps are involved
R in this test-
\
Anh.ZnCl
2  R  C  Cl  H2O (i) The given alcohol is treated
/
R with Red P/I2 to form corre-
sponding alkyl iodide.
alkyl chloride
(immediate turbidity)

(ii) The alkyl iodide then reacts

(b) 2o-alcohols on reaction with with silver nitrite to convert
Lucas reagent form turbidity it into corresponding
after 5 minutes. nitroalkane.
R\
(iii) The nitroalkane is then
CH  OH  H  Cl treated with nitrous acid
R /
(HNO2) then made alkaline
with aq. NaOH.
o
2  alcohol
R\
Anh.ZnCl
 2  CH  Cl  H 2O Observation:
R/
Alkyl chloride If Blood red colour  pri-
(turbidity in 5 mins.)
// 28 //
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

mary alcohol sponding alkyl iodide.

ii) Alkyl iodide is treated with sil-
If Blue colour  secondary
ver nitrate when corresponding
alcohol
Nitroalkane is formed.
If colourless  Tertiary
iii) Then nitro alkane is treated
alcohol with nitrous acid and the solu-
Chemical Reactions in Victor tion is made alkaline by aq.
Mayer’s Test: NaOH.
- Blood red colouration indi-
cates 10-alcohol.
- Blue colouration indicates 20-
alcohol.
- If the solution remains
colourless it’s 30-alcohol.

Q. Distinguish between pri-

mary, secondary and tertiary
alcohol by victor - Mayer’s Q.
method.
Ans : This test involves following
steps - Ans
i) Alcohol is reacted with Red P
and Iodine to form the corre-
// 29 //
Suggest a test to distinguish
between methyl alcohol and
ethyl alcohol.
: Methyl alcohol and ethyl
alchol can be distinguished by
Iodoform test as ethyl alcohol
 TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTION

gives positive iodoform test. Uses:

O a) Uses of Methyl alcohol:
||
CH3CH 2OH NaOH
  CH 3  C  H  It is used as a solvent for fats,
I2

oils, paints etc.

NaOI

O O
|| ||  It is used to denature rectified
CH3  C  H  3I2 
CI3  C  H  3HI
spirit.
O  Used as antifreeze for automo-
||
CI 3  C  H  NaOH 
 bile radiators.
 Used in preparation of dyes
O
|| and plastics etc.
CHI 3   H  C  ONa
 Iodoform   sodium formate  b) Uses of Ethyl alcohol
 Used as a solvent in labora-
 yellow ppt. 
 

Methyl alcohol does not react tory.

with NaOH and I2.
 Used in various alcoholic bev-
CH3  OH NaOH
 No reaction erages for drinking purpose.
 Used in manufacture of phar-
I2

Q. Convert methyl alcohol to

ethyl alcohol and vice-versa. maceuticals and medicines.
Ans: Methyl alcohol to ethylalcohol.  Also used as a fuel in some

CH3  OH SOCl
2 CH3  Cl KCN
CH3  CN
cases.

CH3  CN H  

2O / H

O
||
CH3  C  OH LiAlH
4 CH3CH2OH
Ethylalcohol to Methyl alcohol

CH3  CH2  OH KMnO

 

4/H

O 

O
||
CH 3  C  OH NaOH

O
||
CH3  C  ONa Soda
 CH4 
lime Cl2
NaOHCaO hu

CH3Cl aq
.KOH

CH3OH

// 30 //