GEO-TECH

SUBMITTEDTO:
SUBMITTED
DR
BY:
NAME: MUHAMMAD UMAIR
LAB REPO
REGISTERATION NO.: 2021-CI
SECTION: A
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
JOB 1.........................................................2
Calibration of speedy moisture tester....5
JOB 2 5
Determination of maximum and minimum void ratio of granular soil4
JOB 4.........................................................5
Type chapter title (level 3) 6
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Calibration of speedy moisture tester

JOB
#1:

1. OBJECTIVE:-
The objective of this job is given as:
OBJECTIVE, APPARATUS AND RELATED THHEORY

 Error reduction.
 Enhanced reliability.
 Approximation oven dry moisture measurement.
2. APPARATUS:-
The apparatus for this job is given as:-
 Speedy moisture meter.
 Two 1.25 inch steel balls.
 Scoop for calcium carbide reagent.
 Cleaning brush and cloth.
 Calcium carbide reagent.
3. RELATED THEORY:-
 Calibration:-
Calibration is the process of configuring an instrument to provide a result
for a sample within an acceptable range.
 Purpose of calibration:-
The goal of calibration is to minimise any measurement uncertainty by ensuring
the accuracy of test equipment. Calibration quantifies and controls errors or uncertainties
within measurement processes to an acceptable level.
 Method:-
Oven drying method is considered to provide the best estimate of moisture content.
 Speedy moisture meter:-
The speedy moisture meter is used to find the moisture content in the soil. The
Speedy moisture tester ASTM D4944 test can determine the moisture levels of many
different aggregate materials. Determining the relative moisture of an aggregate is highly
important, and you need machines that can perform a precise analysis of your material.
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 Chemical reaction formula:-

CaC2 + H2O C2H2 + CaO
 Advantages of the JOB NO.1
speedy moisture tester:-
When compared with other moisture measurement systems, the Speedy tester is
often the most practical solution, especially when working in the field.
1. Accurate and simple to use.
2. Robust and reliable.
3. Portable and requires no external power source.
4. Versatile - many materials can be measured over a wide moisture content range.

 Procedure:-
1. Take a soil with a certain moisture. Field out moisture by the oven dry as well as SMM.
2. Add about 2% moisture in the soil and repeat moisture content determination
3. Place some amount of the sample in the oven to determine moisture content by oven
dry method.
PROCEDURE

4. To use the speedy moisture meter, weight 26 gms of soil and place it in the cap of
tester.
5. Place three scoops (Approximately 26 gms) of calcium carbide and two steel balls in
the large chamber of the moisture meter.
6. With the pressure vessel in the horizontal position insert the cap in the pressure vessel
and seal it by tightening the clamp. Take care no carbide comes in contact with soil until a
complete seal is achieved.
7. Raise the moisture tester in vertical position so that the soil in the cap will fall into the
pressure vessel.
8. Shake the instrument vigorously so the all the lumps are broken to enable calcium to
react with all available free moisture. The instrument should be shaken with a rotating
motion so that the steel balls will not damage the instrument or cause soil particles to
become embedded in the orifice leading to pressure diaphragm
9. When the needle stop moving read the dial reading.
10. With the cap of the instrument pointed away from the operator, slowly release the gas
pressure. Examine the material for lumps. If the sample is not completely pulverized the
test should be repeated.
11. Plot a graph between moisture content and moisture content as obtained by speedy
moisture meter. (wsp) .
12. Continue the above procedure to obtain at least four points.
13. Set a best fit trend line on the data points and show equation
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JOB NO.1
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS

Figure: Electric oven

Figure: speedy moisture tester

 Observation and calculations:-

Zero error= 0.6
Sample no. 1 2 3 4
Can no. 21 1 73 36
WWET gm
33.65 33.39 34.47 31.09
WDRY gm
32.69 32.11 33.31 30.58
WCAN gm
16.1 13.85 15.4 15.04
Weight 0.96 1.28 1.16 0.51
gm
of water
Weight gm 16.59 18.26 17.91 15.54
of soil
Moisture gm 5.786 7.00 6.47 3.28
content

JOB NO.1
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JOB # 2:MOISTURE METHOD:-
 SPEEDY
Determination
Sample no. of1the maximum
2 and minimum
3 4
Wsp void ratio
6.6 of granular
7.4 soil 5.2 3.2
Wsp(zero 6 6.8 4.6 2.6
correction)
Wcorrected 6.3829 7.296 4.8218 2.669
Wsp
Wcorrected= 1−Wsp

Relationship B/W moisture content of OD and

moisture content form oven dry method

SMD
8
7
7 6.47
5.786
6
5
4 3.28
3
2
1
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
moisture content from speedy moisture tester (%)
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1. OBJECTIVE:-
The main objective of this job is to determine the limiting void ratio and level of
compaction of a non-cohesive soil. We determine both minimum and maximum void ratio of
granular soil.
 ASTM D 4254- Standard test method for minimum index density and unit weight.
 ASTM D 4253- Standard test method for maximum index density and unit weight of
soil using the vibratory table.
2. APPARATUS:-
The apparatus for this job is given as:-
 Vibrating table.
 Mold and assembly.
 Surcharge base plate, weighs and handle.
 Dial gauge, balance and straight edge.
3. RELATED THEORY:-
 Relative density:-
Relative density, or specific gravity, is the ratio of the density of a substance to
the density of a given reference material. It is a unitless quantity. Relative density or
density index is the ratio of the difference between the void ratios of a cohesionless soil in
its loosest state and existing natural state to the difference between its void ratio in the
loosest and densest states. The formula of the relative density is given as below:-
e max−ef
Dr= e max−emin
 Relative Compaction:-
The dry density of a soil in situ divided by the maximum dry density of the soil as
established by the Proctor compaction test or any other standard test.
Ɣ dry
R.C= Ɣ d max

 Void ratio:-
It is the ratio of the voids present in the soil particles.
JOB NO.2 e=
vv
vs
 Granular soils:-
Granular soil means gravel, sand, or silt, (coarse grained soil) with little or no clay
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 Procedure:-
1. Fill the mold with the soil as loosely as possible by pouring the soil using a scoop or funnel.
JOB NO.2
Care should be taken to minimize the particle segregation.
2. Trim off the excess soil with the top by carefully trimming the soil surface with the straight
edge.
3. Place the surcharge base plate on the surface of the soil and twist it slightly several times so
that it is placed firmly and tightly in contact with the soil surface.
4. Remove the surcharge case plate handle
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JOB NO.2
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Figure: funnel

 Observation and calculations:-

1. Diameter of mold= d= 6”= 15.24 cm
2. Height of the mold=Emaxh = 6”=and
15.24Emin
cm Bar chart
3. Volume of mold=
1.2
V=
4. Specific gravity
1
of soil= 2.68
0.982
0.9276 0.9336
0.8814 0.8861 0.8981
Emax-Emin value

0.8 0.71
Sample Difference H’=h-H
0.6113 Volume
0.5747 Wt. of Min.
0.6101 Max. Max.
0.593 Min.
0.6 0.521
no.1 change in H (cm) (V2) sample index index void void
(cm) 0.4 cm (W3) density density ratio ratio
0.2 gms (Ɣmin) (Ɣmax) (emax) (emin)
g/cm3 g/cm3
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. 2.85 12.39 2260.12 3759 OF VALUES
NUMBER 1.3521 1.6631 0.9820 0.6113
2. 2.79 12.45 2271.06 3865 1.3902 1.7018 0.9276 0.5747
3. 1.388 13.852 2526.81 3960 1.4244 1.5671 0.8814 0.7100
emax emin
4. 2.55 12.69 2314.84 3853 1.3859 1.6644 0.9336 0.6101
5. 2.95 12.29 2241.87 3950 1.4208 1.7619 0.8861 0.5210
6. 2.45 12.79 2333.08 3925 1.4118 1.6823 0.8981 0.5930

 DATA ANALYSIS:-
Emax (mean) = 0.9181

Mean void ratio min:

Emin (mean) = 0.60335
Sr. No. 1 JOB NO.2
2 3 4 5 6
emax 0.9820 0.9276 0.8814 0.9336 0.8861 0.8981
emin 0.6113 0.5747 0.7100 0.6101 0.5210 0.5930
emaxerr 6.5 1.0 3.67 1.55 3.2 2
eminerr 0.8 2.86 10 0.68 6 1.03
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 Relative density for Emax=0.9336 to Emin=0.6101:-

Void ratio 0.93 0.79 0.63 0.61
Relative
density (Dr) 0 0.43 0.93 1

Relative 0 43 93 100
density %
 Comments:-

JOB # 3:
Performance of direct shear test
JOB NO.2
1. OBJECTIVE:-
Determination of shear strength parameters of a granular soil using ASTM
standardized procedure. The reference will be D3080/D3080M Standard Test Method for
Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions.
2. APPARATUS:-
The apparatus for this job is given as:-
1.Shear box, Shear box container.
2. Base plate with cross groves on its top.
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 Schematic diagram of direct shear apparatus:-

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 Normal stress and shear stress:-

Shear stress is the internal resistance of the body when a specific load applied on it.
The shear stress can be calculated as follows:-
shear force
Shear strees= corrected cross sectional area of the specimen
The normal shear stress can be calculated as follow:-
normal force
Normal stress= corrected cross sectional area of the specimen
 Types of test:-
These are the following types of test we can perform:-
Unconsolidated Un-drained Test (Quick Test).
Consolidated Un-drained Test (Rapid Test).
Consolidated Drained Test (Slow Test).
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Base plate

Loading pad.

Perforated plate.

Porous plate.

Perforated plate.
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7. Note down the weight of shear box with soil specimen.

8. Above the soil specimen, place the upper grid plate, porous stone and loading pad
one above the other.
9. Now the whole box is placed in a container and mounted on the loading frame.
10. Proving ring is arranged in such a way that it should contact the upper half of the
shear box.
11. Loading yoke is placed on the steel ball of loading pad of shear box.\
12. Two dial gauges are fitted one to the container for measuring shear displacement
and other one is to the loading yoke for measuring vertical displacement.
13. Now locking pins are removed from the shear box and spacing screws are placed in
their respective positions of the box.
14. The upper half of the box is raised slightly with the help of spacing screws. The
spacing is decided depending upon the maximum size of particle.
15. Now apply the normal stress which is generally 35.836 kN/m2 . Also apply the shear
load at a constant rate of strain.
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TABLE 3.1: Calculation of normal stress and shear stress with normal load
10lbs
Specim Normal Horizontal Horizontal Corrected Load Horizontal Shear Normal
en No. Load D/R Displacemen Area A- Ring Shear Stress Stress
t H = Col (3) X ∆bh D/R Force Col Col
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TABLE 3.2: Calculation of normal stress and shear stress with normal load
20lbs
Specim Normal Horizontal Horizontal Corrected Load Horizontal Shear Normal
en No. Load D/R Displacemen Area A- Ring Shear Stress Stress
t H = Col (3) X ∆bh D/R Force Col Col
Lc (6) X Lc (7)/Col
(5)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
- N Div m m2 div kN kN/m2 kN/m2
1 128.73 10 0.1 3594 9.5 0.0346 9.627 35.818
2 128.73 20 0.2 3588 12 0.0438 12.207 35.878
3 128.73 30 0.3 3582 13.4 0.0489 13.652 35.938
4 128.73 40 0.4 3576 14.5 0.0529 14.793 35.998
5 128.73 50 0.5 3570 15 0.0547 15.322 36.059
6 128.73 60 0.6 3564 15.8 0.0576 16.162 36.12
7 128.73 70 0.7 3558 16.5 0.0602 16.92 36.18
8 128.73 80 0.8 3552 17 0.062 17.455 36.242
9 128.73 90 0.9 3546 17.5 0.0638 17.992 36.303
10 128.73 100 1 3540 18 0.0657 18.559 36.364
11 128.73 110 1.1 3534 18.1 0.066 18.676 36.426
12 128.73 120 1.2 3528 18.1 0.066 18.707 36.488
13 128.73 130 1.3 3522 18.5 0.0675 19.165 36.55
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TABLE 3.3: Calculation of normal stress and shear stress with normal load
30lbs
Specim Normal Horizontal Horizontal Corrected Load Horizontal Shear Normal
en No. Load D/R Displacemen Area A- Ring Shear Stress Stress
t H = Col (3) X ∆bh D/R Force Col Col
Lc (6) X Lc (7)/Col
(5)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
- N Div m m2 div kN kN/m2 kN/m2
1 173.2 10 0.1 3594 12 0.0453 18.905 48.167
2 173.2 20 0.2 3588 16 0.0604 7.202 20.619
3 173.2 30 0.3 3582 18.5 0.0699 19.528 48.353
4 173.2 40 0.4 3576 20 0.0756 21.146 48.434
5 173.2 50 0.5 3570 21.7 0.0820 22.982 48.515
6 173.2 60 0.6 3564 22.2 0.0839 23.552 48.597
7 173.2 70 0.7 3558 23 0.0869 24.441 48.679
8 173.2 80 0.8 3552 23.5 0.0888 25.015 48.761
9 173.2 90 0.9 3546 24 0.0907 25.590 48.844
10 173.2 100 1 3540 24.4 0.0922 26.061 48.927
11 173.2 110 1.1 3534 25 0.0942 26.747 49.010
12 173.2 120 1.2 3528 25 0.0945 26.793 49.093
13 173.2 130 1.3 3522 25 0.0945 26.838 49.177
14 173.2 140 1.4 3516 25.2 0.0952 27.099 49.261
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Normal load with hanger 28.94 lb Normal load with hanger 30 lb

Normal load with hanger 18.94lb
30

T max=27.146KPa
25
Shear stress (KPa)

20
T max =20.869 KPa

15
T max =13.509 KPa
10

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018

Horizontal displacement (m)

 GRAPH B/W SHEAR STRESS AND HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT:

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GRAPH B/W SHEAR STRESS AND NORMAL STRESS

 COMMENTS:-
.After completing the experiment we get the bunch of observations and these are
readings and values we get by performing this experiment.
1. We get the maximum shear values for three normal loads as below:
For normal load 10lbs, we get the maximum shear value of 13.509kpa.
For normal load 20lbs, we get the maximum shear value of 20.869kpa.
For normal load 30lbs, we get the maximum shear value of 27.146kpa.
2. By plotting the graph between the maximum shear stress and normal stress we
will get almost straight line then we extend the line so the slope of the line will be
the angle of inclination internally in the soil and we will get cohesion value of the
soil. The cohesion value in this case is 0.746 and the angle of inclination is
28017’.
3. The maximum shear represent the point where the failure occurs in the soil.

Relation Between Peak Normal and Shear

Stresses with the change of Normal Load
30
27.146

25 f(x) = 0.538244131273894 x + 0.746007890858138

20.869
20

15 13.509

10

0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55