CHAP:12: Electricity

Class: X

Electric symbols:

Electric circuits:
The continuous & close path for flow of electric current is called electric circuit. Electric circuit have,
cell/battery, resistance etc. in it.

Charge (𝑞): two types of charge + 𝑣𝑒 & − 𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

+ 𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒: on proton
−𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 ∶ on electron
Unit of charge: Coulomb (French physicist: Charles Augustin de Coulomb )

Charge of 1 electron is denoted by "𝑒" & its value is

𝑒 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶

Net charge (q) :

𝑞 =𝑛 ×𝑒
𝑞 = net charge/ total charge , 𝑛 = number of electron , 𝑒 = charge of 1 electron

Flow of electric charge produces electric current.

Current(𝑰):
Net charge flowing through unit cross section area in unit time is called current. (𝐼)
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑞 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐼 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑞
𝐼=
𝑡

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 CHAP:12: Electricity
Class: X
𝑆. 𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠: 𝑞 → 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 (𝐶) , 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 → 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑠) , 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 → 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝐴)
Direction of conventional current/(direction of current): + 𝑣𝑒 & − 𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦
Direction of electronic current: − 𝑣𝑒 & + 𝑣𝑒

1 Ampere Current:
𝒒
𝑰=
𝒕
𝐼𝑓 𝑞 = 1 𝐶 𝑡=1 𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼 = 1 𝐴
If 1 Coulomb charge flowing through unit cross section area in 1 sec time, then the current is 1 Ampere.

𝑚 (𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖) = 10−3 𝜇 (𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜) = 10−6

Notations:
𝑚 𝐴 = 10−3 𝐴 𝜇 𝐴 = 10−6 𝐴
Smaller unit of current:

The device which measures the current is called ammeter. It is connected in series.

Current direction:
The opposite direction of the −𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 flow is the direction of the current in the circuit.
(Current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal.)

Cell: The chemical reaction causes the electrical potential difference in the electric circuit. This potential
difference causes the electron to flow in the conductor (metal wire).

Electrical potential:
It is equal to the work done per unit charge from bringing one point to another in the electric circuit. (𝑉)
(SCALAR)
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑊 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 , 𝑞 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑉 = 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)
𝑊
𝑉=
𝑞
𝑆. 𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠: 𝑊 → 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 (𝐽)
𝑞 → 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 (𝐶)
𝐽
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 → 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 (𝑉) = = 𝐽𝐶 −1
𝐶

Electrical potential difference:

𝑊𝐴𝐵
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 =
𝑞
(𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 0 , no current will flow.) (-ve charge move from low potential to high potential) (current move from
high potential to low potential)

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 CHAP:12: Electricity
Class: X

1 Volt Potential difference:

𝑊
𝑉=
𝑞

𝐼𝑓 𝑊 = 1 𝐽 𝑞 =1𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉 =1𝑉

If 1 joule work is done to bring 1 Coulomb charge from one point to another in electric circuit, then the potential
difference is 1 volt.
The device which measures the potential difference is called voltmeter. It is connected in parallel.

(AS ViP- Ammeter Series, Voltmeter Parallel)

Ohm’s law: This law states

If the physical conditions (temperature, pressure) remain same then the current through the metallic Conductor
is directly proportional to the voltage (potential difference) across the wire.
𝑉 ∝𝐼
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
Here 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (proportionality constant)

Resistance:
The property due to which the conductor opposes (slow down) the motion of charges, is called resistance. (𝑅)
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐼 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑉
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 ⟹ 𝑅=
𝐼
𝑆. 𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠: 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 → 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 (𝑉)
𝐼 → 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒(𝐴)
𝑅 → 𝑂ℎ𝑚 (Ω)
Ω − omega

1 ohm resistance:
𝑉
𝑅=
𝐼
V
𝐼𝑓 𝑉 = 1 𝑉 , 𝐼 = 1 𝐴 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅 = 1 Ω = A = VA−1

If 1 ampere current flow when 1 𝑉 potential difference is across the ends of the conductor then the resistance of
the conductor is 1 ohm.
Or
Resistance of conductor is 1 ohm, if 1 ampere current flow when 1 volt potential difference is applied across the
conductor.

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 CHAP:12: Electricity
Class: X
Note: the slope of V-I graph for ohms law is straight line passing through the origin. The slope of V-I graph
gives the resistance.

V-I graph slope: resistance & I-V graph slope: 1 / resistance

Rheostat:
It is variable resistor, which changes current in the circuit.

Factors on which the resistance depends:

If 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ of wire (∝ is read as – proportional to )
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 of wire , 𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 of wire

It is found out

1. 𝑅 ∝ 𝑙
1
2. 𝑅 ∝ 𝐴
Combining them (𝝆 = 𝒓𝒉𝒐)
𝑙
𝑅 ∝
𝐴
𝑙
𝑅=𝜌
𝐴
𝜌 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
Units of 𝜌 = 𝑜ℎ𝑚 . 𝑚
Resistance depends on , length and area of wire , temperature & nature of the material.
Note: 𝜌𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 > 𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦 > 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝜌 𝐼 𝐴 𝐶 )

Why alloys are used in electrical heating devices? / Why tungsten is used in filament of bulb?
Ans: the alloys don’t oxidize (burn) readily at high temperature, so they can b e heated up to large temperature
without melting. Hence they are used in heating device. (high resistivity & high melting point)

(resistivity of alloys don’t change much with temperature change that is why they are used to make resistance
box, rheostat and standard resistance wire)
𝜌 Does not depend on length or area of conductor. It depends on the nature of conductor.

Series & parallel:

If same current flow through the resistance then they are in series in circuit, if not then they are in parallel.

(Check same current flow or not by – water pipe method, if water/current divides then parallel, if water/current
same then series)

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CHAP:12: Electricity
Class: X

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 CHAP:12: Electricity
Class: X
Power in electric circuit/ electric power:
𝑊
As 𝑉 = ⇒ 𝑊 = 𝑉𝑞
𝑞

𝑊 𝑉𝑞 𝑞
𝑃= = = 𝑉 × = 𝑉𝐼
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 Put 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 Put 𝐼 = 𝑉/𝑅
𝑃 = (𝐼𝑅)𝐼 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 𝑃 = 𝑉(𝑉/𝑅) = 𝑉 2 /𝑅
so
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 𝑉 2 /𝑅

Electric Power: the time rate at which the electrical energy is consumed or dissipated in the electric circuit is
called power. Its unit is watt (𝑊).
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼

1 watt electric power:

𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
𝐼𝑓 𝑉 = 1 𝑉 𝐼 = 1𝐴 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃 = 1𝑊
Power consumed by a device is 1 watt if 1 ampere current flow through the circuit when 1 volt potential
difference is applied.
Cell spends chemical energy to move an electron; this energy gets converted into heat energy.

Joule law of heating/heating effect of electric current:

𝑊
We know 𝑃 = 𝑡
So work done by electrical energy 𝑊 = 𝑃 × 𝑡
This work/energy gets dissipated (converted) in the resistor as heat energy.
So amount of heat energy produced in time 𝑡
𝐻 = 𝑊 = 𝑃 × 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡
2
𝑉2
𝐻 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑡
𝑅
𝐻 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡
This relation is known as joule law of heating.

Joule’s law:
Joule’s law states that
The heat produced in the resistor is directly proportional to
1. The square of the current in the resistor. 𝐻 ∝ 𝐼 2
2. Resistance of the resistor. 𝐻 ∝ 𝑅
3. The time for which the current flow in the resistor. 𝐻 ∝ 𝑡
So combining all 𝐻 ∝ 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡
𝐻 = 𝐾𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡 𝐾 = proportionality constant = 1
2
𝐻 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑡
Practical applications of heating effect of electric current:

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 CHAP:12: Electricity
Class: X
Bulb filament: it is tungsten metal which have high melting point (38000 F), so that it can shine without melting
even at high temperature.
Bulb is filled with inactive (inert) gas nitrogen & argon gas so that it doesn’t react with gas, don’t gets oxidize
& melts.
Electric fuse: It is a metal or alloy (I-TCL- iron, Tin, copper, lead) wire. It has very low melting point. It gets
melt when excessive current flow through it.
It has high resistivity & low melting point. (proper rating according to the load)
Fuse of different rating have different thickness.
Fuse radius will be large for large current.
It is connected in series.

Working
It is a safety device, it gets melts & breaks the circuit when large current flow through it. So it saves the
wiring/circuit/device from fire.
Current rating: The maximum value of current which can pass through the fuse wire without melting the fuse
is called current rating for fuse.
If current more than the current rating passes through the fuse, fuse gets melt & it breaks the circuit.

Rating of electrical appliance:

100 W – 220 V, means if the appliance is operated at 220 V then it will use 100 Joule energy per second.

Kilowatt: 𝑘 𝑊 = 1000 𝑊
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦/𝐻 = 𝑃 × 𝑡
So unit of electrical energy = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 × ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 𝑊ℎ
1𝑘𝑊ℎ = 1 × 𝑘 × 𝑊 × ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
1𝑘𝑊ℎ = 1 × 1000 × 𝑊 × 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1 𝑘𝑊ℎ = 3600000 𝑊𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 3.6 × 106 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 (𝑊𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒)
𝟏𝒌𝑾𝒉 = 𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒋

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 CHAP:12: Electricity
Class: X
Which bulb will glow more? (Don’t write, Just for understanding)
For same voltage

𝑉2
𝑃=
𝑅
𝑉2
𝑅=
𝑃
1
𝑅 ∝
𝑃
But heat produced is

FOR SERIES CONNECTION FOR PARALLEL CONNECTION

𝐻𝑺𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑬𝑺 = 𝐼 2 𝑹𝑇 𝑉2
𝐻𝑷𝑨𝑹𝑨𝑳𝑳𝑬𝑳 = 𝑇
𝑹
𝐻𝑺𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑬𝑺 ∝ 𝑹 1
𝐻𝑷𝑨𝑹𝑨𝑳𝑳𝑬𝑳 ∝
𝑹
But
But
𝟏
𝑅 ∝ 𝟏
𝑷 𝑅 ∝
𝑷
𝟏
𝐻𝑺𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑬𝑺 ∝ 𝑹 ∝ 1
𝑷 𝐻𝑷𝑨𝑹𝑨𝑳𝑳𝑬𝑳 ∝ ∝𝑷
𝑹
Heat produces is inversely proportional to Heat produces is directly proportional to
power in series. power in parallel.

So in series low rating have more heating, So in parallel high rating have more
so more glow. heating, so more glow.

CHEAT CODE:
In DSLR glow more: Series Low Rating glow more.