Gender and Sexuality

in the Past

Instructions:

Research on the Historical Roots of our Understanding of Gender and Sexuality. Get the historical view
from the following perspectives:

Countries Historical view on Gender and Sexuality

Greek Modern ideas about sexuality and gender are very different from those of
ancient Greece, when gender roles were well defined and there was a
clear distinction between the responsibilities that women and men played
in society. While women were supposed to care for the home and nurture
children, men were seen as the principal citizens. In terms of sexuality,
the ancient Greeks had a more fluid understanding compared to modern
notions. It is well known that same-sex relationships, particularly between
adult men and adolescent boys, were more accepted and even celebrated
in some contexts. This practice, known as pederasty, was embedded in the
social and educational customs of ancient Greece, particularly in certain
city-states like Athens. However, it's important to note that ancient Greek
attitudes toward sexuality were complex and varied across regions and
time periods. The acceptance of same-sex relationships and the fluidity of
sexual experiences did not necessarily indicate a modern understanding of
sexual orientation. Greek society generally did not categorize individuals
based on their sexual preferences, as concepts like homosexuality or
heterosexuality were not well-defined in their culture. It is also worth
mentioning that women in ancient Greece had limited sexual agency, as
their primary role was tied to reproduction and maintaining the oikos
(household). Their sexual conduct was expected to be regulated and
modest, while male sexuality had different social expectations and
freedoms. It is crucial to approach the study of gender and sexuality in
ancient Greece with a nuanced understanding of the historical context,
recognizing differences from our contemporary understanding and
avoiding imposing our modern values upon it.

Egypt Throughout its lengthy history, Egypt has held a complicated and varying
perspective on gender and sexuality. Men and women in ancient Egypt
were given definite responsibilities within society. Women were revered
for their roles as wives, mothers, and in some cases, strong queens, while
men often maintained major positions in politics and religion. There is
evidence that ancient Egyptians were more welcoming and open-minded
when it came to sexuality. It is vital to remember that while there is erotic
literature and art that depicts same-sex relationships, these depictions
were predominantly found in an elite milieu. It is claimed that the ancient
 Egyptians were aware of a third gender when it came to gender identity.
These people were referred to as "hem-netjer," or "two spirits," and were
frequently involved in religious ceremonies and rituals because they were
thought to represent both masculine and feminine aspects. The ideas on
gender and sexuality in Egypt have changed and evolved over the
centuries with the emergence of various ruling forces and the impact of
outside cultures. Egyptian society nowadays is a complex subject to study
since it shows a blend of traditional traditions and more conservative
viewpoints.

Philippines The historical perspective on gender and sexuality in the Philippines has
likewise changed over time. The gender roles and gender identities that
were recognized in pre-colonial indigenous civilizations in the Philippines
included those who were born male but lived as female, such as the
bayoguin and asog. These people frequently held respected positions in
the community and played significant roles in rituals and cultural
traditions. However, the impact of Catholicism on Filipino society led to
increasingly conservative ideas on gender and sexuality with the entrance
of Spanish invaders in the 16th century.
The Spanish promoted a binary understanding of gender and
heteronormative relationships by enforcing rigid gender roles and
imposing moral standards that adhered to Catholic teachings. In the
modern Philippines, cultural perspectives on gender and sexuality have
expanded and become more progressive. In recent years, campaigns to
advance gender equality, affirm LGBTQ+ rights, and conduct conversations
about gender identity and expression gained traction. It's crucial to
remember, though, that conservative views on gender and sexuality
continue to exist, especially in rural and more traditional societies. Overall,
the historical perspective on gender and sexuality in the Philippines shows
a complex synthesis of native beliefs, colonial encroachments, and
contemporary strides toward inclusivity and acceptance.

China Over the years, a number of variables have influenced how China has
historically viewed gender and sexuality. Men traditionally had more
privileged positions in traditional Chinese society, which largely followed a
patriarchal system. Confucianism placed a strong emphasis on gender
roles and hierarchy and has had a huge influence on Chinese society.
Confucian teachings encouraged strict adherence to social norms, which
called for women to be subservient and virtuous, especially performing
domestic tasks as wives and mothers. It's crucial to remember that China
has a lengthy and varied past, with regional variances and unique cultural
customs. Some indigenous beliefs emphasize situations in which women
held significant spiritual roles, such as the worship of goddesses and the
existence of female shamans. History has shown that homosexuality has
also existed in Chinese civilization; there are even records from ancient
times of same-sex relationships and love stories. While there were times
when homosexuality was accepted, there were other times when it was
frowned upon and oppressed, particularly during the Cultural Revolution
and the early years of the communist government when it was thought to
 be a product of capitalism. Social perceptions of gender and sexuality are
changing in modern China.
Although obstacles and discrimination still remain, particularly in rural
areas and conservative populations, LGBTQ+ rights have gained awareness
and acceptance. It's crucial to understand that China has a complicated
and nuanced understanding of gender and sexuality that is influenced by a
variety of traditional values, outside influences, and continuous social
developments.

Japan A confluence of cultural, religious, and societal elements has influenced

Japan's historical perspective on gender and sexuality. The patriarchal
structure of traditional Japanese society, where men predominated in
both the public and private spheres, was frequently seen. Domesticity,
submission, and modesty were ideals that women were supposed to
uphold. Gender norms and beliefs were significantly shaped by Shinto, the
native religion of Japan. Shinto deities were frequently linked to certain
gendered traits, reinforcing social norms and duties. Confucianism, which
was adopted from China, has had an impact on gender norms in Japan by
highlighting hierarchical connections and gender-based responsibilities. It's
crucial to remember, though, that individuals have broken conventional
gender conventions throughout Japan's history. For instance, men actors
would portray the feminine characters known as onnagata in theater.
There have also been cases of onna-bugeisha, or female warriors, fighting
alongside males in battle. When it comes to sexuality, there are records of
same-sex relationships throughout Japanese history. In some eras, like the
Tokugawa Period, homosexuality was more openly accepted and shown in
literature and art. The attitudes toward gender and sexuality have
changed and are now more welcoming in contemporary Japan. Although
there are still issues and discrimination, LGBTQ+ rights have received
recognition and acceptance. Overall, Japan's historical perspective on
gender and sexuality reveals a fusion of conventional cultural views with
isolated instances of nonconformity and changing attitudes that are still
being expressed in modern society.