Reference Definition Term Boards Review Reference Definition

NORMAL VALUES
Males: 13-18 g/dL; Females: 12-16 g/dL Normal hemoglobin levels
Males: 42-52 %; Females: 35-47% Normal hematocrit levels
4000 - 11 000 cu/mm Normal RBC count
80 to 100 fl Normal MCV
150 000 to 450 000 count/uL Normal platelet count
5000-10 000 Normal WBC count
Low MCV and MCH indicate microcytic anemia (seen in
iron deficiency anemia) while high MCV and MCH
indicate macrocytic anemia (seen in pernicious and This is how mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) indicate anemia -- they
folic acid deficiency anemia) are the best indicators of such

2-9 minutes Normal bleeding time

11-13 seconds Normal prothrombin time
< 1.1 Normal INR
25-40 seconds Normal activated parital thromboplastin time
< 0.5 mg/dL) Normal D-dimer
1.5 to 2.5 x Heparin therapeutic range
1.5 to 2.0 x Warfarin therapeutic range

0.5 to 1.2 mg/dL Normal serum bilirubin

5 to 20 mg/dL Normal BUN
0.5 to 1.2 mg/dL Normal creatinine
10:1 BUN:Creatinine ratio
110 to 120 mL/min or 1.67 to 2.5 mL/second Urine creatinine clearance - this is the best indicate of glomerular function
8 to 48 U/L Normal aspartate aminotransferase
7 to 55 U/L Normal alanine aminotransferase
10 to 140 U/L Normal serum lipase
40 to 140 U/L Normal serum amylase
125 mL/min Normal GFR
3.5 to 5 g/dL Normal serum albumin
2.5 to 8 mg/dL Normal serum uric acid levels
40 to 80 mcg/dL (average: 35 to 65 mcg/dL) Normal serum ammonia levels
0.5 to 1.0 mmol/L Normal serum lactate levels

The BUN:Creatinine ratio is increased where BUN is higher than Crea but crea Decreased GFR, high BUN/CREA, high BUN:Crea, high These are the laboratory manifestations of pre-renal AKI which reabsorbs water and Na due to RAA because of
ratio is still the same SG and urine osmolality, low urine Na decreased renal blood flow (GFR, BUN/CREA, BUN:Crea ratio, SG, urine osmolality, urine Na)
Decreased GFR, high BUN/CREA, low BUN:Crea, low
SG and urine osmolality, and high urine Na ++ These are the laboratory manfiestations of intra-renal AKI which has increased permeability due to direct renal
proteinuria damage including the glomerulus (GFR, BUN/CREA, BUN:Crea ratio, SG, urine osmolality, urine Na)
These are the laboratory manifestations of initial post-renal AKI due to obstruction of the ureter and bladder
Decreased GFR, high BUN/CREA, High BUN:Crea, high causing low excretion and increased reabsorption (GFR, BUN/CREA, BUN:Crea ratio, SG, urine osmolality,
SG and urine osmolality, low urine Na urine Na)
These are the laboratory manifestations of post post-renal AKI where the damage has occurred in the renal
Decreased GFR, high BUN/CREA, low BUN:Crea, low tubules causing decreased reabsorption and increased excretion (GFR, BUN/CREA, BUN:Crea ratio, SG, urine
SG and urine osmolality, and high urine Na osmolality, urine Na)

7.35-7.45 This is the normal values for blood pH

35-45 mmHg This is the normal values for PaCO2
22-26 mEq/L This is the normal values for HCO3
80-100 mmHg This is the normal values for PaO2

135-145 mEq/L Normal serum sodium levels

3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L Normal serum potassium levels
9 to 10 mg/dL Normal serum calcium levels
1.3 to 2.5 mEq/L Normal serum magnesium levels
2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL Normal serum phosphorus levels

275-295 mOsm/L Normal serum osmolality

1200 to 1500 mL/day Normal urine output in a day
More than 1.0 mL/kg/hr (preschool onwards); more
than 1.5 mL/kg/hr (toddler); more than 2 mL/kg/hr
(infants) Normal urine output for children 5
More than 0.5 mL/kg/hr or 30 mL/hour Normal urine output for adults
< 400-500 mL/day Levels indicating oliguria
< 100 mL/day Levels indicating anuria
4000 to 5000 mL/day Levels indicating polyuria or water intake that may lead to psychogenic diabetes insipidus
Amber or straw Normal urine color in urinalysis
4.5 to 8.0 (average: 6) - slightly acidic Normal urine pH in urinalysis
1.010 to 1.025 Normal urine specific gravity
Absent Normal urine protein levels in urinalysis
0-5/hpf or absent Normal RBC levels in urinalysis
0-5/hpf or absent Normal WBC levels in urinalysis
Absent Normal pus amount in urinalysis
Absent Normal glucose amount in urinalysis
Absent Normal ketone amount in urinalysis
0 to 4 Normal amount of casts in urinalysis
RBC, WBC, and pus The presence of these in urinalysis indicate UTI
Glucose, ketones, and casts The presence of these in urinalysis indicate DKA

Fr 7.5 to 8.5 / 23 cm ET tube size and length of insertion for males

Fr 6.5 to 7.5 /. 21 cm ET tube size and length of insertion for females
Fr 4 / age/2 +13 if oral or 15 if nasal ET tube size and length of insertion for children

SBP + 2DBP / 3 70 to 100 mmHg Normal MAP

2 to 5 mmHg // 3 to 8 cmH2O Normal CVP in mmHg or cmH2O
5 to 12 mmHg Normal left atrial pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
4 to 6 LPM Normal cardiac output
60 to 70 mL Normal stroke volume
10 to 20 mmHg // 5-10 to 15 mmHg Normal ICP
60 to 70 mmHg Normal CPP

0.04 seconds Time of a small box in ECG

0.20 seconds Time of a big box in ECG
0.1 mV Voltage of a small box
1 P wave : 1 QRS complex Normal P wave
0.12 to 0.20 seconds Normal PR segment
0.08 to 0.10 seconds Normal QRS complex
Flat; isoelectric Normal ST segment
0.32 to 0.44 seconds Normal QT interval
Upright T wave Normal T wave

50 to 200 J Cardioversion in J
360 J Monophasic defibrillation in J
120 to 200 J Biphasic defibrillation in J

< 15% or < 750 mL Class I hypovolemic shock in % of body water or mL of blood
15% to 30% or 750 to 1500 mL Class II hypovolemic shock in % of body water or mL of blood
30% to 40% or 1500 to 2000 mL Class III hypovolemic shock in % of body water or mL of blood
> 40% or >2000 mL Class IV hypovolemic shock in % of body water or mL of blood

9% [4.5% if anterior or posterior] Adult head TBSA

18% each side, anterior or posterior (can be 9% for
upper and lower portion) Adult torso TBSA
9% [4.5% if upper or posterior arm] Adult arm TBSA
18% [9% if anterior or posterior] Adult leg TBSA
1% [no divisions] Adult perineum TBSA
18% [9% if anterior or posterior] Infant head TBSA
18% same as adults Infant torso TBSA
9% same as adults Infant arm TBSA
14% [7% if anterior or posterior] Infant leg TBSA
TBSA x weight in kg x 4 = 50% in the first 8 hours and
50% in the remaining 16 hours Parkland formula
1% = 1 palm Palmar method

150 to 200 mg/dL These are the normal values for cholesterol levels
140 to 200 mg/dL These are the normal values for triglyceride levels
30 to 70 mg/dL These are the normal HDL levels
< 130 mg/dL These are the normal LDL levels Needs fasting prior blood measurement (10 hours)

70 to 110 mg/dL Normal fasting blood glucose

111 to 125 mg/dL Pre-diabetic fasting blood glucose
More than 125 mg/dL Diabetic FBS Needs fasting prior blood measurement (8-10 hours, NEVER 12 HOURS)
170 to 200 mg/dL Normal blood glucose immediate post-prandial
190 to 230 mg/dL Pre-diabetic blood glucose immediate post-prandial
220 to 300 mg/dL Diabetic blood glucose immediate post-prandial
2 hours post-prandial; multiples of 2 120 to 140 mg/dL Normal blood glucose 2 hours post-prandial
140 to 160 mg/dL Pre-diabetic blood glucose 2 hours post-prandial
More than 200 mg/dL Diabetic blood glucose 2 hours post-prandial
1 mukhang 7 below 5.7% Below 5.7% Normal HbA1C
5.7 to 6.4% Pre-diabetic HbA1C
Above 6.5% Diabetic HbA1C
 Reference Definition Term
Clark's rule, Young's rule, and Fried's rule (until 2
years old)
2.2 lbs
Adult dose x weight in lbs. / 150
Adult dose x age in years / age in years + 12
Adult dose x age in months / 150
(Desired dose / stock) x quantity = amount
Boards Review Reference Definition
These are formula for estimating child dosages based on adult doses
This is the equivalent of one pound in kilograms
This is the formula for Clark's rule
This is the formula for Young's rule
This is the formula for Fried's rule
This is the accurate calculation of drug dosage

0.7 to 6.8 mg/24 hours Normal levels of VMA Avoid coffee, chocolate, tea, bananas, vanilla, and aspirin before VMA test
Myoglobin - within 2 to 4 hours
Troponin (I) and CKMB - within 3 to 4 hours
Creatine phosphokinase - within 4 to 6 hours Less than 0.6 ng/mL (greater than 1.5 ng/mL indicates
LDH - within 6 to 12 hours MI) Normal serum troponin I
75 to 200 ng/dL Normal T3 levels
4.5 to 11.5 mcg/dL Normal T4 levels

0 to 15 mmHg or 75 to 180 mmH2O Normal opening pressure of CSF

50 to 80 mg/dL Normal CSF glucose levels
20 to 50 mg/dL Normal CSF protein levels
0-8/mm3 (average of 5/mm3) Normal CSF WBC levels

10 to 20 mcg/dL Normal serum acetaminophen levels

10 to 20 mcg/dL Normal serum phenytoin levels
10 to 20 mcg/dL Normal serum theophylline levels
5 to 12 mcg/dL Normal serum carbamazepine (tegretol) levels
5 to 10 mcg/dL Normal serum gentamycin sulfate levels
5 to 8 mg/dL Normal serum therapeutic magnesium sulfate levels
0.6 to 1.2 (to 1.5) mEq/L Normal serum therapeutic lithium levels
300 to 700 umol/L or 50 to 100 mcg/mL Normal serum therapeutic valproic acid levels

Expose affected lung (side-lying opposite direction of

affected lung) Position after thoracentesis
Semi-Fowler's with affected arm abducted and
elevated Position after modified radical mastectomy
Orthopneic position Position for patients with COPD
Right side-lying Position post-liver biopsy
Supine (FOB) Position post-kidney biopsy
Lateral Position post tonsillectomy
Flat/supine Position after oil-based (pantopaque) myelography
Semi-Fowler's Position after water-based (metrizamide) myelography
Lateral Position post UGI endoscopy
Left lateral Position during colonoscopy
Semi-Fowler's Position post-incisional cholecystectomy
Semi-Fowler's Position for patients with MI
High-Fowler's Position for patients with heart failure
Semi-Fowler's Position for patients who had supratentorial craniotomy
Flat Position for patients who had infratentorial craniotomy
Semi-Fowler's Position during gastrostomy
Trendelenburg Position during change of IV tubing or insertion of central access or TPN into subclavian vein
Legs on dependent position Position for patients with arterial insufficiency
Legs on elevated position (higher than the level of the
heart) Position for patients with venous insufficiency
Upright/sitting Position for patients with autonomic hyperreflexia
Flat Position for patients with spinal cord injury
Flat Position for patients post-lumbar laminectomy
Left lateral Position during enema procedures
Lithotomy Position during cystoscopy
Trendelenburg Position during labor with prolapsed umbilical cord
Modified Trendelenburg Position during shock
Dorsal recumbent Position post-abdominal surgery or during female catheterization
Reference Definition Term Boards Review Reference Definition
Reference Definition Term Boards Review Reference Definition
Reference Definition Term Boards Review Reference Definition
Reference Definition Term Boards Review Reference Definition
Reference Definition Term Boards Review Reference Definition
Reference Definition Term Boards Review Reference Definition