MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

MCN 301 Disaster Management

Module 1
Systems of earth
Lithosphere- composition, rocks, soils; Atmosphere-layers, ozone layer, greenhouse effect,
weather, cyclones, atmospheric circulations, Indian Monsoon; hydrosphere- Oceans, inland
water bodies; biosphere
Definition and meaning of key terms in Disaster Risk Reduction and Management- disaster,
hazard, exposure, vulnerability, risk, risk assessment, risk mapping, capacity, resilience,
disaster risk reduction, disaster risk management, early warning systems, disaster
preparedness, disaster prevention, disaster mitigation, disaster response, damage assessment,
crisis counselling, needs assessment.

Systems of Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only known planet to support life. It is a terrestrial
planet with a thin atmosphere.
Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases. The
atmosphere helps to regulate Earth's temperature, protect us from harmful radiation, and provide us
with oxygen to breathe.
Earth's surface is mostly covered by water, with about 70% of the planet's surface being oceans.
The remaining 30% of the surface is land divided into seven continents.
Earth's interior is divided into four layers: the inner core, the outer core, the mantle, and the crust.
The inner core is the hottest layer, with temperatures reaching up to 9,800 degrees Fahrenheit (5,400
degrees Celsius). The outer core is made of liquid iron and nickel, and it is responsible for Earth's
magnetic field. The mantle is the thickest layer, and it is made of solid rock. The crust is the thinnest
layer, and it is made of the rocks that we see on the surface of Earth.

The Earth is made up of five major systems, or spheres:

1 Atmosphere: The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds Earth. It is made up of about
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and
argon. The atmosphere helps to regulate Earth's temperature, protect us from harmful radiation,
and provide us with oxygen to breathe.
2 Biosphere: The biosphere is the part of Earth where life exists. It includes all the land, water,
and air that living things inhabit. The biosphere is made up of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria,
and other organisms. These organisms interact with each other and with their environment in
a complex web of relationships.
3 Cryosphere: The cryosphere is the frozen water on Earth. It includes glaciers, ice sheets, snow
cover, and permafrost. The cryosphere plays an important role in regulating Earth's climate
and storing water.
4 Geosphere: The geosphere is the solid, non-living part of Earth. It includes the rocks, minerals,
and soil that make up the Earth's crust and mantle. The geosphere is constantly changing, as it
is shaped by the forces of plate tectonics, erosion, and weathering.

1|Page
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

5 Hydrosphere: The hydrosphere is the water on Earth. It includes the oceans, lakes, rivers,
groundwater, and ice. The hydrosphere is essential for life on Earth, as it provides water for
drinking, irrigation, and transportation.

These five systems are interconnected and interdependent. The changes in one system can have
a ripple effect on the others. For example, the melting of glaciers due to climate change is affecting
the water cycle, which is in turn affecting the biosphere.

Lithosphere
The lithosphere is the rigid, outermost layer of Earth. It is composed of the crust and the
uppermost mantle, which together constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. The
lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates, which are constantly moving. The movement of the
tectonic plates is responsible for earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges.
The lithosphere is about 100 kilometres thick, but it is thinner under the oceans than it is under
the continents. The crust is the thinnest layer of the lithosphere, and it is made up of two types:
oceanic crust and continental crust. The oceanic crust is about 5 kilometres thick and is made up
of basalt, a type of rock rich in magnesium and iron. The continental crust is about 30 kilometres
thick, and it is made up of granite, a type of rock that is rich in silicon and aluminium.
The uppermost mantle is the layer of the lithosphere that is below the crust. It is about 60
kilometres thick and is made up of peridotite, a type of rock rich in iron and magnesium. The upper
mantle is more ductile than the crust, which means that it can flow more easily. This is why the
lithosphere is able to move over the asthenosphere, the layer of the mantle below the lithosphere.
The lithosphere is a dynamic layer, and it is constantly changing. The movement of the
tectonic plates is responsible for the formation of new mountains, the creation of new ocean basins,
and the destruction of old mountains. The lithosphere is also affected by weathering, erosion, and
deposition, which can change the shape of the Earth's surface.
The lithosphere is an important part of Earth's system, and it plays a vital role in the formation
of the Earth's surface and the evolution of life on Earth.

Note: The composition of the lithosphere varies from place to place. The oceanic crust is rich in
magnesium and iron, while the continental crust is rich in silicon and aluminium. The upper
mantle is also rich in iron and magnesium, but it also contains other elements, such as calcium,
potassium, and sodium.

Rock
A rock is a naturally occurring, solid, aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is
categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed.
Rocks are the basic building blocks of the Earth's crust, and they are essential for life on Earth.
They provide us with resources such as minerals, metals, and water. They also protect us from the
harsh environment of space.
There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma or lava)
that comes from the mantle or the crust. They are the most abundant type of rock in the lithosphere,

2|Page
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

and they can be found in all parts of the world. Igneous rocks are classified into two main types:
intrusive and extrusive.
• Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies below the Earth's
surface. They are often large and massive, and they can form deep underground or
near the surface. Some examples of intrusive igneous rocks include granite, gabbro,
and diorite.
• Extrusive igneous rocks form when lava cools and solidifies on the Earth's surface.
They are often smaller and more fragmented than intrusive igneous rocks, and they
can form in a variety of shapes, such as lava flows, cinder cones, and stratovolcanoes.
Some examples of extrusive igneous rocks include basalt, andesite, and rhyolite.

Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation of sediments, which are particles of
rock, minerals, and organic matter. Sediments are transported by wind, water, or ice, and they are
eventually deposited in layers. Over time, the sediments are compacted and cemented together,
forming sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are classified into three main types:
• Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation of clasts, which are
fragments of pre-existing rocks. Clastic sedimentary rocks can be further subdivided into
three types:
1. Sandstones are formed from the accumulation of sand-sized clasts.
2. Shale is formed from the accumulation of clay-sized clasts.
3. Conglomerates are formed from the accumulation of gravel-sized clasts.
• Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed from the precipitation of minerals from water.
Chemical sedimentary rocks can be further subdivided into two types:
1. Evaporites are formed from the evaporation of water, such as halite (rock salt) and
gypsum.
2. Carbonates are formed from the precipitation of calcium carbonate, such as
limestone and dolomite.
• Organic sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation of organic matter, such as
coal and petroleum.

Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are changed by heat, pressure, or chemical
fluids. The heat and pressure can come from deep within the Earth, or they can be caused by tectonic
plate movement. Metamorphic rocks are classified into three main types:
• Foliated metamorphic rocks have a layered or banded appearance. This is because the
minerals in the rock have been aligned by heat and pressure. Some examples of foliated
metamorphic rocks include slate, schist, and gneiss.
• Non-foliated metamorphic rocks do not have a layered or banded appearance. This is
because the minerals in the rock have not been aligned by heat and pressure. Some
examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks include marble, quartzite, and hornfels.
• Recrystallized metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are recrystallized by
heat and pressure. The minerals in the rock are rearranged, but they do not form new
layers or bands. Some examples of recrystallized metamorphic rocks include granulite
and eclogite.

3|Page
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

Soil
Soil is the uppermost layer of the Earth's surface. It is a mixture of mineral particles, organic
matter, air, and water. Soil is essential for life on Earth, as it provides plants with anchorage, water,
and nutrients.
Soils are classified into different types based on their texture, structure, colour, and chemical
composition. Some of the most common soil types include:
Sand: Sandy soils are loose and well-drained. They are often found in desert areas.
Silt: Silty soils are fine-grained and have good water-holding capacity. They are often found in
floodplains.
Clay: Clay soils are very fine-grained and have poor drainage. They are often found in deltas.
Loam: Loam soils are a mixture of sand, silt, and clay. They are considered to be the most fertile
soil type
Soils are constantly changing due to weathering, erosion, and deposition. Weathering is the
process by which rocks are broken down into smaller particles. Erosion is the movement of soil by
wind, water, or ice. Deposition is the process by which soil is deposited in new locations.
The properties of soil determine its suitability for different uses. For example, sandy soils are not
suitable for agriculture, but they are good for building roads. Clay soils are suitable for agriculture,
but they can be difficult to work with. Loam soils are the most versatile soil type and are suitable for
a variety of uses.

Soils are an important part of the Earth's ecosystem. They provide a home for many different
organisms, including plants, animals, and microbes. Soils also play a role in the water cycle and in
the cycling of nutrients.
Here are some of the benefits of soils:
• Soils provide anchorage for plants. The roots of plants grow in the soil, and the soil provides
them with support.
• Soils hold water. The soil's pore spaces hold water, which is available to plants.
• Soils provide nutrients for plants. The soil's organic matter contains nutrients that are essential
for plant growth.
• Soils filter water. The soil's pore spaces filter water, removing pollutants and impurities
• Soils support biodiversity. The soil's ecosystem supports a wide variety of organisms,
including plants, animals, and microbes.

Soils are a vital part of the Earth's ecosystem, and they play an important role in supporting
life on Earth. We need to protect our soils and ensure that they are healthy and productive.

Atmosphere
The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds Earth. It is held in place by Earth's gravity.
The atmosphere is essential for life on Earth, as it provides us with oxygen to breathe, protects us
from harmful radiation, and helps to regulate Earth's temperature.
The atmosphere is made up of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases, such
as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and argon. The composition of the atmosphere varies with altitude.
The air is denser at lower altitudes and becomes thinner at higher altitudes.

4|Page
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

The atmosphere is divided into five layers:

• Troposphere: The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. It extends from the
Earth's surface to about 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in altitude. The troposphere is where most
of the weather occurs.
• Stratosphere: The stratosphere extends from the top of the troposphere to about 50 kilometres
(31 miles) in altitude. The stratosphere is where the ozone layer is located. The ozone layer
absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
• Mesosphere: The mesosphere extends from the top of the stratosphere to about 80 kilometres
(50 miles) in altitude. The mesosphere is the coldest layer of the atmosphere.
• Thermosphere: The thermosphere extends from the top of the mesosphere to about 600
kilometres (373 miles) in altitude. The thermosphere is where the auroras occur.
• Exosphere: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere. It extends from the top
of the thermosphere to about 10,000 kilometres (6,213 miles) in altitude. The exosphere is
very thin and is gradually replaced by the vacuum of space.
The atmosphere is constantly changing. The gases in the atmosphere are constantly mixing, and
the temperature of the atmosphere is constantly changing. The atmosphere is also affected by the
Sun, the Earth's rotation, and the Earth's magnetic field.
The atmosphere is an important part of Earth's system, and it plays a vital role in supporting life
on Earth. We need to protect the atmosphere and ensure that it is healthy and sustainable.

Ozone layer
The ozone layer is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet
(UV) radiation. It contains high concentrations of ozone (O3) relative to other parts of the
atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer
contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's
atmosphere as a whole is about 0.3 parts per million.

The ozone layer is important because it protects life on Earth from harmful UV radiation. UV
radiation can cause skin cancer, cataracts, and other health problems. It can also damage plants and
animals.
The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by French physicist Charles Fabry. He noticed that
there was a region of the atmosphere where there was more ultraviolet radiation than expected. This
region was later named the ozone layer.
The ozone layer is being depleted by human activities, such as the use of chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs). CFCs are chemicals that were used in refrigerators, air conditioners, and other products.
When CFCs reach the stratosphere, they break down and release chlorine atoms. These chlorine
atoms react with ozone molecules, destroying them.
The depletion of the ozone layer has been a major environmental issue in recent decades. The
Montreal Protocol, an international agreement, was signed in 1987 to phase out the use of CFCs. As
a result of the Montreal Protocol, the ozone layer is slowly recovering.
However, the ozone layer is still not fully recovered. It is estimated that the ozone layer will
not fully recover until the mid-2050s. In the meantime, we need to continue to protect the ozone layer
by reducing our use of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances.

5|Page
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

Here are some of the effects of ozone depletion:

• Increased risk of skin cancer: UV radiation can cause skin cancer, including melanoma, the
deadliest form of skin cancer.
• Increased risk of cataracts: UV radiation can damage the lens of the eye, leading to cataracts.
• Damage to plants and animals: UV radiation can damage plants and animals, reducing their
ability to grow and reproduce.
• Global warming: Ozone depletion can contribute to global warming by allowing more UV
radiation to reach Earth's surface.
We need to protect the ozone layer because it is essential for life on Earth. We can do this by
reducing our use of ozone-depleting substances and by supporting organizations that are working to
protect the ozone layer.
Greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap energy
from the Sun, causing Earth's temperature to rise. The primary greenhouse gases are water vapour,
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that has been keeping Earth warm for billions of
years. However, human activities are increasing the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
which is causing the greenhouse effect to become more powerful. This is leading to global warming,
which is the long-term rise in Earth's average temperature.
• The greenhouse effect works like this:
• The Sun's energy reaches Earth's atmosphere.
• Some of the energy is reflected back into space, but some of it is absorbed by greenhouse
gases.
• The greenhouse gases trap the energy, causing Earth's temperature to rise.
• The warmer temperature causes more water vapor to evaporate into the atmosphere, which
further increases the greenhouse effect.
The greenhouse effect is a complex process, and there is still much that we do not understand
about it. However, we do know that it is essential for life on Earth. Without the greenhouse effect,
Earth would be too cold to support life.
However, too much of a good thing can be bad. The current increase in greenhouse gases is
causing global warming, which is having a number of negative effects, such as:
• Rising sea levels
• More extreme weather events
• Changes in plant and animal life
• Melting glaciers
• Ocean acidification
We need to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of global
warming. There are a number of things that we can do, such as:
• Switching to renewable energy sources
• Improving energy efficiency
• Reducing deforestation
• Planting trees
• Driving less and walking, biking, or taking public transportation more
6|Page
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

We all have a role to play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the effects of global
warming. By taking action now, we can help to protect our planet for future generations.

Weather
Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time. It is determined by a
number of factors, including temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, cloud cover, and
precipitation.
Weather can change rapidly, and it can vary greatly from place to place. For example, the
weather in San Francisco might be sunny and warm, while the weather in New York City might be
cloudy and rainy.
Weather is important for humans and other living things. It affects our ability to work, play,
and travel. It also affects the growth of plants and the health of animals.
Weather can be unpredictable, but there are a number of ways to forecast it. Meteorologists
use a variety of tools and techniques to predict the weather, including weather maps, satellite images,
and computer models.
Weather forecasting is an important tool for public safety and planning. It can help us to
prepare for extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods. It can also help us to
make decisions about things like agriculture, transportation, and energy production.
Here are some of the factors that affect weather:
• Temperature: The temperature of the air is one of the most important factors that affects
weather. Warm air can hold more moisture than cold air, so higher temperatures often lead to
more precipitation.
• Humidity: Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. High humidity can make the air
feel muggy and uncomfortable. It can also lead to condensation, which can cause fog and
precipitation.
• Wind: Wind is the movement of air from one place to another. Wind can cause changes in
temperature and humidity. It can also cause clouds to form and precipitation to fall.
• Cloud cover: Cloud cover is the amount of the sky that is covered by clouds. Clouds can
reflect sunlight, which can keep the Earth cooler. They can also trap heat, which can make
the Earth warmer.
• Precipitation: Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the sky to the Earth's surface.
It can be rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Precipitation is caused by the condensation of water vapor
in the air.
Weather is a complex system, and it is affected by a variety of factors. However, by understanding
the basic principles of weather, we can better understand the weather and how it affects our lives.
Cyclone
A cyclone is a large rotating storm system characterized by low pressure at its center and inward-
spiraling winds. Cyclones can form over land or water, and they can be tropical or extratropical.
• Tropical cyclones: Tropical cyclones form over warm tropical waters and have winds of at
least 74 miles per hour (119 kilometers per hour). They are also known as hurricanes in the
Atlantic Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean, and typhoons in the western Pacific Ocean.

7|Page
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

• Extratropical cyclones: Extratropical cyclones form over cooler waters and have winds of at
least 39 miles per hour (63 kilometers per hour). They are also known as mid-latitude cyclones
or frontal cyclones.
Both tropical and extratropical cyclones can cause strong winds, heavy rain, and flooding. They
can also cause damage to property and infrastructure, and loss of life.
Here are some of the characteristics of cyclones:
• Low pressure: Cyclones are characterized by low pressure at their center. This means that the
air pressure at the center of the cyclone is lower than the air pressure surrounding it. This
difference in air pressure creates the inward-spiraling winds that are characteristic of cyclones.
• Inward-spiraling winds: The winds in a cyclone spiral inward toward the center of the storm.
The winds are strongest near the center of the storm, and they gradually weaken as they move
away from the center.
• Eye: The eye of a cyclone is a calm area at the center of the storm. The eye is typically about
20 to 30 miles (32 to 48 kilometers) in diameter, and it is surrounded by the strongest winds
of the storm.
• Rainbands: Cyclones are often accompanied by rainbands. Rainbands are long, narrow bands
of thunderstorms that spiral outward from the center of the storm. The rainbands can produce
heavy rain, which can lead to flooding.
Cyclones are a major weather hazard, and they can cause significant damage and loss of life.
However, there are a number of things that can be done to mitigate the effects of cyclones, such as:
• Early warning systems: Early warning systems can help people to prepare for cyclones and to
evacuate to safety if necessary.
• Building codes: Building codes can help to make buildings more resilient to cyclones.
• Flood control measures: Flood control measures, such as levees and dams, can help to protect
people and property from flooding.
By understanding the characteristics of cyclones and taking steps to mitigate their effects, we can
help to reduce the risk of damage and loss of life.

Atmospheric circulation
Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air around the Earth. It is driven by
the uneven heating of the Earth's surface by the Sun. The Earth's surface is heated more at the equator
than at the poles, so there is a difference in air pressure between the equator and the poles. This
difference in air pressure drives the movement of air from the equator to the poles.
There are three main cells of atmospheric circulation: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the
Polar cell. The Hadley cell is located in the tropics, and it is responsible for the trade winds. The Ferrel
cell is located in the mid-latitudes, and it is responsible for the prevailing westerlies. The Polar cell is
located in the polar regions, and it is responsible for the polar easterlies.
The movement of air in these cells helps to distribute heat around the Earth. The warm air
from the equator rises and moves poleward, while the cold air from the poles sinks and moves
equatorward. This circulation helps to keep the Earth's temperature relatively constant.
Atmospheric circulation is also responsible for the formation of weather systems. The trade
winds, prevailing westerlies, and polar easterlies all contribute to the formation of cyclones,
anticyclones, and other weather systems.

8|Page
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

The atmospheric circulation is a complex system, but it is essential for the Earth's climate and
weather. Without atmospheric circulation, the Earth would be much colder at the poles and much
hotter at the equator. The weather would also be much more variable, with frequent extreme weather
events.
Here are some of the factors that affect atmospheric circulation:
• The Sun's energy
• The Earth's rotation
• The Earth's tilt
• The shape of the Earth's landmasses
• The oceans
• The atmosphere's composition
Atmospheric circulation is a dynamic system, and it is constantly changing. The changes in
atmospheric circulation can be caused by natural factors, such as changes in the Earth's orbit, or by
human activities, such as the emission of greenhouse gases.
The study of atmospheric circulation is important for understanding the Earth's climate and
weather. It is also important for predicting future climate change and for developing strategies to
mitigate its effects.

Indian monsoon
The Indian monsoon is a seasonal wind pattern that brings heavy rains to the Indian
subcontinent. It is caused by the difference in temperature between the land and the ocean. The land
heats up more than the ocean during the summer, creating a low-pressure area over the land. This low-
pressure area draws in moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean, which then dump their moisture
on the land.
The Indian monsoon is a vital source of water for agriculture in India. It also helps to recharge
groundwater supplies and prevent drought. However, the monsoon can also be destructive, causing
flooding and landslides.
The Indian monsoon is divided into two seasons: the southwest monsoon and the northeast
monsoon. The southwest monsoon brings the heaviest rains, and it is responsible for most of the annual
rainfall in India. The northeast monsoon brings lighter rains, and it is more important for the southern
states of India.
The Indian monsoon is a complex system, and it is difficult to predict. However, scientists are
working to improve their understanding of the monsoon so that they can better predict its arrival and
intensity.
Here are some interesting facts about the Indian monsoon:
• The Indian monsoon is the largest monsoon system in the world.
• The monsoon season in India lasts from June to September.
• The southwest monsoon brings an average of 80% of India's annual rainfall.
• The northeast monsoon brings an average of 20% of India's annual rainfall.
• The Indian monsoon is responsible for the flooding of the Ganges River.
• The Indian monsoon is also responsible for the formation of the Bay of Bengal cyclones.
The Indian monsoon is a vital part of the Indian climate system. It is essential for agriculture, water
supply, and the economy. The monsoon is also a source of beauty and wonder, as it brings lush
vegetation and colorful festivals to the Indian subcontinent.
9|Page
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is the water part of Earth. It includes all the water on, under, and above the
surface of the planet. This includes oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, glaciers, and ice caps.
The hydrosphere is a very important part of the Earth system. It helps to regulate the Earth's
temperature, distribute heat around the planet, and sustain life.
The hydrosphere is constantly changing. Water evaporates from the Earth's surface and rises
into the atmosphere, where it condenses and falls back to Earth as precipitation. This process is called
the water cycle.
The water cycle is essential for life on Earth. It provides water for plants and animals to drink,
and it helps to irrigate crops. The water cycle also helps to remove pollutants from the atmosphere
and to transport nutrients around the planet.
The hydrosphere is a fragile system. It can be easily affected by human activities, such as
pollution and climate change. It is important to protect the hydrosphere so that it can continue to
sustain life on Earth.
Here are some interesting facts about the hydrosphere:
• The hydrosphere covers about 71% of the Earth's surface.
• The oceans contain about 97% of the Earth's water.

• The average depth of the oceans is about 3,600 meters (11,800 feet).
• The deepest part of the oceans is the Mariana Trench, which is about 11,034 meters (36,201
feet) deep.
• The Earth's glaciers contain about 2.4% of the Earth's water.
• The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are the largest glaciers on Earth.
• The water cycle takes about 10,000 years to complete.

The hydrosphere is a vital part of the Earth system. It is essential for life on Earth, and it is important
to protect it.

Oceans

An ocean is a large body of salt water that covers much of the Earth's surface. The oceans are
the largest and deepest bodies of water on Earth, and they contain about 97% of the Earth's water.There
are five major oceans on Earth: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic oceans

• The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean, covering about 30% of the Earth's surface.
• The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean, covering about 20% of the Earth's surface.
• The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean, covering about 17% of the Earth's surface.
• The Southern Ocean is the fourth largest ocean, covering about 10% of the Earth's surface.
• The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean, covering about 4% of the Earth's surface.

10 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

The oceans are home to a wide variety of life, including fish, marine mammals, and plants. They
also play an important role in the Earth's climate system, helping to regulate the Earth's temperature
and distribute heat around the planet.
The oceans are facing a number of challenges, including pollution, overfishing, and climate
change. It is important to protect the oceans so that they can continue to provide us with the many
benefits they offer.
Here are some interesting facts about the oceans:
• The oceans contain about 97% of the Earth's water.
• The average depth of the oceans is about 3,600 meters (11,800 feet).

• The deepest part of the oceans is the Mariana Trench, which is about 11,034 meters (36,201
feet) deep.
• The Earth's glaciers contain about 2.4% of the Earth's water.
• The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are the largest glaciers on Earth.
• The water cycle takes about 10,000 years to complete.

The oceans are a vital part of the Earth system. They are essential for life on Earth, and it is important
to protect them.

Inland water bodies

Inland water bodies are water bodies that are located entirely within the boundaries of a
landmass. They can be freshwater or saltwater, and they can be permanent or temporary. Some of the
most common types of inland water bodies include lakes, rivers, ponds, wetlands, and groundwater.
The term "inland water body" is often used interchangeably with the term "freshwater body,"
but this is not always accurate. Some inland water bodies, such as the Caspian Sea, are saltwater.
However, most inland water bodies are freshwater, and they play an important role in the Earth's water
cycle.
Inland water bodies are home to a wide variety of plants and animals, and they provide
important habitats for many species. They are also important for human use, as they provide a source
of drinking water, irrigation water, and transportation.

• Lakes: Lakes are bodies of water that are surrounded by land. They can be large or small, and
they can be freshwater or saltwater.
• Rivers: Rivers are bodies of water that flow from one place to another. They are typically much
longer than lakes, and they can be freshwater or saltwater.
• Ponds: Ponds are small bodies of water that are surrounded by land. They are typically
shallower than lakes, and they can be freshwater or saltwater.
• Wetlands: Wetlands are areas of land that are saturated with water. They can be freshwater or
saltwater, and they can be permanent or temporary.

11 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

• Groundwater: Groundwater is water that is found beneath the Earth's surface. It is stored in
aquifers, which are layers of rock that are permeable to water. Groundwater is an important
source of drinking water, and it is also used for irrigation and industrial purposes.

These are just a few examples of inland water bodies. There are many other types of inland water
bodies, each with its own unique features.

Biosphere

The biosphere is the part of Earth where life exists. It includes all the living organisms on
Earth, as well as the non-living things that they interact with, such as air, water, and soil. The biosphere
is a thin layer that surrounds the Earth, extending from the highest mountains to the deepest ocean
trenches.
The biosphere is divided into several different zones, each with its own unique set of
conditions. The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, and it is where most life on Earth
exists. The stratosphere is the next layer up, and it is where the ozone layer is located. The mesosphere
is the third layer, and it is the coldest layer of the atmosphere. The thermosphere is the fourth layer,
and it is where the aurora borealis (northern lights) are formed.
The biosphere is a complex and interconnected system. All of the living organisms in the
biosphere are interdependent, and they all play a role in maintaining the balance of the system. The
biosphere is also influenced by the non-living factors in the environment, such as climate and weather.
The biosphere is a fragile system, and it is susceptible to damage from human activities. Pollution,
deforestation, and climate change are all threats to the biosphere. It is important to protect the
biosphere so that it can continue to support life on Earth.

Here are some interesting facts about the biosphere:

• The biosphere is a very thin layer, accounting for only about 0.02% of the Earth's total volume.
• The biosphere is home to an estimated 8.7 million species of organisms.
• The biosphere is constantly changing, as new species evolve and old species go extinct.

• The biosphere is a self-regulating system, meaning that it has the ability to maintain its balance
even in the face of change.
• The biosphere is essential for life on Earth, as it provides all of the resources that living
organisms need to survive.
The biosphere is a fascinating and complex system. It is a testament to the power of life that it has
been able to thrive on Earth for billions of years. It is important to protect the biosphere so that it can
continue to support life on Earth for many years to come.

12 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

Definition and meaning of key terms in Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Disaster
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that causes great damage or loss of life. Disasters can
be caused by natural hazards, such as earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes, or by human-made
hazards, such as industrial accidents and terrorist attacks.
Natural disasters are often unpredictable and can cause widespread devastation. Some of the most
common natural disasters include:
• Earthquakes
• Tsunamis
• Hurricanes
• Wildfires
• Floods
Human-made disasters are also a major cause of loss of life and property. Some of the most
common human-made disasters include:
• Industrial accidents
• Terrorist attacks
• Nuclear accidents
Disasters can have a devastating impact on communities and individuals. They can cause loss of
life, property damage, and economic disruption. Disasters can also lead to social and political
instability.
It is important to be prepared for disasters. There are a number of things that individuals and
communities can do to prepare for disasters, such as:
• Creating an emergency plan: This should include information on how to evacuate your home,
how to contact family and friends, and how to get supplies.
• Stocking up on emergency supplies: This should include food, water, first-aid supplies, and
other essentials.
• Learning about your community's emergency plan: Your community may have an emergency
plan that outlines what to do in the event of a disaster.
• Staying informed about disaster risks: It is important to stay informed about the natural and
human-made hazards that your community faces.
By being prepared for disasters, you can help to protect yourself and your family in the event of a
disaster.

Hazard

A hazard is a situation that could potentially cause harm to people, property, or the
environment. Hazards can be natural, such as earthquakes and floods, or human-made, such as
chemical spills and fires.
Natural hazards are caused by the natural processes of the Earth, such as earthquakes, floods,
and wildfires. These hazards can be unpredictable and can cause widespread damage.

13 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

Human-made hazards are caused by the activities of humans, such as chemical spills, fires,
and explosions. These hazards can be more predictable than natural hazards, but they can still cause
significant damage.
Some of the most common types of hazards include:
• Natural hazards: Earthquakes, floods, wildfires, hurricanes, tornadoes, tsunamis, landslides,
droughts, and heat waves.
• Human-made hazards: Chemical spills, fires, explosions, nuclear accidents, industrial
accidents, terrorism, and war.
Hazards can have a significant impact on people, property, and the environment. They can cause
loss of life, injury, property damage, economic disruption, and environmental degradation.
It is important to be aware of the hazards that exist in your community and to take steps to mitigate
the risks. You can do this by staying informed about hazards, developing an emergency plan, and
being prepared to take action in the event of a hazard.
Here are some tips for staying safe in the event of a hazard:
• Be aware of the hazards that exist in your community.
• Develop an emergency plan and practice it regularly.
• Be prepared to take action in the event of a hazard.
• Stay informed about hazards and how to protect yourself.
• Follow the instructions of emergency personnel.

Exposure

Exposure is the state of being exposed to something, usually something that can be harmful. It
can refer to physical exposure, such as exposure to sunlight or chemicals, or to social exposure, such
as exposure to violence or abuse.

• Physical exposure can be harmful if it is too much or too little. For example, too much
exposure to sunlight can cause skin cancer, while too little exposure can lead to vitamin D
deficiency.
• Social exposure can also be harmful if it is too much or too little. For example, too much
exposure to violence can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder, while too little exposure can
lead to social isolation.

Exposure can also be used to describe the amount of time or level of intensity that someone is
exposed to something. For example, a person who works in a factory may be exposed to high levels
of chemicals, while a person who lives in a city may be exposed to high levels of pollution.

The amount of exposure that is harmful depends on the individual and the substance or situation.
For example, some people may be more sensitive to sunlight than others, and some people may be
more likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder after being exposed to violence.

14 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

It is important to be aware of the risks of exposure and to take steps to minimize your exposure
to harmful substances and situations. You can do this by following safety guidelines and avoiding
exposure to known hazards.
Here are some tips for reducing your exposure to harmful substances and situations:
• Read labels and follow safety instructions.
• Use personal protective equipment (PPE) when necessary.
• Avoid contact with hazardous substances.
• Be aware of your surroundings and take steps to avoid dangerous situations.
• Seek medical attention if you are exposed to a harmful substance or situation.
By following these tips, you can help to protect yourself from the harmful effects of exposure.

Vulnerability

Vulnerability refers to the susceptibility of a community or individual to the harmful effects of a

disaster. Vulnerability can be caused by a number of factors, including:

• Physical factors: These include the location of a community or individual in a hazard-prone

area, the quality of infrastructure, and the availability of resources.
• Social factors: These include the level of poverty, access to education, and the availability of
social support networks.
• Economic factors: These include the level of income, access to credit, and the availability of
insurance.

Vulnerability can be a major factor in determining the impact of a disaster. For example, a
community that is located in a hazard-prone area and has poor infrastructure will be more vulnerable
to the effects of a disaster than a community that is located in a safe area and has good infrastructure.

It is important to consider vulnerability when planning for and responding to disasters. By

understanding the vulnerabilities of a community, it is possible to take steps to reduce the risk of
harm and to improve the ability of the community to recover from a disaster.

Here are some ways to reduce vulnerability to disasters:

• Build resilient infrastructure: This includes building structures that can withstand the effects
of disasters, such as earthquakes and hurricanes.
• Improve access to education: This can help people to understand the risks of disasters and to
develop coping mechanisms.
• Build social support networks: This can help people to recover from the effects of disasters
and to rebuild their lives.
• Make sure people have access to resources: This includes access to food, water, shelter, and
healthcare.

15 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

Risk

Risk refers to the possibility of a disaster occurring and the severity of the consequences of that
disaster. The risk of a disaster can be affected by a number of factors, including:

• The location of the community or individual: The risk of a disaster is higher in areas that are
more prone to natural hazards, such as earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes.
• The quality of infrastructure: The risk of a disaster is higher in areas with poor infrastructure,
such as those with weak building codes or inadequate warning systems.
• The level of preparedness: The risk of a disaster is lower in areas that are well-prepared for
disasters, such as those with evacuation plans and emergency kits.

It is important to assess the risk of disasters in your community and to take steps to reduce the risk.
This can be done by:

• Understanding the risks: Learn about the natural hazards that your community faces and the
likelihood of a disaster occurring.
• Building resilient infrastructure: Build structures that can withstand the effects of disasters,
such as earthquakes and hurricanes.
• Improving preparedness: Develop evacuation plans and emergency kits.
• Being aware of warning systems: Know how to receive warnings about disasters and how to
respond to them.

By taking these steps, you can help to reduce the risk of disasters and to protect yourself and your
community.

Here are some additional tips for reducing risk in the context of disaster:

• Have an emergency plan: This plan should include information on how you will evacuate
your home, how you will contact family and friends, and how you will get supplies.
• Stock up on emergency supplies: This should include food, water, first-aid supplies, and other
essentials.
• Stay informed about disaster risks: This includes knowing the natural hazards that your
community faces and the likelihood of a disaster occurring.
• Follow the instructions of emergency personnel: If a disaster does occur, follow the
instructions of emergency personnel to stay safe.

Risk assessment
Risk assessment in the context of disaster is the process of identifying, evaluating, and
controlling the risks associated with a disaster. It is a systematic approach to understanding the
potential for harm and taking steps to mitigate it.
The risk assessment process for disasters typically involves the following steps:

16 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

1. Identify the hazards: The first step is to identify the hazards that could cause a disaster. This
can be done by brainstorming, reviewing historical data, and conducting surveys.
2. Assess the risks: Once the hazards have been identified, they need to be assessed. This
involves estimating the likelihood of the hazard occurring and the severity of the harm that
could be caused.
3. Control the risks: Once the risks have been assessed, they need to be controlled. This can be
done by implementing controls, such as engineering controls, administrative controls, and
personal protective equipment.
4. Review and update the risk assessment: The risk assessment should be reviewed and updated
on a regular basis to ensure that it is still accurate and up-to-date.
Here are some additional tips for conducting a risk assessment in the context of disaster:
• Involve all stakeholders: It is important to involve all stakeholders in the risk assessment
process. This includes government officials, emergency responders, and other individuals
who could be affected by the risks.
• Use a variety of sources: When identifying hazards, it is important to use a variety of sources.
This includes historical data, surveys, and brainstorming sessions.
• Consider the likelihood and severity of harm: When assessing risks, it is important to consider
both the likelihood of the hazard occurring and the severity of the harm that could be caused.
• Implement appropriate controls: Once the risks have been assessed, it is important to
implement appropriate controls. This could involve engineering controls, administrative
controls, or personal protective equipment.
• Review and update the risk assessment: The risk assessment should be reviewed and updated
on a regular basis to ensure that it is still accurate and up-to-date.
By following these tips, you can conduct a risk assessment that will help you to identify, assess, and
control risks associated with a disaster.
Here are some examples of hazards that could be identified in a risk assessment for disaster:
• Natural hazards: These include earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires.
• Human-made hazards: These include industrial accidents, chemical spills, and terrorist
attacks.
• Social hazards: These include poverty, inequality, and lack of access to resources.
By identifying and assessing the risks associated with disasters, you can take steps to mitigate the
risks and protect your community.

Risk mapping

Risk mapping is a process of identifying and mapping the risks associated with a disaster. It
is a tool that can be used to help understand the potential for harm and to take steps to mitigate the
risks.

Risk mapping typically involves the following steps:

1. Identify the hazards: The first step is to identify the hazards that could cause a disaster. This
can be done by brainstorming, reviewing historical data, and conducting surveys.

17 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

2. Assess the risks: Once the hazards have been identified, they need to be assessed. This
involves estimating the likelihood of the hazard occurring and the severity of the harm that
could be caused.
3. Map the risks: The risks can then be mapped to create a visual representation of the potential
for harm. This can be done by using maps, charts, or other visual tools.
4. Analyze the risks: The mapped risks can then be analyzed to identify areas of high risk. This
can help to prioritize the risks and to focus mitigation efforts on the most critical areas.
5. Mitigate the risks: Once the risks have been analyzed, they can be mitigated. This can be done
by implementing controls, such as engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal
protective equipment.
6. Review and update the risk map: The risk map should be reviewed and updated on a regular
basis to ensure that it is still accurate and up-to-date.

Here are some additional tips for conducting risk mapping in the context of disaster:

• Involve all stakeholders: It is important to involve all stakeholders in the risk mapping
process. This includes government officials, emergency responders, and other individuals
who could be affected by the risks.
• Use a variety of sources: When identifying hazards, it is important to use a variety of sources.
This includes historical data, surveys, and brainstorming sessions.
• Consider the likelihood and severity of harm: When assessing risks, it is important to consider
both the likelihood of the hazard occurring and the severity of the harm that could be caused.
• Use appropriate tools: There are a variety of tools that can be used for risk mapping. It is
important to choose the right tool for the job.
• Communicate the risks: The risks should be communicated to all stakeholders. This will help
to ensure that everyone is aware of the risks and that they can take steps to mitigate them.
By following these tips, you can conduct risk mapping that will help you to identify, assess, and
mitigate risks associated with disasters.
Here are some examples of hazards that could be mapped in a risk map for disaster:
• Natural hazards: These include earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires.
• Human-made hazards: These include industrial accidents, chemical spills, and terrorist
attacks.
• Social hazards: These include poverty, inequality, and lack of access to resources.

By identifying and mapping the risks associated with disasters, you can take steps to mitigate the
risks and protect your community.

Capacity

18 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

Capacity refers to the ability of an individual, organization, or community to withstand or recover

from a disaster. It includes the physical, social, and economic resources that are available to respond
to a disaster.
• Physical capacity: This refers to the physical infrastructure that is available to respond to a
disaster. This includes things like roads, bridges, hospitals, and shelters.
• Social capacity: This refers to the social networks and relationships that are available to
respond to a disaster. This includes things like community organizations, faith-based groups,
and volunteer networks.
• Economic capacity: This refers to the economic resources that are available to respond to a
disaster. This includes things like financial resources, insurance, and access to credit.
Capacity is important because it can help to reduce the impact of a disaster. A community with strong
capacity is more likely to be able to withstand a disaster and recover quickly.

Here are some tips for building capacity:

• Invest in physical infrastructure: This includes things like building roads and bridges that can
withstand natural disasters, and building hospitals and shelters that can be used to house and
care for people affected by disasters.
• Strengthen social networks: This includes things like supporting community organizations
and faith-based groups, and encouraging people to volunteer their time to help others in need.
• Build economic resilience: This includes things like providing financial assistance to people
affected by disasters, and making sure that people have access to insurance.

By building capacity, we can help to make our communities more resilient to disasters.

Resilience

Resilience is the ability of an individual, organization, or community to withstand or recover

from a disaster. It is the ability to bounce back from adversity and continue to function.
There are many different factors that contribute to resilience, including:
• Physical infrastructure: The ability to withstand the physical impacts of a disaster.
• Social capital: The ability to draw on social networks and relationships for support.
• Economic resources: The ability to access financial resources and other economic assets.
• Psychological well-being: The ability to cope with stress and trauma.
• Cultural factors: The ability to draw on cultural traditions and values for strength.
Resilience is important because it can help people and communities to recover from disasters more
quickly and effectively. A resilient community is more likely to be able to bounce back from a
disaster and continue to function.
There are a number of things that can be done to build resilience, including:
• Investing in physical infrastructure: This includes things like building roads and bridges that
can withstand natural disasters, and building hospitals and shelters that can be used to house
and care for people affected by disasters.

19 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

• Strengthening social networks: This includes things like supporting community organizations
and faith-based groups, and encouraging people to volunteer their time to help others in need.
• Building economic resilience: This includes things like providing financial assistance to
people affected by disasters, and making sure that people have access to insurance.
• Promoting psychological well-being: This includes things like providing mental health
services to people affected by disasters, and encouraging people to build coping mechanisms.
• Respecting cultural factors: This includes things like understanding the cultural traditions and
values of different communities, and adapting disaster response efforts to take these factors
into account.
By building resilience, we can help to make our communities more prepared for disasters and more
likely to recover quickly.

Disaster risk reduction (DRR)

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is the process of reducing the risk of disasters. It includes a
wide range of activities, from building safer infrastructure to educating people about disaster
preparedness.
The goal of DRR is to make people and communities less vulnerable to disasters. This can help to
save lives, reduce damage, and speed up recovery.
There are many different ways to reduce disaster risk. Some of the most common activities include:
• Land-use planning: This involves using zoning and other regulations to reduce the risk of
development in areas that are prone to disasters.
• Building codes: These codes set standards for the construction of buildings to make them
more resistant to disasters.
• Early warning systems: These systems provide information about impending disasters so that
people can take steps to protect themselves.
• Education and awareness: This involves teaching people about the risks of disasters and how
to prepare for them.
• Community resilience: This involves building strong social networks and relationships so that
communities can better withstand disasters.
DRR is an important part of disaster management. By reducing disaster risk, we can help to make
our communities safer and more resilient.

Here are some additional tips for disaster risk reduction:

• Have a plan: Know what to do in the event of a disaster.

• Build an emergency kit: This should include food, water, first aid supplies, and other
essentials.
• Stay informed: Monitor weather forecasts and other disaster information.
• Be prepared to evacuate: If you live in an area that is prone to disasters, have a plan to
evacuate if necessary.
• Help others: If you see someone who needs help, offer your assistance.

20 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

Disaster risk management (DRM)

Disaster risk management (DRM) is the process of reducing the risks of disasters and
managing their impacts. It is a systematic approach to understanding the potential for harm and taking
steps to mitigate the risks.

DRM typically involves the following steps:

1. Hazard identification: The first step is to identify the hazards that could cause a disaster. This
can be done by brainstorming, reviewing historical data, and conducting surveys.
2. Vulnerability assessment: Once the hazards have been identified, it is necessary to assess the
vulnerability of the community or system to the hazards. This involves understanding the
factors that make the community or system more or less vulnerable to the hazards, such as
the location, the infrastructure, and the social and economic conditions.
3. Risk assessment: The hazard identification and vulnerability assessment can then be
combined to assess the risk of a disaster. This involves estimating the likelihood of the hazard
occurring and the severity of the harm that could be caused.
4. Mitigation: Once the risk has been assessed, it is possible to develop mitigation measures to
reduce the risk. This can be done by implementing controls, such as engineering controls,
administrative controls, and personal protective equipment.
5. Preparedness: In addition to mitigation, it is also important to be prepared for a disaster. This
involves developing contingency plans and training people on how to respond to a disaster.
6. Response: When a disaster does occur, it is important to respond effectively. This involves
coordinating the response of different organizations and providing assistance to those affected
by the disaster.
7. Recovery: After a disaster, it is important to recover and rebuild. This involves restoring
infrastructure, providing assistance to those affected by the disaster, and implementing
lessons learned from the disaster.

DRM is an important process for reducing the risks of disasters and managing their impacts. By
following the steps outlined above, it is possible to protect communities and systems from the harmful
effects of disasters.

Here are some additional tips for disaster risk management:

• Involve all stakeholders: It is important to involve all stakeholders in the DRM process. This
includes government officials, emergency responders, and other individuals who could be
affected by the risks.
• Use a variety of sources: When identifying hazards, it is important to use a variety of sources.
This includes historical data, surveys, and brainstorming sessions.
21 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

• Consider the likelihood and severity of harm: When assessing risks, it is important to consider
both the likelihood of the hazard occurring and the severity of the harm that could be caused.
• Use appropriate tools: There are a variety of tools that can be used for DRM. It is important
to choose the right tool for the job.
• Communicate the risks: The risks should be communicated to all stakeholders. This will help
to ensure that everyone is aware of the risks and that they can take steps to mitigate them.
Early warning systems (EWS)

Early warning systems (EWS) are a critical tool for disaster risk reduction. They provide
information about impending disasters so that people can take steps to protect themselves.

EWS can be used to warn people about a variety of disasters, including:

• Natural disasters: such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, and hurricanes.

• Man-made disasters: such as industrial accidents, chemical spills, and nuclear accidents.

EWS typically consist of three components:

1. Monitoring: This involves collecting data about the potential disaster, such as seismic
activity, weather patterns, or pollution levels.
2. Analysis: This involves using the data to forecast the likelihood and severity of the disaster.
3. Dissemination: This involves communicating the forecast to the people who need to know,
such as government officials, emergency responders, and the general public.

EWS can be very effective in reducing the impact of disasters. For example, the early warning
system for tsunamis in the Indian Ocean saved an estimated 230,000 lives when the tsunami struck
in 2004.
However, EWS are not always perfect. They can sometimes be inaccurate, and they may not reach
everyone who needs to know. It is important to be aware of the limitations of EWS and to take other
steps to prepare for disasters.
Here are some additional tips for using early warning systems:
• Know your local EWS: Find out what EWS are in place in your area and how they work.

• Sign up for alerts: Many EWS allow you to sign up for alerts so that you will be notified of
impending disasters.
• Stay informed: Monitor weather forecasts and other disaster information.
• Have a plan: Know what to do in the event of a disaster.
Disaster preparedness
• Know your risks: Identify the natural and man-made hazards that are most likely to affect
your area.

22 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

• Make an emergency plan: This plan should include how you will communicate with your
family, where you will go if you need to evacuate, and what supplies you will need.
• Assemble an emergency kit: This kit should include food, water, first-aid supplies, and other
essentials.
• Stay informed: Monitor local news and weather reports so you are aware of potential hazards.
• Get involved: Volunteer with your local emergency management agency or disaster relief
organization.
• Practice your plan: Make sure your family knows what to do in case of an emergency and
practice your plan regularly.
Here are some additional tips for disaster preparedness
• Have a designated meeting place: If you are forced to evacuate, have a predetermined place
where your family will meet.
• Keep a list of important phone numbers: This list should include the numbers for your family,
friends, doctor, and emergency services.
• Have a backup plan: If your primary plan is not feasible, have a backup plan in place.
• Be prepared to be self-sufficient: In the event of a disaster, you may not have access to power,
water, or other resources.
• Be patient and understanding: Disasters can be stressful and chaotic. Be patient with yourself
and others during a disaster.

Disaster prevention
Disaster prevention is the process of taking steps to avoid or mitigate the effects of a disaster.
It includes a wide range of activities, from land-use planning to education and awareness.

The goal of disaster prevention is to reduce the risk of disasters and to make people and
communities more resilient to them. This can help to save lives, reduce damage, and speed up
recovery.
Here are some tips for disaster prevention:
• Land-use planning: This involves using zoning and other regulations to reduce the risk of
development in areas that are prone to disasters. For example, building codes can be used to
ensure that buildings are constructed to withstand earthquakes and other natural disasters.
• Building codes: These codes set standards for the construction of buildings to make them
more resistant to disasters.
• Early warning systems: These systems provide information about impending disasters so that
people can take steps to protect themselves.
• Education and awareness: This involves teaching people about the risks of disasters and how
to prepare for them.
• Community resilience: This involves building strong social networks and relationships so that
communities can better withstand disasters.
By following these tips, we can help to make our communities safer and more resilient to disasters.
Here are some additional tips for disaster prevention:
• Have a plan: Know what to do in the event of a disaster.

23 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

• Build an emergency kit: This should include food, water, first aid supplies, and other
essentials.
• Stay informed: Monitor weather forecasts and other disaster information.
• Be prepared to evacuate: If you live in an area that is prone to disasters, have a plan to
evacuate if necessary.
• Help others: If you see someone who needs help, offer your assistance.

Disaster mitigation

Disaster mitigation is the process of reducing the impact of a disaster by taking steps to make
people and communities more resistant to them. It is an important part of disaster management, and
it can help to save lives, reduce damage, and speed up recovery.

There are many different ways to mitigate disasters. Some of the most common activities include:
• Land-use planning: This involves using zoning and other regulations to reduce the risk of
development in areas that are prone to disasters.
• Building codes: These codes set standards for the construction of buildings to make them
more resistant to disasters.
• Early warning systems: These systems provide information about impending disasters so that
people can take steps to protect themselves.
• Education and awareness: This involves teaching people about the risks of disasters and how
to prepare for them.
• Community resilience: This involves building strong social networks and relationships so that
communities can better withstand disasters.
Here are some examples of disaster mitigation:
• Building codes: Building codes are designed to make buildings more resistant to disasters.
For example, building codes may require that buildings be constructed with materials that are
less likely to collapse in an earthquake.
• Early warning systems: Early warning systems can provide people with information about
impending disasters so that they can take steps to protect themselves. For example, early
warning systems for tsunamis can provide people with time to evacuate to higher ground.
• Education and awareness: Education and awareness can help people to understand the risks
of disasters and how to prepare for them. For example, education and awareness campaigns
can teach people how to build an emergency kit or how to evacuate their homes safely.
• Community resilience: Community resilience refers to the ability of a community to
withstand and recover from a disaster. Community resilience can be built by strengthening
social networks and relationships, and by developing disaster preparedness plans.
• Disaster response is the immediate and short-term effort to save lives, reduce suffering, and
mitigate further damage after a disaster. It is the first phase of disaster management, which
also includes disaster preparedness and disaster recovery.

Disaster response

24 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

The goal of disaster response is to save lives, reduce suffering, and mitigate further damage.
This is done by providing immediate assistance to those affected by the disaster, such as food, water,
shelter, and medical care. It also involves ensuring the safety of the public and restoring essential
services, such as power, water, and transportation.
Disaster response is a complex and challenging task. It requires the coordination of many
different organizations, including government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and
volunteers. It is also important to ensure that the response is fair and equitable and that it does not
discriminate against any particular group of people.
Here are some of the key elements of disaster response:
• Search and rescue: The first priority is to find and rescue people who are trapped or injured.
• Evacuation: If necessary, people may need to be evacuated from the disaster area to a safe
location.
• Triage: People who are injured are triaged, which means that they are assessed and prioritized
for treatment.
• Medical care: Those who need medical care are provided with the necessary treatment.
• Shelter: People who have lost their homes are provided with shelter.
• Food and water: People who are displaced from their homes are provided with food and water.
• Restoration of essential services: Essential services, such as power, water, and transportation,
are restored as soon as possible.
• Rehabilitation: The community is helped to recover from the disaster and to rebuild.
Damage assessment is the process of determining the extent of damage caused by a disaster. It is
an important part of disaster management, as it can help to identify the needs of the affected
population and to prioritize resources.
There are two main types of damage assessment:

• Rapid damage assessment: This is a quick assessment that is conducted in the immediate
aftermath of a disaster. It is used to get a general idea of the extent of the damage and to
identify the most urgent needs.
• Detailed damage assessment: This is a more thorough assessment that is conducted after the
immediate crisis has passed. It is used to gather more detailed information about the damage,
such as the number of people affected and the extent of the infrastructure damage.

Damage assessment
Damage assessment can be conducted by a variety of actors, including:
• Government agencies: Government agencies, such as the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) in the United States, often conduct damage assessments.
• Non-governmental organizations: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the Red
Cross and Oxfam also conduct damage assessments.
• Private companies: Private companies, such as insurance companies, may also conduct
damage assessments.

25 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

The methods used for damage assessment can vary depending on the type of disaster and the
resources available. However, some common methods include:
• Visual inspection: This involves visually inspecting the affected area to identify the damage.
• Surveys: This involves surveying the affected population to gather information about the
damage.
• Remote sensing: This involves using satellite imagery or aerial photography to assess the
damage.
Damage assessment is an important part of disaster management. By gathering information about
the extent of the damage, it can help to identify the needs of the affected population and to prioritize
resources. This can help to ensure that the response to the disaster is effective and that the affected
population is able to recover as quickly as possible.
Here are some of the benefits of damage assessment:
• It can help to identify the needs of the affected population. This information can be used to
prioritize resources and to ensure that the response to the disaster is effective.
• It can help to assess the impact of the disaster. This information can be used to inform future
planning and to reduce the risk of similar disasters in the future.
• It can help to build resilience. By understanding the risks of disasters and how to mitigate
them, communities can become more resilient to future disasters.
Damage assessment is an important tool for disaster management. It can help to save lives, reduce
damage, and speed up recovery.
Crisis counselling

Crisis counselling is a type of mental health intervention that helps people cope with the
emotional and psychological effects of a disaster. It can be provided in a variety of settings, including:

• Immediately after a disaster: This type of crisis counselling is often provided by emergency
responders or mental health professionals who are deployed to the disaster area.
• In the days and weeks following a disaster: This type of crisis counselling is often provided
by mental health professionals who are working with survivors in shelters, community
centres, or other locations.
• In the months and years following a disaster: This type of crisis counselling is often provided
by mental health professionals who are working with survivors in individual or group therapy
settings.
Crisis counselling can help people to:
• Cope with the emotional and psychological effects of the disaster. This includes feelings of
shock, grief, anger, and anxiety.
• Process the experience of the disaster. This includes talking about what happened and making
sense of it.
• Develop coping strategies. This includes learning how to manage stress and anxiety and how
to take care of their physical and mental health.
• Reconnect with their support network. This includes connecting with family, friends, and
other important people in their lives.

26 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

• Rebuild their lives. This includes making plans for the future and taking steps to move on
from the disaster.
If you or someone you know has been affected by a disaster, it is important to seek crisis
counselling. Crisis counselling can help you to cope with the emotional and psychological effects of
the disaster and to rebuild your life.
Here are some tips for finding crisis counselling:
• Contact your local mental health clinic. They may have a crisis counselling program or be
able to refer you to a therapist who specializes in disaster-related trauma.
• Call the National Disaster Distress Helpline at 1-800-985-5990. This is a free, confidential
hotline that is staffed by trained counsellors who can provide crisis counselling.
• Look for online resources. There are a number of websites and organizations that offer online
crisis counselling services.
It is important to find a crisis counsellor who is experienced in working with people who have been
affected by disasters. This will help to ensure that you receive the best possible care.

Needs assessment

A needs assessment is a process of identifying the needs of people affected by a disaster. It is

an important part of disaster response and recovery, as it helps to ensure that the right resources are
provided to the right people.
A needs assessment can be conducted in a number of ways, but it typically involves the following
steps:
1. Identify the affected population: The first step is to identify the people who have been affected
by the disaster. This includes identifying their location, their needs, and their vulnerabilities.
2. Collect data: Once the affected population has been identified, data is collected about their
needs. This data can be collected through surveys, interviews, or focus groups.
3. Analyze the data: The data is then analyzed to identify the most pressing needs of the affected
population. This analysis can be done using a variety of methods, such as statistical analysis
or qualitative analysis.
4. Prioritize the needs: The needs are then prioritized, so that the most urgent needs are
addressed first.
5. Develop a plan: A plan is then developed to address the identified needs. This plan should
include a timeline for implementation, as well as a budget.
A needs assessment can be a complex and challenging task, but it is an essential part of disaster
response and recovery. By conducting a needs assessment, we can ensure that the right resources are
provided to the right people, and that the recovery process is as effective as possible.

Here are some of the benefits of conducting a needs assessment:

• It helps to identify the most pressing needs of the affected population.
• It helps to ensure that the right resources are provided to the right people.
• It helps to prioritize the needs of the affected population.

27 | P a g e
MCN 301 DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODULE 1 S5 BTECH 2019

• It helps to develop a plan to address the identified needs.

• It helps to track the progress of the recovery process.
If you are interested in conducting a needs assessment, there are a number of resources available to
help you. The following are some of the most useful resources:
• The Sphere Handbook: The Sphere Handbook is a guide to humanitarian assistance in
disasters. It includes a chapter on needs assessment.
• The Disaster Needs Assessment Tool: The Disaster Needs Assessment Tool is a web-based
tool that can be used to conduct a needs assessment.
• The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA): OCHA
provides a number of resources on needs assessment, including training materials and
toolkits.

28 | P a g e