BDwUb 3 wk¶vµg, cvV¨m~wP I Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg

f‚wgKv

wk¶vµg cvV¨m~wP m¤úwK©Z †gvUvgywU aviYv Avcbvi nqZ Av‡Q| wk¶v`vb I wk¶vR©b
cÖwµqvq G `ywUi f‚wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wk¶vµg n‡”Q e¨vcK Avi cvV¨m~wP nj Gi
Acwinvh© GKwU Ask| Ab¨w`‡K Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg GKwU bZzb aviYv| wkLb-†kLv‡bv
Kvh©µg, g~j¨vqb c×wZ Ges cVb-cvVb DcKiY cÖYq‡bi wfwË wn‡m‡e GwUi cÖ‡qvRb|
wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP e‡j G‡K fzj Kiv hv‡e bv| wk¶KZvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨
Dc‡iv³ welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© GKRb wk¶‡Ki ¯úó aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|

Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi Dci we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvi myweavi Rb¨ eZ©gvb BDwbU‡K PviwU cv‡V fvM
Kiv nj| GB cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q:

cvV- 3.1: wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP

cvV- 3.2: cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i gvZ…fvlv evsjvi Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg
cvV- 3.3: cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i gvZ…fvlv evsjv wkLbµ‡gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ewj
Ges †hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkLbµg
cvV- 3.4: cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i gvZ…fvlv evsjvi AR©b Dc‡hvMx cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvmg~n
 ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 3.1 wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP

D‡Ïk¨

GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb−

wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wPi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wPi m¤úK© wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wk¶v‡¶‡Î wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| kã `ywU Avgiv cÖvqB ï‡b _vwK
wKš‘ G‡`i cÖK…Z ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb Kiv †ek KwVb| cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶K‡K Aek¨B G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K©
¯úó aviYv ivL‡Z n‡e| †Kb bv wk¶v`vb I wk¶vR©b cÖwµqvq wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wPi f‚wgKv
LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wk¶v e¨e¯’vi Avewk¨K Dcv`vb G `ywU| gvZ…fvlvi wk¶K‡K Aek¨B
gvZ…fvlvi wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z n‡e|

wk¶vµ‡gi me©RbMÖvn¨ msÁv †`Iqv KwVb| wk¶v`vb I wk¶vR©b msµvšÍ hveZxq Kvh©µgB
wk¶vµg wK? wk¶vµ‡gi we‡eP¨ welq| cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’vax‡b †kªwY‡Z I †kªwYi evB‡i wk¶v_x©i mvgwMÖK
ZrciZv I wk¶vMZ AwfÁZvi Av‡qvRb‡K wk¶vµg ejv nq| we`¨vj‡qi cwiPvjbvaxb,
wk¶v msµvšÍ hveZxq Kvh©µ‡gi GwU GKwU wek` wb‡`©wkKv we‡kl| g~jZ wk¶vµg nj
†Kvb we‡kl ¯Í‡ii wk¶v m¤úwK©Z Kvh©µg I AwfÁZvi c~Y©v½ `wjj hv †Kvb `vwqZ¡kxj
msMVb KZ©„K M„nxZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| wk¶v msµvšÍ me wKQyB wk¶vµg‡K †K›`ª K‡iB
AvewZ©Z nq|

wk¶vµ‡gi Dcv`vb wk¶vµg Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc¸‡jv nj:

1. wk¶vi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wPwýZ Kiv;

2. wk¶vi KvVv‡gv wba©viY Kiv;
3. cvV¨m~wP cÖYqb I welqe¯‘ wbe©vPb;
4. wk¶v_x©‡`i Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I Ab¨vb¨ wkLb DcKiY ˆZwi Kiv;
5. wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kjv‡KŠkj wba©viY Ges
6. g~j¨vqb c×wZ wbiƒcY|

wk¶vµg ej‡Z Dc‡ii me¸‡jv avc‡K eySvq| G‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© we‡klfv‡e
j¶Yxq| wk¶vi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wk¶vµ‡gi Ab¨vb¨ Dc`vb¸‡jv‡K cwiPvwjZ K‡i|

Gevi cvV¨m~wPi K_vq Avmv hvK| cvV¨m~wP wk¶vµ‡gi Awe‡”Q`¨ I wewkó Dcv`vb|
cvV¨m~wP wK?
wk¶vµg‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ Ges Gi ewY©Z D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨ AR©‡bi cÖavb
DcKiY cvV¨m~wP| G Kvi‡YB A‡bK mgq wk¶vµg Avi cvV¨m~wP‡K Awfbœ g‡b nq|
cvV¨m~wP GKw`‡K †hgb wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv cÖwZdj‡bi j‡¶¨ wbe©vwPZ nq Aci w`‡K GwU

BDwbU- 3 42
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV¨cy¯ÍK wjLb, wkLb-†kLv‡bv KvR I g~j¨vq‡bi Kjv‡KŠkj wbY©‡qi w`K wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i| myZivs cvV¨m~wP wk¶vµg Dbœq‡bi GKwU avc n‡jI GwU wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ mg~n
Ges wk¶vµ‡gi Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î| wk¶vµg‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒcvwqZ Kivi Rb¨
mwVK welqm~wP wba©viY, welqe¯‘i myôz web¨vm, wk¶v`vb c×wZ I mnvqK DcKiY wbiƒcY I
g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cvV¨m~wP GKwU Avek¨Kxq nvwZqvi we‡kl| ZvB †`Lv
hv‡”Q wk¶vµ‡gi cwiwa e¨vcK Avi cvV¨m~wP Zvi Ask we‡kl|

wk¶vµg cÖYqb: †gŠwjK I wb‡`©kK bxwZ

wk¶vµ‡gi wb‡`©kK
wk¶vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i ˆ`wnK, gvbwmK I ˆbwZK DbœwZ mvab|
bxwZ
¯Íi ci¯úivq wk¶v_x©i eqm, ¶gZv, AwfiæwP I AbyivM Abyhvqx cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb,
KzkjZv I wewkó `„wófw½ MV‡bi mnvqK ZrciZv I AwfÁZvi Av‡qvRb|

GKwU wewkó mgvR I ivóªe¨e¯’vq Drcv`bkxj Rxeb I RxweKv AR©‡b wk¶v_x©‡K
mnvqZv `vb|

my¯’ kix‡i my¯’ g‡bi weKv‡k my¯úó Kvh©µ‡gi wb‡`©k `vb|

m„Rbkxj I RxebgyLx wk¶v wbwðZ Kiv|

cvV¨m~wP wba©viY: wb‡`©kK bxwZ

cvV¨m~wPi wb‡`©kb cvV¨m~wP GKwU cÖ‡qvwMK welq| wk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q Gi e¨envwiK g~j¨ Lye †ewk| ZvB cvV¨m~wP
bxwZ wba©viY I cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ mywPwšÍZ I mycwiKwíZ wb‡`©k _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb:

wk¶vµ‡g ewY©Z wb‡`©kK-bxwZ Abymv‡i cvV¨m~wP‡Z welqmg~‡ni my¯úó wb‡`©k

mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv|

wk¶vµ‡gi g~j j¶¨ AR©‡b Z_v mvgvwRK †PZbv‡K weKwkZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Giƒc
welqe¯‘i mgv‡ek wbwðZ Kiv|

wk¶v_x©i eyw×e„wË I AbymwÜrmv‡K RvMÖZ I cwiZ…ß Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡b beZi D™¢vebv I
fveaviv weKv‡k mnvqZv `vb|

cvV¨m~wPi Aek¨ Abyl½ wn‡m‡e g~j¨vqb c×wZ m¤ú‡K© my¯úó wb‡`©k `vb|

Avgv‡`i RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP‡Z gvZ…fvlv evsjvi ¯’vb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY
wk¶vµ‡g gvZ…fvlv
wk¶Yxq hveZxq wel‡q Ávb, ˆbcyY¨ I fve mg„w× AR©‡bi †¶‡Î gvZ…fvlvi cwimi we¯Í…Z|
evsjvi ¯’vb gvZ…fvlvB Avgv‡`i wk¶vi gva¨g| wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wPi mdj iƒcvq‡b gvZ…fvlv Kvh©Ki
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| gvZ…fvlv wk¶v ZvB wk¶vµ‡gi g~j f‚LÛ Ry‡o i‡q‡Q| wk¶vi hveZxq
D‡Ïk¨‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ fvlv wk¶v, we‡kl K‡i gvZ…fvlv wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRb AZ¨waK|
gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I Ávb Avni‡Yi my‡hvM _v‡K| GQvov gvZ…fvlvi mg¨K
`Lj _vK‡j we`¨vj‡q wk¶Yxq welq¸‡jv wk¶v_x© mn‡R AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i| wk¶vµg I
cvV¨m~wP‡Z ZvB gvZ…fvlv evsjvi ¯’vb mevi Dc‡i|

evsjv 43
 ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

AwaKš‘ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ welq wn‡m‡e gvZ…fvlv I mvwnZ¨ we`¨vj‡q cwVZ nq| G Kvi‡YB
gvZ…fvlvi wk¶vµg I
cVb-cvV‡bi †¶‡Î gvZ…fvlv evsjv welqwU mhZœ `„wó I cwiPh©vi `vex iv‡L| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡iB
cvV¨m~wP fvlvi PviwU †gŠwjK ˆbcy‡Y¨i AvbyôvwbK Abykxj‡bi m~Pbv N‡U Ges G Abykxj‡bi ga¨
w`‡qB wkïi eyw×e„wË I m„RbkxjZvi weKvk wbwðZ nq| fvlv wkL‡bi †¶‡Î µgvMZ
M‡elYvjä djvdj †_‡K G aviYv me©Rbxb †h, cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii gvZ…fvlvi wk¶vµg I
cvV¨m~wP n‡e GKvšÍ fv‡eB fvlvwfwËK|

gvZ…fvlv fvjfv‡e ïb‡Z, ej‡Z, eyS‡Z Ges wjL‡Z wkL‡j wkï †h †Kvb welq wb‡R mn‡R
eyS‡Z cvi‡e, Aci‡K †evSv‡Z cvi‡e Ges Zvi AwR©Z Ávb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Av‡MB
e‡jwQ cÖv_wgK ch©vq‡K wkïi fvlv ˆbcyY¨ AR©‡bi cÖ¯‘wZce© ejv nq| K_v ejv I covi
†¶‡Î ï× D”PviY I ¯^vfvweK ¯^i-Zi½ i¶v Kivi welqwU wkï‡K †kLv‡Z nq|
Abyiƒcfv‡e †jLvi †¶‡Î MwZ, wbfz©jZv I ¯úóZv weav‡bi Rb¨ Abykxjb Kiv‡Z nq| D³
D‡Ï‡k¨i †cÖw¶‡Z cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i wkïi gvZ…fvlv wk¶vi cvV¨m~wP cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU- 3 44
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.1

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb:

1. †Kvb Dw³wU mwVK?

K. cvV¨m~wP nj e¨vcK Avi wk¶vµg Gi Ask we‡kl
L. wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP Awfbœ
M. wk¶vµ‡g ewY©Z D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨ AR©‡bi cÖavb DcKiY cvV¨m~wP
N. wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYq‡bi bxj-bKkv we‡kl|

2. †Kvb µgwU mwVK?

K. cvV¨m~wP-cvV¨cy¯ÍK-wk¶vµg
L. cvV¨m~wP-wk¶vµg-cvV¨cy¯ÍK
M. wk¶vµg-cvV¨m~wP-cvV¨cy¯ÍK
N. wk¶vµg-cvV¨cy¯ÍK-cvV¨m~wP|

3. †Kvb Dw³wU mZ¨ bq?

K. wk¶vi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wPwýZ Kiv wk¶vµg Dbœq‡bi cÖavb avc
L. cvV¨m~wP‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒc †`Iqvi cÖavb nvwZqvi wk¶vµg
M. cvV¨m~wP wk¶vµ‡gi Awe‡”Q`¨ I wewkó Dcv`vb
N. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii gvZ…fvlvi cvV¨m~wP n‡e fvlvwfwËK|

Av) msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1. wk¶vµg ej‡Z wK eySvq?

2. cvV¨m~wP‡K wk¶vµ‡gi Awe‡”Q`¨ Dcv`vb ejv nq †Kb?
3. wk¶vµ‡g gvZ…fvlvi ¯’vb KZUzKz ¸iæZ¡c~Y©?

evsjv 45
 ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 3.2 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i gvZ…fvlv evsjvi Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg

D‡Ïk¨

GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb

Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg wK I †Kb G`ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z m¶g n‡eb;

gvZ…fvlv evsjvi Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

Avek¨Kxq wkLbµ‡gi myweav¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cUf‚wg

Avgv‡`i †`‡k mve©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb ïiæ nq 1981 mvj †_‡K| GB
Kvh©µ‡gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj wZbwU:

cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q AvMgb Dc‡hvMx AwaK msL¨K wkïi wk¶vMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv;

fwZ©K…Z wkïi AwaKvsk‡K cÖv_wgK wk¶v †kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ we`¨vj‡q a‡i ivLv;

Rxe‡bi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wkï‡K mdj wk¶v jv‡f mnvqZv Kiv|

wKš‘ †`Lv‡Mj wewfbœ c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv m‡Ë¡I cÖv_wgK wk¶vi DbœwZi Rb¨ Dc‡iv³ †h
Avek¨Kxq wkLbµ‡gi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv w¯’i Kiv n‡qwQj Zv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| d‡j me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi
cUf‚wg Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© 1986 mvj †_‡K cÖPwjZ cÖv_wgK
wk¶vµg cwigvR©b I bevq‡bi `xN©‡gqv`x Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i| Gi AvIZvq cÖ_g ch©v‡q
cÖv_wgK wk¶vµ‡gi AšÍfz©³ mKj wel‡qi Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg cÖYqb Kiv nq| GLb cÖkœ
n‡”Q Avek¨Kxq wkLbµ‡g wK Ges †KbB ev Zv cÖYqb Kiv nq?

Avgiv Av‡MB †R‡bwQ me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ we`¨vj‡q Mg‡bvc‡hvMx
wkï‡`i e¨vcK nv‡i we`¨vj‡q fwZ© Kiv| Ges cieZx©Kv‡j G me wkï hv‡Z cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii
wk¶v mgvß Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wbwðZ Kiv| wKš‘ wkï‡`i we`¨vj‡q fwZ© K‡i cÂg †kªwY ch©šÍ
a‡i ivL‡jB me©Rbxb wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z nq bv| we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nIqv wkïiv hv‡Z
wk¶vi GKwU mywbw`©ó gvb AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i †mw`‡KI mZK© `„wó ivL‡Z n‡e|

G‡`‡ki †ewki fvM wkïi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK wk¶vB cÖvwšÍK wk¶v| cÖvwšÍK wk¶v wn‡m‡e G ¯Í‡ii
Aek¨Kxq wkLbµg mKj wkï‡K GKwU Avek¨Kxq gv‡bi wk¶v jv‡fi my‡hvM wbwðZ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| †mRb¨
†Kb? Avgv‡`i Aek¨B Rvb‡Z n‡e G¯Í‡ii wk¶v‡k‡l wkïi g‡a¨ wKiƒc AvPiwYK cwieZ©b
NU‡e| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ wkïi KZUzKz Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk NU‡e Zv
Aek¨B mywbw`©ó Ki‡Z n‡e| mgv‡Ri GKRb m¶g m`m¨ wn‡m‡e f‚wgKv cvj‡bi Rb¨I
Zv‡K h_vh_ cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| GB ¶gZv AR©b wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ GKvšÍ Avek¨Kxq
wKQy †hvM¨Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva AR©‡b wkï‡K mnvqZv Ki‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU- 3 46
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

we`¨vj‡q fwZ© Kiv wkï‡`i mvg_© I Pvwn`vi cÖwZ m‡PZb `„wó †i‡L AwZ Avek¨Kxq
†hvM¨Zv¸‡jv cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q evsjv mn cÖavb 11wU wel‡qi wkLbµ‡gi AšÍfz©³ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU †kªwY I welqwfwËK †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv myweb¨¯Í Dc¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡gB cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q
Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg| Avkv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi me wkïB cÖYxZ wkLbµ‡gi
gva¨‡g cy‡ivcywifv‡e G †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AR©‡bi my‡hvM cv‡e|

evsjv Avgv‡`i gvZ…fvlv| G fvlvi gva¨‡g Avgiv g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kwi I cvi¯úwiK
evsjv: Aek¨Kxq †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kwi| Ab¨vb¨ welq wkL‡ZI wkï‡K gvZ…fvlvi mvnvh¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
wkLbµg myZivs cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶v_x©‡K Aek¨B gvZ…fvlv e¨env‡ii c~Y© `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
GB D‡Ïk¨ mvg‡b †i‡LB cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii †k‡l wk¶v_x© evsjv fvlvq KZUzKz `¶Zv AR©b
Ki‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡K ejv n‡q‡Q evsjv fvlvi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv| Gici GB
`¶Zvi KZUzKz †Kvb †kªwY‡Z AR©b Ki‡e Zv wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv nj evsjv fvlvi
Aek¨Kxq wkLbµg|

fvlv †kLvi Rb¨ PviwU `¶Zv AR©b Avek¨K− †kvbv, ejv, cov I †jLv| evsjv fvlvq
`¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨I G PviwU wel‡q †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| GKUz Av‡M e‡jwQ,
AveviI ejwQ fvlv †kLvi †¶‡Î GKRb wk¶v_x© cÖv_wgK wk¶v †k‡l G PviwU `¶Zvi
KZUzKz b~¨bc‡¶ AR©b Ki‡e Zv‡K cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i †Kvb †kªwY‡Z
KZUzKz †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡e Zv Avek¨Kxq wkLbµ‡gi ZvwjKvq wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv
Avkv Ki‡Z cvwi GB Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg I AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AvqË Kivi ci
GKRb wk¶v_x© cÂg †kªwYi cvV‡k‡l hw` †jLvcov Avi bvI K‡i Zey mgvR cwi‡e‡k
e¨envwiK Rxe‡b †m evsjv fvlv h_vh_fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b wPwVcÎ I `iLv¯Í †jLv, wPwV, weÁvcb, `wjj BZ¨vw` co‡Z cviv− G
D‡Ïk¨ ai‡bi e¨envwiK evsjvq `¶Zv AR©b Kiv †h †Kvb mvaviY bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ GKvšÍ
Avek¨K| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv fvlv †kLvi †¶‡Î GKRb wk¶v_x© hw` wba©vwiZ Avek¨Kxq
wkLbµg Abyhvqx cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Z‡e Avgiv wbwðZ n‡Z cvwi †h
e¨envwiK Rxe‡b evsjv fvlv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î Zv‡K †Kvbiƒc Amyweavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡e bv|
AšÍZtc‡¶ †m A‡b¨i K_v ï‡b g‡bi fve eyS‡Z cvi‡e, ï× I ¯úó D”Pvi‡Y K_v ej‡Z
cvi‡e, gyw`ªZ cÎ-cwÎKv, eB-cy¯ÍK, nv‡Zi †jLv, wPwVcÎ, `wjj-`¯Ív‡eR c‡o eyS‡Z
cvi‡e Ges ¯úó I †evaMg¨fv‡e wjL‡Z cvi‡e| GB D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv mvg‡b †i‡LB cÖv_wgK
¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡qi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv web¨¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Avek¨Kxq wkLbµ‡gi myweav

Avek¨Kxq wkLbµ‡gi me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi cUf‚wg‡Z cÖYxZ Avek¨Kxq wkLbµ‡gi gva¨‡g †h mKj myweav
myweav wbwðZ n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv nj:

wk¶vµg ev¯Íevq‡bi mKj av‡c mswkøó mK‡ji Kv‡Q wkLbµ‡gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv
AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|

evsjv 47
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi cUf‚wg‡Z mKj wkïi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Dc‡hvMx wk¶vµg
iPbvq GwU wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e|

†`ke¨vcx cÖv_wgK wk¶vi GKwU Avek¨Kxq gvb AR©b m¤¢e n‡e|

kni I MÖvgv‡ji g‡a¨ cÖv_wgK wk¶vi AwR©Z gv‡bi ZviZg¨ n«vm cv‡e|

mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb wbwe©‡k‡l †`ke¨vcx mKj wkïi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki cÖv_wgK wk¶vjv‡fi
my‡hvM wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|

me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi j¶¨ AR©‡b AvbyôvwbK I DcvbyôvwbK wk¶vi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î
¯’vcb mnRZi n‡e|

cÖv_wgK wk¶v Rxe‡bi Pvwn`vi mv‡_ AviI †ewk m¤ú„³ n‡e Ges Gi ¸YMZ gvb e„w×
cv‡e|

Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g cÖv_wgK wk¶vi bgbxq cÖ‡gvkb bxwZi mdj
ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e n‡e| GB c`‡¶c cÖZ¨¶fv‡e me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ¸YMZ gvb wbwðZ
Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ c‡iv¶fv‡e Gi cwigvcMZ gvb e„wׇZI mnvqK n‡e|

GKwU K_v Aek¨B g‡b ivL‡eb:

GwU wkLbµg−wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg, g~j¨vqb c×wZ Ges cVb-

cvVb DcKiY cÖYq‡bi wfwË wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡e| G‡K wk¶vµg ev
cvV¨m~wP e‡j fzj Ki‡eb bv|

BDwbU- 3 48
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.2

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb:

1. me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb ïiæ nq−

K. 1974 mvj †_‡K
L. 1981 mvj †_‡K
M. 1986 mvj †_‡K
N. 1991 mvj †_‡K|

2. cÖPwjZ cÖv_wgK wk¶vµg cwigvR©b I bevq‡bi Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv nq−

K. 1981 mvj †_‡K
L. 1985 mvj †_‡K
M. 1986 mvj †_‡K
N. 1990 mvj †_‡K|

3. me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z n‡e ZLbB hLb−

K. AwaK msL¨K wkï cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡Z AvMÖnx n‡e
L. AwaK msL¨K wkï cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡e
M. AwaKvsk fwZ©K…Z wkï cÖv_wgK wk¶v mgvß Ki‡e
N. cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkïiv wk¶vi GKwU mywbw`©ó gvb AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

4. Avek¨Kxq wkLbµ‡gi we‡kl GKwU myweav n‡”Q−

K. †`ke¨vcx cÖv_wgK wk¶vi GKwU Avek¨Kxq gvb AR©b m¤¢e n‡e
L. kni I MÖvgv‡ji g‡a¨ cÖv_wgK wk¶vi gv‡bi ZviZg¨ e„w× cv‡e
M. AvbyôvwbK I DcvbyôvwbK wk¶vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m~wPZ n‡e
N. cÖv_wgK wk¶vq ZË¡ I Z‡_¨i mgvnvi NU‡e|

Av) m¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1. Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg wK?

2. Avek¨Kxq wkLbµ‡gi cÖ‡qvRb †Kb n‡q‡Q?

evsjv 49
 ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 3.3 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii gvZ…fvlv evsjv wkLbµ‡gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Ges
†hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkLbµg
D‡Ïk¨

GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb

cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkLbµ‡gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wKfv‡e cybwba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv ej‡Z
cvi‡eb;

cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii gvZ…fvlv evsjv wkLbµ‡gi D‡Ïk¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

†hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkLbµ‡gi D‡Ïk¨ I cÖYqb c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii gvZ…fvlv evsjv wkLbµ‡gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Av‡M wk¶vi
RvZxq j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Ges cÖv_wgK wk¶vi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv `iKvi| KviY
cÖ‡Z¨K KvRB µgch©vq i¶v K‡i m¤úbœ nq| GQvov GB j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wba©vwiZ nIqvi
Kvh©c×wZI Avgv‡`i Rvb‡Z n‡e| Gevi Avmyb Avgiv GK GK K‡i †m¸‡jv Rvb‡Z †Póv
Kwi|

Kvh©c×wZ

(1) wk¶vi RvZxq j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨vewj ch©v‡jvPbv: fwel¨Z bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ RvZxq Avkv
AvKv•Lvi cÖwZdjb NU‡bvi I RvwZ MV‡bi GKwU kw³kvjx nvwZqvi nj wk¶ve¨e¯’v| †m
Kvi‡Y †`‡ki wewfbœ mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb †_‡K AvMZ mKj †kªwYi RbM‡Yi Rxeb I RxweKv
wbwðZ Kiv Z_v AvKvw•LZ fwel¨r mgvR MV‡bi †cÖiYv m„wó Kiv wk¶ve¨e¯’vi cÖavb j¶¨|
wk¶vi RvZxq j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨vewj wPwýZ Ki‡Yi †¶‡Î wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i
we‡klÁMY wbæwjwLZ w`K¸‡jv m~²fv‡e ch©v‡jvPbv K‡ib−

(K) RvZxq `k©b I bxwZgvjv|

(L) wk¶vi RvZxq j¶¨mg~n|
(M) mgKvjxb Rxe‡bi wPšÍv fvebv|

me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖK‡íi cUf‚wg‡Z wk¶vµg cwigvR©‡bi m~PbvKv‡j Dc‡iv³

w`K¸‡jv Ges wk¶v_x©i cÖZ¨vwkZ †hvM¨Zvmg~n ch©v‡jvPbv wk¶vi RvZxq j¶¨ I
D‡Ïk¨vewj wbgœiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv nq:

1. me©kw³gvb Avjøvni cÖwZ AUj wek¦vm|

2. †`k‡cÖg I mybvMwiKZ¡|
3. gvbeZv I wek¦ bvMwiKZ¡|
4. ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva|

BDwbU- 3 50
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

5. mvgvwRK iƒcvšÍ‡ii nvwZqvi iƒ‡c wk¶v|

6. cÖ‡qvMgyLx I A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZi AbyK‚j wk¶v|
7. KvwqK kª‡gi gh©v`v|
8. †bZ…Z¡ I msMV‡bi ¸Yvewj, m„RbkxjZv I M‡elYv|

(2) cÖv_wgK wk¶vi mvaviY D‡Ïk¨vewj ch©v‡jvPbv I cybwba©viY: RvZxq wk¶vµg I

cvVcy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i wk¶vµg kvLvi we‡klÁMY cÖv_wgK wk¶vi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨vewj wba©vi‡Yi
Rb¨ wewfbœ mg‡q MwVZ wk¶v Kwgkb I KwgwUi wi‡cvU© ch©v‡jvPbv K‡ib| Ges wewfbœ
`wjj cÎvw` †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨vw` Ges wewkó e¨w³e‡M©i †jLv D‡Ïk¨vewj mw¤§wjZfv‡e wePvi
we‡kølY K‡ib| Gfv‡e ch©v‡jvPbv I wePvi we‡kølY K‡i Zuviv cÖv_wgK wk¶vi j¶¨ I 19wU
mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ wPwýZ K‡ib|

cÖv_wgK wk¶vi j¶¨: ˆ`wnK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, Aa¨vwZ¥K, ˆbwZK Ges gvbweK wel‡q
wkïi me©v½xb weKvk I Dbœqb mvabB n‡”Q cÖv_wgK wk¶vi g~j j¶¨|

D‡Ïk¨vewj: Dc‡iv³ g~j j‡¶¨ †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK wk¶vi gva¨‡g 19wU mvaviY
D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| GB 19wU D‡Ï‡k¨i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q- fvlv
m¤úwK©Z †gŠwjK `¶Zv AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv| Avi GwUB n‡”Q gvZ…fvlv evsjv wkLbµ‡gi
cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| GB D‡Ïk¨wU AR©b Kivi Rb¨ fvlv †kLvi 4wU †gŠwjK `¶Zv AR©b
Avek¨K| Avevi GB 4wU †gŠwjK `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ 24wU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv wba©viY Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †h¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© cieZx© cv‡V we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Dc‡iv³ fvlv m¤úwK©Z †gŠwjK `¶Zv AR©‡bi d‡j cÖv_wgK ¯Íi DËxY© wkïiv AšÍZtc‡¶
A‡b¨i K_v ï‡b g‡bi fve eyS‡Z cvi‡e I mgvR cwi‡e‡k, e¨envwiK Rxe‡b †m evsjv
fvlv h_vh_fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Z‡e G ¯Í‡i †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ Zv‡K 24wU cÖvwšÍK
†hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi KZUzKz †Kvb †kªwY‡Z AwR©Z n‡Z
cv‡i Zv mywbw`©ó Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†Kvb GKwU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ †kªwYwfwËK cÖviw¤¢K ch©vq †_‡K P‚ovšÍ ch©vq ch©šÍ
wkLbµg
H †hvM¨Zvi wefvwRZ As‡ki µg web¨vm‡K wkLbµg ejv hvq|

wkLbµg¸‡jv Abyhvqx welq I †kªwYwfwËK wba©vwiZ Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva

AR©‡bi cÖwZ m‡PZb `„wó ivL‡Z n‡e| h_vh_ c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb I wkïi AwR©Z mvd‡j¨i
avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡jB me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ¸YMZgvb
wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|

GB cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z †hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkLbµg cÖYqb we‡kl Zvrch©c~Y©| GwUB cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q

†hvM¨ZvwfwËK AvMZ mKj wkïi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Dc‡hvMx wk¶vµg iPbvi g~j wfwË| cÖ_‡g cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii
wkLbµg cÖYqb wk¶v †k‡l AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv nq| c‡i GB ZvwjKv †_‡K cÖv_wgK
wk¶vµ‡gi AšÍfz©³ evsjv mn 11wU wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv c„_K c„_Kfv‡e

evsjv 51
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

evQvB K‡i welqwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| Zvici
welqwfwËK †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv 1g †kªwY †_‡K 5g †kªwY ch©šÍ av‡c av‡c †Kvb †kªwY‡Z KZUzKz
AwR©Z n‡e Zv wPwýZ K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K wel‡qi Rb¨ †hvM¨ZvwfwËK c~Yv©½ wkLbµg cÖYqb Kiv
nq| Avkv Kiv n‡”Q †h cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi mKj wkïB cÖYxZ wkLbµgmg~‡ni gva¨‡g
cy‡ivcywifv‡e G †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AR©‡bi my‡hvM cv‡e|

Zvn‡j †hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkLbµg ej‡Z Avgiv wK eywS?

welqwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv wPwýZ I mywbw`©ó Kivi ci cuvP eQi
†gqv`x cÖv_wgK wk¶vi gva¨‡g av‡c av‡c †Kvb †kªwY‡Z Gi KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡e Zv wPwýZ
K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K wel‡qi Rb¨ †h wkLbµg cÖYqb Kiv nq ZvB n‡”Q †hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkLbµg|

BDwbU- 3 52
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.3

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb:

1. wk¶vi RvZxq j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wbiƒc‡Yi †¶‡Î †Kvb welqwU ch©v‡jvPbvi AvIZvq
Av‡m?
K. RvZxq `k©b I bxwZgvjv
L. wk¶v_x©‡`i cQ›`-AcQ›`
M. wk¶vi my‡hvM myweav mg~n
N. we‡klÁ‡`i †`Iqv Dc‡`kvewj|

2. eZ©gv‡b cÖv_wgK wk¶vi mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ KqwU?

K. 11wU
L. 19wU
M. 27wU
N. 53wU|

3. fvlv †kLvi †gŠwjK `¶Zv KqwU?

K. 4wU
L. 7wU
M. 11wU
N. 15wU|

Av) msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkLbµ‡gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wKfv‡e cybwba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q?

2. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii gvZ…fvlv evsjv wkLbµ‡gi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv
wjwce× Kiæb|
3. †hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkLbµg wK?

evsjv 53
 ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 3.4 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i gvZ…fvlv evsjvi AR©b Dc‡hvMx cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvmg~n
D‡Ïk¨

GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb−

†hvM¨Zv I cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv Kv‡K e‡j Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb I Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

gvZ…fvlv evsjvi AR©b Dc‡hvMx cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖv_wgK wk¶v ¯Í‡ii †k‡l AR©b Dc‡hvMx cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv wbiƒcY:

cÖv_wgK wk¶vi me©RbxbZvi cvUf‚wg‡Z G ¯Í‡ii wk¶vi ¸YMZgvb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU
welq Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q Aek¨B mywbw`©ó n‡Z n‡e, Zv nj- GB ¯Í‡ii wk¶v †k‡l wkïi KZUzKz
AvPiwYK cwieZ©b NU‡e Ges Zvi g‡a¨ KZUzKz Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk
NU‡e|

Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, wkïi wk¶v ïay Zvi eZ©gvb Pvwn`v †gUvevi ev eZ©gvb
cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨B bq| Zvi fwel¨Z Rxe‡b GKRb cÖvß eq¯‹ myLx gvbyl Ges
mgv‡Ri GKRb m¶g m`m¨ wn‡m‡e f‚wgKv cvj‡bi Rb¨I Zv‡K h_vh_ cÖ¯‘wZ w`‡Z n‡e|
eZ©gvb hy‡M †h iKg `ªæZMwZ‡Z Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v I Rxeb avivi cwieZ©b m~wPZ n‡”Q
Zv‡Z AvMvgx K‡qK `k‡K Zv †Kv_vq wM‡q `uvov‡e †m m¤ú‡K© fwel¨ØvYx Kiv KóKi| ZvB
AvR‡Ki w`‡bi wkï‡K Ggb †hvM¨Zv I mvg_©¨ AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e †hb fwel¨Z c„w_exi
cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡ZI †m GKRb mv_©K gvbyl Ges `vwqZ¡kxj bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Rxebhvcb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| G mvg_©¨ AR©b wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Abvek¨K ZË¡ I Z_¨ †kLvi cwie‡Z©
GKvšÍ Avek¨Kxq we‡kl †hvM¨Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva AvqË Ki‡Z wkï‡K mnvqZv Ki‡Z
n‡e|

cVb-cvV‡bi ga¨ w`‡q †Kvb Ávb, `¶Zv ev `„wófw½ cwic~Y©fv‡e AvqË Kivi ci wkï Zvi
†hvM¨Zv Kv‡K e‡j?
ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvR‡bi mg‡q Zv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡j †mB Ávb, `¶Zv ev `„wófw½‡K Zvi
GKwU †hvM¨Zv ejv hvq| D`vniY ¯^iƒc ejv hvq− evsjv wel‡qi cVb-cvV‡bi gva¨‡g
ï×fv‡e I ¯úó¯^‡i K_v ej‡Z cvivi `¶Zv AvqË Kivi ci wkï hw` Zvi cvwievwiK ev
mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡k ï× fvlvq I ¯úó ¯^‡i K_v ej‡Z cv‡i Z‡e †mwU Zvi †hvM¨Zv e‡j
we‡ewPZ n‡e|

Gfv‡e cuvP eQi †gqv`x cÖv_wgK wk¶v †k‡l wkïiv †h †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AR©b Ki‡e e‡j Avkv
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv
Kiv hvq †m¸‡jv‡K ejv nq cÖv_wgK wk¶vi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv| mvaviYZ †h †Kvb †hvM¨Zv
AR©‡bi cÖwµqv ïiæ nq cÖ_g †kªwY †_‡K Ges Zv Pj‡Z _v‡K cÂg †kªwY ch©šÍ| Z‡e †Kvb
†Kvb cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx Gi ïiæ I †kl nIqvi ch©vq wfbœZiI n‡Z cv‡i|
Zvn‡j cÖ_g †kªwY †_‡K cÂg †kªwY ch©šÍ ev ïiæ †_‡K †kl nIqvi ch©vq ch©šÍ AwR©Z
†hvM¨Zvi mgwóB nj cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶v_x©©‡`i Rb¨ cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv|

BDwbU- 3 54
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi cÖwµqv cÖ_g ev Aci †Kvb †kªwY †_‡K ïiæ n‡q cieZx©
†kªwY¸‡jv‡Z Zv µgvMZ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K Ges cÂg ev Zvi wb‡Pi †Kvb †kªwY‡Z mgvß nq|
GRb¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi KZUzKz †Kvb †kªwY‡Z AwR©Z n‡Z cv‡i Zv wbw`©ó Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ¸YMZ gvb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡jI Gi gva¨‡g
AR©b Dc‡hvMx cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv mywbw`©ó Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|

cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶v_x©‡K Aek¨B gvZ…fvlv e¨env‡ii c~Y© `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| GB
D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii †k‡l wk¶v_x© evsjv fvlvq KZUzKz `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡e
Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡K ejv n‡q‡Q evsjv fvlvi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv|

fvlv †kLvi Rb¨ PviwU `¶Zv AR©b Avek¨K- †kvbv, ejv, cov I †jLv| evsjv fvlvi
`¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨I G PviwU wel‡q †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| fvlv †kLvi †¶‡Î GKRb
wk¶v_x© cÖv_wgK wk¶v †k‡l G PviwU `¶Zvi KZUzKz Kgc‡¶ AR©b Ki‡e Zv‡K cÖvwšÍK
†hvM¨Zv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cÖv_wgK wk¶v ¯Í‡i me wel‡qi Rb¨ AR©b Dc‡hvMx me©‡gvU 53wU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv wPwýZ
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 4wU‡Z fvlv †kLvi PviwU `¶Zvi AR©b Dc‡hvMx cÖvwšÍK
†hvM¨Zvi K_v ¯úófv‡e e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1. mnR PwjZ evsjvq K‡_vcK_b, e³…Zv, eY©bv BZ¨vw` g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ï‡b g~jfve
eyS‡Z cviv|
2. mncvVx I Ab¨vb¨‡`i mv‡_ g‡bvfve I Abyf‚wZ mwVK Ges Kvh©Kifv‡e cÖKvk I Av`vb
cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î ï× PwjZ evsjvq K_v ej‡Z cviv|
3. mnR evsjv fvlvq Qvcv I nv‡Z †jLv welqe¯‘ ey‡S ï×fv‡e co‡Z cviv Ges cVb
`¶Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g evsjv fvlvq wjwLZ welqe¯‘ c‡o ÁvbvR©b Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z mg_©
nIqv|
4. ch©‡e¶Y, AwfÁZv I g‡bvfve mnR evsjv fvlvq ï× I ¯úófv‡e wj‡L cÖKvk Ki‡Z
cviv, mvaviY wPwV I `iLv¯Í wjL‡Z cviv Ges wewfbœ dg© c~iY Ki‡Z cviv|

Dc‡iv³ wPwýZ PviwU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv‡K AR©b Dc‡hvMx K‡i 24wU †hvM¨Zvq web¨¯Í Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †h¸‡jv wkï cÖ_g †kªwY †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i cÂg †kªwYi †kl ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨B av‡c av‡c
AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g n‡e e‡j aviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB 24wUi g‡a¨ †kvbvi Rb¨ 2wU, ejvi
Rb¨ 6wU, covi Rb¨ 10wU I †jLvi Rb¨ 6wU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi
me KwUi AR©b cÖwµqv cÖ_g †kªwY †_‡K ïiæ nqwb| cÖ_g †kªwY‡Z †kvbvi 2wU,ejvi 3wU,
covi 4wU Ges †jLvi 3wU †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi KvR ïiæ nq| cÂg †kªwYi †k‡l me KqwU
†hvM¨Zv AR©b Kvh©µg †kl nq| GK GKwU †hvM¨Zv‡K Avevi K‡qKwU Dc‡hvM¨Zvq wef³
Kiv n‡q‡Q|

evsjv 55
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

Gevi evsjv fvlvi 24wU AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv Zz‡j ai‡Z †Póv KiwQ:

†kvbv

1. K‡_vcK_b, Mí, mnR Av‡jvPbv I mvaviY welq m¤ú‡K© e³…Zv ï‡b welqe¯‘ I
g~jfve eyS‡Z cviv|
2. K‡_vcK_b, Mí, Qov, KweZv, Av‡jvPbv I e³…Zv ï‡b Avb›` jvf I Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z
cviv I e³vi Abyf‚wZ eyS‡Z cviv|

ejv

1. PwjZ ixwZ‡Z mwVK D”Pvi‡Y ¯úófv‡e K_v ej‡Z cviv|

2. Mí I mnR msjvc ej‡Z cviv|
3. NUbv I e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cviv|
4. mwVK Q‡›` my›`ifv‡e †SuvKv I ¯^ifw½ mn KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡Z cviv|
5. wewfbœ AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK cwi‡e‡k †gŠwLK Av`e-Kvq`v cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv|
6. wewfbœ cwi‡e‡k gZvgZ I Abyf‚wZ e¨³ Ki‡Z cviv|

cov

1. kªeY‡hvM¨ ¯Í‡i ï× I ¯úó D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cviv|

2. ¯^vfvweK MwZ‡Z co‡Z cviv|
3. ï× D”Pvi‡Y ¯^vfvweK MwZ‡Z Ave„wË Ki‡Z cviv|
4. gyw`ªZ eB cy¯ÍK, cÎ-cwÎKv, Qwei cvV co‡Z I eyS‡Z cviv|
5. mnR weÁvcb, weÁwß, wewfbœ ai‡bi mnR ms‡KZ/wb‡`©k co‡Z I eyS‡Z cviv|
6. ¯^vfvweK MwZ‡Z bxi‡e co‡Z I eyS‡Z cviv|
7. cwVZ welq fvjfv‡e eyS‡Z cviv|
8. Kwe/†jL‡Ki bvg co‡Z cviv|
9. nv‡Zi †jLv wPwVcÎ, `iLv¯Í I `wjj co‡Z cviv|
10. Rvbv I Avb›` jv‡fi Rb¨ cv‡Vi Af¨vm MVb Ki‡Z cviv|

†jLv

1. ¯úó I cwi”Qbœfv‡e wjL‡Z cviv|

2. ï×fv‡e wjL‡Z cviv|
3. weivgwPý h_vh_fv‡e e¨envi K‡i wjL‡Z cviv|
4. ï× evbvb I h_vh_ weivgwPý e¨envi K‡i kÖæZwjwc wjL‡Z cviv|
5. g‡bi fve wb‡Ri fvlvq wj‡L cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv|
6. `iLv¯Í, wPwVcÎ I w`bcwÄ wjL‡Z cviv|

BDwbU- 3 56
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.4

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb:

1. evsjv fvlvi PviwU `¶Zv‡K me©‡gvU KqwU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvq web¨¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q?
K. 11wU
L. 15wU
M. 24wU
N. 25wU|

2. ÔÔwewfbœ cwi‡e‡k gZvgZ I Abyf‚wZ e¨³ Ki‡Z cvivÕÕ- Gi gva¨‡g †Kvb †hvM¨Zv
cwigvc Kiv hv‡e?
K. †kvbvi
L. ejvi
M. covi
N. †jLvi|

3. †Kvb Ávb ev `¶Zv AvqË Kivi ci Zv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡j †mB Ávb ev
`¶Zv‡K ejv nq−
K. †hvM¨Zv
L. `¶Zv
M. ˆbcyY¨
N. AwfÁZv|

Av) msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1. †hvM¨Zv Kv‡K e‡j?

2. cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv ej‡Z wK †evSvq?

evsjv 57
 ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb


msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1. wk¶vµg ej‡Z wK eySvq?

2. wk¶vµ‡g gvZ…fvlvi ¯’vb wbiƒcY Kiæb|
3. Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg wK?
4. †hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkLbµg wK?
5. cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv ej‡Z wK †evSvq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wPi cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Kiæb|

2. gvZ…fvlv evsjvi Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg m¤ú‡K© GKwU Aby‡”Q` iPbv Kiæb|
3. gvZ…fvlv evsjvi AR©b Dc‡hvMx cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv m¤ú‡K© GKwU Aby‡”Q` iPbv
Kiæb|

DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.1

1| M; 2| M; 3| L;

cv‡VvËi gyj¨vqb- 3.2

1| L; 2| M; 3| N; 4| K;

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.3

1| K; 2| L; 3| K;

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.4

1| M; 2| L; 3| K;

BDwbU- 3 58