Module 17

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Differential and Integral Calculus

 Lesson 4:
INTEGRATION BY ALGEBRAIC
SUBSTITUTION

Differential and Integral Calculus

OBJECTIVE:
• evaluate integrals using algebraic substitution

Differential and Integral Calculus

Integration by Algebraic Substitution

If the integrand contains the variable of integration raised

to a rational exponent, it can be simplified by the
substitution:

𝒏
𝒙=𝒛

where 𝒏 is the least common denominator of the rational

exponents.

Differential and Integral Calculus

Example:
Evaluate the following integrals:
1. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 න 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑥 3 + 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 2
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
So that
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑
1Τ 1Τ
𝑥3 + 2 = 𝑥3 + 2 2 =𝑢 2

Integrate:
1
𝑢 ൗ2
‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 ∙ 𝑥 3 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 ∙ 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢
1 1
‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 ∙ 𝑥 3 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ‫ 𝑢 ׬‬Τ2 𝑑𝑢
3ൗ
1 𝑢 2 2 3
2 3
න 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∙ = 𝑢 ൗ2
3 3ൗ 9
2
2 3 2
‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 ∙ 𝑥 3 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 9 (𝑥 3 + 2) Τ2 Answer: ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 ∙ 𝑥 3 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 9 𝑥3 + 2 3 +𝐶

Differential and Integral Calculus

2. න 15𝑦 5 𝑦 3 − 4 3 𝑑𝑦

Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑦 3 − 4
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 = 2 and
3𝑦
𝑦3 = 𝑢 + 4
So that
𝑑𝑢
‫ ׬‬15𝑦 5 𝑦 3 − 4 3 𝑑𝑦 = ‫ ׬‬15𝑦 5 𝑢3 ∙ 3𝑦2
= ‫ ׬‬5𝑦 3 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
Substitute the value of 𝑦 3
‫ ׬‬15𝑦 5 𝑦 3 − 5 3 𝑑𝑦 = ‫ ׬‬5 𝑢 + 4 ∙ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
න 15𝑦 5 𝑦 3 − 5 3 𝑑𝑦 = න 5𝑢4 + 20𝑢3 𝑑𝑢

‫ ׬‬15𝑦 5 𝑦 3 − 5 3 𝑑𝑦 = ‫ ׬‬5𝑢4 𝑑𝑢 + ‫ ׬‬20𝑢3 𝑑𝑢

5𝑢5 20𝑢4
‫ ׬‬15𝑦 5 𝑦 3 − 5 3 𝑑𝑦 = 5
+
4
+𝐶
‫ ׬‬15𝑦 5 𝑦 3 − 5 3 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢5 + 5𝑢4 + 𝐶
‫ ׬‬15𝑦 5 𝑦 3 − 5 3 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢4 𝑢 + 5 + 𝐶
Answer: ‫ ׬‬15𝑦 5 𝑦 3 − 5 3 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 3 −4)4 ∙ (𝑦 3 − 4 + 5) + 𝐶
‫ ׬‬15𝑦 5 𝑦 3 − 5 3 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 3 −4)4 ∙ (𝑦 3 + 1) + 𝐶
Differential and Integral Calculus
 𝑥+5
3. Evaluate න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+4
Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 4
𝑢2 = 𝑥 + 4
𝑥 = 𝑢2 − 4
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
So that
𝑥+5 𝑢2 − 4 + 5
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑥+4 𝑢
𝑥+5
න 𝑑𝑥 = 2 න 𝑢2 + 1 𝑑𝑢 = 2 න 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 + 2 න 𝑑𝑢
𝑥+4
𝑥+5 𝑢3
‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 =2 + 2𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑥+4 3
3
𝑥+5 𝑥+4
න 𝑑𝑥 = 2 +2 𝑥+4+𝑐
𝑥+4 3

Differential and Integral Calculus

 Let 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 4
So that
3
𝑥+4 2𝑣 3Τ2
2 +2 𝑥+4= + 2𝑣 1Τ2
3 3
3
𝑥+4 2𝑣 3Τ2 6𝑣 1Τ2
2 +2 𝑥+4= +
3 3 3
3
𝑥+4 2𝑣 1Τ2 (𝑣 2Τ2 +3)
2 +2 𝑥+4=
3 3
3
𝑥+4 2𝑣 1Τ2 (𝑣+3)
2 +2 𝑥+4=
3 3

Substitute 𝑥 + 4 to 𝑣
3
𝑥+4 2 𝑥+4 1Τ2 (𝑥+4+3)
2 +2 𝑥+4=
3 3
3
𝑥+4 2 𝑥+4 1Τ2 (𝑥+7)
2 +2 𝑥+4=
3 3

Answer:
𝑥+5 2 𝑥+4∙ 𝑥+7
න 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑥+4 3

න
𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 14 𝑥 + 4 + 𝐶
3
𝑥 + 4 Differential and Integral Calculus
EXERCISE:
Evaluate the following integrals:
𝒅𝒙
1. ‫𝟏 ׬‬+ 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
2. ‫׬‬ 𝟒
𝒙+ 𝒙𝟑
𝒅𝒙
3. ‫׬‬
𝒙+𝟏
𝒅𝒙
4. ‫׬‬
𝟐𝒙− 𝒙+𝟒
𝟏+𝒙
5. ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏−𝒙
𝒙𝟑
6. ‫𝒙 ׬‬+𝟏 𝒅𝒙

Differential and Integral Calculus