THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES

ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, WEST INDIES

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND EDUCATION
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION LIBRARY
Telephone: +1 (868) 662-2002 Ext. 83718/83339 | Email: soe.library@sta.uwi.edu

APA 7th Edition Reference Style

Quick Links: IN-TEXT CITATIONS REFERENCE LIST REFERENCE EXAMPLES NOTES

(Click on the link above to find the relevant section | To return to the top, click the up-arrows on the lower right side of the page.)

Citing and referencing are required in academic works, to support credibility, provide evidence and demonstrate scholarship.

Online resources – Consider the format of the source, that is, is it a book, journal article, conference paper, thesis, newspaper article, factsheet,
report, etc., to determine which reference format to use. For online resources, use the webpage format as a last resort.
For UWI theses, the in-text citation/reference style should be consistent with APA reference style. The UWI Thesis guide formatting guidelines
overrides the APA formatting guidelines, where relevant.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS

- Usually composed of ‘author’ and ‘date’ e.g., (Walcott, 1987)

- Can be in parenthetical (i.e., in brackets) format e.g., ...(Naipaul, 1975)
or as part of the text, i.e., narrative format.… as proposed by Smith (1980)…
- For multiple authors, use the ‘&’ in the parenthetical format, e.g., (Smith & Kong, 2020);
use ‘and’ in the narrative format e.g., Smith and Kong proposed….

Quotations

- For quotations, must include page nos., e.g., (Smith et al., 2015, p. 1054)
- For a direct quote on a webpage, cite the paragraph number in the in-text citation, e.g., (Ministry of Health, 2009, para. 1)
- Block quotations (40 words or more) - do not need quotation marks or italics.

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 o Start block quotations on a new line and indent the block 1 cm (1/2 inch) from the left margin. Cite the source in parentheses
after the quotation’s final punctuation or cite the author and year in your sentence before the quotation, concluding with the
page numbers.

When paraphrasing, the page number does not have to be included in the in-text citation.
- For multiple in-text citation in the parenthetical formal, list references in alphabetical order of the first author of the in-text citation –
e.g., (Brown, 2020; Maraj & Ali, 2019; Williams, 2020)
- Same first author with 3 or more authors, e.g., …Smith, Singh, et al. (2020) and Smith, Jones, et al. (2020).
- Same author, same year, e.g., Smith (2009a) and Smith (2009b)
- Authors with the same surname, e.g., J. D. Smith (2001) and C. H. Smith (2001) verified that….
- When including a quote within a quotation, use single quotation marks for the included quote and double quotation marks for the main
quote, e.g., Harry said, “When you visit your mom, say ‘hello’ for me”.
- For Secondary Citations (that is quoting an author cited in the item you are reading) see NOTE 4.

REFERENCE LIST

- The reference list is not a bibliography (in the latter you can list all the sources you read relevant to the assignment/paper). APA
requires a reference list.
- Heading – References is centred and bold, starts on a new page.
- Include only items which have been cited in the text. There must be a matching in-text citation for every reference and vice versa.
- Double space the reference list.
- Entries should be organised alphabetically and formatted with a hanging indent of ½ inch.
- Entries, in general, should be composed of 4 elements: Author, Date, Title, and Source.
- Authors
o When authors have the same last name, consult pg. 267 of the APA 7th Edition manual
o Do not put acronyms in the reference list. Spell out the acronym, initialism or abbreviation.
o Put specific government agency name for authors of government documents
o Multiple works by same authors, list chronologically with the earliest first
o For works with no author, move the title to the author position, before the date of publication. Italicise or put in quotation marks
to match how it is stated in the reference. Always use title case in the text, even if in sentence style in the reference.
 Reference: Rainy days in Georgia. (n.d.). Ian Randall.
 In-text citation: (Rainy Days, n.d.)

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 o Only use Anonymous when the work is signed “Anonymous”.
o For same author, same year, add a, b, c to the year. Order by title to determine which is a, b, c…
 (Nahl, 2005a)
 (Nahl, 2005b)

Nahl, D. (2005a, October 28–November 2). Affective and cognitive information behavior: Interaction effects in internet use. [Paper
presentation]. 68th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIST), Charlotte, NC.
http://eprints.rclis.org/6856/1/Nahl_Affective.pdf

Nahl, D. (2005b). Affective Load. In K. E. Fisher, S. Erdelez and L. E. F. McKechnie (Eds.), Theories of Information Behavior (pp. 39–
43). Information Today.

o Order references by authors, then date, then title.

o Only use Anonymous when the work is signed “Anonymous”.
- Titles
o Titles are in sentence style or sentence case (Capitalise first letter of the title and subtitle as well as proper nouns)
o Journal titles are headline style or title case (Capitalise first letter of all words except propositions (less than 4 letters),
conjunctions (less than 4 letters), and articles)
 Short conjunctions – e.g., “as,” “if,” “or,” “so,” “and,” “but,” “for,” “yet,” “nor.”
 Short prepositions – e.g., “as,” “at,” “by,” “in,” “on,” “to,” “up,” “of,” “for,” “per,” “off.”
o Bracketed descriptions can be used to provide additional information for the reader e.g., [Video]
- Date – use copyright year for books; journal articles (2019, April); newspapers (2019, April 10); conferences (2019, May 7-10)
- DOI – Digital Object Identifier – always include, if present (even if you used a print version); a DOI is preferable to a stable URL and a
stable URL to a regular URL. (See NOTE 6).
- No full-stops at the end of DOIs or URLs.
- DOI and URLs should be written out fully, i.e., https://doi.org/... (e.g., https://doi.org/10.10098...) OR https://xxxxxx
o Make black with no underline, if document is in print.
o Make links clickable if document is electronic e.g., blue/black and underlined
o If a URL has to be split in a reference, split before the punctuation.
 E.g., https://libraries.uwi.edu
/libraries

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EXAMPLE of Reference List:

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EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES

• Blog o Book: E-reader • Movie

• Book • ERIC document • Newspaper Article
o Single Author • Encylopaedia • Paper Presentation
o Two Authors • Facebook • Patent
o Three Authors • Fact Sheet • Report
o Edited book • Google Maps • Thesis
o Chapter in a Book • Government Document • Thesaurus
• Brochure • Image • Twitter
• Conference Presentation • Instagram • Video – TED talks or similar
• Conference Proceedings • Journal Article • Webpage
• Dictionary (Thesaurus) • Lecture • Youtube video
• E-book • Legal Document
o Online • Magazine article

NO REFERENCE REFERENCE FORMAT IN-TEXT IN-TEXT

. TYPE CITATION: CITATION:
PARENTHET- NARRATIVE
ICAL

Blog Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. or ScreenName. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog
post. Blog Title. http://xxxxx

1 Shah, A. (2013). Poverty facts and stats. Global issues: Social, political, economic and (Shah, 2013, Shah (2013,
environmental issues that affect us all. http://www.globalissues.org/article/26 para 3) para 3)
/poverty-facts-and-stats

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 Book Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Date). Title of book (xth ed.). Publisher.

2 Single author Naipaul, V. S. (1961). Middle passage. Penguin Random House. (Naipaul, 1961, Naipaul
Chapter 3) (1961,
Chapter 3)
3 Two authors Snell. R. S., & Lemp, M. A. (1998). Clinical anatomy of the eye (2nd ed.). Blackwell (Snell & Lemp, Snell and
Science. 1998, pp. 3–17) Lemp (1998,
pp. 3–17)
4 Three authors Bailey, C., Barrow, C., & Lashley, J. (2019). Rethinking poverty: Assets, social (Bailey et al., Bailey et al.
exclusion, resilience and human rights in Barbados. UWI Press. 2019) (2019)

Editor, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book. Publisher.

5 Edited book Peltier-Davis, C. A., & Renwick, S. (Eds.). (2007). Caribbean libraries in the 21st (Peltier-Davis & Peltier-Davis
century: Changes, challenges, and choices. Information Today Renwick, 2007) and Renwick
(2007)

Author of Chapter, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter or entry. In A.

Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (10th ed., pp. xxx–xxx).
Publisher.

6 Chapter in a book Beckford, C. L. (2012). Issues in Caribbean food security: Building capacity in (Beckford, 2012) Beckford
local food production systems. In A. Aladjadjiyan (Ed.), Food production: (2012)
approaches, challenges and tasks (pp. 25–40). InTech. http://cdn.intechopen.
com/pdfs-wm/26514.pdf

Brochure/Fact Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of brochure or fact sheet [Type].
Sheet Website. http://xxxxx

7 Cancer Research UK. (2014). World cancer factsheet [Fact (Cancer Cancer
sheet]. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sites/default/files/cs Research UK, Research UK
_report_world.pdf 2014) (2014)

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 Conference/Paper Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year, Month Date). Paper Title. [Paper
presentation presentation]/ Title of Conference, City, Country. http://xxxxx
8 - with URL de Freitas, C. (2006, May 28–Jun 2). Empowerment of producers: Enhancing access to (de Freitas, de Freitas
information for farmers and producers in Caribbean agriculture [Paper 2006) (2006)
presentation]. 36th Annual Conference of Association of University, Research
and Institutional Libraries (ACURIL), Oranjestad, Aruba.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00083241/ 00001/8j

Conference Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of paper. In Editor names (Eds.),
Proceedings Title of Proceedings, (pp. x-x). Publisher. URL or DOI
9 Iton, I., & Iton. A. (2012). Information literacy: A proposed conceptual framework (Iton & Iton, Iton and Iton
for agribusiness education reform in the Caribbean. In N. Badrie and W. G. 2012) (2012)
Ganpat (Eds.), Agribusiness as the path to sustainable agricultural development in
the Caribbean: Proceedings of the 29th West Indies Agricultural Economic
Conference, St Vincent and the Grenadines, 2012, (pp. 142–151). Caribbean Agro-
Economics Society.

Dictionary Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year). Entry name. In Title of book (xth ed., p.
(Encyclopedia, XX). Publisher. http://xxxxx
Thesaurus)
10 -Individual author Simon, H. A. (2008). Satisficing. In S. N. Durlauf & L. E. Blume (Eds.), The New (Simon, 2008) Simon (2008)
Palgrave dictionary of economics. Palgrave Macmillan.
http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/ extract?id=pde2008_S000013

11 - Group author Oxford University Press. (n.d.). Hunger. In Oxford English dictionary. Retrieved January (Oxford Oxford
17, 2016 from http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/ 89479?rskey=gqaa University University
GO&result=1
Press, n.d.) Press (n.d.)

12 - online Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Semantics. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved (Merriam- Merriam-

January 4, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ semantics Webster, n.d., Webster (n.d.,
Definition 1). Definition 1).

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 13 - print Merriam-Webster. (2003). Litmus test. In Merriam-Webster’s collegiate (Merriam- Merriam-
dictionary (11th ed., p. 727). Webster, 2003) Webster
(2003)
E-books Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of book. Publisher.
https://doi.org/XXXXXX

14 Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and (Brück, 2009) Brück (2009)
satellites. Springer Nature. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2

15 Book: E-reader Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success [Kindle DX version]. Amazon. (Gladwell, 2008) Gladwell
(2008)
Brill, P. (2004). The winner’s way [Adobe Digital Editions version].
https://doi.org/10.1036/007142363X

ERIC documents Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of work (ERIC Document Number).
ERIC. http://xxxxx

16 Yamin-Ali, J. (2018). Tensions in the work context of teacher educators in a School (Yamin-Ali, Yamin-Ali
of Education in Trinidad and Tobago: A case study (ERIC Number: 2018) (2018)
EJ1161841). ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?q=yamin+ali&id=EJ1161841

Facebook Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Text of Facebook post, up to 20 words [Image
attached] [Status update/Video/Infographic/Image]. Facebook. http://xxxxx

17 The U.W.I. School of Education Library. (2020, December 17). How access the UWI (The U.W.I. The U.W.I
theses online in 5 steps, West Indiana Indiana and Special Collection video, UWI, St. School of School of
Augustine [Video]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/SoeLibrary Education Education
/?ref=page_internal Library, 2020) Library (2020)

Google Maps Author of Map. (date published, if known). [Description of Map]. Retrieved
(Month date, Year) from [URL of Map]

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 18 Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps driving directions from Bellingham, WA to Seattle, (Google, n.d.) Google (n.d.)
WA]. Retrieved December 10, 2022 from
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Bellingham,+WA/Seattle,+WA/@48.196419
6,-122.9043957,9z/data =!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x5485962ef2458717
:0xd57a9ca9cd39e0f0!2m2!1d-122.4786854!2d48

Image Author, A. A. (Year). Title of image [Photograph]. Website. http://xxxxx

19 - Artwork van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night [Painting]. The Museum of Modern Art, (van Gogh, van Gogh
New York, NY, United States. 1889) (1889)
https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/vincent-van-gogh-the-
starry-night-1889

20 - Photograph Denali National Park and Preserve. (2013). Lava [Photograph]. Flickr. (Denali Denali
https://www.flickr.com/photos/denalinps/8639280606/ National Park National Park
and Preserve, and Preserve
2013) (2013)
Instagram Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Text of
caption [Photograph(s)/Video(s)]. Instagram. http://xxxxx

21 UWI Seismic Research Centre [@uwiseismic]. (2021, January 11). 1979 La Soufriere (UWI Seismic UWI Seismic
Eruption Part 2 - Response & Recovery [Video]. Instagram. Research Research
https://www.instagram.com/p/CJ6R29aDGvP/ Centre, 2021) Centre (2021)
Journal Article Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Journal, Volume(Issue), pages–pages. https://doi.org/XXXX

See Note 2 – more than 20 authors

22 - page nos Chikweto, A., Bhaiyat, M. I., Tiwari, K. P., de Allie, C., & Sharma, R. N. (2012). (Chikweto et al., Chikweto et
Spirocercosis in owned and stray dogs in Grenada. Veterinary Parasitology, 2012, pp. 614– al. (2012, pp.
- doi 190(3), 613–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012. 07.006 615) 614–615)
23 - no page nos. Huber, M., Knottnerus, J. A., Green, L., van der Horst, H., Jadad, A. R., (Huber et al., Huber et al.
Kromhout, D., Leonard, B., Loureiro, M. L., van der Meer, J. M. W., Schnabel, 2011) (2011)

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 - with article no. P., Smith, R., & Smid, H. (2011). How should we define health? BMJ,
343(7817), Article d4163. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj. d4163

24 - Electronic Hayek, F. A. (1945). The use of knowledge in society. American Economic Review, (Hayek, 1945) Hayek (1945)
- URL 35(4), 519–30. http://www.econlib.org/ library/Essays/hykKnw1.html

25 - Print Henry, R. M. (1991). The information imperative in the development of the (Henry, 1991) Henry (1991)
- no doi Commonwealth Caribbean. Information Development, 7(1), 32–38.

Lecture Author, A. A. (Year). Title of presentation [Lecture notes or PowerPoint slides].

Website. http://xxxxx

26 Renwick, S. (2021). APA 7th ed. The University of the West Indies, Thesis Boot (Renwick, 2021) Renwick
Camp – Jan 2021. [PowerPoint slides]. https://ca.bbcollab.com (2021)

Magazine article Author, A. A. (Year, Month date). Title. Title of magazine. Vol(issue), pp. x-x.

27 - No author "The development of agriculture." (2016). National Geographic. (“The “The

https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/development-of-agriculture Development of Development
Agriculture”, of
2016) Agriculture”
(2016)
28 - With author Lyons, D. (2009, June 15). Don't ‘iTune’ us: It’s geeks versus writers. Guess who’s (Lyons, 2009) Lyons (2019)
winning. Newsweek, 153(24), 27.

Movie Surname, Initials. (Director). (Year). Movie title [Film]. Production Company.

29 - Full length Robertson, H. A. (Director). (1974). Bim [Film]. Sharc Productions. (Robertson, Robertson,
1974, 0:10:15) (1974, 0:10:15)
*(Author, Year, Time of scene referenced)

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 30 - Short film Harnarine, I. (Director). (2011). Doubles with slight pepper [Film]. Spike Lee (Harnarine, Harnarine
Production Fund/Trinidad and Tobago Film Company. 2011) (2011)

Newspaper article Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title, pp. x-x.

31 - With page no. Drucker, P. F. (1992, December 3). Be data literate - know what to know. Wall (Drucker, 1992) Drucker
Street Journal, 16. (1992)

32 - Online Associated Press. (2019, October 7). Unions sue USDA seeking to halt new pork (Associated Associated
article processing rule. The New York Times. Press, 2019) Press (2019)
https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/10/07/us/ap-us-pork-slaughter-
changes.html

33 - No author Brooklyn feeds wartime T&T: Days of ration cards and food shortages... (2011, (“Brooklyn “Brooklyn
July 24). Sunday Express. feeds wartime feeds wartime
http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/Brooklyn_feeds_ wartime_T_T- T&T” 2011) T&T” (2011
126099778.html

Patent Name, A. A. (Year). Name of patent (Patent Identifier No. xxx). Patent
Organization. http://xxxxx

34 Dittberner, M. Klein, L & Renwick, J. D. (2018). Detecting gas leaks using unmanned (Dittberner et Dittberner et
aerial vehicles. (U.S. Patent 201802-2374). USPO. al., 2018) al. (2018)
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180292374A1/en

Report Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report (Report No. xxx). Website. http://xxxxx

35 -General report Battershill, C. N. (1986). The marine benthos of caves, archways and vertical reef walls (Battershill, Battershill
of the Poor Knights Islands. University of Auckland Research Repository, 1986) (1986)
ResearchSpace. https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle /2292/36608

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 36 -Numbered report Population Division. (2015). World urbanization prospects: The 2014 revision. [Report (Population Population
No. ST/ESA/SER.A/366]. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Division, 2015) Division
Affairs. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/ Publications/Files/WUP2014-Report.pdf (2015)

Thesis Author, A. A. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's

thesis [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. University, Location.

37 - Monize, A. A. (2011). Is Guyana's agro-economic base a possible solution for the (Monize, 2011) Monize (2011)
Print/unpublished Caribbean food security dilemna? [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. The University
of the West Indies, St. Augustine.

Published Author, A. A. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis [Type, (Note. Considered published if
Institution]. Database/Archive Name. http://xxxxx in a database, institutional
repository, or an online archive,
include URL if open access/not
restricted)
38 - In database Howard, B. (2017). The new media and literary structures. (Publication No. 1076483) (Howard, 2017) Howard
[Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia]. ProQuest (2017)
Dissertations and Theses Global.

39 - Online Renwick, S. (2017). The Information Experience of Food Security Among Decision- (Renwick, 2017) Renwick
repository makers in the Caricom Region: A Study of Trinidad and Tobago, Belize and Barbados (2017)
[Doctoral dissertation, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine].
UWISpace. http://hdl.handle.net/2139/46404

Twitter Author, A. A. [@twittername]. (Year, Month Day). Full text of tweet [Image
attached/Thumbnail with link attached/etc.] [Tweet]. Twitter. http://xxxxx

40 UWI St. Augustine [@UWI_StAugustine]. (2020, December 17). #News UWI (UWI St. UWI St.
researchers begin coronavirus genome sequencing project (Image attached] Augustine, Augustine
[Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/UWI 2020) (2020)
_StAugustine/status/1339639118616293387/photo/1 Top

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 Video – Ted Talks
(or similar)
41 -TED Talk Cuddy, A. (2012, June 18). Your body language may shape who you (Cuddy, 2012) Cuddy (2012)
Website are [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_
body_language_may_shape_who_you_are

42 -on YouTube TED. (2019, November 13). The danger of AI is weirder than you think | Janelle (TED, 2019) TED (2019)
Shane [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhCzX0iLnOc

Webpage Author, A. A. (Year). Title of page. Website. http://xxxxx

43 Gillette, B. (2000). Biopiracy: Raiding our common heritage. National Geographic. (Gillette, 2000) Gillette (2000)
http://www.thegreenguide.com/doc/77/gillette1
YouTube Video Author, A. A. [username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Website.
http://xxxxx

44 Helen Hayes Hospital. (2019, August 28). Stroke rehabilitation [Video]. YouTube. (Helen Hayes Helen Hayes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GHSXZJt3d0 Hospital, 2019) Hospital
(2019)

Examples of formatting and/or citing/referencing:

- Edition statement – Example no. 3 - Multiple authors
- Pagination statement – Example no. 6 Organization as author
- Subtitle – Example no. 4 - Secondary citations (cited in)
- DOI - Works excluded from Reference List
- Images - Shorten long URLs
- Journal issue info - No date
- Master’s thesis - Interviews
- Missing elements

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 FORMATTING NOTES
NOTE Master’s theses in print format:
1 Use “Unpublished master’s thesis;” the rest of the reference is like that of a PhD thesis in print format
Thesis/dissertation: Use the terminology used on the thesis itself. Usually the word is “thesis” for theses from UWI and other
countries except the US, which uses “dissertation” for PhD theses

NOTE Multiple authors [(3- 20) and greater than 20 authors]

2 - Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors should be provided in the reference list.
- 21 or more authors – list the first 19 … and then the last author

Jin, D., Bow, A., Man, L., Shiu, K., Bar, F., Park, G., Shep, F., Srin, E., Chen, C., Knul, C., Miri, G., Jon, B., Wat, D., Men, T., Pun, Y.,
Zee, Z., Tom, N., Dai, W., Liu, S., . . . Walsh, N. (2004). Neurotoxicity assessment using zebrafish. Journal of Pharmacological
Methods, 6(3), 249-267.
-
NOTE Organization as American Psychological Association (1985) (American American
3 author Psychological Psychological
Association Association
[APA], 1985) (APA, 1985)
If you choose to use an acronym for an organization’s name, include the full name and acronym the first time you cite it.
After that, only include the acronym, e.g., (APA, 1985)

NOTE Secondary citations:

4 … showed in the study (Bendz et al., 1990, as cited in Olson et al., 2004).
OR
Bendz et al. (1990, as cited in Olson et al., 2004) showed …
NOTE Works Excluded from a Reference List
5 Usually, a work is not included because readers cannot recover it or because the mention is so broad that readers do not need a
reference list entry to understand the use.

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 • Personal communications (e.g., emails, phone calls, texts), cite in the text only, not in the reference list, because readers
cannot retrieve personal communications.
• Whole websites, whole journals, common software & apps do not require in-text citations or reference list entries because
the use is broad, and the source is familiar.
• Quotations from research participants: citations and reference list entries are not necessary because the quotations are part
of your original research. They could also compromise participants’ confidentiality, which is an ethical violation.

NOTE Shorten long URLs

6 • Shorten long URLs or DOIs: When a DOI or URL is long or complex, you may use short DOIs or shortened URLs if desired. Use the
shortDOI service provided by the International DOI Foundation (http://shortdoi.org) to create short DOIs or sites like http://bitly.com
for shortening URLs.
•
NOTE No publication date
7 Use (n.d.).
- For example, the in-text citation would be, Mohammed (n.d.)
- The reference would start: Mohammed, A. C. (n.d.). ….
For same author with two or more references with no date
• Author, A. B. (n.d.-a)
• Author, A. B. (n.d.-b)
•
NOTE Interviews
8
 Personal interviews – use personal communication format. No reference.
 Published interviews – found in newspaper, magazine, etc. Use the latter formats for reference.

NOTE Missing Elements

9

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 NOTE Images
10
If attribution is required
Put the copyright statement in the figure note and a reference as follows:
 Title [Description], author, date, site name, URL.
If a creative commons licencse was used:
 Title [Description], author, date, site name, URL), followed by the name of the Creative Commons License.
 Must put in the link for the CC license.

For citing images in a PowerPoint, especially a published PowerPoint, images should have been credited, so find the source to
cite. If image is not credited, then do a secondary citation.

For Government Documents, see handout at: https://libguides.uwi.edu/ld.php?content_id=60225881

For Legal Documents, see handout at: https://libguides.uwi.edu/ld.php?content_id=60205982
For Changes from 6th ed. to 7th ed. APA, see handout at: https://libguides.uwi.edu/ld.php?content_id=56780378

If you have any queries, kindly email – Dr. Shamin Renwick (shamin.renwick@sta.uwi.edu)

Compiled by Dr Shamin Renwick UWI, St Augustine, School of Education Library Dec 10, 2022 16
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