Fluid Statics

Engineering uid mechanics 22/23

Fernando Veiga López - 07/02/2023 uc3m

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 Contents
What are we learning today?

• Fluid statics of liquids: application to pressure

measurement
II. HYDROSTATICS

• Mercury barometer

• Open U manometer

• Differential manometer

• Absolute, manometric and vacuum pressure

• Problem 2.1 textbook. U tube with two fluids in eq.

• Problem 2.2 textbook. Deposit with three fluids in eq.

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Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Mercury manometer: atmospheric pressure

p + ρgz = C

p2 + ρHggz2 = p1 + ρHggz1

pvap, Hg + ρHggh = pa

pvap, Hg = 0.16 Pa at 293 K ρHggh ≈ pa

ρHg = 13580 kg/m3
h = 760 mm uc3m
Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Open U manometer: pressure of a uid within a closed vessel

p + ρgz = C

p1 + ρmgz1 = p2 + ρmgz2

p1 + ρmgz1 = pa + ρmgz2

p1 = pa + ρmg (z2 − z1) = pa + ρmgh

m is the manometric uid (usually mercury)
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A is the uid in the vessel
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Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Open U manometer: pressure of a uid within a closed vessel

p + ρgz = C

p1 + ρAgz1 = p0 + ρAgz0

p0 = pa + ρmgh + ρAg (z1 − z0)

If we consider uid A to be a gas…

m is the manometric uid (usually mercury)
p0 = pa + ρmgh uc3m
A is the uid in the vessel
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Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Differential manometer: pressure difference in a pipe, valve, etc.

p + ρgz = C

p1 + ρmgz1 = p2 + ρmgz2

p1 − p2 = ρmg (z1 − z2)

p1 − p2 = ρmgh
m is the manometric uid (usually mercury)
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A is the uid in the vessel
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Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Differential manometer: pressure difference in a pipe, valve, etc.

p + ρgz = C

pI + ρAgzI = p1 + ρAgz1

pII + ρAgzII = p2 + ρAgz2

m is the manometric uid (usually mercury)

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A is the uid in the vessel
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Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Differential manometer: pressure difference in a pipe, valve, etc.

p + ρgz = C

(pI + ρAgzI) − (pII + ρAgzII) = (p1 + ρAgz1) − (p2 + ρAgz2)

(pI + ρAgzI) − (pII + ρAgzII) = (p1 − p2) + ρAg (z1 − z2)

(pI + ρAgzI) − (pII + ρAgzII) = (ρm − ρA) gh

m is the manometric uid (usually mercury)
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A is the uid in the vessel
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Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Differential manometer: pressure difference in a pipe, valve, etc.

p + ρgz = C

Horizontal conduct…

pI − pII = (ρm − ρA) gh

And if A is a gas…

pI − pII = ρmgh

m is the manometric uid (usually mercury)

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A is the uid in the vessel
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Absolute, manometric and vacuum pressure
Just depends on the reference pressure that you use

pref = 0 Pa pref = pa = 101325 Pa

Absolute pressure Manometric pressure Vacuum pressure

p > pa p < pa

Note that the value of pa depends

on the atmospheric conditions

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Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Problem 2.1 textbook. U tube with two uids in eq.

V → volume of water
V 4V
ha = = 2
A πd
hi + hd = 2h0
p + ρgz = C

pa + ρHgghi = p1 + ρHgghd

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Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Problem 2.1 textbook. U tube with two uids in eq.

p + ρgz = C

1
pa + ρH2Ogha = p1

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Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Problem 2.1 textbook. U tube with two uids in eq.

pa + ρHgghi = pa + ρH2Ogha + ρHgghd

ρHg (hi − hd) = ρH2Oha

ρH2O
1
hi = hd + ha
ρHg
ρH2O
hd = hi − ha
ρHg
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Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Problem 2.1 textbook. U tube with two uids in eq.

4V
ha = 2 hi + hd = 2h0
πd

ρH2O ρH2O
hi = hd + ha hd = hi − ha
ρHg ρHg

1 ρH2O 2V ρH2O 2V
hi = h0 + hd = h0 −
ρHg πd 2 ρHg πd 2

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Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Problem 2.2 textbook. Deposit with three uids in eq.

p + ρgz = C

p0 + ρoilgh2 = p(z) + ρoilgz

p(z) = p0 + ρoilg (h2 − z) for h1 ≤ z ≤ h2

For z = h1

p(h1) = p0 + ρoilg (h2 − h1)

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Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Problem 2.2 textbook. Deposit with three uids in eq.

p + ρgz = C

p(h1) + ρwgh1 = p(z) + ρwgz

p(z) = p0 + ρoilg (h2 − h1) + ρwg (hz − z) for 0 ≤ z ≤ h1

For z = 0

p(0) = p0 + ρoilg (h2 − h1) + ρwgh1

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Fluid statics of liquids applied to p measurement
Problem 2.2 textbook. Deposit with three uids in eq.

Also… p + ρgz = C

p(0) = pa + ρwgH

pa + ρwgH = p0 + ρoilg (h2 − h1) + ρwgh1

p0 − pa ρoil
H = h1 + + (h2 − h1)
ρwg ρw

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