‫ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﻭﺁﻟﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻔﻳﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭﻩ – ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﻛﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻ ﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ADN‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻟﻭﻟﺏ ﻣﺿ ﺎﻋﻑ )ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺷ ﺭﻳﻁﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺑﻠﻳﻥ( ﻳﺗﺷ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻛﻠﻳﻭﺗﻳﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻧﻳﻛﻠﻳﻭﺗﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺳ ﻛﺭ ﺭﻳﺑﻭﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺳ ﻳﺟﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻣﺽ ﻓﻭﺳ ﻔﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻵﺯﻭﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﻳﻣﻳﻥ )‪،(T‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺗﻭﺯﻳﻥ )‪ ،(C‬ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺍﻧﻳﻥ )‪ (G‬ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻳﻧﻳﻥ )‪) .(A‬ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻪ(‬
‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳ ﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﺓ ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺎ ﺑﻧﻭﻉ ﺧﻠﺹ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺳ ﺗﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳﺙ‬
‫ﻳﻠﺗﻑ ﺧﻳﻳﻁ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻳﺳ ﺗﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻳﺷ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻳﻛﻠﻳﻭﺯﻭﻡ ﻭﺗﺗﻛﺎﺛﻑ ﺍﻟﻧﻳﻛﻠﻳﻭﺯﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺷ ﻛﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻳﻳﻁ ﻧﻭﻭﻱ ﻳﻠﺗﻑ ﺣﻭﻝ ﻧﻔﺳﻪ ﻟﻳﺷﻛﻝ ﻟﻳﻔﺎ ﻧﻭﻭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻠﺗﻑ ﺑﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻟﻳﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﺑﻐﻳﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺳ ﺎﻡ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷ ﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺑﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺗﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻ ﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﺑﻧﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻧﻁﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺗﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﻣﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻬﻳﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﻠﻭﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺻﺑﻐﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻼﺷﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺷﺎء ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﻟﻭﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺷﻛﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺳ ﺗﻭﺍﺋﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﺻ ﻝ ﺍﻟﺻ ﺑﻐﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻭﻟﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻗﺻ ﻰ ﻭﺗﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳ ﺗﻭﻯ ﻭﺳ ﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺷ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺻ ﻔﻳﺣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳ ﺗﻭﺍﺋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺑﻐﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺿﺣﺔ ﻭﻳﺗﺷﻛﻝ ﻛﻝ ﺻﺑﻐﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺻﺑﻳﻐﻳﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺻ ﺎﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﺣﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﺍﻫﺗﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﻟﻭﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻧﺷ ﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﻱء ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻱ ﻭﺗﻔﺗﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺻ ﺑﻳﻐﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺿ ﻬﺎ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﺭ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﺑﻳﻐﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻁﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﺷ ﻛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺷ ﺎء ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻧﺣﻝ ﺍﻟﺻ ﺑﻐﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﺗﻌﻭﺩ ﻟﺣﺎﻟﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻ ﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷ ﻛﻝ ﺻ ﺑﻐﻳﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻳﻧﻘﺳ ﻡ ﺍﻟﺳ ﻳﺗﻭﺑﻼﺯﻡ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻧﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻭﺍﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﻭﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺑﺭ ﺗﺷﻛﻳﻝ ﻏﺷﺎء ﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺻﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻬﻳﺩﻱ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺳ ﺎﻡ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷ ﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺳ ﺑﻭﻕ ﺑﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺗﺩﻋﻰ‪ :‬ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺳ ﻛﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺿ ﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻟﺻ ﺑﻐﻳﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﻛﻝ ﺻﺑﻐﻲ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺻ ﺑﻳﻐﻳﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﺗﻧﻘﺳ ﻡ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺳ ﻛﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻁﻭﺍﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ‪ G1‬ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ADN‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ‪ ،q‬ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ‪ S‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻳﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺳ ﺦ ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺿ ﺎﻋﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ‪ G2‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻛﺗﻣﻝ ﺗﺿﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﺑﻐﻳﻥ ﻭﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﻛﻝ ﺻﺑﻐﻲ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺻﺑﻳﻐﻳﻳﻥ ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺫ‬
‫ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ‪) .2q‬ﺍﻟﺷ ﻛﻝ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻪ(‪ .‬ﻳﺗﺿ ﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ‪ S‬ﻭﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺷ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻧﺻ ﻑ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻷﺻ ﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻟﻭﻟﺏ ﺟﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﻟﻭﻟﺏ ﻗﺩﻳﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻣﺭ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﺑﺭ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ‪) :‬ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻪ(‬
‫‪ ‬ﻓﺗﺢ ﻟﻭﻟﺑﻲ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺃﻧﺯﻳﻡ ﻫﻳﻠﻳﻛﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺭﻛﻳ ﺏ ﻟﻭﻟﺏ ﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻧﻁﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻟﻭﻟﺏ ﻗﺩﻳﻡ ﺑﻭﺍﺳ ﻁﺔ ﺃﻧﺯﻳﻡ ‪ ADN‬ﺑﻭﻟﻳﻣﻳﺭﺍﺯ )ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻡ ﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻵﺯﻭﺗﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻧﻁﻠﻖ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺔ ’‪ 3‬ﻧﺣﻭ ’‪.5‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﻭﺁﻟﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻔﻳﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭﻩ – ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﺑﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺻ ﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﺛﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﺗﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻛﻝ ﻣﻭﺭﺛﺔ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺈﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ ﻳﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻤﻮرﺛﺔ‬

‫ٔ‬ ‫ٔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻠﺪى اﻠﻛﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻟﺴﻟﺔ اﺣﻣﺎض اﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻤﻦ ‪ADN‬‬
‫ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻧﺳ ﺦ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳ ﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ ﺟﻠﺔ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ .ARNm‬ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳ ﺦ ﺑﻔﺗﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻭﻟﺑﻲ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﺛﻡ ﻳﺗﻛﻠﻑ ﺃﻧﺯﻳﻡ ﺍﻝ ‪ ARN‬ﺑﻭﻟﻳﻣﻳﺭﺍﺯ ﺑﺗﺭﻛﻳ ﺏ ﻟﻭﻟ ﺏ ‪ ARNm‬ﻣﻛﻣ ﻝ ﻟﻠﻭﻟ ﺏ ﺍﻟﻘ ﺎﺑ ﻝ ﻟﻠﻧﺳ ﺦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻡ ﺗﻛ ﺎﻣ ﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋ ﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺯﻭﺗﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻧﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺦ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺭﻳﺭ ﺧﻳﻳﻁ ﺍﻝ ‪ ARNm‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﺓ ﻧﺣﻭ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺗﻭﺑﻼﺯﻡ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺗﻡ ﺗﺭﺟﻣﺗﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺻ ﺎﻕ ﻭﺣﺩﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺑﻭﺯﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﻝ ‪ ARNm‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳ ﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺋﻳﺔ ‪ AUG‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺭﻣﺯ ﻟﻠﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻳﻧﻲ‬
‫‪) Met‬ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺛﻳﻭﻧﻳﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻳﺳ ﺗﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺑﻭﺯﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﻙ ﻟﻘﺭﺍءﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺩﻣﺞ ﻣﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺻﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﻧﻰ )ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ ﻗﻑ( ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻧﻔﺻ ﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺑﻭﺯﻭﻡ ﻭﺗﺗﺣﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺑﺗﻳﺩﻳﺔ )ﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺩﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ ﻭﻅﻳﻔﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ADN‬‬ ‫‪ARNp‬‬
‫‪ARNp‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺦ‬

‫ﻟﻭﻟﺏ ﻣﻧﺳﻭﺥ‬

‫ﻏﺷﺎء ﻧﻭﻭﻱ‬

‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ‬
‫‪ARNt‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻳﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺿﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺑﻭﺯﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻁﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻧﺻﺭ‬

‫ﺣ ﻣ ﺽ ﻧ ﻭﻭﻱ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻋ ﺩﺓ ﻧﻛﻠﻳﻭﺗﻳ ﺩﺍﺕ ﻳﺣﻣ ﻝ ﻟﻭﻟﺏ ﻣﺿﺎﻋﻑ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺳﻛﺭ ﺭﻳﺑﻭﺯﻱ ﻧﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺳﻳﺟﻳﻥ‬
‫‪ADN‬‬
‫‪ +‬ﺣﻣﺽ ﻓﻭﺳﻔﻭﺭﻱ ‪ +‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺁﺯﻭﺗﻳﺔ )‪( G، C، T،A‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻣﺽ ﻧﻭﻭﻱ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻧﻘ ﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻳ ﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻝ ﻟﻭﻟﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺳ ﻛﺭ ﺭﻳﺑﻭﺯﻱ ‪ +‬ﺣﻣﺽ ﻓﻭﺳ ﻔﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ARNm‬‬
‫‪ +‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺁﺯﻭﺗﻳﺔ )‪ U‬ﺑﺩﻝ ‪(T‬‬ ‫‪ ADN‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺗﻭﺑﻼﺯﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺯﻳﻡ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺗﺭﻛﻳ ﺏ ﻟﻭﻟ ﺏ ‪ ARNm‬ﺍﻧﻁﻼﻗ ﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻟ ﺏ‬ ‫‪ARN‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺯﻳﻡ ﻭﻅﻳﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻭﻟﻳﻣﻳﺭﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺳﻭﺥ ﻟﻝ ‪.ADN‬‬
‫ﺣﻣﺽ ﻧﻭﻭﻱ ﻳﻘﻡ ﺑﻧﻘ ﻝ ﺍﻷﺣﻣ ﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻳﻧﻳ ﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﺱ ﻣﻛﻭﻧ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻝ ‪ ARNm‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺗﺛﺑﻳ ﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ‬
‫‪ARNt‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻳﻧﻲ ﻭﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻣﺿﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺑﻭﺯﻭﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺿ ﻲ ﺧﻠﻭﻱ ﻣﺳ ﺅﻭﻝ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺭﺍءﺓ ﺍﻝ ‪ ARNm‬ﻭﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺻﻐﺭﺓ ﻭﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻛﺑﺭﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺑﻭﺯﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻳﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳ ﻠﺳ ﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺗﻡ ﺗﻌﺩﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﺄﺧﺫ ﺷ ﻛﻼ‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﺃﻣﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺄﺧﺫ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻅﻳﻔﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﺗﺭﻣﺯ ﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻳﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﺛﺔ‬

‫ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﻧﻳﻛﻠﻳﻭﺗﻳﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻝ ‪ ،ARNm‬ﻭﻛﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺃﻣﻳﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺯ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﻧﻳﻛﻠﻳﻭﺗﻳﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻝ ‪ ARNt‬ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻝ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺗﺳﻠﺳﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻵﺯﻭﺗﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻔﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺑﺩﺍﻝ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻧﻳﻛﻠﻳﻭﺗﻳﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺿﻳﺎﻋﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﻭﺁﻟﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻔﻳﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭﻩ – ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻛﻧﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳ ﺔ ﺟﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺳ ﻧﺦ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺿ ﻊ ﺃﺳ ﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ‬
‫‪ADN ‐ T‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺟﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺳ ﻧﺦ ﻫﻭ ﺳ ﺭﻁﺎﻥ ﻳﺻ ﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻧ ﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﻟﻠﺧﻼﻳ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻧﺑ ﺎﺗﻳ ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﺛﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻛﺎﺛﺭ ﺑﺷ ﻛﻝ ﻋﺷ ﻭﺍﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻋﺷﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺳ ﺑﺏ ﺑﻛﺗﻳﺭﻳﺎ ‪Agrobacterium tumefaciens‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺣﻘﻥ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺧﺑﺭﻫ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛ ﻝ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺳ ﻣﻳ ﺩ ‪ ،Ti‬ﻳﺣﻣ ﻝ ﻫ ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺳ ﻣﻳﺩ ﺟﺯءﺍ ﻳﺩﻋﻰ‬
‫‪AT‬‬ ‫‪ ADN – T‬ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺩﻣﺟ ﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﻟﻠﺧﻠﻳ ﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻧﺑﺎﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻛﺎﺛﺭ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﺑﺷ ﻛﻝ ﻋﺷ ﻭﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﺑﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻛﻣﺻ ﺩﺭ ﻁﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻑ ‪.AT‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻧ ﺩﺳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻳ ﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳ ﺔ ﺗﻌ ﺩﻳ ﻝ ﻣﻣﻧﻬﺞ ﻟﻠﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﻟﻛ ﺎﺋﻥ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻗﺻ ﺩ ﺇﻛﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻪ ﺻ ﻔ ﺔ ﻣﺭﻏﻭﺑﺔ )ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﻣﺭﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻫﺭﻣﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪ .(...‬ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻏﻭﺑﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻛﺎﺋﻥ ﺣﻲ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﻲ ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﺩﻳﻠﻪ ﻭﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻠﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻏﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳ ﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﺯﻳﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺻ ﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﺯﻳﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻘﻁﻊ ﻟﻭﻟﺏ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺩﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﻋﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻏﻭﺑﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺩﻣﺟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺎﻗﻝ ﺑﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻲ ﺑﻭﺍﺳ ﻁﺔ ﺃﻧﺯﻳﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﻭﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻗﻝ ﺑﺈﻳﺻ ﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻭﺍﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﺗﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻏﻭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻣﺔ اﻠﻣﺼﻄﻟﺤﺎت‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺭﻧﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺭﻧﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Gène‬‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺭﺛﺔ‬ ‫‪L’information génétique‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ‬
‫‪Caractère‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Noyau‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﺓ‬
‫‪La transcription‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺦ‬ ‫‪Prophase‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻬﻳﺩﻱ‬
‫‪La traduction‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Métaphase‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫‪Codon‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Anaphase‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺻﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪Anti – codon‬‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Télophase‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫‪Codon ‐ Stop‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺭﻣﺯﻳﺔ ﻗﻑ‬ ‫‪Interphase‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫‪Le génie génétique‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Mitose‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ‬
‫‪Galle du collet‬‬ ‫ﺟﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺦ‬ ‫‪Cycle cellulaire‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪La réplication de l’ADN‬‬ ‫ﺗﺿﺎﻋﻑ ‪ADN‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻭﺗﻔﺳ ﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻣﻳﺔ )ﻧﺻ ﻭﺹ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺻﻭﺭ‪.(...‬‬
‫ﺍﺳ ﺗﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺧﺭﻭﺝ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺗﻧﺗﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳ ﺗﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺷ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿ ﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳ ﺑﺔ ﻟﺗﻔﺳ ﻳﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻘﻖ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﻧﻬﺞ ﻋﻠﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻣﺛﻳ ﻝ ﺗﺿ ﺎﻋﻑ ﻗﻁﻌ ﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﻭﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺷﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺑﻐﻳﺔ ﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺑﻌﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻧ ﺟ ﺎﺯ ﺧﻳﻳﻁ ‪ ARNm‬ﺍﻧﻁﻼﻗ ﺎ ﻣﻥ ‪ADN‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻧﺟﺎﺯ ﺳ ﻠﺳ ﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺭﺑﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺟﺎﺯ ﺭﺳ ﻭﻡ ﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﻭﺳ ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻭﻧﺻﻭﺹ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﺳﻠﻳﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻠﻣﻌﺎرف واﻠﻣﻬﺎرات‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﻣﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﻭﺍﻝ ‪ARNm‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺑﻐﻲ ﻭﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻭﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻁﻭﺭ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺿﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ ADN‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺷﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﺳﺦ ﺍﻝ ‪ ARNm‬ﻭﻣﻭﻗﻌﻪ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺩﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻳﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪) ARNm‬ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ( ﻭﻣﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺟﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺦ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﺛﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺑﻛﺗﻳﺭﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻫﺩﻑ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻧﺯﻳﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﻭﺃﻧﺯﻳﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺿﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻁﻔﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻳﺔ‪(...‬‬