P. P.

SAVANI CHAITANYA VIDYA SANKUL,

(CBSE)
CBSE AFFILIATION NO. 430074 Mota Varachha, Abrama
Road AT & Post – Abrama, Taluka - Kamrej

PHYSICS PROJECT
Academic Session : 2022-2023

Investigatory Project
(Inductor)
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT__MANN V. PATEL __STUDENT
OF CLASS 12TH HAS COMPLETED THE PROJECT DURING
THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 TOWARDS PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF PHYSICS PRACTICAL EVALUATION
AND SUBMITTED SATISFACTORY REPORT.

NAME OF STUDENT: Mann V. Patel

SUBMISSION DATE: / / 2 0 2
BOARD ROLL NO:
GUIDED BY: MR. VIJAY D. BODARYA SIR

SCHOOL STAMP PRINCIPAL’S SIGN TEACHER’S SIGN EXAMINER’S SIGN

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to

my Teacher MR. VIJAY D. BODARYA SIR as well as our
Principal Mr. HARISH CHANDER KHICHI, who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project, which also
helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so
many new things I am really thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents who

helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame. I would also like to thank our lab assistant HARI
KRISHNA PARMAR SIR

My Sincere thanks to P.P Savani Chaitanya Vidhya

Sankul School.
Index

 Introduction

 History

 Application of inductors

 How inductor is constructed

 Types of inductors

 Biblography
Introduction:
An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive
two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a
magnetic field when electric current flows through it. An
inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a
coil.

When the current flowing through the coil changes, the time-
varying magnetic field induces
an electromotive force (emf) (voltage) in the conductor,
described by Faraday's law of induction. According to Lenz's
law, the induced voltage has a polarity (direction) which opposes
the change in current that created it. As a result, inductors
oppose any changes in current through them.

An inductor is characterized by its inductance, which is the ratio

of the voltage to the rate of change of current. In the
International System of Units (SI), the unit of inductance is
the henry (H) named for 19th century American scientist Joseph
Henry. In the measurement of magnetic circuits, it is equivalent
to weber/ampere. Inductors have values that typically range
from 1 µH (10−6 H) to 20 H. Many inductors have a magnetic
core made of iron or ferrite inside the coil, which serves to
increase the magnetic field and thus the inductance. Along
with capacitors and resistors, inductors are one of the three
passive linear circuit elements that make up electronic circuits.
History:
The use of inductors in the electrical realm is such
common practice that it’s hard to imagine a world
without these devices. When the property of inductance
was discovered in the 1830s by Joseph Henry and
Michael Faraday (separately and on different continents),
technology was revolutionized. Inductance was first
found by Faraday in a simple yet strange way: he
wrapped a paper cylinder with wire, attached the ends of
the wire to a galvanometer (a device used to measure
electric current), and moved a magnet in and out of the
cylinder. The galvanometer reacted to this, revealing the
production of a small current. Shortly after this discovery,
Reverend Nicholas Calland of Ireland invented the
inductor coil. The earliest version of the inductor
consisted of a coil with two terminals at the ends which
stored energy inside a magnetic field when a current was
introduced.
Applications of inductors:
 Inductors are widely used in alternating current
(AC) electronic equipment, particularly in radio
equipment. They are used to block AC while
allowing DC to pass; inductors designed for this
purpose are called chokes. They are also used in
electronic filters to separate signals of different
frequencies, and in combination with capacitors to
make tuned circuits, used to tune radio and TV
receivers.

 Inductors are used extensively in analog circuits

and signal processing. Applications range from the
use of large inductors in power supplies, which in
conjunction with filter capacitors remove ripple
which is a multiple of the mains frequency (or the
switching frequency for switched-mode power
supplies) from the direct current output, to the
small inductance of the ferrite bead or torus
installed around a cable to
 prevent radio frequency interference from being
transmitted down the wire. Inductors are used as the
energy storage device in many switched-mode
power supplies to produce DC current. The inductor
supplies energy to the circuit to keep current
flowing during the "off" switching periods and
enables topographies where the output voltage is
higher than the input voltage.

 A tuned circuit, consisting of an inductor

connected to a capacitor, acts as a resonator
for oscillating current. Tuned circuits are
widely used in radio
frequency equipment such as radio transmitters and
receivers, as narrow bandpass filters to select a
single frequency from a composite signal, and in
electronic oscillators to generate sinusoidal signals.

 Two (or more) inductors in proximity that have

coupled magnetic flux (mutual inductance) form
a transformer, which is a fundamental
component of every electric utility power grid.
The efficiency of a transformer may decrease as
the frequency increases due to eddy currents in
the core material and skin effect on the
windings. The size of the core can be decreased at
higher frequencies. For this reason, aircraft use 400
hertz alternating current rather than the usual 50 or
60 hertz, allowing a great saving in weight from the
use of smaller transformers. Transformers enable
switched-mode power supplies that isolate the
output from the input.
 Inductors are also employed in electrical
transmission systems, where they are used to limit
switching currents and fault currents. In this field,
they are more commonly referred to as reactors.

 Inductors have parasitic effects which cause them to

depart from ideal behavior. They create and suffer
from electromagnetic interference (EMI). Their
physical size prevents them from being integrated
on semiconductor chips. So, the use of inductors is
declining in modern electronic devices, particularly
compact portable devices. Real inductors are
increasingly being replaced by active circuits such
as the gyrator which can synthesize inductance
using capacitors.
How inductor is construct:
An inductor usually consists of a coil of conducting
material, typically insulated copper wire, wrapped
around a core either of plastic (to create an air-core
inductor) or of
a ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic) material; the latter is
called an "iron core" inductor. The high permeability of
the ferromagnetic core increases the magnetic field and
confines it closely
to the inductor, thereby increasing the inductance. Low
frequency inductors are constructed like transformers,
with cores of electrical steel laminated to prevent eddy
currents. 'Soft' ferrites are widely used for cores above
audio frequencies, since they do not cause the large
energy losses at high frequencies that ordinary iron alloys
do. Inductors come in many shapes. Some inductors have
an adjustable core, which enables changing of the
inductance. Inductors used to block very high frequencies
are sometimes made by stringing a ferrite bead on a wire.
Small inductors can be etched directly onto a printed
circuit board by laying out the trace in
a spiral pattern. Some such planar inductors use a planar
core. Small value inductors can also be built on integrated
circuits using the same processes that are used to
make interconnects. Aluminium interconnect is typically
used, laid out in a spiral coil pattern. However, the small
dimensions limit the inductance, and it is far more
common to use a circuit called a gyrator that uses a
capacitor and active components to behave similarly to an
inductor. Regardless of the design, because of the low
inductances and low power dissipation on-die induction.
Types of inductors:
 Air-core Inductor :
The term air core coil describes an inductor that does
not use a magnetic core made of a ferromagnetic
material. The term refers to coils wound on plastic,
ceramic, or other nonmagnetic forms, as well as
those that have only air inside the windings. Air core
coils have lower inductance than ferromagnetic core
coils, but are often used at high frequencies because
they are free from energy losses called core losses
that occur in ferromagnetic cores, which increase
with frequency. A side effect that can occur in air
core coils in which the winding is not rigidly
supported on a form is 'microphony': mechanical
vibration of the windings can cause variations in the
inductance.
 Radio-frequency inductor :

At high frequencies, particularly radio frequencies

(RF), inductors have higher resistance and other
losses. In addition to causing power loss, in resonant
circuits this can reduce the Q factor of the circuit,
broadening the bandwidth. In RF inductors, which
are mostly air core types, specialized construction
techniques are used to minimize these losses.

 Axial Inductor :
Small inductors for low current and low power are
made in molded cases resembling resistors. These may
be either plain (phenolic) core or ferrite core. An
ohmmeter readily distinguishes them from similar-
sized resistors by showing the low resistance of the
inductor.
 Ferromagnetic-core inductor
Ferromagnetic-core or iron-core inductors use a
magnetic core made of
a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material such as
iron or ferrite to increase the inductance. A
magnetic core can increase the inductance of a coil
by a factor of several thousand, by increasing the
magnetic field due to its higher magnetic
permeability.
However the magnetic properties of the core material
cause several side effects which alter the behavior of
the inductor and require special construction.
 Laminated-core inductor :

Low-frequency inductors are often made with

laminated cores to prevent eddy currents, using
construction similar to transformers. The core is
made of stacks of thin steel sheets or laminations
oriented parallel to the field, with an insulating
coating on the surface. The insulation prevents eddy
currents between the sheets, so any remaining
currents must be within the cross sectional area of the
individual laminations, reducing the area of the loop
and thus reducing the energy losses greatly. The
laminations are made of low- conductivity silicon
steel to further reduce eddy current losses.
 Variable inductor :
Probably the most common type of variable inductor
today is one with a moveable ferrite magnetic core,
which can be slid or screwed in or out of the coil.
Moving the core farther into the coil increases the
permeability, increasing the magnetic field and the
inductance. Many inductors used in radio
applications (usually less than 100 MHz) use
adjustable cores in order to tune such inductors to
their desired value, since manufacturing processes
have certain tolerances (inaccuracy). Sometimes such
cores for frequencies above
100 MHz are made from highly conductive non-
magnetic material such as aluminum. They decrease
the inductance because the magnetic field must
bypass them.

Air core inductors can use sliding contacts or

multiple taps to increase or decrease the number of
turns included in the circuit, to change the
inductance. A type much used in the past but
mostly obsolete today has a spring contact that can
slide along the bare surface of the windings. The
disadvantage of this type is that the contact usually
short- circuits one or more turns. These turns act
like a single-turn short-circuited transformer
secondary winding; the large currents induced in
them cause power losses.

A type of continuously variable air core inductor is

the variometer. This consists of two coils with the
same number of turns connected in series, one inside
the other. The inner coil is mounted on a shaft so its
axis can be turned with respect to the outer coil.
When the two coils' axes are collinear, with the
magnetic fields pointing in the same direction, the
fields add and the inductance is maximum. When the
inner coil is turned so its axis is at an angle with the
outer, the mutual inductance between them is smaller
so the total inductance is less. When the inner coil is
turned 180° so the coils are collinear with their
magnetic fields opposing, the two fields cancel each
other and the inductance is very small. This type has
the advantage that it is continuously variable over a
wide range. It is used in antenna tuners and matching
circuits to match low frequency transmitters to their
antennas.

Another method to control the inductance without

any moving parts requires an additional DC current
bias winding which controls the permeability of an
easily saturable core material.
 Choke
A choke is an inductor designed specifically for
blocking high-frequency alternating current (AC) in
an electrical circuit, while allowing DC or low-
frequency signals to pass. Because the inductor
resistricts or "chokes" the changes in current, this
type of inductor is called a choke. It usually consists
of a coil of insulated wire wound on a magnetic core,
although some consist of a donut-shaped "bead" of
ferrite material strung on a wire. Like other
inductors, chokes resist changes in current passing
through them increasingly with frequency. The
difference between chokes and other inductors is that
chokes do not require the high Q factor construction
techniques that are used to reduce the resistance in
inductors used in tuned circuits
 Biblography:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor

 https://cettechnology.com/history-of-transformers-and-
inductors/

 https://article.murata.com/en-sg/article/basic-facts-
about-inductors-lesson- 1#:~:text=An%20inductor%20is
%20a%20passive,field%20in%20the%20clockwise
%20directi on.

 https://byjus.com/jee/inductor/

 https://www.coilcraft.com/en-us/edu/series/what-is-an-
inductor/#:~:text=In%20what%20applications%20are
%20inductors,%2Ddc%20or%20ac%2D dc)