Energy Reports 9 (2023) 785–792

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Energy Reports
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/egyr

Evaluation on the impact of digital transformation on the economic

resilience of the energy industry in the context of artificial intelligence
∗
Yuyan Lei a , Zhuojie Liang b , Peng Ruan c ,
a
School of Economics and Management, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
b
Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51000, Guangdong, China
c
The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: In recent years, the energy industry based on energy resources has achieved rapid development, but
Received 16 October 2022 under the background of green development strategy, traditional energy companies are also in trouble
Received in revised form 21 November 2022 during the development process. However, the accompanying development of technologies such as the
Accepted 7 December 2022
Internet and artificial intelligence has opened the door to a new world of digital transformation of the
Available online 15 December 2022
energy industry. The focus of whether the energy industry can truly achieve digital transformation lies
Keywords: in how to improve its own level of economic resilience. In order to explore how digital transformation
Economic management affects the economic resilience of the energy industry in the context of artificial intelligence, after
Economic resilience discussing the development dilemma of the energy industry and the integration of artificial intelligence
Digital change and digital transformation, this paper established a Particle Swarm Optimization-based Least Squares
Artificial intelligence
Support Vector Machine (PSO-LSSVM) algorithm. Experiments have shown that the model built in
Energy industry
this paper has a good prediction effect on the economic resilience index, and the average prediction
Support Vector Machines
error after training is 0.0028. Compared with the standard least squares support vector machine and
back-propagation neural network methods, this method not only has more stable prediction results,
but also greatly improves the prediction accuracy.
© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction data would be used to improve the efficiency of business op-

In the era of digital economy, digital transformation has grad-
ually changed data from a by-product in the production and
operation process to a crucial factor in participating in the pro-
duction and operation process. At the same time, data has become
a strategic resource for enterprises. Therefore, energy companies
should strengthen the capacity building of data management to
ensure that data quality is guaranteed. One is to strengthen data
collection. The second is to optimize data storage. The third is to
improve the efficiency of data use. The fourth is to innovate data
application models. Data perception capability has become the
basic capability to promote the development of digital transfor-
mation. The construction of data perception capability of energy
enterprises mainly focuses on structured data—assets and users.
In addition to structured data perception, various image, video,
and other unstructured data perceptions are continuing to play
a role. The data collected through the digital network needs to
be analyzed and mined to release value, and these professional
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: leiyuyan@xupt.edu.cn (Y. Lei),
roger18813365967@163.com (Z. Liang), ruanpeng001@cmc.edu.cn (P. Ruan).
erations in the first place. In the context of increasing global
energy regulation, it is difficult to achieve profit growth only by
relying on energy supply. Therefore, energy companies should
pay more attention to consumer experience while focusing on
products themselves. Amid this trend, more energy companies
are relying on data to drive customer experience improvements.
When energy companies carry out digital transformation, the
main obstacle is that the original corporate culture has been diffi-
cult to meet the new development needs. Digital transformation
belongs to a new field, and there is no replicable development
method in the new situation. It must be practiced continuously
in exploration. How to ensure economic resilience in the digital
transformation of energy companies is the focus of this paper. In
this context, this article used artificial intelligence technology to
study how digital transformation affects the economic resilience
of energy companies, hoping to contribute to the development of
energy companies.
This paper studies the impact of digital transformation on
the economic resilience of the energy industry, using the Least
Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) regression algorithm
based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The purpose of
this topic is to better predict the economic resilience index of
energy companies, and based on this, to better promote the

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.12.019
2352-4847/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
Y. Lei, Z. Liang and P. Ruan
digital transformation of energy companies. Compared with other
methods, the PSO-LSSVM regression algorithm used in this paper
has the characteristics of smaller prediction error and higher
fitting degree with reality, and has shown a good effect in the pre-
diction of economic resilience index. The innovations of the paper
are mainly reflected in the following aspects: (1) A new predic-
tion method of economic resilience index is creatively proposed,
which has a technical support role for the digital transforma-
tion and development of energy enterprises. (2) Artificial intel-
ligence research and economic development theory and practice
are combined, and artificial intelligence algorithms are used to
provide algorithmic support for economic development.
2. Related work
Economic resilience is the ability of a country or an enterprise
to turn economic development into a safe place in the face
of pressure or disaster. In recent years, research on economic
resilience has become more and more abundant. Jumiyati S be-
lieved that natural disasters would have a greater impact on the
economic resilience of enterprises, but he pointed out that the
potential and tolerance of people and economies to successfully
survive disasters to avoid adverse effects is also a manifestation
of economic resilience (Jumiyati et al., 2021). Gherhes C believed
that there is currently a lack of consistent standards for the
measurement of economic resilience. In this regard, he took Japan
as an example to discuss the measurement method of the regional
economic resilience index in the face of natural disasters (Gher-
hes et al., 2018). Zhai W pointed out that the environment is
an important factor that affects the economic resilience of enter-
prises and even the country. Taking Indonesia as an example, the
vast forest resources have made a huge contribution to economic
development and also played an important role in maintaining
the economic resilience of the Indonesian country (Zhai and Yue,
2022). Volkov A believed that the current measures of economic
resilience are insufficient, and for this reason, he proposed a new
method for determining economic resilience based on categorical
linear regression, thereby determining the priority development
plans of cities (Volkov et al., 2017). When Febriyanti F studied
the economic resilience of small enterprises, he found that the
spatial clustering effect of amenities is beneficial to improve the
economic resilience of surrounding enterprises (Febriyanti et al.,
2021). Most of the above studies discuss the influencing factors
and measurement methods of the economic resilience of different
countries or industries, which provide a research basis for the
research on the economic resilience of the energy industry in this
paper.
Digital transformation is a major trend in economic develop-
ment in recent years, and how to achieve digital transformation
in more industries is the focus of many studies. Zhao Y found
in his research on information and communication technolo-
gies in the existing energy industry that digital transformation
can provide a large-scale assessment of information for public
policy and diagnostic measures, and can also greatly improve
the efficiency of communication with people, which has a cer-
tain impact on the economic resilience of enterprises (Zhao and
Li, 2018). Midttun A found that energy companies with digital
transformation capabilities to integrate operations are able to
use digital technologies to transform their operations for bet-
ter customer interaction and collaboration, thereby improving
the economic resilience of the business (Midttun and Piccini,
2017). Orlov A believed that the arrival of the Internet provides
a great opportunity for the digital transformation of the energy
industry, and the digital transformation of the energy industry
may become the next frontier of the energy economy, which
is also conducive to the further development of the industrial
786
Energy Reports 9 (2023) 785–792
resilience of the energy economy (Orlov et al., 2020). Peng H
pointed out that digital transformation often involves building big
data analytics capabilities, which poses considerable challenges
for many energy companies, as the successful introduction of big
data analytics can better measure the level of economic resilience
of companies (Peng and Liu, 2018). Gasho E G believed that digital
transformation refers to a kind of digital technology, which can
bring about a great change in the economic resilience or share-
holders of energy industry companies, and then this technology
is called digital transformation (Gasho et al., 2021). The above
research mainly analyzes the positive impact of digital transfor-
mation on the economic resilience of energy companies, but does
not propose an effective economic resilience index measurement
method. Therefore, this paper uses artificial intelligence to re-
search and predict the economic resilience index of the energy
industry on this basis.
3. Method design of the impact of digital transformation on
the economic resilience of the energy industry in the context
of artificial intelligence
3.1. Evaluation on the economic resilience of energy companies
The so-called ‘‘energy’’ is the source of energy, and the scien-
tific definition of energy refers to the various resources that can
be used and obtained by human beings (Kaimasu, 2021; Nga and
Long, 2021). The scope of energy is constantly expanding with the
progress of human social production and science and technology,
including the supply of material resources in a certain form of
energy and material resources in a certain form of movement. As
shown in Fig. 1, there are many kinds of common energy sources
in life, and power plants are the main conversion sites. Among
them, Fig. 1A is a thermal power plant, and Fig. 1B is a nuclear
power plant. Fossil fuels, wind, hydro, solar, etc. are all energy
sources.
The energy industry is composed of major sectors or industries
related to manufacturing energy such as oil and gas exploration,
nuclear energy, wind energy, solar energy and thermal power,
which are closely related to the original energy types (Ahmad
et al., 2021; Devaraja and Jagadeesha, 2021). Therefore, it can be
seen from Fig. 2 that the energy industries corresponding to var-
ious energy sources are different. This paper divides the energy
industry into several categories according to the primary energy
types, and each category contains many subdivided industries,
or the industries related to secondary energy are derived from
this. Primary energy refers to energy that can be obtained directly
from nature, while secondary energy needs to be developed and
integrated artificially.
The so-called economic resilience is the key to determining
whether an economy can ‘‘smoothly recover and restore stable
economic growth’’ or ‘‘begin on a downward economic trajec-
tory’’ after an economic shock (Burunsuz, 2021; Zhang et al.,
2022). Specifically, it refers to the ability of an economy to effec-
tively deal with internal and external disturbances, resist shocks
and obtain sustainable economic development in the process of
adjusting its economic structure and growth mode. Economic
resilience has been manifested in many aspects, mainly includ-
ing macroeconomic resilience, institutional resilience, regional
development resilience, urban resilience, industry resilience and
micro-enterprise resilience. The economic resilience of the energy
industry studied in this paper is critical to industrial economic
resilience. The reason is that it links the macro-state economic
resilience with the micro-enterprise economic resilience. Once
the industrial economic resilience is destroyed, the consequences
would be disastrous.
Y. Lei, Z. Liang and P. Ruan
Fig. 1. Thermal and nuclear power plants.
Fig. 2. Common energy types and energy industries.
3.2. Artificial intelligence and digital transformation
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the branches of computer
science. Its research and development aims at realizing intel-
ligent functions and researching and manufacturing intelligent
machines that can make correct judgments based on reality.
Simply put, AI is the human consciousness and thinking mode
constructed artificially. AI research is highly technical and pro-
fessional. Each branch is deep and disconnected, and its con-
tent is very broad. Artificial intelligence research content mainly
includes: knowledge representation and automatic reasoning,
search methods and knowledge processing, machine learning and
knowledge acquisition, computer vision and natural language
understanding, automatic programming and intelligent robots,
etc. In the context of digitalization, scientists apply advanced
computer network technology to AI research, forming the digital
application of AI.
As can be seen from Fig. 3, the application of artificial intel-
ligence in the digital context can be roughly divided into the
following four types: ① Answering questions: in recent years,
scientists have conducted continuous research on artificial intelli-
gence, artificial intelligence has become the focus, and answering
questions has become the application of artificial intelligence
in the digital environment. The human mind is implanted into
the artificial intelligence system, and scientific and technological
means are used to achieve the purpose of artificial intelligence
application. For example, when an artificial intelligence system
787
Energy Reports 9 (2023) 785–792
deals with chess problems, it can decompose intricate chess prob-
lems, and some artificial intelligence systems can also summarize
the actual experience of chess, and continuously realize the op-
timization and improvement of their own systems; ② automatic
program: artificial intelligence can compile computer automatic
programs for different occasions, and automatic program design
can effectively promote the progress of software development
system, and enhance the practicability of artificial intelligence
system through continuous improvement of its own coding; ③
machine learning occupies a crucial position in the develop-
ment of artificial intelligence, and enhancing machine learning
capabilities is also an important means to achieve continuous
development of artificial intelligence. Machine learning can con-
tinuously optimize and improve artificial intelligence systems,
make artificial intelligence systems more comprehensive, have
more knowledge reserves, and better judge and solve various
emergencies; ④ intelligent retrieval: the massive data in the
digital context not only brings convenience to people to access
relevant information, but also makes people feel troubled in infor-
mation retrieval, and the use of artificial intelligence systems can
provide users with a wealth of information about relevant sub-
jects, which is convenient for people to retrieve the knowledge
they need and saves retrieval time.
As can be seen from Fig. 4, data is used to promote the trans-
formation of enterprises, which specifically shows the following
five development trends.
Y. Lei, Z. Liang and P. Ruan Energy Reports 9 (2023) 785–792

characteristics of the input space. The higher the dimension,

the higher the approximate accuracy of the economic toughness
fitting, and the coefficient ϖ is the linear weight connecting the
feature layer to the output layer, and b represents the threshold.
After obtaining decision function F (s), the fitted training points
can be calculated:
∫
L [F ] = c (s, t , F ) dP (s, t ) (2)

Among them, c is the loss function, and P (s, t ) is unknown, so

the minimum of L [F ] should be considered to be minimized:
nω
1 1∑
M (ε) = (ε · ε) + Q · |ti − f (si )|ω (3)
2 n
i=1

Among them, (ε · ε) represents the complexity of function

F (s), and the constant Q represents the compromise relationship
between the two.
The formula is transformed into a dual form, and the kernel
function is introduced to obtain:
∑( ⇀
)
F (s) = ϖ T φ (s) + b = s− s k+b (4)
SV

The above analysis shows that, based on the principle of

Fig. 3. The application of artificial intelligence in the context of digitalization.
As far as the current overall market situation is concerned,
some energy companies have successfully explored digital trans-
formation, combining industry technology with digital technol-
ogy, and have advanced practical experience in data perception,
operation optimization and other fields. However, the value ex-
ploration of energy data resources is still at a relatively prelimi-
nary stage, digital culture is still the primary constraint, and there
is still much room for advancement in the innovation of energy
industry business models.
3.3. Evaluation on the prediction model of the economic resilience
index of energy enterprises based on the support vector machine of
particle swarm optimization
SVM: support vector machine was mainly used to solve classi-
fication problems at first. Later, because of its strong classification
and generalization function and successful application in the
field of pattern recognition, it began to gradually popularize the
regression field. It generalizes well because it is suitable for
small samples, nonlinearity, high dimensionality, and practical
situations with local minima. Because of its special principle of
structural risk minimization and non-linear characteristics with
better adaptive function, support vector regression has better
generalization prediction ability in theory, especially in the field
of prediction. Therefore, this study selects Support Vector Ma-
chine (SVM) as the machine learning algorithm to construct the
prediction model of the economic resilience index of energy
enterprises. Its algorithm theory is as follows:
Assuming that there is a training set {si , ti }m
i=1 , there is indeed
an unknown mapping function relationship G(s) between the
input variables and output variables of the training set. The job of
support vector regression is to estimate a decision function F (s)
from the training set to approximate G(s). The expression for F (s)
is as follows:
N
∑
F (s) = αn φn (s) + b = ϖ T φ (s) + b
n=1
Among them, φ (s) is the nonlinear transformation formula
from the input layer to the hidden layer, which represents the
structured minimum, the support vector machine only needs
to extract a subset of the training set into a support vector,
which can represent the stable characteristics of the research
data samples, and can also greatly speed up the calculation of
economic resilience forecasts when applied. The specific principle
is to nonlinearly map the input space to the high-dimensional
feature space, and on this basis, a kernel function is introduced
to solve the computational complexity of the high-dimensional
feature layer, so that the support vector machine can handle any
nonlinear mapping relationship approximately.
Least Squares SVM (LS-SVM) regression algorithm: LS-SVM is a
generalization of the standard SVM. Compared with standard LS-
SVM, LS-SVM reduces the computational complexity, improves
the solving speed, and reduces the interference of artificial ex-
perience and other uncertain factors on the algorithm under the
premise of ensuring relatively few algorithm parameters.
According to LS-SVM theory, the decision function for nonlin-
ear prediction is defined as:
f (s) = ϖ T φ (s) + b (5)
It can be seen that this is the same as the decision function
of the previous standard SVM. Considering the complexity of the
function and fitness variance, according to the structural risk
theory, the optimization of LS-SVM can be expressed as:
n
1 1 ∑
min (ϖ , e) = ϖTϖ + C e2i (6)
ϖ ,b,e 2 2
i=1
Among them, ei is a slack variable, and C is a regularization
parameter, which controls the degree of penalty for the budget
error of the economic resilience index.
In order to solve the above optimization function, the La-
grangian function is introduced to convert the constrained prob-
lem into an unconstrained solution problem and finally the LS-
SVM regression problem is transformed into:
n
∑
f (s) = γi k (s, si ) + b (7)
i=1
(1) Through the research and analysis of the above kernel func-
tions, a new kernel function is selected, which is expressed as:
k (s, si ) = exp − ∥s − si ∥2 /2β 2
( )
(8)
788
Y. Lei, Z. Liang and P. Ruan Energy Reports 9 (2023) 785–792

Fig. 4. Five trends in the digital transformation of energy companies.

It can be seen from the above theoretical analysis that the pa- di+1 = di + vi+1 (12)
rameters C and β need to be determined in the modeling process
of the LS-SVM model. C is the balance factor. If C is too small, Among them, r1 and r2 are random numbers that preserve the
the samples exceeded by the sample data would be penalized diversity of the population.
less, and the regression curve tends to be flat, making the training In this paper, the particle swarm algorithm is used to optimize
error larger, which would cause the machine to under-learn. If the the parameters C and β of the LS-SVM model. When the particle
value is too large, the corresponding penalty would be too large, swarm is optimized, each particle is equivalent to a possible
the training error of the learning machine would be small, and solution of a parameter. In parameter selection, a fitness function
the training data would have over-learning phenomenon, which is defined as the target object, and the target fitness function
would cause the promotion ability to decline. β is a parameter in is used to improve the optimization performance of the entire
the kernel function. regression model training and testing process to minimize the
These two parameters have a great impact on the performance error between the actual value and the predicted value. Therefore,
of the learning machine, so this study chooses to use the PSO to the fitness function can be defined as follows:
optimize the parameters of LS-SVM, in order to better predict the m n


economic resilience of the energy industry index. Least squares 1 ∑ 1 ∑ ( ( ) )2
fitness = √ f sij − tij (13)
SVM regression algorithm based on PSO-LSSVM: particle swarm m n
i=1 j=1
optimization algorithm is a swarm intelligence evolution comput-
ing technology developed on the basis of iterative optimization. Among them, m is the number of training cross-validations, n
Particle swarm optimization algorithm is one of the most nonlin- is the number of each validation subset, sij is the true value for
ear optimization problems because of its superior optimization testing, and tij is the predicted value for the validation subset.
performance, easy implementation, fast convergence speed, and Due to the insufficiency of particle swarm optimization itself,
fewer parameter settings than genetic optimization algorithm. in particular, although the particle swarm optimization algorithm
The performance is more stable, and it is an effective search can achieve nonlinear search well, it is easy to fall into local
algorithm for most nonlinear optimization problems. The specific optimum and appear early convergence phenomenon. This paper
algorithm is to assume that there is a search space, there are m introduces population diversity and judgment premature con-
particles in the space, and the position vector of each particle is vergence mechanism. When the particle swarm is initialized, in
expressed as: order to enable the particle swarm to be well distributed into the
dm = (d1 , d2 , . . . , dm ) (9) solution space, the concept of average particle distance can be
introduced to make the initial distribution of each particle in the
When solving an optimization problem, each particle sets swarm more discrete, which is defined as:
a fitness function according to the specific problem. Similarly, 
n  m
all particles fly according to the problem domain to reach the 1 ∑ ∑ ( )2
current optimal position, and then update the next displacement H (i) = √ pi − pj (14)
nX
according to their own speed, and their flight speed is expressed i=1 i=1
as:
Among them, X is the maximum diagonal length of the search
v i = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vi ) (10) space, and m is the dimension of the solution space.
Secondly, the fitness variance is calculated:
The mathematical behavior of each particle’s velocity and ( )2
position update can be expressed as: n
2
∑ f1 − f
C = (15)
v = wvi + c1 r1 (pi − di ) + c2 r2 pj − di
( )
(11) f
i=1

789
Y. Lei, Z. Liang and P. Ruan Energy Reports 9 (2023) 785–792

Table 1
List of experimental data.
Gross domestic product Industrial value added Current assets Total profit Economic resilience Index
(100 millionyuan) (100 millionyuan) (100 millionyuan) (100 millionyuan) for the year
2015 689 052 228 974 648 817.50 66 187.07 1.32
2016 746 395 245 406 591 231.28 71 921.43 1.49
2017 832 036 275 119 565 178.27 74 916.25 0.98
2018 919 281 301 089 534 080.93 71 608.91 1.12
2019 986 515 311 859 500 852.80 65 799.04 1.37
2020 1 015 986 313 071 469 207.26 68 465.01 1.26

Among them, the value of f adopts the following formula: Table 2

The prediction data and relative error of the economic resilience index of the
max ⏐fi − f ⏐ , max ⏐fi − f ⏐ > 1
{ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐
PSO-LSSVM prediction model based on particle swarm optimization.
f = (16) Actual value Predictive value Relative error
1 , other
2015 1.32 1.323 0.003
The fitness variance reflects the degree of particle aggregation 2016 1.49 1.492 0.002
in the population. 2017 0.98 0.976 0.002
2018 1.12 1.08 0.004
Based on the above discussion, this paper finally decided to 2019 1.37 1.374 0.004
use the PSO-LSSVM to build a prediction model for the economic 2020 1.26 1.258 0.002
resilience index of the energy industry. This paper hopes that the
algorithm can be used in subsequent experiments.

4. Experiment of the prediction model of economic resilience

index of energy industry based on PSO-LSSVM

4.1. Data sources

In this paper, the PSO-LSSVM prediction model constructed

above is used to predict the economic resilience index. By com-
paring the actual value and the predicted value, the accuracy
of the prediction results of the prediction system is verified. In
this demonstration, a fixed prediction scheme is used. First, the
model is estimated once with a fixed sample, and then prediction
samples of different durations are predicted according to the es-
timated regression formula. The model selects five index samples
from the six-year data of the National Bureau of Statistics of China
from 2015 to 2020 as the training set for data regression analysis.
Its information is listed in Table 1:
It can be seen from Table 1 that these indicators and the
economic resilience index of energy companies are very com-
plex multi-dimensional nonlinear mappings, and conventional
multiple linear regression and other econometric models cannot
scientifically describe the internal relationship between these
variables. To this end, the paper adopts the prediction model
based on PSO-LSSVM to train and predict the data.
4.2. PSO-LSSVM prediction model based on particle swarm optimiza-
tion to predict economic resilience index experiment
The experiment was carried out with MATLAB software, and
the model parameters were screened and predicted according
to the above set indicators, and the economic resilience index
of industrial enterprises was predicted through the model. The
calculation results of the predicted data and relative error data
are shown in Table 2:
According to Table 2, the prediction curve of the economic re-
silience index of the PSO-LSSVM prediction model based on parti-
cle swarm optimization can be drawn, which can more intuitively
show the prediction effect of this paper.
It can be obtained from Table 2, after training, the average rel-
ative error of the system is 0.0028, which indicates that the model
has a good fit and can be used for prediction. In addition, the
relative errors in each year are small, which also indicates that the
support vector machine has a strong generalization ability. It can
be seen from Fig. 5 that the deviation between the predicted value
and the actual value of the particle swarm optimization PSO-
LSSVM prediction model is small, and the fitting curves of the two
790
Fig. 5. The comparison curve between the predicted value and the actual value
of the prediction model of PSO-LSSVM based on particle swarm optimization.
are very close, indicating that the particle swarm optimization
prediction model designed in this paper has high accuracy.
In addition, as shown in Figs. 6 and 7, the PSO algorithm
is evaluated using both online and offline performance metrics.
The difference between the two is the dynamic characteristics of
online performance testing and the convergence characteristics
of offline performance testing.
It can be seen from Figs. 6 and 7 that the population diversity
is obtained by using the average particle distance, and the particle
swarm fitness function is judged, which can better solve the prob-
lem of premature convergence of the algorithm, and can guide the
positioning of particles to make it less random. The online and of-
fline performance graphs show that the improved algorithm skips
the local optimal point many times and maintains good particle
dispersion to obtain the optimal global solution. The optimization
ability is significantly enhanced and better parameters can be
obtained.
4.3. Comparative experiment
In order to better explain the role of the prediction model
based on PSO-LSSVM in the prediction of economic resilience
index, this paper compares its prediction results with the stan-
dard least squares SVM and BP neural network methods. As the
main representative of nonlinear and nonparametric prediction
Y. Lei, Z. Liang and P. Ruan Energy Reports 9 (2023) 785–792

Table 3
Data comparison of three forecasting methods.
Method BPNN LS-SVM PSO-LSSVM
Year Actual value Predictive value Relative error Predictive value Relative error Predictive value Relative error
2015 1.32 1.47 0.15 1.322 0.002 1.323 0.003
2016 1.49 1.37 0.12 1.498 0.008 1.492 0.002
2017 0.98 1.24 0.26 0.989 0.009 0.976 0.002
2018 1.12 1.38 0.26 1.123 0.003 1.08 0.004
2019 1.37 1.33 0.04 1.364 0.006 1.374 0.004
2020 1.26 1.42 0.16 1.265 0.005 1.258 0.002

Fig. 6. Offline performance graph. Fig. 8. Comparison of relative error curves for the predictions of the three
methods.

According to Table 3, the relative error curves of the predic-

tions of the three methods can be drawn, and the comparison of
the three methods can be seen more intuitively.
It can be seen from Table 3 that for the least squares support
vector machine prediction model, the maximum and minimum
relative errors obtained by the prediction method are 0.009 and
0.002 respectively, and the average error is 0.0055, while the
maximum and minimum relative errors of the prediction method
based on BP neural network are 0.26 and 0.04 respectively, and
the average error is 0.1516. It can be clearly seen that the PSO-
LSSVM prediction model proposed in this study has the smallest
error and the most stable performance. The least squares support
vector machine prediction model is next, and the BP neural net-
work prediction model is again. By comparing with the prediction
results of BP neural network, it can be found that the prediction
results of LS-SVM are ideal because its unique structure mini-
mization principle can not only minimize the empirical risk, but
also have good out-of-sample prediction ability. From Fig. 8, it
can be found that compared with the BP neural network, which
is based on empirical risk minimization, only focusing on fitting
and inferring and predicting is poor, and the support vector
function can obtain a globally unique solution and make optimal
Fig. 7. Online performance graph.
predictions.

technology, BP neural network itself has the advantages of large-
scale parallel processing and self-organization and self-learning.
When the BP neural network predicts the economic resilience
index, it is not necessary to establish an accurate logic and math-
ematical model for the study of the economic problem itself,
and the results are directly output, which is suitable for solving
the difficulty of building a linear model. A comparison of three
prediction methods is listed in the paper, as shown in Table 3
and Fig. 8:
791
5. Conclusions
This paper studied the effect of digital transformation on the
economic resilience of enterprises in the context of artificial
intelligence. In response to this problem, this paper studied new
technologies brought about by digital transformation that can
optimize the prediction of economic resilience of the energy
industry, and successfully constructed a new prediction model
based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) technology. The pre-
diction model based on PSO-LSSVM proposed in this paper was
Y. Lei, Z. Liang and P. Ruan
applied to the preprocessing system, which removed the redun-
dant information in the index data, and the fitting degree for
network training was significantly improved under the influence
of less noise, and the prediction accuracy was higher than the
traditional one. Using PSO to optimize parameters can avoid rely-
ing on human experience or multiple tests to obtain parameters
to a certain extent, and improve the prediction efficiency. It can
be concluded that with the rapid development of nonlinear the-
ory and artificial intelligence technology today, soft technology
methods such as SVM can be used as powerful tools for economic
system analysis and prediction. It can be seen that this study has
reference value for the development of the energy industry.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Yuyan Lei: Designed the research method, Designed the pre-
liminary mathematical model, Did the operation, Writing – orig-
inal draft, Writing – review & editing. Zhuojie Liang: Writing –
original draft, Carefully designed and analyzed the mathematical
model, Improved the manuscript, Assisted Yuyan Lei to complete
the preliminary research and preparation of the project. Peng
Ruan: Collected the economic data published by the government
in recent years based on the Internet, Writing – review & editing,
Improved the manuscript.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
The authors do not have permission to share data.
Funding
This work was supported by ‘‘20YJC630086’’ project of Hu-
manities and Social Sciences youth fund of the Ministry of Ed-
ucation: ‘‘Research on the operation mechanism and upgrading
path of iterative independent innovation of industrial enterprises
under the ‘two wheel drive’ of digital transformation and user
participation’’; and the youth fund of Research project on ma-
jor theories and problems of philosophy and Social Sciences in
Shaanxi Province, China, ‘‘2021ND0344’’: ‘‘Research on the im-
pact mechanism of digital economy on information technology
innovation ecosystem’’ (Yuyan Lei).
References
Ahmad, M., Jan, I., Jabeen, G., 2021. Sustainable production and consumption
does energy-industry investment drive economic performance in regional
China: Implications for sustainable development. Sustain. Prod. Consump.
27 (Jul), 176–192.
Burunsuz, K.S., 2021. Features of strategic analysis of energy industry enterprises.
Collect. Sci. Publ. NUS 2021 (1), 99–105.
Devaraja, T.S., Jagadeesha, D.K., 2021. An analysis of financial performance and
investor’s experience of Indian renewable energy industry. Indian J. Finance
Bank. 5 (1), 1–9.
792
Energy Reports 9 (2023) 785–792
Febriyanti, F., Martini, S., Hidajah, A.C., 2021. A study on community economic
resilience in response to earthquakes in Jailolo sub-district, north Maluku. J.
Berkala Epidemiol. 9 (13), 105–114.
Gasho, E.G., Martynov, A.V., Kutko, N.E., 2021. Improving the environmental
situation and safety of the megalopolis by modernizing the energy industry.
Safety Reliab. Power Ind. 13 (4), 273–281.
Gherhes, C., Vorley, T., Williams, N., 2018. Entrepreneurship and local economic
resilience: the impact of institutional hysteresis in peripheral places. Small
Bus. Econ. 51 (6), 1–14.
Jumiyati, S., Nurdin, R., Rahman, I., 2021. Economic and ecological adaptation to
changes in agricultural land use to increase sustainable economic resilience.
IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 800 (17), 012–049.
Kaimasu, M., 2021. Japanese managers’ perspectives on project risks in the
energy industry. Middle East J. Manage. 8 (2/3), 219–232.
Midttun, A., Piccini, P.B., 2017. Facing the climate and digital challenge: European
energy industry from boom to crisis and transformation. Energy Policy 108
(sep.), 330–343.
Nga, N., Long, G.N., 2021. The choice of capital structure: A study on energy
industry in a developing country. Accounting 2021 (Jan.), 289–294.
Orlov, A., Sillmann, J., Vigo, I., 2020. Author correction: Better seasonal forecasts
for the renewable energy industry. Nature Energy 5 (3), 1.
Peng, H., Liu, Y., 2018. How government subsidies promote the growth of
entrepreneurial companies in clean energy industry: An empirical study in
China. J. Clean. Prod. 188 (JUL.1), 508–520.
Volkov, A., Ikien, A., Morkunas, M., 2017. A multi-criteria approach for assessing
the economic resilience of agriculture: The case of Lithuania. Sustainability
356 (6), 50–83.
Zhai, W., Yue, H., 2022. Economic resilience during COVID-19: An insight from
permanent business closures. Environ. Plan. A 54 (2), 219–221.
Zhang, B., Yang, X., Tong, R., 2022. Health impacts of air pollution in Chinese
coal-based clean energy industry: LCA-based and WTP-oriented modeling.
Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29 (45), 67924–67940.
Zhao, Y., Li, X., 2018. Research on the concept and promotion mechanism
of enterprise economic resilience. Modern Econ. Manage. Forum 15 (23),
504–508.
Yuyan Lei was born in Baoji, Shaanxi, China, in 1988.
She received the Ph.D. of Management from Northwest
University, P.R. China. Now, she works in School of
economics and management, Xi’an University of Posts
and Telecommunications. Her research interest include
technology innovation and management, innovation
system and big data analysis.
Email: leiyuyan@xupt.edu.cn
Zhuojie Liang was born in Maoming, Guangdong, P.R.
China, in 1997. He is an undergraduate majoring in
computer science and technology at Nanfang College of
Sun Yat sen University, P.R. China, with a certificate of
minor in administration and a certificate of completion
in political and business studies. His research interests
include Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, and Eco-
nomic Management, more than four papers and eight
soft-authored patents published.
E-mail: roger18813365967@163.com
Peng Ruan was born in Santai County, Sichuan
Province. People’s Republic of China, 1981. He received
his doctorate from Shinawatra University in Thailand.
His research interests include business management
and management psychology.
E-mail: ruanpeng001@cmc.edu.cn