(a)

Some materials are poor conductors of thermal energy (heat energy).

State the term that describes materials that are poor conductors of thermal energy.
[1]

[1 mark]

Question 1b
(b)
Some materials are good conductors of thermal energy.

Draw a ring around each material that is a good conductor of thermal energy.

air aluminium copper glass plastic water

[1]

[1 mark]

Question 1c
(c)
A student has two rods made of di erent materials. The rods are the same size.

Describe an experiment to identify which material is the better conductor of thermal energy.

You may draw a diagram in the space below.

[3]

[3 marks]
Question 2a
Extended

Fig. 4.1 shows a cold plastic spoon that has just been placed in hot liquid in a cup.

(a)
Describe, in terms of molecules, why the temperature of the whole of the spoon increases.
[3]

[3 marks]

Question 2b
(b)
The plastic spoon is replaced by a metal spoon.

Describe an additional process by which the temperature of the whole of this spoon increases.
[2]

[2 marks]
Question 2c
(c)
The cup contains 150 g of liquid of specific heat capacity 4.2 J / (g°C). When the cold spoon is placed into the hot liquid, the
temperature of the liquid decreases from 80 °C to 56 °C.

Calculate the loss of thermal energy from the liquid.

energy loss = .......................................................................... [3]

[3 marks]
Question 3a
A student constructs a device for absorbing thermal energy from the Sun. Fig. 6.1 shows the device.

The student places the white plastic pipe in sunlight. The cold water flows slowly from Tank A to Tank B. Energy from the Sun
heats the water in the pipe.

Fig. 6.2 shows the temperatures in Tank A and Tank B.

(a)
Determine the rise in temperature of the water.

temperature rise =.......................................................................... °C [1]

[1 mark]
Question 3b
(b)
The student wants to increase the thermal energy absorbed by the water in the pipe. Suggest three improvements he can
make to increase the thermal energy absorbed.

[3]

[3 marks]

Question 3c
(c)
Describe how the thermal energy is transferred from the Sun to the water inside the pipe.
[2]

[2 marks]
Question 4a
A student investigates the thermal energy lost from two metal cans, X and Y. The cans are identical apart from their outside
colour.

The student pours the same volume of hot water into each can and seals each can. The student records the temperature of
the water in each can at regular time intervals for a period of 35 minutes.

The equipment is shown in Fig. 6.1.

Fig. 6.2 is a graph of the results from the investigation.

(a)
For can X, use Fig. 6.2 to determine the drop in temperature of the water

(i)
in the first five minutes
[1]
(ii)
in the last five minutes
[1]

[2 marks]

Question 4b
(b)
Explain why the water cools at a greater rate during the first five minutes of the experiment, compared with the last five
minutes.
[2]
 [2 marks]

Question 4c
(c)
The outside of one can is dull black and the outside of the other is shiny white.

State the colour of can Y.

Explain your answer.

[2]

[2 marks]
Question 5a
(a)
A student heats some water in a metal can, as shown in Fig. 6.2.

Complete the sentence. Choose a word from the box.

Thermal (heat) energy moves through the metal can by ............................................

[1]

[1 mark]

Question 5b
(b)
Describe how thermal energy is transferred throughout the water. Include your ideas about density changes.
[3]

[3 marks]
6(a)
State three factors that determine the rate of evaporation of water.
[3]

[3 marks]

Question 6b
Extended
(b)
A person climbs out of a swimming pool and stands in the open air.

Explain why evaporation of water from the surface of the person’s body causes the person to feel cold.
[2]

[2 marks]
Question 7a
(a)
The arrows on Fig. 5.1 represent changes of state.

One of the arrows is labelled. Label each of the other arrows with the correct change of state. Write the change of state on
the dotted lines next to each arrow.
[3]

[3 marks]
Question 7b
(b)
A beaker contains some liquid with a low boiling point. The beaker is placed onto a small amount of water, as shown in Fig.
5.2.

The liquid in the beaker evaporates quickly. The water on the bench cools and turns to ice.

Explain why the water cools.

[3]

[3 marks]
Question 8
In a laboratory at normal room temperature, 200 g of water is poured into a beaker. A thermometer placed in the water has a
reading of 22 °C.

Small pieces of ice at 0 °C are added to the water one by one. The mixture is stirred after each addition until the ice has
melted. This process is continued until the temperature recorded by the thermometer is 0 °C.

The total mass of ice added to the water is found to be 60 g.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2J/(g °C).

Calculate the energy transferred from the water's thermal energy store originally in the beaker.

thermal energy = .................................................................................. [2]

[2 marks]
Question 9a
(a)
Fig. 5.1 shows a plastic cup. The cup contains sand, an electric heater and a thermometer.

The power of the heater is50 W. The mass of the sand in the cup is 550 g. The initial temperature of the sand is 20 °C. The
heater is switched on for 2.0 minutes.

The temperature is recorded until the temperature stops increasing. The highest temperature recorded by the thermometer
is 33 °C.

(i)
Calculate the energy supplied by the heater.

energy = .......................................................................... [2]

(ii)
Calculate a value for the specific heat capacity of the sand, using your answer to (a)(i) and the data in the question.

specific heat capacity =........................................................................... [3]

(iii)
Explain why the specific heat capacity of sand may be di erent from the value calculated in (a)(ii).

[2]

[7 marks]
Question 9b
(b)
On a sunny day, the temperature of the sand on a beach is much higher than the temperature of the sea.

Explain why.
[2]

[2 marks]
Question 10a
Extended
Fig. 4.1 shows apparatus used by a student to measure the specific heat capacity of iron.

(a)
The student improves the accuracy of the experiment by placing material around the block, as shown in Fig. 4.2.

(i)
Suggest the name of a possible material the student could use and explain how it improves the accuracy of the experiment.

[3]

(ii)
State how the student could further improve the accuracy of the experiment by using more of the material used in Fig. 4.2.
 [1]

[4 marks]

Question 10b
(b)
The current in the heater is 3.8 A and the potential diference (p.d.) across it is 12 V. The iron block has a
mass of 2.0 kg. Whenthe heater is switched on for 10 minutes, the temperature of the block rises from
25 °C to 55 °C.

Calculate the specific heat capacity of iron.

specific heat capacity =

........................................................................................
[4]

[4