2.

5 Matrices

2.5 MATRICES

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers which are arranged in rows and columns. Rows run horizontally and
columns run vertically. Matrices are written in brackets.

2nd Row [ 2 3 4
1 −8 5 ]
 ORDER OF A MATRIX 3rd Column

The dimensions of a matrix are stated “m x n” where ‘m’ is the number of rows and ‘n’ is the number of columns.

e.g.
[ 2 3 4
]
1 −8 5 is a 23 matrix.

[]
2
7
e.g. −3 is a 31 matrix.

 Matrix Transpose

To create the transpose of a given matrix, we simply interchange the rows with the columns. Hence, the first row of
a matrix becomes its first column, the second row becomes the second column, and so on.

[ ] [ ]
−2 3 4 −2 1 4
T
A= 1 6 3 A = 3 6 −2
4 −2 3  4 3 3
Eg:

 Equal Matrices

Two matrices are equal if their orders and their corresponding elements are the same. For example:

[ ]
The orders of the two matrices are not the same.
3 6
0 1
[ 2 3 4
1 −8 5 ] 2 8
is not equal to

[ ] [ ]
The corresponding elements of the two matrices are not
10 3 11 6 the same.
6 11 3 10
is not equal to

[ 3 −9 ] [ 3 −9 ] The orders and the corresponding elements of the two

is equal to numbers are the same.
 2.5 Matrices

Two matrices A and B are equal if they are of the same order and their corresponding elements are equal.

E.g. .

 Matrix Addition and Subtraction

You can add or subtract matrices if they have the same dimensions (same number of rows and columns).

To do this, you add (or subtract) the corresponding numbers (numbers in the same positions). For example :

(a)

[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
(b)
−2 3 + 10 6 = −2+10 3+6 = −8 9
4 1 8 7 4+8 1+7 12 8
(c)

[ ]( )
−2 3 −3
4 1
+
4
=no solution
(“cannot be performed because their order are different.

[1014 1315 ]−[−24 31 ]+[108 67 ]=[10−(−2)+10 ][ ]

(d)
13−3+6 22 16
=
14−4+8 15−1+7 18 21

 Scalar Multiplication (Multiplication of a Matrix by a Number)

To do this, multiply each entry in the matrix by the number outside (called the scalar). For example

[ ][ ][ ]
(a)
−2 3 −2 x3 3 x 3 −6 9
3 = =
4 1 4 x 3 1 x3 12 3

[ ] [ ][ ]
(b) −2 3 −2 3 −4 6
A= 2 A=2 =
4 1 4 1 8 2

 Matrix Multiplication

You can multiply matrices only if the number of columns in the first matrix equals the number of rows in the second
matrix.
 2.5 Matrices

[ ][
2 3
−5 6
9 −7
1 −2 0
3 4 −5 ]

[]
1
3 [ ] −2
4 [ ]
0
−5
[2 3 ] (2x1) +(3x3) (2x-2)+(3x4) (2x0)+(3x-5)

[ −5 6 ] (-5x1)+(6x3) (-5x-2)+(6x4) (-5x0)+(6 x-5)

[ 9 −7 ] (9x1)+(-7x3) (9x-2)+(-7x4) (9 x 0)+(-7x-5)

[ ]
11 8 −15
= 13 34 −30
−12 −46 35

[ ]
2 −3

1. Given that
A=
[
1 −3
2 −4 ,
B=
] [
0 −7 C= 1
5 −1 , −2 8
4
] and
D=
[−910 4 0
2 −1 ]
Determine:
 2.5 Matrices

−3 A b) CT
a)

A+ B 2 A−B
c) d)

3 B−4 A ( 5 A +3 B )T
e)

( B−4 A )T BD
e) f)
 2.5 Matrices

DC ( AB )T
g) h)

[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 0 3 −1 2 −3 3 −4
Q= −2 1 5 R= 3 4 0 S= 2 1
2. Given that
9 3 4 , −3 2 10 and
0 −5 Determine:

Q−2 R
a)

QT S
b)
 2.5 Matrices

[ ] [ ]
2 −1 3 5 2 −1

[ ] [ ]
0 −7 C= 4
1 −3 0 7 D= 3 7 1
A= B=
3. Given that 2 −4 , 5 −1 , 12 −2 3 and
4 0 8 .Determine

a) Det (A) b) Det(B)

c) Det(C) d) Det(D)
2.5 Matrices
 2.5 Matrices

Example
 2.5 Matrices

Tutorial:

[ ]
1.
C= 1 0
Given that
A=
[ 1 −3
2 −4 ] [
,
B=
0 −7
5 −1 ] and
−2 1
a) A−2 B

b) CT AT

2.
If
[ ]
A= 2 5
1 3 and
B=
[ 05 −7−1 ] ,determine the following

a) 1
3 A− B
2
b) BT A

3.
Given that matrix
P= 4 8
[
−3 −5 ] and matrix
[ ]
Q= 5 3
−1 2
a) 1
P−2 Q
2
b) ( PQ)T
c) ( P+2 Q)T
2.5 Matrices