The Philippines in the

19th Century
as Rizal’s Context
 -19th Century -It is the period -Age of
was the era of of major Enlightenment.
challenges and changes that
responses affect man and
society.
 -19th Century -It is the period -Age of
was the era of of major Enlightenment.
challenges and changes that
responses affect man and
society.
 The 19th Century
(BIRTH OF MODERNITY)

The term MODERNITY emphasizes the break

from traditional ways of life and emergence of
new ideas, attitudes, and institutions that
marked the transition to a new era.
 CONTEXT
ECONOMIC

POLITICAL SOCIAL
 POLITICAL CONTEXT
The struggle of Nationalism

THE FRENCH AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

REVOLUTION
 POLITICAL REVOLUTION

Various political revolution also happened during the late 18th

and 19th Century. This ear was chracterized by various political
upheavals, including the AMERICAN and FRENCH
REVOLUTION which were both heavily influenced by the
Enlightenment, a philosophical movement that valued reason,
rationality and individualism. This challenged the power of the
monarchy and paved the way for new reforms of governance
basedon individual rights, nationalism and freedom.
 The 19th century encompasses a new way of
thinking about the world and one’s place in it,
characterized by an increased focus on
individualism, rationality and the belief in
progress and the ability to shape the world
through scientific, technological and social
advancement.
 Before The 19th Century

CONSERVATISM LIBERALISM

In Spain there was the split among the intellectuals into

irreconcilable camps, the Conservatives and the Liberals, neither of
which advantaged adequate practical solutions to end all strives.
FRAILOCRACY
Rule of the Frairs
POLITICAL STRUCTURE DURING
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
ECONOMIC CONTEXT
 INDUSTRIALIZATION

During this era, the industrial revolution was taking place. New
modes of production, transportation and communication were
introduced that resulted in shifting from manual labor to
machine-based production. this transformation of the
economic and society resulted in new forms of work and
leisure, as well as urbanization and the growth of cities.
 ENCOMIEMDA TO HACIENDA

Encomienda and hacienda systems. Labor systems

developed by Spain granting large amounts of land to settlers
in the Americas and claiming ownership of all of the resources
and of the natives. The encomienda and hacienda systems
developed by an exchange among the natives for work in
return for protection and education.
 Trading

Trading was already apparent among our

ancestors even before the Spaniards Colonized
the Philippines. Early Philippine merchants traded
with various countries, including CHINA, JAPAN,
SIAM, CAMBODIA, INDIA, BORNEO and the
MOLUCASS ISLANDS.
The Spanish Crown saw an opportunity to profit
from this trade and they made this into a
government monopoly and eventually closed all
the ports of MANILA to all countries except
ACAPULCO MEXICO.

lo n y of S p a in
M e xic o w a s a Co
h e 16 t h c e n t u r y, d b y the
During t a t was g ov e rn e
e P h ilipp in e s t h
p ire , ju st li k e th Y a s S p a i n h a d
Em e d a M O N O P OL
e x ic o . T h i s c r eat o d s t h at
Spa in in M u t e a nd th e g o
v e r t he t r a d e r o
c o n t ro l o
exclusive
were traded.
O T R A D E . A ls o
L A -A C A P U L C
e b ir th o f M A NI
Hence, th DE
L L E O N T R A o t r a d e)
known as GA is u s e d t
ll e d t o t h e s h ips that
(ca
 The trade monopoly that emerged from this decision made Manila the center of commerce in the East.

They are sending anything, as well as,

tamarind, mangoes, rice, carabao,
Chinese tea, silk, textiles, fireworks,
perfumes, precious stones, and tuba (a
coconut wine), were sent to Mexico.

On the return of voyage, numerous

and valuable flora and fauna were
brought into the Philippines, including
guava, avocado, papaya, pineapple
horses and cattles.

In short, Spain became a mercantilist superpower. BUT NOT FOREVER.

WHY?
By the late 18th century, the Galleon
system faced tough competition as
other nations became self-sufficient
and preffered direct trade. Spain’s
trading system and demand for Asian
goods eventually declined.
Revolts, particularly in the War for
Independence in Mexico, took place in the
New World, thus shifting the focus and
priority of consumers away from trade. With
the old trade system no longer sustainable.,
the Galleon Trade was ended by decree
during the first decade of the 19th century.

1 3

Because the
2 Galleon Trade
Spain was heavily dependent on the silver mines ended, the
of its colonies in South America, which slowly Philippines need a
dwindled. The value of silver also declined due
to the increased production of silver in the commercial
America, reducing the profit margins of Galleon purpose.
Trade merchants.
INDULTO DE COMERCIO

The Indulto de Comercio or licensed to trade, was issued to

the Alcalde Mayor or Corregidor. It was meant to prevent
them from using the polo or taxes from their own personal
needs and control the market, although they banned them
from engaging in commerce. These people, literally have all
the power, so the Spanish government had to think of a
solution for the problem.
SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT

related to the different groups

of people in society and their
habits, traditions, and beliefs
 PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM DURING SPANISH TIME

1855 - the year Spain realized the need of establishing a system of

public education for the indios.
- this was also the year that Gov. Gen Crespo organized a
Commission and recommended remedial measures to improve
elementary education
1861 - the year the Commission completed its report and
forwarded it to Spain.
1863 - the year that the Educational Decree of 1863 was issued.
 DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM DURING SPANISH TIME

1. Emphasis on Religion
>Fear of God was emphasized.
>Obedience to friars was instilled in the mind of the
people.
>Indios were constantly reminded that they have inferior
intelligence and were fit for manual labor only.
>Will of God was also emphasized
2. Absence of Academic Freedom
> Most schools were not opened to the natives.
> Students were not allowed to express their opinion.
3. Racial Discrimination
> prior to educational decree of 1863, the schools were
not opened to the natives.
> Spaniards hesitated to consider the indios as educable
as themselves.
4. Limited curriculum
> Education was limited to the 3Rs, that is, Reading,
Writing and Arithmetic The Philippines of Rizal’s Time
 The Philippines of Rizal’s Time
During the time of Rizal, the sinister shadow of Spain’s
decadence darkened the Philippine skies. The Filipino agonized
beneath the yoke of Spanish misrule, for they were unfortunate
victims of the evils of an unjust, bigoted, and deteriorating
colonial power. Among these evils were as follows:
QUIZ
 g w h ic h c e ntu r y d id th e
1. D ur in c h alle ng es
es fa ce si g n ific a n t
Philippin m a jo r c ha n ge s
and r e sp o ns e s , w ith
af fec tin g so c ie ty?

a) 16 t h Ce n tu r y
b ) 1 8 th C e nt u ry
c ) 1 9t h C en t ur y
d) 2 0 t h C e n tu r y
 e p o li tic a l str ug gle that
2. What w a s th
eriz e d t h e 1 9 t h -c e n tu ry
ch a rac t
Philippines?
a) Relig io u s C o n f li c ts
g gle fo r I nd e p e n d e n ce
b) St ru
f N a t io n a lis m
c) Struggle o
d ) C la s s W a r fa re
 h i s to ri c a l e v e nt o u t sid e
3. Which m a jo r ic al
e s in flu en c e d th e p o li t
the Philipp in
g t h is p e ri o d ?
context durin
c h R e v o lu tio n
a) The Fren v il W a r
b) The Ame r i ca n C i
s h E m p ir e 's E x p a ns io n
c) The B rit i
ia n R e v o lu ti o n
d) The Russ
 is u s e d to d e s c r ibe th e
4. What te rm Sp ain
m o n g in t e lle c tu a l s in
division a
du ri ng th is tim e ?

o n se r v a tiv e v s . L ib e ra l
a ) C b lic
b) Monarchy v s . R e p u
s . In d ig e n ou s
c) Colonial v s ta n t
d) Catholic v s . P r o t e
 te r m for th e r u le of t he
5. What w a s t h e e ra ?
P hili p p in e s d u rin g th is
friars in t h e

a) F r ia r M o n a rc hy
b ) T h e oc r a c y
c) Fr a ilo c ra c y
d) Colon ia l D o m i nion
 o n om ic tra ns fo rm a tio n
6. W h a t ec r k e d by the
in g t h i s tim e , ma
occurred dur b o r t o m ac h in es ?
shift from ma n ua l la

a) In d us tr i aliz a t io n
b) Ur ba n iz a t io n
c) Comm e r c i a liz ation
d ) G lo ba l iz a t io n
 m s w e re d e v e l o p e d b y
7. Which s ys te en t in
d a n d la b or m a n a ge m
Spain for lan e P h ilip p in e s ?
the Am e ri ca s a n d th

o m ie nd a a n d H a c ie n da
a) En c
b) Feuda l a n d S e rfd o m
i o n a n d S h a re c ro p p ing
c) Pla n ta t
C o m m u n e s
d) Guilds and
 G a ll e o n Tr ade known
8. What w a s t h e
for in the 1 9 t h c e n tu r y ?

a) Cultu ra l E xc h a n g e s
b) S lav e T r ad e
od s T ra d in g
c) Luxury Go n
d) Co lon ia l R e be ll io
 e g e a llo w e d pro vi nc ia l
9. What pr iv il o p olize
to e n g a g e in a nd m o n
governor s
trade duri n g th is tim e ?

a) Indult o d e C o m e r c io
l D e c r e e o f C o m m e rc e
b) R oy a
M o n o p o ly A c t
c) Trade rd in a nc e
d) Colonial T ra d e O
 g e w a s p re d o m in a n tly
10. Wha t la n gu a n
e d iu m o f in s tru ct io n i
used as t h e m n ia l
u rin g th e S pa n is h co lo
schoo ls d
h e P h il ip p in e s ?
period in t
a) Tagalog
b) English
c) Spanish
d) Mandarin
 g w h ic h c e ntu r y d id th e
1. D ur in c h alle ng es
es fa ce si g n ific a n t
Philippin m a jo r c ha n ge s
and r e sp o ns e s , w ith
af fec tin g so c ie ty?

c) 19th Century
 e po lit ica l s tr ug gle that
2. What w as th
eriz ed th e 1 9 th -c e n tu ry
ch arac t
Philippines?
f Na ti o n a li sm
c) Struggle o
 hi s to ric a l e v ent o u t sid e
3. Which m ajo r ic al
e s in flu en c e d the p olit
the Philipp in
g th is p e ri od ?
context durin
c h R e v o lu t io n
a) The Fren
 is u s ed to de s c r ibe th e
4. What te rm Sp ain
m o n g in te lle ctu a ls in
division a
du ri ng th is tim e ?

o n se r v a tiv e v s . L ib e ra l
a ) C
 te rm for th e r u le of t he
5. What w as th e e ra ?
P hilip pi nes d u rin g th is
friars in the

c) Frailocracy
 o n om ic tra ns fo rm a tio n
6. W h a t ec r k e d by the
in g t h i s tim e , ma
occurred dur b o r t o m ac h in es ?
shift from ma n ua l la

a) Industrialization
 m s w er e d e v el o p ed b y
7. Which sy s te en t in
d a n d la b o r m a n a ge m
Spain for lan e P h ilip p in e s ?
the Am eric a s a nd th

o m ie nd a a n d H a c ie n da
a) Enc
 G a lle o n Trade known
8. What wa s th e
for in the 19 th ce nt ur y ?

o od s T ra d ing
c) Luxury G
 e g e a llo w e d prov inc ia l
9. What p riv il o p olize
to e n g a g e in and mo n
governor s
trade duri n g th is tim e?

a) Indult o d e C o m e r cio
 g e w a s p re d o m in a n tly
10. Wha t la n gu a n
e d iu m o f in s tru ct io n i
used as t h e m n ia l
u rin g th e S pa n is h co lo
schoo ls d
h e P h il ip p in e s ?
period in t
c) Spanish