NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE called as witnesses, but who can provide

UNIVERSITY useful data nonetheless, such as personal

records and other information. (Soriano,
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2008)
EDUCATION
If a crime has been committed, then
Main Campus II, Bajumpandan, the true facts of its commission should be
Dumaguete City established. There is a complainant or a
victim; some physical evidence of the crime;
MODULE 3
and perhaps a suspect. Often, the gap
OF THE SUBJECT: between these simple facts and the case that
can be successfully presented in court can be
CDI 200- FUNDAMENTALS OF bridged only by patient and intelligent
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND questioning through interview or
INTELLIGENCE interrogation. (Soriano, 2008)

Admission and confession has been

called the “prime source of other evidence”.
Prepared by:
Often, it provides the investigator with
ALPECHE, BLAS V., PCPT PNP (RET) information that would be otherwise
unavailable. For example, the scope of
Part-Time Instructor conspiracy, the existence and identity of
accomplices, additional past offenses
attributable to the same person or group, and
MODULE 3 so forth. Physical evidence that will be later
analyzed through admission or confession;
CHAPTER III-GENERAL the existence and location of a firearm used
INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURES OF in the commission of a crime; the location of
OBTAINING INFORMATION a motor vehicle used in an assault; and
(INTERVIEW, INTERROGATION, location of stolen property- all these are
ADMISSION AND CONFESSION) examples of what can be attained through
admission and confession. (Soriano,2008)

This module covers the topics about

A. INTRODUCTION:
interview,interrogation, admission and
One of the three (3) tools or the three (3) I’s confession and the legal requisites of these
in Criminal Investigation is Interview or methods of obtaining information.
Interrogation in order to obtain information
B. COURSE LEARNING
from complainants, witnesses, informants
OUTCOMES:
and suspects of a crime incident.
At the end of the module, the student should
The effectiveness of the interview or
be able to:
interrogation is largely dependent on the
ability of the investigator to obtain
information from complainant, witnesses,
informants and suspects. Included in this are
interviews from persons who may not be
1. Know the definition of interview, of obtaining information (interview,
interrogation, admission and confession as interrogation, admission and
methods of obtaining information during the confession) about the crime incident
conduct of criminal investigation of a had been applied by the police
particular crime; and investigator?

2. Know the proper techniques, procedures C. Discussion:

and legal requisites in these methods of
obtaining information. INTERVIEW AND
INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES,
C. CONTENTS OF THE MODULE: PROCEDURES AND LEGAL
REQUISITES
This module contains the following
lessons: Definition of an interview:

Lesson 1. Interview and An interview is asking questions to

Interrogation techniques, procedures and a person who is believed to possess
its legal requisites; and knowledge that is of official interest to the
investigator, and who is cooperative in the
Lesson 2.Admission and conduct of investigation. In an interview,
confession and its legal requisites. the person questioned usually gives his
account of an incident under investigation or
LESSON I-INTERVIEW AND
offers information concerning a person
INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES,
being investigated. (Soriano, 2008).
PROCEDURES AND LEGAL
REQUISITES Importance of Interview
A. Specific Learning The greater part of investigation is
Outcomes: usually devoted to interviews. In most cases,
interviews constitute the major source of
1. Know the definitions of
information. Because of the apparent
interview, interrogation, admission
simplicity of the typical interview, the
and confession; and
novice investigator is inclined to neglect the
2. Know the effective development of a technique. On the
techniques, procedures and legal contrary, the investigator should devote his
requisites of these aforementioned greatest efforts to developing effective
methods of obtaining information methods of interviewing. He should
about a crime incident during the constantly remind himself that the next
conduct of criminal investigation. interview on his schedule may be the only
way of acquiring information on certain
B. Motivation/Prompting aspects of the case under investigation. After
Questions: each interview, he should subject his
performance to a critical review by checking
1. Do you know the methods
the quantity and quality of the information
of obtaining information in a
obtained and the extent to which he has
particular crime incident?
established rapport with the subject.
2. Have you known of a crime (Soriano,2008)
in your place where these methods
 The Art of Interviewing investigator assigned to the case. There are
three types of formal interview, namely:
There are few people who have
neither been interviewed nor conducted an 1) Normal interview-for
interview themselves. Whether formal or cooperative witness or those
informal, the interview’s purpose is the who may be persuaded to
exchange of information. Investigators cooperate;
engaged in this exchange of information
generally take in far more information than 2) Group and pretext
they give out. The investigator needs to be interviews-for witnesses known
intuitive, alert and skillful, much more than to be reluctant or hostile, and
a passive information-recorder. If for those who are believed to
interviewing at the crime scene is refuse or cooperate in the
unavoidable, and there is a chance that the investigation; and
suspect or accomplice is within “hot- 3) Follow-up interview-which
pursuit” distance, absolute discretion is a is frequently necessary in many
must. The following questions, “five (5) Ws cases because additional
and one (1) H,” i.e. Who?,What?, When?, information on vital points is
Where?. Why?. and How? should be necessary.
regarded at the minimum to be covered in an
interview. (Soriano, 2008) Qualifications of Interviewer
(Soriano,2008)
Types of Interview (Soriano, 2008)
The investigator as an interviewer
Various types of interviews can be should have the qualities of a: salesman, an
made on different occasions involving a actor and a psychologist. He is called upon
particular crime. For discussion, here are to subject strangers to extensive questioning
two (2) major types of interviews and their on topics of varying sensitivity. He must be
purpose: measured by the discretion which he
1. On-the-Scene Interview: employs, and at the same time he may be
criticized for want of perseverance. He must
The “on-the-scene interview” is an possess insight, intelligence and
informal one. It maybe conducted by any persuasiveness. His speech should be suited
law enforcement officer who first appears on to the situation, compelling for the educated
the scene. While the purpose of all subject and calculated to strike a responsive
interviews is to seek information, the “on- note in the subject of little letters. The
the-scene interview” is conducted demands made of the ideal interview are
specifically to obtain a description of the great to be fully met by individual
criminal. The aim of the questioner is to investigator; nevertheless , the challenge is
secure sufficient information to arrest the one that will add interests to the years in
criminal as rapidly as possible. which the investigator endeavors to increase
his proficiency and ward-off the stalemate of
2. Formal Interview routine which often hinders his
development.
The “formal interview” differs
from the interview at on-the-scene of the Requisites of Interview
crime in that it should be conducted by the (Soriano,2008)
 The following are the requisites of
an interview. These must be observed after
the qualifications of the interviewers had
already been met by the investigator:
1. Establish Rapport- The
relationship between the interviewer and the
subject usually determines the success of the
investigation. By establishing rapport with
the subject, the investigator may be able to
let loose a flood of useful information. If the
relationship is strained or marked by
mistrust or a feeling of strangeness, the
subject may be reluctant to give any of the
desired information.
The interviewer must endeavour to
win the confidence of the subject whenever
this is possible, since a complete voluntary
offer of information is the ideal result of an
interview. Where this is not possible, the
investigator may have to rely on the force of
his personality, persistence or other qualities
or resources he may possess. Obviously, the
interviewer cannot be a one-sided
personality. He must possess a variety of
character traits.
2. Forcefulness of
Personality- The primary trait which the
interviewer should possess is that of
forcefulness of personality. He should
instinctively induce confidence by the
strength of his character so that the subject
trusts him on the first meeting and tends to
seek his assistance by confiding in him.
There should be no air of superiority in his
manner.
His demeanor should be
sympathetic and understanding. Absence of
exaggerated regional traits is desirable to
avoid any clash with the subject’s
prejudices. Tolerance should mark his
temperament. He is a person who is aware
that prejudice frequently is the name we give
to the other fellow’s set of convictions.
3. Breadth of Interests- To
establish rapport with a witness or a
complainant, it may be necessary to create a
meeting ground of interests. A person tends
to regard a fellowman who shares common
interests as a sympathetic personality. This
is the first step toward placing trust in the
interviewer. Obviously, the range of the
investigator’s interest must necessarily be
broad if it is to cover those of the witness
and subjects with whom he will come in
contact.
It is well-known that a good
interviewer possesses a breadth of practical
knowledge. He is acquainted with the habits
of the working man, the behavior and social
life of gamblers, the temperament of
storekeepers and the simple business
principles by which they operate. On other
levels, he knows the habits, prejudices and
modes of thinking of the more prosperous
members of the community.
Interview format (Bermas, 2004)
The interview of a witness can be
described by its acronym “IRONIC” which
stands for Identity, Rapport, Opening
Statement, Narration, Inquiry and
Conclusion.
1. Identity-prior to the
commencement of an interview, the
investigator should identify himself to the
subject by name, rank and agency. Except
when there is no need to know the officer’s
identity.
2. Rapport-It is good to get
the positive feeling of the subject towards
the investigator, such friendly atmosphere is
vital for both the subject and the investigator
to have a better interaction.
3. Opening Statement- The
investigator must have to indicate why the
subject is being contacted
 4. Narration- The witness
should be allowed to tell all he knows with
little interruption by the investigator.
5. Inquiry-After all the
information have been given by the subject,
that is the time for the investigator to ask
questions to clarify him about the case under
investigation.
6. Conclusion- After the
interview, it is but proper to close the
interview with utmost courtesy and thanking
the subject for his cooperation.
Setting the Interview (Soriano,
2008)
In planning an interview, the
investigator should, as a general rule, select
a place which will provide him with a
psychological advantage, and conduct the
questioning as soon as possible after the
occurrence. Naturally, this rule must be
modified to suit the exigencies and the
nature of the case.
1. Background Interview-If
the interview is concerned with the
background of a person being considered for
a position of trust, no great difficulty arises
in selecting the time and place.
2. Routine Criminal Cases-In
criminal cases, the interview should be
more carefully arranged.
3. Important Criminal
Cases- The investigator should arrange to
interview witnesses in important cases in
places other than their homes or office.
Unfamiliar surroundings will prevent the
witness from feeling confident and from
controlling, through his composure, the
amount and kind of information which he
gives. Obviously, the investigator’s own
office is the ideal place.
4. Appropriate Time- As a
general rule, an interview should take place
as soon as possible after the event or
incident. The information is then fresh in the
mind of the witness.
Approach in Interview (Soriano,
2008)
On the first meeting, the investigator
should show his credentials and inform the
subject of his identity. The point of identity
must be stressed, since often the subject
misunderstands the investigator, resulting in
a vague but unpleasant charge of
misrepresentation.
In interviewing women in their
homes, the investigator should remain a few
paces from the door until the subject is
convinced of his identification and invites
him in. If possible, the investigator should
avoid interviewing at the threshold. When
necessary, he should return at a later time
when the woman is reassured by the
presence of a friend.
INTERROGATION
TECHNIQUES, PROCEDURES AND
LEGAL REQUISITES
Interrogation is an intellectual
game that is often won by the player who
is mentally faster afoot and can rapidly
take advantage of an opening or an
indicated weakness. As in any other game
or skill, the art of interrogation must be
practiced constantly in order to develop
and maintain expertness. It is a common
observation of experienced investigators
that a period of inactivity, even a few
months . will result in marked falling off
in their effectiveness as interrogators.
(Soriano,2008)
Definition of Interrogation
(Soriano,2008)
 Interrogation is skillful questioning
of persons who are uncooperative in the
conduct of investigation or are reluctant to
divulge information pertinent to the conduct
of investigation.
Purposes of Interrogation
(Soriano, 2008)
The primary purpose of
interrogation is to obtain information which
will further the investigation. Interrogation
is not simply a means of inducing an
admission of guilt. It is an investigative tool
of far wider application in the effective day-
to-day administration of justice. It is a major
means of discovering other evidence. It
permits the person who appears to be
implicated in a crime to present information
which can establish his innocence.
One of the most important functions
of police questioning is that of screening
cases where a decision cannot or should not
be made without some further investigation
by the police and some evaluation by the
prosecutor of the circumstances of the arrest,
including the availability of admissible
evidence.
In a highly urbanized community, a
great number of people are likely to be
lawfully arrested for a wide variety of
reasons. Routine preliminary questioning
may result in their release prior to the filing
of any charge, or it may result in the filing of
charges.
Other functions of interrogation
include the following:
1. To obtain information
concerning the innocence or guilt of a
suspect.
2. To obtain a confession to
the crime from a guilty subject.
3. To induce the subject to
make admissions.
4. To learn the facts and
circumstances surrounding a crime.
5. To learn of the existence
and locations of physical evidence such as
documents or weapons.
6. To learn the identity of the
accomplices,
7. To develop information that
will lead to the fruits of the crime.
8. To develop additional lead
to information.
9. To discover the details of
any other crimes in which the suspect had
participated.
Fundamental Rules of
Interrogation (Soriano,2008)
The provision of Section 12, Article
III of theNew Philippine Constitution of
1987 and the provision of Republic Act No.
7438 entitled “An Act Defining Certain
Rights of a Person Arrested, Detained or
Under Custodial Investigation, as well as
the Duties of Arresting, Detaining and
Investigating Officers, and Providing
Penalties for Violations Thereof” have
radically changed the procedural
requirements for a lawful interrogation of a
suspect or a person under custodial
investigation.
These specify certain minimal
requisites to ensure the voluntariness of the
suspect’s response. Before interrogating a
suspect or a person under custodial
investigation, the investigator should
observe the following:
1. Identify himself to the
suspect as a law enforcement officer. This is
done orally, together with a show of
credentials.
2. Explain to the suspect in
general terms the nature of offense under
investigation.
3. Inform the suspect of his
wish to question him on matters relating the
offense.
4. Advise the suspect of his
rights, substantially in the following terms:
1.You have the right to remain silent; you
do not have to answer any questions.
2.You have the right to be assisted by an
independent and competent counsel
preferably of your own choice;
3.If you cannot afford the services of a
counsel, and you want to be assisted by a
lawyer, this office shall provide you with a
lawyer free of charge.
4.That anything you say can be used as
evidence against you in any court of law.
5.Do you understand your rights as I have
explained to you, as follows: the right to
remain silent and the right to be assisted by
a counsel?
6.After explaining your Constitutional
rights, are you still willing to give a free
and voluntary statement of the facts of the
case being investigated?
The above-mentioned rights cannot
be waived except in writing, and must be
signed in the presence of a legal counsel.
These rights are popularly known as the
“Miranda Doctrine”. This doctrine has
broad ramifications to all law enforcement
officers, requiring them to issue the
“Miranda Warning” to all suspects once
arrested and taken into custody.
The Miranda Doctrine or
Miranda Warning:(Google Wikipedia)
In the United States, the Miranda
Warning is a type of notification
customarily given by police to criminal
suspects in police custody advising them of
their right to silence; that is, their right to
refuse to answer questions or provide
information to law enforcement or other
officials.
The Miranda Doctrine is named
after the landmark U.S Supreme Court case
Miranda vs Arizona (384 U.S.436.16L.Ed.
2nd 694), the justices ruled that the
statements Miranda made to the police
could not be used as evidence against him
because he had not been advised of his
Constitutional rights.
In interrogation, it is quite difficult
when you are interrogating a subject because
of constitutional safeguard and limitation.
These legal requirement area as follows:
(Bermas, 2004)
1.Voluntariness- a person interrogated must
have given his statement voluntarily. That
no fear, coercion, intimidation or other
means which can vitiate his mind and
feeling to answer the questions put by the
interrogator. Voluntariness means free will
on the part of the subject.
2.Consitutional safeguards-that before a
subject can be interrogated, he must be first
informed in proper and exhaustive manner
his rights embedded in the Constitution,
such as:
1) The right to remain silent;
2) The right to counsel of his own choice,
and if he cannot afford the services of a
counsel, he will be provided for a counsel
of his own choice to be paid by the city or
province, as the case may be: and
3) The right to be informed of the above
rights in a dialect best known to him.
Occurrence of Custodial
Interrogation (Bermas, 2004)
Custodial interrogation occurs
when a suspect is placed on police custody
either by warrantless arrest or invitation to
the police headquarters.
Note that at the very time you are
making an arrest or inviting a suspect to
your headquarters, that is the time to inform
him of his Constitutional rights in a dialect
known to him. Failure to do so will put the
policeman in hot water as he would be
charged criminally, civilly and
administratively pursuant to Republic Act
7438(An Act Defining Certain Rights of a
Person Arrested, Detained or Under
Custodial Investigation, as well as the
Duties of Arresting, Detaining and
Investigating Officers, and Providing
Penalties for Violations Thereof”
Rights of Persons Arrested,
Detained or Under Custodial
Interrogation (RA No. 7438) (Bermas,
2004)
1. Any public officer or
employee who arrests, detains or
investigates for the commission of a crime
shall inform the former in a dialect known
to him about his rights to remain silent and
to have a competent and independent
counsel of his own choice;
2. The custodial investigation
shall be reduced to writing by the
investigating officer, and if the suspect does
not know how to read and write, it shall be
adequately explained to him.
3. Any extrajudicial
confession made by the person arrested,
detained or under custodial investigation
shall be in writing and signed by the person
concerned in the presence of his counsel,
or if upon valid waiver, in the presence of
his parents, elder brothers and sisters,
spouse, municipal mayor, municipal judge,
district school supervisor or priest or
minister of the gospel where he belongs.
4. Any waiver by a person
arrested or detained or under custodial
investigation shall be in writing and signed
by the said person in the presence of his
counsel.
5. Any person arrested,
detained or under custodial investigation
shall be allowed visit by or conference with
any member of his immediate family, or
any medical doctor or priest or minister, or
by counsel or any governmental
organization duly accredited by the Human
Rights Commission.
Immediate Members of Family (
Allowed to Visit a Person Arrested,
Detained or under Custodial
Investigation) (Bermas, 2004)
1.Spouse
2. Parents
3.Brother/Sister
4.Uncle/Auntie
5. Fiance’/fiancee
6. Children
7. Grandparents/grandchildren
8. Nephew/niece
9,Guardian/ward
NOTE: That when we say assisting
counsel, he is one whom the suspect has
trust and confidence. If supposing there is
no available counsel in the place, then do
not interrogate. Anyway, the case can be
filed with sufficient evidence on hand.
The things Prohibited in
Custodial Investigation (Bermas,2004)
1. No torture, force,
violence, threat, intimidation or any
other means which can vitiate the
free will of the subject; and
2. Secret places,
solitary, incommunicado or other
similar forms of detention is
prohibited.
Options and Procedures in
Interrogation (Soriano,2008)
The four-fold warning as stated
above, or its equivalent, must be given by
the investigator as a necessary preliminary
to the interrogation of a suspect or of a
person under custodial investigation. The
responses of the suspect will determine the
investigator’s subsequent action, based on
the following grounds:
1. The suspect may choose to
remain silent. If before or during
questioning, the suspect invokes his right to
remain silent, interrogation must be
foregone or stopped. The investigator must
respect the suspect’s right to remain silent.
Threats, tricks, or cajoling designed to
persuade the suspect to waive his rights are
forbidden.
2. The suspect may request a
legal counsel. No interrogation must then be
attempted until the lawyer of his own choice
or a state-appointed lawyer is present. If
before and during questioning, the suspect
invokes his right to request and have a
counsel, the interrogation must cease until a
lawyer is procured.
3. The suspect may waive his
rights. To forego this, an affirmative
statement of rejection is evidently required.
The burden of proof of waiver is on the
prosecution. Withdrawal of a waiver is
always permitted. If the interrogation
continues without the presence of an
attorney and a statement is taken, a heavy
burden rests on the prosecution to
demonstrate that the defendant knowingly
and intelligently waived his right against
self-incrimination and his right to retain or
appoint a counsel. The following points
should be noted.
1;Proof of waiver of Constitutional rights
may take the form of an expressed
statement that the individual is willing to
make a statement and does not want an
attorney; followed closely by a statement.
2;A valid waiver will not be presumed
simply from the silence of the suspect after
warnings are given or simply from the fact
that a confession was in fact eventually
obtained.
3;Presuming waiver from a silent record is
not permissible. The record must show, or
there must be an allegation and evidence
which shows, that the suspect was offered a
counsel but he intelligently and
understandingly rejected the offer. Anything
less is not a waiver.
4;The right to remain silent is not considered
a waiver if the individual answers some
questions or gives some information of his
own prior to invoking the right.
5;Whatever the testimony of the authorities
as to waiver of rights of the suspect, the fact
of a lengthy interrogation or incommunicado
incarceration before a statement is made is
strong evidence that the suspect did not
validly waived his rights. Any evidence that
the suspect was threatened, tricked or
cajoled into a waiver will show the suspect
did not voluntarily waived his rights.
Matters Unaffected by the Rules
During Interrogation (Soriano,2008)
The warning must be given when
the individual is first subjected to police
interrogation while in the custody at the
police station or while otherwise deprived of
his freedom in any way.
However, the court does not purport to find
all confessions obtained without warning
and counsel inadmissible. Hereunder are the
instances:
1. Confession without
a Warning:
1) Any statement
given freely and voluntarily is, of
course admissible as evidence.
2) There is no
requirement that the police should
stop a person who enters a police
station and states that he wishes to
confess a crime.
3) Similarly, there is
no requirement to stop a person who
calls the police to offer a confession.
4) Volunteered
statements of any kind are not
barred by the Constitution and other
statutes, and their admissibility is
not affected by the statutes.
2. Field investigation:
When an individual is in
custody of the law on probable
cause, the police may of course seek
out evidence in the field to be used
against him. Such investigation may
include:
1) Inquiry of persons
not under restraint.
2) General on-the-
scene questioning as to the facts
surrounding a crime.
3) Other general
questioning of other persons in the
fact-finding process.
Questioning of this nature is
not affected by the Constitution and
statutes, since in this situation, the
compelling atmosphere thought to
be inherent in the process of in-
custody interrogation is not
ordinarily present.
Three Main Questioning
Techniques (Bermas, 2004)
1. Chronological
Questioning- This technique is
considered the easiest and the
investigator is always almost sure of
getting all the information.
2. Going Backward-
This technique is the exact opposite
of the chronological technique. The
interrogator starts with the last
known act and goes backward to the
very idea of committing the crime.
3. General to
Specific- This technique is often
used mostly within one of the to
above techniques. Hence, if the
suspect admits to the embezzlement
in estafa case of the total amount
(general), questions can be asked
about the details of component sums
(specific).
 Qualifications and Traits
of the Interrogator (Soriano,2008)
The interrogator must be
able to impress his subject, not
through the use of formal authority
but because his personality
commands respect. He must be
professional in attitude and
performance.
The following
qualifications and traits are
desirable of an interrogator:
1. General
Knowledge and Interest
To some degree, the
efficiency of an investigator is
commensurate with his general
knowledge. To acquire this breadth
of knowledge, the investigator must
develop intellectual curiosity and a
keen sense of observation.
2. Alertness
The variety or problems
confronting him requires the
interrogator to be constantly alert so
he can analyze his subject
accurately, adapts his techniques to
the requirements of the case,
uncover and explore leads, and alter
his tactics when necessary.
3. Perseverance
Every interrogation
requires a great deal of patience if
complete and accurate information
is to be obtained.
4. Integrity
If the person being
questioned has a reason to doubt the
integrity of the interrogator, it is
practically impossible for the latter
to inspire confidence or trust. The
interrogator must never make a
promise that he cannot keep.
5. Logical Mind
The interrogator must
develop the questioning along a
logical line. The objectives of the
questioning should be clearly
defined in his own mind.
6. Ability in
Observation and Interpretation
The interrogator must not
only develop the ability to “size-up”
an individual, but must also learn to
observe and interpret his reaction in
a question.
7. Power of Self-
Control
The interrogator must
maintain his control at all times.
Loss of temper results in neglect of
important details.
8. Playing the Part
If it will accomplish the
desired results, the interrogator may
act as circumstances suggest. Anger,
however, should never be simulated
to the degree where it might become
a coercive factor.
Attitude and Demeanor of
Interrogator (Soriano,2008)
The behavior of interrogator at the
outset of the questioning usually creates the
atmosphere and sets the tone of the
subsequent interrogation. It is of great
importance for the investigator to develop an
effective personality that will induce in the
subject a desire to respond. Personal
mannerisms must be controlled whenever
they distract or antagonize.
The following are some of the more
useful reminders concerning attitude and
demeanor of the interrogator:
1. Control the Interview- The
interrogator must always be in command of
the situation. The strength of his personality
must constantly be felt by the subject.
2. Distracting Mannerism-
The subject must be impressed with the
seriousness of the interrogator’s purpose.
Pacing the room, smoking, doodling and
similar forms of behavior should be avoided
since they tend to convey a sense of
inattentiveness or a lack of concentration.
3. Language- The language of
the interrogator should adapt to the subject’s
cultural level.
4. Dress- Civilian dress is
more likely to inspire confidence and
friendship in a criminal than in uniform. The
accoutrement of police profession should be
removed from view.
5. Attitude- The interrogator
is not seeking to convict or punish. He is
endeavoring to establish the facts of the
case, to discover the truth, etc.
6. Preliminary Conduct- As
stated, the interrogator should identify
himself at the outset and show his
credentials to the subject. He then state, in
general terms, the purpose of the
interrogation.
7. Presence of Other
Persons- it is desirable, for several reasons,
to restrict the number of persons present at
an interrogation. If a confession is obtained,
the defense may claim the existence of
duress because of the presence of five or ten
police officers. Moreover, some courts
require the prosecution to produce all the
witnesses of a confession. Ordinarily, the
interrogator should be alone with the
subject. Other parties may be brought in for
specific purpose, such as witnessing the
signing of a confession.
Techniques of Interrogation
(Soriano,2006)
There are many techniques of
interrogation which the interrogator can
employ.His choice should depend on the
nature of the crime under investigation, the
character of the subject, and his personality
and limitations.
The following are some of the
techniques practiced by experienced
investigators:
1. EMOTIONAL APPEALS-
The investigator must create a mood that is
conducive to a confession.
a.Sympathetic Approach-
The suspect may feel the need of friendship.
He is apparently in trouble. An offer of
friendship accompanied by small acts of
kindness may win his cooperation.
b.Kindness- The
investigator has appraised the personality of
the subject and finds him a normal person in
his desire for consideration.
2. FRIENDLINESS - The
simplest technique is to assume that the
suspect is willing to confess if he is treated
in a friendly manner.
a.Helpful Adviser-The
investigator is the subject’s friend. Between
the two of them, they are going to straighten
things out.
b.Sympathetic Brother- The
subject needs to square things out with his
own conscience. For the sake of his family
and himself, he should get the load off his
chest.
c.Extenuation- The
investigator does not take too serious a view
of the subject’s indiscretion.
d.Shifting the Blame-
Obviously, the suspect is not the sort of
person that is usually mixed-up in a crime
like this.
e.Mutt and Jeff- In this
technique, two agents are employed. Mutt,
the relentless investigator who knows the
subject is guilty and is not giving a waste of
time. He has sent a dozen men away for this
crime and he’s going to send the subject
away for the full term. Jeff, on the other
hand is obviously a kindhearted man.
3. ANXIETY- The suspect is
in state of emotional confusion, He is unable
to think logically and clearly, since his sense
of values has been disturbed and his
imagination is distorted.
a.Exaggerating Fears- The
investigator persistently points out that the
subject “cannot win”. There has never been
a perfect crime. The longer he gets by with
petty offenses, the more likely it is that he
commits a serious crime and suffers severe
punishment.
b.Greater and Lesser Guilt-
In most crimes, there are several offenses
involved, Although the investigator is only
concerned with the major offense, he can
represent himself as being interested mainly
in a minor case.
c.Knowledge Bluff- The
interrogator reveals a number of pertinent
items of evidence which are definitely
known. He is thus able to convince the
subject that it is futile to resist since the
interrogator obviously has sources of
knowledge. The investigator should prepare
himself for this approach by learning a great
number of facts about the crime in question
and about the subject’s background.
d. Line-up- Certain crimes
such as crimes against persons and
properties involve identification. The
witness,complainant or victim is required to
recognize the subject.
e. Reverse Line-Up- This
technique is applicable in crimes which
ordinarily run in a series , such as forgery or
robbery. The accused is placed in a line-up,
but this time, he is identified by several
fictitious witnesses or victims who
associates him with different offenses.
f. Bluff on a Split Pair- This
is applicable where there are accomplices.
The two suspects are separated and one is
informed that the other has talked.
4. STERN APPROACH- A cold
aloof attitude may sometimes produce the
desired results. Techniques classified under
this heading are often designed to induce the
effect of anxiety. Many types of suspects
fear the police and the police station. Their
confidence is shaken if they are faced by a
stern investigator:
a. Pretense of Physical
Evidence- The interrogator states that he
does not need any confession and is not
particularly interested in the suspect’s
reasons.
b. Jolting- The device is
especially useful when dealing with a person
usually calm or nervous. The questioning is
conducted at some length in a quiet, almost
soothing manner.
c. Indifference- The
investigator is not particularly interested in
the subject. The subject’s conviction is
treated as a fait accompli (a thing that has
already happened). There are witnesses and
physical evidence. There is an absence of
alibi. The subject’s behaviour during the
period in question is an open book to the
police.
d. Questioning as a
Formality- In this technique, the
interrogator asks a series of questions as
though it were necessary formality in his
routine duty. He gives the impression that he
knows the answer, but that he is required to
ask the question in consideration of the
rights of the suspect.
e. Afforded an
Opportunity to Lie- This technique is
useful when the interrogator has used direct
questioning about the crime without success.
It is lengthy, time-consuming and involved,
but it serves the purpose of wearing down
the subject.
D. Learning
Activities/Exercises
LESSON II- ADMISSION AND
CONFESSION
Definitions:
ADMISSION- is a self-
incriminatory statement by the subject
falling short of acknowledgment of guilt. It
is an acknowledgment of a fact or
circumstance from which guilt may be
inferred. It implicates but does not directly
incriminate. A simple statement to the effect
that the subject was present at the crime
scene may be an admission.
Coupled with such circumstances as
the existence of a motive, the admission
may provide an inference of guilt.
Traditionally, in all courts, the prosecution is
permitted to introduce admission as
evidence without first showing that it was
made freely and voluntarily. The “Miranda
Warning.” however, suggests that
admissions and exculpatory statements are
to be treated just like confessions. (Soriano,
2008)
CONFESSION-is a direct
acknowledgment of guilt as charged or of
some essential part in the commission of
the criminal act. To be admissible, a
confession must be voluntary and
trustworthy. In addition, if the confession is
to be used in prosecution, it must be
obtained by civilized police practice. The
giving of the four-fold warning of rights is
necessary, but not a sufficient condition for
the voluntariness and trustworthiness of a
subsequent confession.
The use of coercion, unlawful
influence, or unlawful inducement is
obviously outside the limits of civilized
police practice. Some examples of
circumstances which would render a
confession inadmissible are threats of
bodily harm, confinement, illegal detention,
deprivation of necessities or necessary
privileges,physical oppression,promises of
immunity, clemency or of substantial
reward or benefits. (Soriano,2008)
Admission and Confession
(Soriano,2008):
There is a tendency on the part even
of professional investigators to exaggerate
the values of admission and confession, and
to misinterpret its significance. The written
admission and confession does not for
example, prove the matters to which it
pertains. Often, the written statement is
considered admissible, and it does not
become part of the evidence in the case.
If the written admission and
confession is admitted as evidence, it will be
subjected to the closest scrutiny by the
defense counsel. Above all, the question of
voluntariness is commonly raised by the
defense counsel, and the accusation of
duress and coercion may be brought against
the prosecution witnesses.
Proof of the elements of the offense
should be developed by the investigator
independently of the written admission and
confession for presentation to the court. He
should continue with his investigation and
bring it to its completion as though the
written admission and confession existed
mainly for the purpose of providing
guidelines and additional leads for the
inquiry, as well as the number of details
which must be separately proved to supply
additional evidence or to serve as check on
the information already acquired.
Admission and confession had been
called “ the prime source of other
evidence” . Often, it provides the
investigator with information that would be
otherwise unavailable. For example, the
scope of conspiracy, the existence and
identity of accomplices, additional past
offenses attributable to the same person or
group, and so forth. Physical evidence that
will be later analyzed through admission or
confession, the existence and location of a
firearm used in the commission of a crime,
the location of a motor vehicle used in an
assault, and location of stolen property-all
these are examples of what can be attained
through admission and confession.
Specific purposes of Written
Admission and Confession
In addition to providing some of the
general investigative advantages described
above, the obtaining of a written admission
and confession can serve the following
specific purposes:
1. Provide a written record for
the case filed.
2. Employment by the
prosecution at the trial to refresh
recollection, impeach witnesses, and in
general, monitor to some extent of the
testimony.
3. Assist the prosecution in
planning its presentation by reducing the
element of surprise that unforeseen
testimony would produce.
4. Discourage a witness from
wrongfully changing its testimony at the
trial.
LEGAL REQUISITES OF ADMISSION
AND CONFESSION:(Soriano, 2008)
● Rights of Persons Arrested or
Investigated:
Inform the subject that under the
provisions of Section 12, Article III, New
Philippine Constitution of 1987, and as
required by RA No. 7438, he or she has the
following rights:
1. The right to remain silent;
2. The right to be assisted by a
competent and independent lawyer
of his or her own choice: and
3. If he or she cannot afford
the services of a lawyer and he or
she wants to be assisted by a
lawyer, he or she will be provided
with a lawyer free of charge.
After explaining to the subject of his or
her rights, explain also to him or her that
any statement that he or she will give can
be used against him or her in any court of
law in the Philippines, and ask the subject
if these rights are clearly understood by
him or her. These rights cannot be waived
except in writing, and it must be signed in
the presence of a legal counsel.
 Demonstrating
Voluntariness of the Admission and
Confession (Soriano,2008)
The prosecution may not use the
statement, whether exculpatory (means
evidence favorable to the defendant) or
inculpatory (meansevidence that can
establish guilt), stemming from
interrogation or custodial investigation of
the suspect, unless it demonstrates the use
of procedural safeguards to secure the
privilege against self-incrimination. The
investigator then, must be able to prove,
through his own testimony and that of
witnesses, for example, that he informed the
suspect of his constitutional rights to remain
silent and of his right to independent and
competent counsel, either of his own choice
or provided to him, if he is indigent. Further,
the investigator should be able to make and
affirmative showing to the effect that the
admission and confession was voluntarily
given in evidence of one of the following:
1. The statement was
not obtained by urging or by
request, but as a spontaneous or
self-induced utterance of the
suspect.
2. The statement was
obtained without coercion and not
during an official investigation, nor
while the accused was in custody.
3. The statement was
obtained during official
investigation after the suspect had
been informed of the nature of the
offense, of his right to remain
silent, of the fact that the statement
he might give could be used against
him at the trial, and of the fact that
counsel would be made available to
him if he so requested.
4. The suspect
knowingly waived his right to
remain silent, and his right to have
an independent and competent
counsel before making the
statement.
MODULE 4
CHAPTER IV-
INTELLIGENCE
A. INTRODUCTION:
The art of intelligence or
acquiring knowledge of one’s opponent
is firmly entrenched in historic
precedent, The ability or capacity of la
enforcement agencies to effectively
gauge and react to criminal issues is
dependent upon their capability of
gathering and evaluating data.
Knowledge is power and with power of
knowledge, police managers and
administrators are better equipped to
deal with the vast array of today’s
problematic law enforcement issues.
(Guevara and Tatoy,2010)
It has been noted that in the survival of
any civilized society, the desire for
acquiring advance information is
inherent. Leaders and rulers would have
to determine threats, the plans and
strength of their enemies and the proper
course of action to be undertaken.
Throughout the history of man, the use
of intelligence has been resorted to by
ancient leaders.(Guevara and
Tatoy,2010)
The effective use of intelligence
is crucial to a law enforcement agency’s
ability to combat criminal groups.
Intelligence analysis also provides the
agency with the knowledge required for
effective management of its resources. It
enables them to identify and understand
criminal groups operating in their areas.
(Google-Internet)
Intelligence analysis aids
investigations by helping to target
available resources and identifying
information gaps to focus the
investigation more clearly. It also helps
to avoid duplication of effort and prevent
straying into areas of no relevance.
(Google-Internet)
Thus, law enforcement
intelligence information takes on many
forms on a variety of topics such as:
illegal drug trafficking, human
trafficking, gangs, motor vehicle thefts,
burglaries and much more. Intelligence
information helps the police to solve
cases and make arrests that can lead to
successful prosecution in court. (Google-
Internet)
LESSON I-THE ROLE,
IMPORTANCE, PURPOSES AND
TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE
DEFINITION OF INTELLIGENCE:
(Guevara & Tatoy,2010)
INTELLIGENCE- is defined as the
product resulting from the collection,
analysis, integration,evaluation and
interpretation of all available
information which concerns one or more
aspects of area of operation potentially
significant to planning.
Others simply defined Intelligence in the
sense that it is the output or end product
resulting from the processing of
information for future action.
In wide array or field of human endeavor
such as military, political organizations,
business entity and in the field of law
enforcement, intelligence is amply
classified in general as processed
information.
In the study of Criminology, the focus is
given to Police Intelligence:
Definition of Police Intelligence:
(Guevara & Tatoy,2010)
⮚ As a process, police intelligence
is an activity which treats
processed information as the
basis of departmental policy and
decision making.
⮚ As an organization, police
intelligence is an institution
composed of personnel who
pursue a special kind of
knowledge for the purpose of
planning, collecting, evaluating
and disseminating information
relating to integrity of its
members, conditions that
promote disturbance due to peace
and order, organized criminal
syndicates, insurgency and
subversion.
IMPORTANCE OF
INTELLIGENCE(Guevarra &
Tatoy,2010)
1. It is vital to enable a nation to
formulate its policies, strategic plans and
conduct its diplomacy;
2. Intelligence is needed in order to
enable a nation to forestall the activities
of its internal and external enemies;
3. it is necessary to detect and prosecute
the activities of criminals and subversive
elements;
4. It is vital in providing ample security
for the people and the state; and
5. Intelligence plays an important role in
the life and survival of a country by
providing advance and exact knowledge
of the intentions and design of its
enemies.
TYPES OF
INTELLIGENCE(Guevarra &
Tatoy,2010)
1. Police Intelligence- refers to the
output or end product resulting from the
collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration and interpretation of all
available facts which concerns the
activities of criminal elements and its
activities significant to police planning
and operation. This covers Line
Intelligence, Strategic Intelligence and
Counter-Intelligence. Line intelligence
refers to processed information which is
immediate in nature. Strategic
Intelligence Refers to long term or
future use of processed information.
Counter-Intelligence deals primarily
with the building of the organization
against internal enemies.
2. Military Intelligence-refers to the use
of processed information in formulating
military plans, programs and policies.
This would include strategic and combat
intelligence. Strategic intelligence gives
attention to the capability, vulnerability
and possible course of action of the
enemy. Combat intelligence on the
other hand, highlights knowledge
pertaining to weather, enemy and
terrain (WET).
3. Strategic Intelligence- in broader
sense, refers to the process of gathering
information designed to disturb and
disrupt the enemy’s state of finances and
destroy the stability and foundation of its
organization.
4. Combat Intelligence- refers to that
intelligence utilized in designing plans
and conducting tactical and
administrative operations. Tactical
operation means the level of war at
which battles and engagements are
planned and executed to accomplish
military objectives. On the other hand,
administrative operation involves
coordinating, planning and directing
services to support the tactical operation.
5. Counter-Intelligence- refers to the
measures undertaken to deny the enemy
of any information consisting of passive
and active intelligence measures. In
passive counter-intelligence, secrecy
discipline, movement control,
camouflage and proper handling of
information is practiced and observed.
Active counter-intelligence on the other
hand, covers reconnaissance, patrolling,
sabotage, espionage, interior guard duty
and fortification of vital facilities.
NOTABLE INTELLIGENCE
ORGANIZATIONS(Guevara &
Tatoy,2010)
1. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-
established by virtue of the US National
Security Act of 1947 signed into law by
President Harry S. Truman, the Central
Intelligence Agency took the cudgels
from the Office of Strategic Services
(OSS), the National Intelligence
Authority and the Criminal Intelligence
Group. The function of this famous
organization is to ascertain all aspects
concerning national security and
coordinated efforts of various agencies
that are in the nature of intelligence
gathering. This centralized information
stream was used as basis to national
policy. During its limelight, operations
both local and foreign ere conducted by
CIA personnel who influenced and
affected many nations. Authors and
critics alike, dubbed CIA as an
Invincible Government whose powers
are independent and absolute.
2. Komitet Gosudarstvennoy
Bezopasnosti (KGB)- or the Committee
for State Security of Russia during the
height of the cold war and the
prominence of the defunct USSR, it was
the Russian Agency whose works are
comparable to that of its American
counterpart, the CIA. The KGB was the
umbrella organization name for the
Soviet Union’s premier security, secret
police and intelligence agency from
1954 to 1991. On December 21, 1995,
Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed
the decree that disbanded the KGB and
was substituted by the Federal Security
Service (FSS) of the Russian Federation.
3. British Secret Service (M-I-6)- a
parallel ally and intelligence
organization of the western powers
established by the Committee of
Imperial Defense in October 1909. The
Secret Service Bureau was soon
abbreviated to Secret Service, ‘SS
Bureau’ or even ‘SS’. The first head of
the Foreign Section, Captain Sir
Mansfield Cumming RN, signed himself
‘MC’ or ‘C’ in green ink. Thus began the
long tradition of the head of the Service
adopting the initial ‘C’ as his symbol.
‘MI6’ has become an almost
interchangeable title for SIS, at least in
the minds of those outside the Service.
The origins of the use of this other title
are to be found in the late 1930s when it
was adopted as a flag of convenience for
‘SIS”. It was used extensively during
World War II, especially if an
organizational link needed to be made
with MI5 (the Security Service).
Although ‘MI6’ fell into official disuse
years ago, many writers and journalists
continue to use it to describe ‘SIS’.
4. Mossad- the Israeli Intelligence
Agency which are renowned by many as
the best due to the fact that Israel despite
of having countless enemies in the
Middle East,was able to survive and
flourish. Formerly known as the Central
Institute for Coordination and the
Central Institute for Intelligence and
Security, Mossad (short for HaMossad
leModi’in uleTafkidim Meyuhadim)
was formed on April 1, 1951. Mossad
was formed by then Prime Minister
David Ben Gurion, who gave as
Mossad’s primary directive: “ For our
state which since its creation has been
under siege by its enemies, Intelligence
constitutes the first line of defense…we
must learn well how to recognize what is
going on around us”.
IMMEDIATE AREAS OF
INTEREST IN POLICE
INTELLIGENCE(Guevara &
Tatoy,2010)
⮚ Crime prone communities with
sufficient infestation of vices,
organized crimes, juvenile
delinquency and indications of
insurgent and subversive
elements
⮚ Matters in connection with
personal security,
communications security,
document security, VIP security
and physical security
⮚ Pending cases under
investigation whether criminal,
civil or administrative in nature
⮚ Identified personalities connected
with syndicates and organized
crimes
 ⮚ Crime prevention and control ⮚ Identify criminal and subversive
elements as well as their
⮚ Aspects of management for
associates;
planning, funds, equipment for
organizational efficiency ⮚ Check the conditions of the
community relating to crimes,
TYPES OF POLICE vices and juvenile delinquency to
INTELLIGENCE(Guevara & help in crime prevention and
Tatoy,2010) control;
⮚ Check on the security condition
1. Police Strategic Intelligence- a
processed information which is long of PNP personnel, funds,
range in nature. It is usually used to equipment and materials;
define, describe the criminals and their ⮚ Check on the effectiveness of the
activities, as well as provide and insight
operations of PNP forces; and
of their Modus Operandi. Although its
value is not considered immediate in ⮚ Serves as an indispensable tool
nature, such information may be utilized for policy making and
to develop specific methods to deter and management planning of the
interrupt criminal trends. police organization.
2. Police Line Intelligence- an PRINCIPLES OF SOUND
intelligencedata that is immediate in INTELLIGENCE(Guevara &
nature. Such information must be Tatoy,2010)
updated, factual and concise so as to
provide effective aids in police
operations. ⮚ Police intelligence and operations
must go hand in hand and are
3. Police Counter Intelligence- it is an always interdependent;
activity which is intended to build an
organization against the enemy by ⮚ Police intelligence must be useful
ensuring loyalty of its members through either for present or future needs;
stringent background investigation. ⮚ Intelligence must be readily
Designed to thwart attempts and
neutralize penetration activities, this available when required;
endeavor will ensure integrity among ⮚ Intelligence operation must be
members of the police community.
flexible, innovative, imaginative
and must always have foresight;
PURPOSES OF POLICE
and
INTELLIGENCE(Guevara &
Tatoy,2010) ⮚ Intelligence procured must be
secured to protect the
⮚ Effect the arrest of criminal information, source, agent and
the organization.
offenders and provide evidence
to assist the prosecution in their
AGENT RECRUITMENT
conviction;
AND
 MANAGEMENT(Guevarra &
⮚ Appointment- Issuance of order
Tatoy,2010)
as an intelligence operative agent
INTELLIGENCE in a certain unit.
PERSONNEL:
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF AND
Agent – An undercover operative INTELLIGENCE AGENT(Guevara &
that detects, observes, infiltrates Tatoy,2010)
and gathers information
regarding a particular target. ⮚ Unquestioned loyalty to the state
and the allegiance to the
Intelligence Teams- composed
Constitution;
of specialized agents, translator
teams and photo interpreter team ⮚ Integrity and honesty indicating
usually engaged in the following uprightness of character;
activities:
⮚ Good moral character;
⮚ Interrogation of criminals and ⮚ Respect to authority and
interview of civilians; superiors;
⮚ Translation of documents; and ⮚ Common sense and wise use of
⮚ Interpretation of footage and judgment;
photographs. ⮚ Self-discipline;

PHASES OF RECRUITMENT OF ⮚ Good people skills; and

INTELLIGENCE ⮚ Self-confidence and inherent
PERSONNEL/AGENTS(Guevara &
Tatoy,2010) fortitude.

PHILIPPINE INTELLIGENCE
⮚ Selection- process of choosing ORGANIZATIONS(Guevara &
from available personnel the Tatoy,2010)
most qualified operative fitted for
police intelligence work; 1. Bureau of Immigration and
Deportation (BID)-given the sole
⮚ Investigation- the process of
authority to enforce and administer
determining the degree of immigration and foreign nationals
qualification, personnel registration laws including the
background of prospective admission, registration, exclusion and
agents; deportation and repatriation of foreign
⮚ Testing- a series of actual and nationals. It also supervises the
immigration from the Philippines of
theoretical assignment to foreign nationals.
determine the intellectual
capacity of the prospect; and 2. Department of National Defense
(Intelligence Division)- is tasked with
guarding and securing the country
against internal and external threats to
national peace and security, and to
provide support for social and economic
development.
3. Intelligence Service of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP)-
heads the intelligence efforts of the AFP.
4. J2 Coordinating Staff of the AFP -
serves as the intelligence community
manager for support to military
operations of the AFP.
5. Military Intelligence Group- one of
the Intelligence units of the AFP.
6. National Bureau of Investigation
(NBI)-undertakes the efficient detection
and investigation of crimes and other
offenses against Philippine laws. It
coordinates with other national and local
police agencies in the maintenance of
peace and order.
7. National Intelligence Coordinating
Agency (NICA)- is the primary
intelligence gathering and analysis arm
of the Philippine government, in-charge
of carrying out overt, covert and
clandestine intelligence programs.
8. PNP Intelligence Units:
Directorate for Intelligence (DI) of the
PNP-manages the gathering/collating of
intelligence objectives through effective
management of all intelligence and
counter-intelligence activities of the PNP
PNP Intelligence Group (PNP-IG)-
serves as the intelligence and counter-
intelligence operating unit of the PNP
under the Directorate for Intelligence. It
provides timely and adequate
intelligence to different PNP units tasked
to secure major international and local
events in the country from any threats
posed by criminals and terrorists. It is
the operating arm under the Directorate
for Intelligence of the PNP.
PNP Criminal Investigation and
Detection Group (PNP-CIDG)-
functions are to monitor, investigate and
prosecute all crimes involving economic
sabotage like bank frauds, large scale
smuggling, estafa, dollar salting,
hoarding, profiteering, and other crimes
of such magnitude and extent as to
indicate their commission by highly
placed professional syndicates and
organizations.
⮚ Other PNP Intelligence
Units/Divisions/Sections in
the PNP Regional and
Provincial levels.
LESSON II- THE INTELLIGENCE
CYCLE
THE INTELLIGENCE
CYCLE(Guevara & Tatoy,2010)
Introduction:
Information, the blood-line or
main source of intelligence would
include any of the following: maps,
materials, documents, reports of
possible or actual enemy operations. It
may consist of organized or unorganized
data, which may be positive or negative
pieces of facts. Information may come
from persons, things and places. It is a
communicated knowledge obtained by
study, observation, research and
analysis.
The intelligence Cycle:
1. Collection of Information;
2. Processing of Information;
3. Dissemination and Use of
Intelligence; and
4. Direction of the Collection A. COVERT METHOD- This is a
Effort. clandestine or secret means of
obtaining information which includes
the following activities:
I. COLLECTION OF
INFORMATION: (Guevara & ⮚ Infiltration- the gradual
Tatoy,2010) penetration into enemy domain
and territory
Each collecting agency of a command ⮚ Surveillance- By utilizing
is responsible for procuring, collecting
and transmitting of all information of satellite, photo, audio electronic
perceived intelligence value to adjacent gadgets and advance
and higher headquarters with the least communications system.
possible delay even in the absence of ⮚ Elicitation- made through
specific instruction. This is referred to as
interview, interrogation and
the essence of procurement of
instrumentation.
information of which the most vital
factor is access of either the agents or
All forms and systems of
informants to the desired facts without
intelligence are now aided by a fast
arousing the attention of the subject or
developing technology of
those given the task to protect them.
communications and a number of
computing and measuring devices.
Police Routine Activities which are
Miniaturized cameras and microfilms
good sources of information:
have made it easier for persons engaged
⮚ Patrol in all forms of espionage to photograph
secret documents and hide the data
⮚ Use of informants contained in films. Artificial satellites
also have an espionage utility that of
⮚ Criminal investigations
aerial photography for such purposes of
⮚ Community relations program detecting secret military installations.

⮚ Checkpoints The forefront of these

developments is highly secret, but it is
⮚ Search and seizures widely known that telephones can be
tapped without wires, rooms can be
⮚ Surveillance operations bugged (planted with electronic listening
and recording devices) without entry,
⮚ Coordination with other
and photographs can be made in the
government/la enforcement dark. The same technology is used in
agencies both local and foreign counter-measures, and the competition
escalates between those seeking secret
information and those trying to protect it.

METHODS OF COLLECTION In foreign embassies in sensitive

OF INFORMATION:(Guevara & areas, confidential discussions routinely
Tatoy,2010) take place in plastic bubbles encasing
secure rooms to safeguard the
confidentiality of information.
Intelligence agencies have long been
known to employ expert lip readers.
Confidentiality and privacy of
communications remains under constant
assault by technological developments
that offer threats to, but perhaps also
promises for, human progress.
COVERT EQUIPMENTS:
1. Body wire/voice transmitter-
such materials are usually hidden in a
brief case, attached to the agent’s
clothing or disguised as a cigarette case,
a ball pen, any ordinary functional item
or package and the likes.
2. Tracking Device- It is
attached to a vehicle, the subject or the
undercover agent which transmit signal
to a receiver and specifically indicates
location.
3. Surveillance vans- expensive
to operate due to the number of
equipment installed and necessary for
operations such as several power outlets,
air conditioning and heating systems,
portable toilet, carbon monoxide sensor
and alarm, insulation from cold and heat,
video and audio equipment, transmitter
and receiver, recorder and such other
items necessary in setting –up a mobile
nerve center for intelligence gathering
and operations.
4. Low-light photography
equipment-Normally attached to
weapons, videos, camera and hand held
light intensifiers which allows footages
to be taken in extreme lighting
conditions particularly in complete
darkness without alarming the attention
of the subject. This also includes
telephoto lens, night susper scope M-2,
binocular adaptor, sequence photo
camera, etc.
5. Covert packages-installed
with photographic audio visual
equipment concealed and disguised to
hide its true purpose.
6. Audio electronic devices-
such as buried microphone, aero bat
micro eye TV camera, parabolic and
shotgun microphone.
B. OVERT METHOD- It is the
collection of information in the open by
means of government records, census
and statistics, residential, commercial
and business listings, other printed
materials available to the public, internet
and interview.
In the Philippines, the bulk or
main source of information utilized by la
enforcement officers are the informants.
They are also commonly referred to as “
assets, street sources and stool pigeons.
Definition of Informant
⮚ Any person directed by law
enforcement officers who is
usually compensated and
furnishes information regarding
unlawful activity or performs
other tasks as specified and
directed by intelligence agents.
Difference between informer
and informant
Informer- the person revealing
confidential information in return
for money (paid informant). A
police informer is an insider in
the target organization secretly
helping or working for the police.
Informant- someone who sees
or witnesses something and
 reports the matter to the police,
usually voluntary in nature.
Kinds of Informants:
⮚ Ordinary informants
⮚ Mercenary informants
⮚ Rival elimination informants
⮚ Double-cross informants
⮚ Voluntary informants
⮚ Self-aggrandizing informants
Motives of Informants in giving
Information
⮚ Vanity-the informant often takes
matters into his own hands. This
may result in the compromise of
the case and may endanger the
life or safety of the intelligence
agent. This kind of informant is
primarily motivated by greed.
⮚ Civic mindedness- This
altruism, the informant is
motivated by unselfish regard for
or devotion to the welfare of
others.
⮚ Fear- an informant
anticipates danger to himself or
his family and cooperates with
law enforcement officers to keep
him away from harm.
⮚ Revenge- A strong motive which
causes one individual aligning
against his closest and most
intimate association, usually
characterized by hatred.
⮚ Repentance-The desire to repay
society for past transgressions
usually occurs with such
informants.
⮚ Remuneration-mercenary
informants engage in giving
information with financial reward
or monetary consideration. They
are the most dangerous because
they sell information to the
highest bidders and often work as
a double informant to both sides.
⮚ Perversity- the purpose of the
informant is to eliminate
competition, set up decoys, learn
the nature of police intelligence
activities and distract the efforts
in intelligence gathering.
⮚ Jealousy- informants motivated
by their thoughts and feelings of
insecurity, fear and concern over
a relative lack of possessions or
is safety.
⮚ Avoidance of punishment-
Informant is motivated by
avoidance behavior who takes to
escape from punishment or being
who liable to the wrong acts he
committed.
The primary consideration in the
Informant Management is
establishing good rapport,
harmony and trust of the informant.
As a general rule, never divulge the
identity of the confidential
informant. This is not only an ethical
practice but also a sound principle to
safeguard the life of the source and
ultimately gain their trust and
confidence.

Safeguarding the Identity of
Informants:
Identity of informant should not be
disclosed unless absolutely necessary
and only to proper authorities;
Identity of confidential informant is kept
secret to all persons except the agent’s
Commanding Officer or Head of Office;
Confidential informants should not be
asked to testify in court; and
Officer charged with the supervision
with criminal investigation activities will
take necessary precautions to avoid
compromise of information and sources
of information considered confidential.
Treatment of Confidential
Informants
Treat them fairly regardless of character,
education and occupation;
Run the show, do not allow informant to
take over the investigation;
Be unscrupulously exact in all
transactions;
Keep your promise to avoid loos of
informants;
Avoid using informant in court;
Conceal informants’ identity; and
Accept all information at face value. It
should be checked and included as it
may be of use in the future, if not for the
present.
II. THE PROCESSING OF
INFORMATION:(Guevara & 
Tatoy,2010)
Intelligence Data Processing
1. It is a process through which
information is managed;
2. It can increase knowledge of a
particular problem; and
3. It results in preventive and
informed public policy.
Intelligence is a necessity for the
successful investigation of
today’s sophisticated criminals
and invaluable asset for police
managers in making well-
informed decisions.
The principle involved in
processing of information is
that all information with relevant
intelligence value to determine
the credibility of its source and
the accuracy of the facts
obtained. Evaluated information
is then subject to interpretation to
determine its significance in the
light of all other intelligence at
hand.
Processing- is a stepby which the
intelligence is transformed from raw
facts or materials to intelligence data. It
involves three (3) processes, namely:
1. Collation- It will entail the recording
or organization of raw materials or data
so that they may be readily compared to
other items. It involves the grouping of
records so that related items may be
readily compared, studied and reported.
There are four (4) means which an
intelligence officer may collate
information, as follows:
 Intelligence journal
 Enemy Situation Map
 Intelligence Worksheet
Intelligence File
2. Evaluation- refers to the examination
of raw materials in order to determine its
reliability, credibility and relevance to
police operations. In evaluation, the
following considerations must be
undertaken:
Is the gathered information needed for
immediate purposes or in the future
time?
Is the source reliable?
Under the given circumstance, is it
possible to obtain such information?
Is it confirmed and collaborated by other
sources?
If a variance should be observed, which
piece of information is more likely to be
correct?
EVALUATION CODE (as to
Reliability, Credibility and Source of
Information)
1. According to Reliability of Source
A- Completely reliable
B- Usually reliable
C- Fairly reliable
D- Not usually reliable
E- Unreliable
F- Reliability unknown
2. According to Credibility
Information
1- Confirmed by other sources
2- Probably true
3- Possibly true
4- Doubtfully true
5- Improbable report
6- Truth cannot be judged
3. According to the Source of
Information
T- Direct observation by the unit
Commander
U- Report made by the intelligence
agents
V- Report rendered by military or la
enforcement personnel
W- A result on interrogation
X- Observation of any government
civilian employee
Y/Z – Obtained from documents
3. Interpretation- is the
determination of the significance of the
intelligence data in relation to other data
at hand in order to draw conclusion.
This undergoes three (3) distinct
procedures, which are as follows:
⮚ Analysis- it is done by shifting and
sorting of all available intelligence
materials;
⮚ Integration-it is the combination of
all analyzed data to form a logical
picture or theory; and
⮚ Deduction- the formulation of
conclusion from theories as a result
of integration.
III. DISSEMINATION AND
USE OF INTELLIGENCE:
(Guevara & Tatoy,2010)
The intelligence duly processed must be
of presented to the Commander to enable
him to formulate decisions and plans and
is distributed to all higher, adjacent and
lower offices in the time for it to be of
value. Timeliness which connotes that it
should be forwarded without delay when
needed and propriety in the sense that it
must be clear and concise, the two must
be observed at all times.
Methods or Modes of Dissemination:
⮚ Personal contact
⮚ Special messages/encrypted or
coded
⮚ Conferences/staff meetings
⮚ Situation maps
⮚ Intelligence
documents/directives/request
IV. DIRECTION OF THE
COLLECTION EFFORT:
(Guevara & Tatoy,2010)

The principle in planning the

collection effort is based on the
collecting agency’s capability. This is to
ensure that the coordinated search for
information sought may be obtained to
govern the future conduct of the unit. It
embodies the following elements or
features:

⮚ The essential elements of

information needed;
⮚ The collection plan including
choosing the personnel;
⮚ The implementation process by
issuance of necessary orders;
⮚ Supervision and follow up.

Essential Elements of Information

They are particular requirements

for information which the end user needs
to govern the conduct of the operations.
In the formulation of the essential
elements of information, the following
must be considered:

1. The available lines of actions,

the target, subject or enemy may adopt
which will interfere with or favor the
accomplishment of the mission.

2. The next major decision which

can be foreseen at present and additional
information needed to decide. (Alternate
or back up plan)

Information pertaining to the situation

confronting the unit requested by
adjacent or higher command.