EE/FEB 2023/EPO243/LABORATORY

LABORATORY EXERCISE
CENTRE FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDIES
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
JOHOR BRANCH
PASIR GUDANG CAMPUS
COURSE NAME: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COURSE CODE: EPO243
PROGRAMME
CEEE1112 TAXONOMY: P3 CO – PO ETAC CO2 – PO5
CODE:
EXPERIMENT: EXPERIMENT 1 EXPERIMENT DATE:
LECTURER’S
SUBMISSION DATE:
NAME:
STUDENT’S NAME GROUP ID NUMBER
1
2
3

LECTURER’S COMMENT (if any):

Discuss information retrieval and management skill related to the current applications of induction motor, synchronous
CLO2
machines, and DC machines.
Apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools to well-defined engineering problems, with an
PO5 (ETAC)
awareness of the limitations.
WEAK POOR FAIR GOOD
CRITERIA SUB-ATTRIBUTE 0 1–2 3– 5 SCORE WEIGHT MARKS
4
Conducting Unable to
Complete
Experiment complete Complete Successfully
the
• Able to follow the the complete the
procedure
experimental procedure procedur procedure x 0.6
with highly
procedure. even with e with independently
dependent
• Able to construct assistance minimal
assistance
setup/ Simulation

circuits/device/hardware . assistanc
Demonstration
Experimental/

e
Handling Equipment Handle the
Unable to Handle Handle the
Able to handle equipment
handle the equipment
equipment/tools/ with a
equipment equipme confidently x 0.4
software considerable
even with nt with without
amount of
assistance assistance very little assistance
assistanc
e
Safety Rules
Not
Compliant of safety rules Minimal Moderate Full comply x 0.2
and procedure comply
Pre-Lab Incomplete
Complete All
Able to calculate No calculations
calculatio calculations
the expected expected with x 0.2
ns but are provided
theoretical result results correct/ some are and correct
incorrect value
Data collection and analysis

incorrect
Data Collection Incomplete
Complete
Able to measure data data
Unable to data All data are
completely and achieve measurement
record any measure measured x 0.3
experiment objectives with correct/
result ment but and correct
incorrect value
some are
incorrect
Data analysis Able to
Able to Good in
Perform an appropriate Do not perform
perform performing
analysis based on the perform analysis but
analysis analysis and x 0.3
question given data wrong/not
and less related to
analysis related to
theoretical related to theoretical
theoretical
/10

1
 EE/FEB 2023/EPO243/LABORATORY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY

(EPO243)

EXPERIMENT 1

SOFTWARE SIMULATION ON TRANSFORMER TESTING

OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the values of the reactance and resistances of the transformer using
MATLAB Simulink.

LIST OF REQUIREMENTS

SIMULATION TOOLS
1. MATLAB Simulink

EQUIPMENTS
NA
COMPONENTS
NA

THEORY
A transformer approximate parameters, the value of reactances and resistances can be determined
by using the open circuit and short circuit tests. For the open circuit test, the value of core resistance,
RC and magnetization reactance, XM will be determined. Meanwhile, the short circuit test will be solved
for the value of series equivalent resistance, REQ and series equivalent reactance, XEQ.

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

In the open circuit test, a transformer`s secondary winding is open-circuited, and its primary winding is
connected to a full-rated line voltage Figure 1.1. Under this condition, all input current must be flowing
through the excitation branch of the transformer. The series element R p and Xp are too small in
comparison to RC and XM to cause a significant voltage drop.

2
 EE/FEB 2023/EPO243/LABORATORY

Figure 1.1: Open Cirucit Test

From Figure 1.1, the input voltage, input current and input power to the transformer is measured. Using
this information the values of RC and XM will determined by,

Open circuit angle (degree),

𝑃!"
=𝑐𝑜𝑠#$& + … (1)
𝜃!" 𝑉!" ∗ 𝐼!"
Core current,

𝐼" = 𝐼!" ∗ cos(𝜃!" )[𝐴]…(2)

Magnetization current,
𝐼% = 𝐼!" ∗ sin(𝜃!" ) [𝐴]…(3)

Core resistance,

𝑉!"
𝑅 = [Ω] … (4)
" 𝐼"
Magnetization reactance,

𝑉!"
= [Ω] … (5)
𝑋
%
𝐼%

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

In the short circuit test, the secondary terminals of the transformer is short-circuited, and the primary
terminals are connected to a fairly low voltage source Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2: Short Circuit Test

3
 EE/FEB 2023/EPO243/LABORATORY

The input voltage, current and power are measured. Since the input voltage is so low during the short-
circuit test, current flows through excitation branch is negligible. The magnitude of the series
impedances of the transformer is,
𝑉&"
|= [Ω] … (6)
|
𝐼&"
𝑍&'
Short circuit angle (degree),

𝑃&"
𝜃&" =𝑐𝑜𝑠 &
#$
+ … (7)
Therefore, 𝑉&" ∗𝐼&"
𝑉&"
𝑉 ∠0° = ∠𝜃 ° … (8)
&"
𝑍 =
&'
𝐼&"∠− &" 𝐼&"
&"
°
𝜃
𝑉&"
I𝑍' I |= [Ω] … (9)
( =|𝑍&" 𝐼&"
Equivalent resistance and
reactance,

𝑅'( 𝑃&"
= = [Ω] … (10)
+
𝑅)* �&"
�
𝑋'( = 𝑋&" = K|𝑍&" |+ − 𝑅&"+ [Ω] …(11)

The series impedance is equal

to, 𝑍&' = 𝑅,- + 𝑗𝑋,- [Ω]…(12)

PRE-LAB
1. List and sketch the types of transformer construction.
2. List and describe the types of losses that occur in a transformer.
3. Sketch the approximate equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary
and secondary side.

PROCEDURE
PART A: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
1. Open MATLAB Simulink and construct the circuit in Figure 1.3.
2. Set the values AC voltage source of peak amplitude: “220*sqrt(2)” V, and frequency:
50 Hz.
3. Set the linear transformer block parameters as table 1.1:

Table 1.1: Linear transformer block parameters

Units SI
Nominal power and frequency 250e6 50

4
 EE/FEB 2023/EPO243/LABORATORY

Winding 1 parameters 220

Winding 2 parameters 110
Three windings transformer untick

4. Set the frequency of power measurement block and rms block to 50 Hz.
5. Run the Simulink and record the values of display in table 1.2.
6. Copy and paste your Simulink block of open circuit test onto your report.

Figure 1.3: MATLAB Simulink for Open circuit test

PART B: SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

1. Construct the short circuit test as shown in figure 1.4.
2. Set the values AC voltage source of peak amplitude: “220*sqrt(2)” V, and frequency:
50 Hz.
3. Set the linear transformer block parameters as table 1.3:
Table 1.3: Linear transformer block parameters
Units SI
Nominal power and frequency 250e6 50
Winding 1 parameters 220

5
 EE/FEB 2023/EPO243/LABORATORY

Winding 2 parameters 110

Three windings transformer untick

4. Set the frequency of power measurement block and rms block to 50 Hz.
5. Run the Simulink and record the values in table 1.4.
6. Copy and paste your Simulink block of short circuit test onto your report.

Figure 1.4: MATLAB Simulink for Short circuit test

6
 EE/FEB 2023/EPO243/LABORATORY

RESULT SHEET

Table 1.2: Open Circuit Test Parameters

POC (W) 0.0448

IOC (A) 0.00022

VOC (V) 220

PF (cos phi) 0.64

RC (Ω) 1.05X10^6

XM (Ω) 9.04.10^5

LM (H) 256.6

Table 1.4: Short Circuit Test Parameters

DISCUSSION

7
 EE/FEB 2023/EPO243/LABORATORY

PSC (W) 5.813

ISC (A) 0.88

VSC (V) 220

ZEQ (Ω) 250

REQ (Ω) 7.507

XEQ (Ω) 250.1

1. Why does the power factor of a load affect the voltage regulation of a transformer?

The power factor of a load affects the voltage regulation of a transformer because it affects the amount
of reactive power that the transformer must supply.

2. Why does the short circuit test essentially show only i2R losses and not excitation losses in
a transformer?

The short circuit test essentially shows only i2R losses and not excitation losses in a
transformer because the reduced voltage applied during the test is not sufficient to excite
the transformer core, and the current that flows through the winding is primarily due to the
resistance of the winding.

8
 EE/FEB 2023/EPO243/LABORATORY

3. Why does the open circuit test essentially show only excitation losses and not i2R losses?
The open circuit test essentially shows only excitation losses and not i2R losses in a transformer
because there is no current flowing through the winding during the test, and the power dissipated is
primarily due to the magnetizing current, which is responsible for the excitation losses.

4. What is the potential transformer and current transformer? How is it used?

A potential transformer is a transformer used to step down high voltage signals to a lower. It is used in
high voltage power systems to provide a safe and accurate measurement of the voltage level. While,
the current transformer is a transformer that is used to step down high current signals to a lower level. It
is basically used in power systems to provide a safe and accurate measurement of the current flowing
through a conductor.

CONCLUSION

Conclude the findings and summarize the main ideas that you have gained from this experiment.

In conclusion, this experiment is to determine the values of the reactance and resistances of the transformer
using MATLAB Simulink. The open circuit test and the short circuit test are two important tests that are
performed on a transformer to determine its performance characteristics. The open circuit test is performed by
applying a reduced voltage to the primary winding of the transformer with the secondary winding left open.
The short circuit test is performed by shorting the secondary winding of the transformer and applying a
reduced voltage to the primary winding.

9
 EE/FEB 2023/EPO243/LABORATORY

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

1
0