INDEX e Introduction © Greenhouse effect ¢ Greenhouse gases ¢ Impacts ¢ Role of water vapor © Causes of greenhouse effect © Global warming © Causes of global warming e Importance of carbon dioxide © Role of co2 in greenhouse effect © Role of automobile in greenhouse effect e Consequences © Analysis ¢ Conclusion o BibliographyINTRODUCTION Green House Effect is heating up of earth's atmosphere due to the trapping of intra-red ray. (reflected from the earth's surface) by the carbon dioxide layer in the atmosphere is called green-house effect. The green-house effect in the atmosphere occurs due to the presence of a blanket of carbon-dioxide gas in the atmosphere. This blanket of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere allows the sunlight to come in freely but does not allow the intra-red radiation reflected by the earth's surface to go out. It is just because the sun light can come in freely but the intra-red rays cannot go out freely that the temperature of earth's atmosphere is raised.What is Greenhouse Effect? The name '"Green-house effect" comes from the fact that this effect is use in horticulture for the up bringing of green plant's in small house made of glass walls and glass root. The green walls and roofs of a green-house allows the sun-light to come in freely but it does not allow the long wavelength infrared radiations reflected by the soil, plants and other contents of greenhouse to go out. These trapped intra-red rays show their heating effect due to which the temperature is raised inside the green house.Thus, even without an external supply of heat, the temperature inside a green house is found to be higher than it is outside. Thus, green house acts as a heat trap. Due to the presence of carbon dioxide, our atmosphere acts like the glass rat of an ordinary horticultural green-house. The rise in temperature produce gas in the by green- house effect on earth's atmosphere depends on the amount of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. In other words, the proportion of carbon dioxide in atmosphere effects the temperature of atmosphere. So, if the proportion of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere increases, than the temperature of earth's atmosphere will also rise further.Greenhouse Gases A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect [1] on planets. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N 20), and ozone (03). Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about -18 °C (0 °F) Major Greenhouse Gases from People’s ActivitiesThe major constituents of Earth's atmosphere, nitrogen (N2)(78%), oxygen (02) (21%), and argon (Ar)(0.9%), are not greenhouse gases because molecules containing two atoms of the same element such as N2 and O2 have no net change in the distribution of their electrical charges when they vibrate, and monatomic gases such as Ar do not have vibrational modes. Hence they are almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation. Some molecules containing just two atoms of different elements, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen chloride (HCI), do absorb infrared radiation, but these molecules are short-lived in the atmosphere owing to their reactivity or solubility. Therefore, they do not contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and often are omitted when discussing greenhouse gases. HOW GREENHOUSE GASES WARM OUR PLANET _ Paid == | | & «| x i 4 ht el Ste ae ee ie fs. ace | eetcpt beer opine ‘How mech each human-caused eine pein fechiasach pense pce fava snc tre vere ee missions asad tego.Impacts on the overall greenhouse effect The contribution of each gas to the greenhouse effect is determined by the characteristics of that gas, its abundance, and any indirect effects it may cause. For example, the direct radiative effect of a mass of methane is about 84 times stronger than the same mass of carbon dioxide over a 20- year time frame but it is present in much smaller concentrations so that its total direct radiative effect has so far been smaller, in part due to its shorter atmospheric lifetime in the absence of additional carbon sequestration. On the other hand, in addition to its direct radiative impact, methane has a large, indirect radiative effect because it contributes to ozone formation. Shindell et al. (2005) argues that the contribution to climate change from methane is at least double previous estimates as a result of this effect. When ranked by their direct contribution to the greenhouse effect, the most important are: Compound Fee naga Connbuton (ppm) eater eeer ote H,0 10-50,000) 36-72% eioege Carbon dioxide | 60, ~400 020% Methane cH, m8 0% == Os zee 2% = () Water vapor strongly vari lecatly2*) (®) The concentration in stratosphere. Abcut 99% of the ozone in Eart’s ‘atmospnere is contained In the stratosphereRole of water vapor Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds. Water vapor concentrations fluctuate regionally, but human activity does not directly affect water vapor concentrations exceptat local scales, such as near irrigated fields. Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback. [86] The atmospheric concentration of vapor is highly variable and depends largely on temperature, from less than 0.01% in extremely cold regions up to 3% by mass in saturated air at about 32 °C. Because water vapor isa greenhouse gas, this. results in | further SS warming = NE and soisa "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming, Eventually other earth processes offset these positive feedbacks, stabilizing the global temperature at a new equilibrium and preventing the loss of Earth's water through a Venus-like runaway greenhouse effect.Causes of Greenhouse Effect Although the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring phenomenon, it is possible that the effect could be intensified by the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as the result of human activity. From the beginning of the Industrial Revolution through the end of the 20th century, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by roughly 30 percent and the amount of methane more than doubled. A number of scientists have predicted that human-related increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases could lead by the end of the 21st century to an increase in the global average temperature of 3-4 °C (5.4-7.2 °F) relative to the 1986- 2005 average. This global warming could alter Earth’s climates and thereby produce new patterns and extremes of drought and rainfall and possibly disrupt food production in certain regions. absorbed By surfaceGlobal Warming Global warming is the increase of average world temperatures as a result of what is known as the greenhouse effect. Certain gases in the atmosphere act like glass in a greenhouse, allowing sunlight through to heat the earth's surface but trapping the heat as it radiates back into space. As the greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere the Earth gets hotter. This process is leading to a rapid change in climate, also known as climate change. verreCauses of global warming Global warming is an aspect of climate change, referring to the long- term rise of the planet's temperatures. It is caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation and farming. 1. Burning fossil fuels Solutior create electricity or power our cars, pared to the rest of the world. Our xe average of other developed Reducing the amount of electricity generated from coal and gas Increasing the amount of electricity from clean, renewable energy sources like solar and wind Join the movement for stronger action on climate change and urge key Australian politicians to get us back on track to meeting our Paris Agreement targets.2. Deforestation & Tree-Clearing Plants and trees play an important role in regulating the climate because they absorb carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen back into it. Forests and bushland act as carbon sinks and are a valuable means of keeping global warming to 1.5°C. But humans' clear vast areas of vegetation around the world for farming, urban and infrastructure development or to sell tree products such as timber and palm oil. When vegetation is removed or burnt, the stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere as CO;, contributing to global warming. Up to one-fifth of global greenhouse gas pollution comes from deforestation and forest degradation. Solutions: * Prevent deforestation and tree-clearing © Plant more trees through reforestation and afforestation ¢ Shop sustainably ° Calon our leaders to introduce stronger laws to stop excessive tree-clearing3. Agriculture & Farming Animals, particularly livestock like sheep and cattle, produce methane, a greenhouse gas. When livestock are grazed at a large scale, as in Australia, the amount of methane produced is a big contributor to global warming. Some fertilisers that farmers use also release nitrous oxide, which is another greenhouse gas. Australian farming contributes 16% of our total greenhouse gas emissions. Solutions * Use different stock feeds can help to reduce farming's contribution to climate change © WWF is working with leading beef producers through ‘Project Pioneer’ to develop, trial and validate improved livestock and pasture management that can deliver significant economic, social and environmental gains.ortance 0 rbon Dioxide- The reen House Carbon dioxide present in small proportion (0.03%) is nonetheless a very important member of the atmosphere. The proportion of (02) is maintained by a host of difference processes. The major consumers of CO2 from the atmosphere are the green plants use the CO2 to prepare their tool and the oceans dissolve the CO2 in the form of carbonates. The major suppliers of CO2 to the atmosphere are the volcanic earth processes and living organisms. The atmosphere gains CO2 from the volcanoes which release this gas from the interior of the earth and from organisms in the process of their respiration and decay. In this manner both the atmosphere and the oceans continuously exchange CO2 with the rocks, plants and higher organisms. eARole of Carbon dioxide in Green House Effect Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas that helps to trap heat in our atmosphere. Without it, our planet would be inhospitably cold. However, a gradual increase in CO2 concentrations in Earth's atmosphere is helping to drive global warming, threatening to disrupt our planet's climate as average global temperatures gradually rise. Carbon dioxide is the fourth most abundant component of dry air. It has a concentration of about 400 ppmvv (parts per million by volume) in Earth's atmosphere. Scientists estimate that before human industrial activity, CO2 concentration was around 270 ppmv. Carbon dioxide levels in our atmosphere have thus risen about 40% since the onset of human industrialization, and are expected to play a troubling role in raising global temperature. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have varied substantially in the pre-human history of our planet, and have had profound impacts on global temperatures in the past.Carbon dioxide plays a key role in Earth's carbon cycle, the set of processes that cycle carbon in many forms throughout our environment. Volcanic outgassing and wildfires are two significant natural sources of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere. Respiration, the process by which organisms liberate energy from food, emits carbon dioxide. When you exhale, it is carbon dioxide (amongst other gases) that you breathe out. Combustion, whether in the guise of wildfires, as a result of slash-and-burn agricultural practices, or in internal combustion engines, produces carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is the most abundant gas in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus, Solid, frozen carbon dioxide is called "dry ice", The polar ice caps of Mars are a mixture of normal water ice and dry ice. Liquid CO2 only forms at pressures higher than about 5 times the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level, so in many situations dry ice does not melt into a liquid form. Instead, it goes directly from a solid state toa gaseous state in a process called sublimation.Role of Automobile in Green House Effect Asimilar phenomena is observed inside an automobile. The sun's rays enter the car through the glass window. Some of this light is reflected from the metal and the upholstery inside the car in the form of intra-red light. The glass windows like CO2 can trap this reflected intra-red light and cause the interior of the car to heat up considerably. Infect the name green house is derived froma glass structure used to cultivate puted plants in some countries water vapors and ozone also have the ability to trap intra-red radiation and also some times referred to as green house gases. However, water vapors is only found near the surface of the earth and ozone only in the upper reaches of the atmosphere carbon dioxide which is much more evenly distributed in the atmosphere and contributes to the green house effect toa larger extent. The proportion of carbon dioxide can therefore, effect the temperature of the atmosphere. If this proportion increases, the temperature is liable to rise.The atmosphere has been evolving over billions of years and will continue to do so. However, in this century the atmosphere has received a large contribution from man, himself. In the course of modern human activities, huge quantities of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere. This is done during the burning of tonsil fuels. It is estimated that man in burning fusel fuels is releasing 6000 million tones of CO2 into the atmosphere each year. The cultivation of soil releases vast quantities of carbon dioxide produced by bacteria to escape in to the air. These agricultural pursuits release 2000 million tones more. A part from CO2 mans industrial activities also release large quantities of noxious gases like nitrous oxide (N20), carbon monoxide and sulpher dioxide solid suspensions and dust are also increasing in proportion. GREENHOUSE EFFECT EXAMPLES, CAR PARKED IN SUNLIGHT eo aay Sans eee eaGreen House Effect from Automobile The internal heating due to green- house effect can be observed in a car parked in sun-shine ‘with alts windows closed, This can be explained as follows : The glass windows of a car allow the visible sunlight and the very short wavelength intra-red rays contained in sunlight to pass ‘through them freely and go inside the car. These rays are reflected from the inside surface of the car (ike dash-board, seats, etc.) Now, the intra-red radiation emitted by very hot sun and ‘which entered the closed car was of very short wavelength, but the intra-red radiation reflected (or emitted) by the less hot “inside surface" of cares of longer wavelength. The glass windows ‘of car do not allow this long wavelength intra-red radiation to go out through them. So, the Intra-red rays get trapped inside the car. since the intra-red radiations produce a heating effect, therefore, the interior (inside) of the car gets heated considerably. Thus glassis a solid substance which produces green house effect. ‘Those gases which can trap Intra-red radiation given by the sun to produce green-house effect leading to heating up of the environment are called green-house gases. One of the most Important green-house gas is carbon dioxide. Water vapor and ozone also have the abllty to trap the intra-red radiation so they are also called green house gases. § Nointered noes More infrared, more gaswater-vapor and ozone do not contribute much green-house effect to the earth's atmosphere because ozone is present only in the upper part of atmosphere whereas water. Vapor is found only near the surface of earth (which is at the bottom of the atmosphere). Only carbon dioxide contributes largely to the green house effect in the earth's atmosphere, because carbon dioxide is much more uniformly distributed in atmosphere. The green-house effect produced by carbon dioxide gas is very crucial to our existence on earth. This can be explained as fellows : By producing the green- house effect, carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere traps the intra-red rays (heat rays), leading to the heating of earth and its atmosphere. This heating of earth (or rise in temperature of earth) is very necessary for our existence because without it, the whole earth would be converted into an extremely cold planet, making the existence of life difficult. Our earth's atmosphere is transparent to the visible radiations coming from sun, stars etc. But reflects back the infrared radiations and hence it does not allow the infrared radiations to pass. The energy from the sun, heats the earth which in turn starts emitting radiations. Since the earth gets heated to much lower temperature than the temperature of sun, the radiations emitted by earth are mostly in the infrared region, according to Planck's low. These radiations emitted by earth are reflected back by earth's atmosphere. Due to which the earth's surface remains ‘warm at night.Consequences The consequences of changing the natural atmospheric greenhouse are difficult to predict, but some effects seem likely: © On average, Earth will become warmer. Some regions may welcome warmer temperatures, but others may not. « Warmer conditions will probably lead to more evaporation and precipitation overall, but individual regions will vary, some becoming wetter and others dryer. « Astronger greenhouse effect will warm the ocean and partially melt glaciers and ice sheets, increasing sea level. Ocean water also will expand if it warms, contributing further to sea level rise.ANALYSIS The rising levels of manmade greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere and their resulting impact on climate is now one of the single biggest technological and environmental challenges facing the world. This makes intensified monitoring of these gases more critical than ever in order to better quantify the role of the numerous natural and manmade sources, sinks and buffers involved in the cycles of GHGs. It also enables us to objectively audit GHG fluxes at the factory, city, country and continental level. Such objective auditing is ultimately essential to facilitate effective enforcement and compliance with any regulations, laws, treaties and trading agreements based on GHG metrics such as carbon footprints. LGR analyzers are now widely used for all these purposes.CONCLUSION Every person alive can take steps to reduce their carbon footprint on the planet. You can drive an electric or hybrid car, only use light-emitting diode bulbs that reduce energy demands, recycle and eat local grown foods instead of shipped-in foods to lessen the noxious gases that contribute to global warming. Certain gases, like carbon dioxide and methane accumulate in the atmosphere and trap heat from the sun reflected by the Earth’s surface. These gases act like the walls of a greenhouse by preventing the release of heat and causing global temperatures to rise. Turn off lights when you leave the room. Reduce plane travel as much as possible, as airplane exhaust adds pollutants to the atmosphere. Except at night, green plants and trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air, convert it to sugar for growth, and release oxygen back into the atmosphere. Deforestation releases stored carbon back into the atmosphere, so using wood and paper products sparingly can help to reduce the greenhouse effect.