vaxtang rodonaia, nino nakudaSvili,

avTandil arabuli, marine xuciSvili

qarTuli ena da literatura

XII

maswavleblis wigni

grifi mieniWa 2012 wels saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

saministros ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis
erovnuli centris mier (brZaneba #375; 18.05.2012)

2012
© `swavlani~, 2012
 Sinaarsi

saxelmZRvanelos daniSnuleba da struqtura ............ 4

XII klasis erovnuli saswavlo gegma qarTul enasa da

literaturaSi ...................................................................... 6

saxelmZRvanelos Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo

gegmasTan _ Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka..................... 23

saswavlo masalis wardgenis fazebi da gakveTilis

dagegmvis zogadi principebi ......................................... 28

sanimuSo gakveTilis scenari ......................................... 30

Sefasebis sistema, formebi, rekomendaciebi

SefasebisaTvis ................................................................... 34
sarekomendacio literaturis sia ................................ 36
danarTi .............................................................................. 39

3
 saxelmZRvanelos
daniSnuleba da struqtura

XII klasis qarTuli enisa da literaturis

saxelmZRvanelo Seqmnilia axali erovnuli saswavlo
gegmis mixedviT da enisa da literaturis integrirebuli
swavlebisTvisaa gankuTvnili.
XII klasis saxelmZRvanelo VII, VIII, IX, X, XI klasebis
saxelmZRvaneloebis organul gagrZelebas warmoadgens.
amave dros, is swavlebis zeda safexuris (X _ XII kl.) bolo
saxelmZRvaneloa, romelic, avtorTa koncefciis Tanaxmad,
X klasSi dawyebul qarTuli literaturis istoriul kurss
asrulebs. Sesabamisad, saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia
XX saukunis qarTuli mwerloba.
XII klasis saxelmZRvanelo qarTuli enisa da
literaturis swavlebis im erTiani koncefciis nawilia,
romelic sabazo da saSualo skolis safexurebs
moicavs. kerZod, sabazo safexuris bolo, IX klasis,
saxelmZRvaneloTi dagvirgvinda mizanmimarTuli, anu e.w.
strategiuli, kiTxvis xerxebisa da teqstis mxatvruli
analizis elementebis Seswavlis pirveli etapi, romelic
saskolo ganaTlebis zeda safexurze ufro seriozuli
da rTuli amocanebis dasmis saSualebas iZleva. X
klasidan ki daiwyo qarTuli literaturis istoriuli
kursis Seswavla im unar-Cvevebze dayrdnobiT, romelTa
mizanmimarTul ganviTarebasac uwyobda xels swavlebis
sabazo safexurisaTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvaneloebi.

4
 saxelmZRvanelos struqtura

saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili literaturuli

masala dayofilia Tavebad qronologiuri da Tematuri
principis mixedviT. TiToeuli Tavi Cafiqrebulia, rogorc
garkveuli pasuxi epoqis mier dasmul kiTxvebze.
saxelmZRvanelo Sedgeba oTxi Tavisagan, esenia:

I Tavi. vemSvidobebiT XIX saukunes

II Tavi. axali epoqa daiwyo
III Tavi. mZafri qartexili da sami arCevani
IV Tavi. gza xsnisa

5
 ;,,ʱʲʨʹʰ

ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰʬʴʨʫʨʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʨ

ʹʺʨʴʫʨʸʺʰ

˄ʲʰʹʩʵʲʵʹʳʰʹʨʾ˄ʬʭʰˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰʫʨʳʨʯʰʰʴʫʰʱʨʺʵʸʬʩʰ

ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʨ

ʮʬʶʰʸʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʬʩʨ ʱʰʯˆʭʨ ˄ʬʸʨ

ʽʨʸʯ;,, ʽʨʸʯ;,,ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ʽʨʸʯ;,,
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃-
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ ʬʶʵʽʰʹʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʨʫʨ ʲʰʨʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʺʬʽʹʺʬʩʰʹ ʳ˂ʰʸʬʳʵ˂ʻʲʵʩʰʹ
ʨʻʫʰʺʵʸʰʰʹ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʪʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʨʳʨʯˀʰ ʹʨʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʵʴʨˀʸʵʳʰʹ
ʨʹʨˆʻʲʰʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʨ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ
ʽʨʸʯ;,, ʯʬʳʬʩʰʹʰʫʬʬʩʰʹʨ ˀʬʸˁʬʻʲʯʬʳʨʮʬ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʫʨʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨʺʰʱʰʹ
ʯʨʴʨʱʲʨʹʬʲʯʨʳʰʬʸ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ ʽʨʸʯ;,,
˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ʽʨʸʯ;,,ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʸʬʼʬʸʨʺʰʹ
ʶʸʵʬʽʺʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʨʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ
ʱʸʰʺʰʱʻʲʨʫ ʺʬʽʹʺˀʰʨʹʨˆʻʲʰ ˄ʿʨʸʵʹʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ
ʪʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʨʫʨ ʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹʨʫʨ
ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʨ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʽʨʸʯ;,,
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʯʨʴˀʬʫʨʸʬʩʨ ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
ʽʨʸʯ;,, ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵ-
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʽʨʸʯ;,,ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ʬʩʰʹʨʴʨʲʰʮʰʹ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʪʨʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʵʹ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʨ
ʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ
ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʰˆʬʸˆʬʩʰʹ ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰʫʨʰʹʺʵ- ʽʨʸʯ;,,
ʨʳʵ˂ʴʵʩʨʫʨ ʸʰʻʲʰʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʺʬʽʹʺʹʨʫʨʳʰʹ ˄ʬʸʰʹʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵ
ʰʴʺʬʸʶʸʬʺʨ˂ʰʨʮʬ ʹʺʸʨʺʬʪʰʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨ

6
 ʮʬʶʰʸʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʬʩʨ ʱʰʯˆʭʨ ˄ʬʸʨ

ʽʨʸʯ;,, ʽʨʸʯ;,,ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰʬʴʰʹ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʨʹʶʬʽʺʬʩʰʹ
ʹʺʸʨʺʬʪʰʰʹ ʪʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʨ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ
ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ ʽʨʸʯ;,,ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
˂ʰʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʪʨʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʵʹʸʨ
ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʹʨˆʫʬʴʹʨʭʺʵʸʰʹ
ʬʴʵʩʸʰʭʰʨʸˁʬʭʨʴʰ
ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʮʬ

ʽʨʸʯ;,,ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ
ʬʼʬʽʺʻʸʰʹʺʸʨʺʬʪʰʬʩʰʹ
ʨʸˁʬʭʨʫʨʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨ

˄ʲʰʹʩʵʲʵʹʳʰʹʨʾ˄ʬʭʰˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰʫʨʳʨʯʰʰʴʫʰʱʨʺʵʸʬʩʰ

ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʨʮʬʶʰʸʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʬʩʨ
ʮʬʶʰʸʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʬʩ
ʬʩʨʨ

ʽʨʸʯ ;,,  ʳʵʹ

ʽʨʸʯ;,, ʳʵʹ˄
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲ
˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ
ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲ
ʰʨ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʶʸʵ
ʵʶʸʵʬʽʺ
ʬʽʺʰ
ʰʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʨʨʻʫʰʺʵ
˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʨʨʻʫʰʺʵʸʰʰʹ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ
ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʨ ʨʻʫʰʺʵʸʰʰʹʰʰʹ˄ʰʴʨˀ
˄ʰʴʨˀʬʬ

ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ˇʪʻʼʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʭʹ ʯʬʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨʹ
ʸʵʳʲʰʹʪʨʫʨ˅ʸʨʹʨ˂ʰʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʹʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʶʸʵʬʽʺʰ
x ʳʱʨʼʰʵʫʫʨʴʨʯʲʨʫʨʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʹʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹʳʰʮʨʴʹ
x ʨʸˁʬʭʹ ʳʨʹʨʲʨʹ ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ ʹʨʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʵʫ ˂ʰʺʨʺʬʩʰ
ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʬʩʰʨʸʪʻʳʬʴʺʬʩʰʱʭʲʬʭʰʹˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰʼʨʽʺʬʩʰ
ʹʺʨʺʰʹʺʰʱʻʸʰʳʵʴʨ˂ʬʳʬʩʰʫʨʹˆʭ 

7
 x ʨʸˁʬʭʹʫʨʰʿʬʴʬʩʹʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹʹʨʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʵʫʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʭʰʮʻʨʲʻʸʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ ʶʲʨʱʨʺʬʩʹʹʽʬʳʬʩʹʫʰʨʪʸʨʳʬʩʹ
ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʻʸ ʸʻʱʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨ ˀ  ʸʰʯʨ˂ ʻʨʫʭʰʲʬʩʹ
ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹʨʾʽʳʨʹʨʻʫʰʺʵʸʰʨʹ
x ˀʬʹʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʨʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʹ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸʰ ʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʹ
ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʭʹ
ʼʵʸʳʨʺʹ
x ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫ ʴʨ˄ʰʲˀʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʫʨʹʳʻʲʰ
ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʰʹʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʹʪʮʬʩʹʨʫʨʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʬʩʹ
x ʫʨʹʱʭʴʰʯ ʴʨ˄ʰʲˀʰ ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʭʹ ʳʵʹʨʲʵʫʴʬʲ
ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʹ
x ʫʨʳʨˇʬʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʶʨʹʻˆʵʩʹ ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʫʨʹʳʻʲ
ˀʬʱʰʯˆʭʬʩʹ

ʽʨʸʯ ;,,
ʽʨʸʯ ;,, 
 ʳʵʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʯʨʴʨʱʲʨʹʬʲʯʨ
ʯʨʴʨʱʲʨʹʬʲʯʨ ʳʰʳʰʬ
ʳʰʬʸ
ʳʰʬʸ
˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ
˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ʶʸʵʬʽʺʬʩʰʹ
ʶʸʵʬʽʺʬʩʰʹ
ʶʸʵʬʽʽʺʬʩʰʹ ʱʸʰʺʰʱʻʲʨʫ
ʪʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʨʫʨˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʨ
ʪʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʨ
ʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʨʫʨˀʬʼʨʹʬʩ
ʫʨ ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʨ
ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ʳʹˇʬʲʵʩʹʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʨʽʺʻʨʲʻʸʰʨʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʶʸʵʬʽʺˀʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨ
x ˀʬʨʼʨʹʬʩʹ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʪʨʹʨʪʬʩʨʫ ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʳʱʨʼʰʵʫ
ʰʿʵ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰʳʰʮʨʴʰʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨʹʨʱʭʲʬʭʰʯʬʳʨ
x ˀʬʨʼʨʹʬʩʹ ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ ʳʰʮʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ
ʪʮʬʩʰʹʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʨʫʬʱʭʨʺʻʸʵʩʨʹ
x ʳʹˇʬʲʵʩʹ ʰʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʪʨʹʨʪʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ
ʨʻʫʰʺʵʸʰʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰ ʬʴʰʹ
ʲʬʽʹʰʱʰʹʺʬʸʳʰʴʵʲʵʪʰʰʹʫʨʨˀʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ 
x ˀʬʨʼʨʹʬʩʹʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʬʴʰʹʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨʩʬʲʻʸʵʩʨʹ
ˀʬ˃ʲʵ ʯʻ ʭʬʸʨ ʨʻʫʰʺʵʸʰʰʹ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʶʿʸʵʩʨ

8
 ʸʵʪʵʸʰ ʰʿʵ ʳʰʹʰ ʷʬʹʺʰʱʻʲʨ˂ʰʨ ʳʨʴʬʸʬʩʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ
ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʵʩʰʯʰ ʱʵʴʺʨʽʺʰ ʨʻʫʰʺʵʸʰʨʹʯʨʴ
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʱʬʯʰʲʪʨʴ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʰʰʿʵʨʻʫʰʺʵʸʰʰʹʳʰʳʨʸʯ
ʫʨʨˀ 
x ˀʬʨʼʨʹʬʩʹ ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ ʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʭʰʮʻʨʲʻʸʰʳʨʹʨʲʰʹʬʼʬʽʺʻʸʵʩʨʹ

ʽʨʸʯ ;,,
ʽʨʸʯ ;,, 
 ʳʵʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰ
ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ
ʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʰ
ʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʰ ˆʬʸˆʬʩʰʹ
ˆʬʸˆʬʩʰʹ ʨʳʵ˂ʴʵʩʨ
ʨʳʵ˂ʴʵʩʨ ʫʨ
ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵ
ʪʨʳ
ʿʬʴʬʩʨ
ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʶʸʵʬʽʺʹ ʳʱʨʼʰʵʫ ˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʻʲʰ
ʹʺʸʻʽʺʻʸʰʯ ˀʬʹʨʭʨʲʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸʰ ʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ
ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʰʹ ʨʸʹʰ ʳʰʮʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʵ˂ʨʴʬʩʰ
ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʮʬʩʰ ʳʵʹʨʲʵʫʴʬʲʰ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰ
ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʹʱʸʰʺʬʸʰʻʳʬʩʰ
x ʳʨʸʺʰʭʨʫ ʪʨʹʨʪʬʩʨʫ ʨʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʹ ʹʨʯʽʳʬʲʹ ʯʨʭʹ
ʨʸʰʫʬʩʹʸʯʻʲʰʱʵʴʹʺʸʻʽ˂ʰʰʹ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʬʩʹʰʿʬʴʬʩʹ
ʳʨʸʺʰʭʰ ˄ʿʵʩʰʹ ʴʵʳʰʴʨʲʻʸ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʬʩʹ ʹʽʬʳʨʺʻʸʰ
ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʲʵʫʴʬʲʰ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰʹ ʳʱʨʼʰʵʫ
˄ʨʸʳʵʹʨʫʪʬʴʨʫ 
x ʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹʨʹ ʳʱʭʬʯʸʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʿʵʼʹ ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʨʳʨˆʭʰʲʬʩʹ ʨʳ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʹ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʮʬ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ ˀʬʻ˄ʿʵ ˆʬʲʰ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸʳʨ
ʱʭʲʬʭʨʳ ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ ʨʳ ʹʨˆʰʯ ˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʨʹ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ
ʲʵʪʰʱʻʸʨʫʻʱʨʭˀʰʸʫʬʩʨʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹʳʰʮʨʴʰ
ʫʨ ʳʵʹʨʲʵʫʴʬʲʰ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʬʩʨ
ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʮʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʬʩʰ
ʫʨʹʨˆʻʲʳʰʮʨʴʹ

9
 x ʳʰʰʶʿʸʵʩʹʳʹʳʬʴʬʲʰʹʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʵʼʹʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʹʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰʲʬʽʹʰʱʰʹˁʨʴʨʸʯʬʩʰʹ
ʸʰʺʵʸʰʱʻʲʰ ˀʬʱʰʯˆʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬ˃ʨˆʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʰʴʭʬʸʹʰʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʨʪÄʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨʸʵʳʬʹʨʹʬʨʸʨʸʰʹ³Äʬʹ
ˆʵʳ˃ʨʲʰʨʴʰʵʲʰʨ³Äʸʨʨʸʰʹʨʽʨʸʨˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ"³ʫʨ
ʹˆʭ 
x ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʹ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʨʭʹ
ʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʬʴʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʮʬʮˀʬʫʬʪʵ
ʩʸʰʭʰ ʱʵʴʹʺʸʻʽ˂ʰʬʩʰ ʶʰʸʵʩʰʯʰ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʬʩʰ
ʫʸʵʯʨ ʯʨʴʨʳʰʳʫʬʭʸʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʵʪʰʱʻʸʰ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯ
ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʳˆʨʺʭʬʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨʯˀʬˆʨʳʬʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ
˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʰʹ˄ʿʵʩʨʳʨʪÄʯʻʳʨˀʰʴ³Äʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴʳʨˀʨ
ʹʨʫʨʳʬ³Äʨʽʬʫʨʴʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ³Äˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ³ʳʹʳʬʴʬ
ʲʰʹʨʫʳʰʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸʳʰʳʨʸʯʭʨʹÄˀʬʭʨˇʨʳʵʯ³Äˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ
ʫʨʭʨʹʱʭʴʨʯ³Äʳʰʨʽ˂ʰʬʯʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ³ʫʨʹˆʭ 

ʽʨʸʯ ;,,
ʽʨʸʯ ;,,  ʳʵʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʹʺʸʨʺ
ʹʺʸʨ
ʹʺʸʨʺʬʪʰʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹʨʯʭ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨ
ʴʬʩʨ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ
ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ
ʽʺʰʹʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʶʸʬʮʬʴʺ
ʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ ʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʹ ʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʭʹ
ʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹˆʨʴʪʸ˃ʲʰʭʵʩʨʹʨʸˁʬʭʹʳʯʨʭʨʸʹʨʯʽʳʬʲʹ
ʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʹʭʰʮʻʨʲʻʸʳʨʹʨʲʨʹʨʲʨʪʬʩʹʳʨʹʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʯʨʴʨʳʰʳʫʬʭʸʵʩʰʹˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫʫʨʨˀ 
x ʪʨʫʰʹ ʸʬʶʬʺʰ˂ʰʨʹ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʬʩʰʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʴ
ʹʨʸʱʰʹ ˄ʰʴ ʰʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʭʨʸˇʰˀʵʩʹ ʳʨˆʭʰʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʰʴʺʵʴʨ˂ʰʰʹʳʰʳʰʱʰʹʳʵʫʰʼʰ˂ʰʸʬʩʨˀʰ 
x ʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʨʳʫʬ ʬ˂ʴʵʩʨ ʨʻʫʰʺʵʸʰʨʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʨʽʭʹ
˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʨʻʫʰʺʵʸʰʰʹ ˂ʵʫʴʰʹ ʫʵʴʰʹ ʨʹʨʱʰʹ
ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʰʯ

10
 x ʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ ʨˆʫʬʴʹ ˆʳʰʹ
ʳʵʫʻʲʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴ ʰʫʬʨʹ  ʨʮʸʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʯʽʭʨʳʹ
ʴʬʲʨ ˆʳʨʳʨʾʲʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʫʨʳʨʸ˂ʭʲʰʯʨ˂ ʰʿʬʴʬʩʹ
ʲʵʪʰʱʻʸʳʨˆʭʰʲʬʩʹ 
x ʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʫʨʴ ʳʬʵʸʬʮʬ ʪʨʫʨʹʭʲʨʳʫʬ
ʨʱʬʯʬʩʹʶʨʻʮʨʹʫʨʳʰʳʨʸʯʨʭʹʨʻʫʰʺʵʸʰʨʹʨʽʭʯʯʻʨʸʨ
ˀʬʱʰʯˆʭʬʩʰʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʹʨʳʴʨ˄ʰʲʯʨʴʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ
x ʮʬʶʰʸʰ ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ ʨʳʵʰ˄ʬʸʹ ʩʨʸʨʯʬʩʮʬ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴ ʼʸʨʮʬʩʹ ʳʵʴʨ˂ʬʳʬʩʹ ʨʴ ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫ
ʯʬʮʰʹʬʩʹ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʬˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ ʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʯʨʴʨʳʰʳʫʬʭʸʻʲʨʫ˄ʨʸʳʨʸʯʭʨˀʰ
x ʶʸʬʮʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʹʨʹʰʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʹʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʵʩʰʯʱʵʴʺʨʽʺʹ

ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʨ ʱʰʯˆʭʨ

ʽʨʸʯ;,,
ʽʨʸʯ ;,,  ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʬʶʵʽʰʹʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʨʫ
ʳʵʹ
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʬʶʵʽʰʹʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʨʫʨ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʬʶʵʽʰʹ
ʽʰʹʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʨʫʨ
ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹ
ʺʻʸʰʹ ʺʬʽʹʺʬʩʰʹ
ʺʬʽʹʺʬʩʰʹ
ʽʹʺʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʨ
ʪʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʨ ʳʨʯˀʰ
ʳʨʯˀʰ ʨʹʨˆʻʲʰ
ʨʹʨˆʻʲ
ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʯʬʳʬʩʰʹ
ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʯʬʳʬʩʰʹ ʰʫʬʬʩʰʹʨ
ʰʫʬʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʫʨ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨʺʰ
ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨʺʰʱʰʹ
ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ
ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩˀʰ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʪʨʸʬʳʵʹ
x ʳʹˇʬʲʵʩʹ ʹʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʲʰʴʫʨ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩˀʰ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰ
ʬʶʵʽʰʹʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʫʨʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʰ
x ʳʹˇʬʲʵʩʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʹʶʬʸʹʵʴʨʷʰʹ ʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ
ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʬʩʮʬ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʨʭʲʬʴʬʴ ʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ
ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʻʲʱʵʴʼʲʰʽʺʯʨʴʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨˀʰ
x ʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʹʶʬʸʹʵʴʨʷʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹ
ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʬʶʵʽʰʹ ʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰʳʨʸʯ

11
 x ʰʮʰʨʸʬʩʹ  ʨʸ ʰʮʰʨʸʬʩʹ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʶʬʸʹʵʴʨʷʰʹ ʨʴ
ʨʭʺʵʸʰʹˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʬʩʹʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʨʭʹʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʫʨʳʵʱʰ
ʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹʫʨʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵʨʸʪʻʳʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʰʯʰ˂ʨʭʹʳʨʹ
x ʱʰʯˆʻʲʵʩʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʬʶʵʽʰʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ
ʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʬʩʰʹ ʨʳʹʨˆʭʬʲ ʺʬʽʹʺʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ʳʹˇʬʲʵʩʹʳʨʯʹʳʹʪʨʭʹʬʩʨʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʨʮʬ
x ʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʨʭʹ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰ ʬʶʵʽʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʳʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʬʲ
ʯʬʳʬʩʹʰʫʬʬʩʹʨʫʨʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʬʩʹʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩˀʰ
ʫʨʨʼʨʹʬʩʹʨʸʨʳˆʵʲʵʫʰʳʬʶʵʽʰʹʯʭʰʹʫʨʳʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʬʲʰ
ʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʨʫʨʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺˀʰʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬʶʵʮʰ˂ʰʰʫʨʴʨ˂
x ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰ ʺʬʽʹʺʰʫʨʴ ʨʳʵʨʸˁʬʭʹ ʫʬʺʨʲʬʩʹ
ʸʵʳʲʬʩˀʰ˂ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʮʸʰʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʱʬʯ ʨʰʹʨˆʬʩʨ
ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰʬʶʵʽʨʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺʰʫʨʨˀ
x ʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʰʱʭʲʬʭʹ ʳʹʪʨʭʹ ʨʴ ʬʸʯʴʨʰʸ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨʹ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹ ʺʬʽʹʺʬʩˀʰ
ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʹ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨʹ ʽʨʸʯʻʲ
ʫʨʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʪʨʸʬʯʻʲʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʨˀʰ 
x ʱʰʯˆʻʲʵʩʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ ʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ
ˀʬʽʳʴʰʲ ʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʻʲ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʹ
ʳʨʯˀʰʫʨʹʳʻʲʳʹʪʨʭʹʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨʺʰʱʨʹ
x ʱʰʯˆʻʲʵʩʹ ʯʨʸʪʳʨʴʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʯʽʭʨʳʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʨʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʫʨ ʰʳʨʭʬ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʵʸʰ ʨʴ ʳʬʺʰ 
ʯʨʸʪʳʨʴʰʹʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ ʳʵʹ˄ʵʴʹʨʸʳʵʹ˄ʵʴʹ ʫʨ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʹ
ʫʨʨʹʨʩʻʯʵʹʯʨʭʰʹʰʨʸˁʬʭʨʴʰ

12
ʽʨʸʯ;,,
ʽʨʸʯ ;,,  ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʺʬʽʹʺˀʰʨʹʨˆʻʲʰ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʺʬʽ
ʳʵʹ
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʺʬʽʹʺˀʰʨʹʨˆʻʲ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ
ʽʹʺˀʰʨʹʨˆʻʲʰ
ʨʹʨˆʻʲʰ
ʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʯʨʴ ˀʬʫ
ʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹʨʫʨˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʯʨʴˀʬʫ ʫ
ʨʸʬʩ
ʨʸʬʩʨ
ʩʨ
ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ʳʹˇʬʲʵʩʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩˀʰ ʨʹʨˆʻʲʰ ʼʨʹʬʻ
ʲʵʩʬʩʰʹʨʫʨˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʳʹʪʨʭʹʬʩʨʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʨʮʬ
x ʳʹˇʬʲʵʩʹʰʳʼʨʽʺʵʸʬʩʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩˀʰ ʨʹʨˆʻʲ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʹ
ˀʵʸʰʹʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʬʩʹʪʨʴʨʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʹ
x ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʬʶʵʽʰʹ ʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʬʩʰʹ
ʨʴʨʲʰʮʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ʨʫʨʸʬʩʹ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʨ
ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʹ
x ˄ʨʸʳʵʹʨˆʭʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʫʨʨʽʭʹ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩˀʰ
ʨʹʨˆʻʲʰ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʬʩʰ ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ ʨʴ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʹˆʭʨ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲ ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ
ʫʨʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʸʵʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʻʸʰ
ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʬʩʰʹʼʵʸʳʬʩʰʫʨʨˀ 
x ʹʨʻʩʸʵʩʹ ʰʳʨʮʬ ʯʻ ʸʵʪʵʸ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ
ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʨ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʰʹ
ʨʸʹʰʹʪʨʪʬʩʨʹʨʫʨʳʰʹʰʪʨʫʨ˅ʸʰʹʪʮʬʩʮʬ

ʽʨʸʯ ;,,
ʽʨʸʯ ;,, 
 ʳʵʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʪʨʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʵʹ
ʪʨʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʵʹ
ʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ
ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ
ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ
ʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ
ʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴ
ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨ
ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨ
ʺʬʽʹʺʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʶʸʬʺʨ˂ʰʨʮʬ
ʺʬʽʹʺʹʨʫʨʳʰʹʰʴʺʬʸʶʸʬʺʨ˂ʰʨʮʬ
ʺʬʽʹʺʹʨʫʨʳʰʹʰʴʺʬʸʶʸʬʺʨ˂ʰʨʮʬ
ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ ʨʹʨˆʻʲʰ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʶʸʬʺʨ˂ʰʰʹʨʹ
ʰʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʹ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰ ʬʶʵʽʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʬʩʻʸʬʩʬʩʹ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʼʹʰʽʵʲʵʪʰʻʸʨʹʶʬʽʺʬʩʹ 
x ʪʨʳʵʯʽʭʨʳʹʭʨʸʨʻʫʹʯʻʸʵʪʵʸˀʬʰ˂ʭʲʬʩʵʫʨʱʵʴʱʸʬ
ʺʻʲʰ ʺʬʽʹʺʰ ʰʪʰ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʨʴ
13
 ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺʰʹʨʳʹʨˆʭʬʲʰʸʵʳʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ
x ʨʳʵʰ˂ʴʵʩʹ ʫʨ ʨˆʹʴʰʹ ʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ ʰʳ ʻʴʰʭʬʸʹʨʲʻʸʰ
ʹʰʳʩʵʲʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨʹ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʫʨʳʨˆʨʹʰʨ
ʯʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʶʬʸʰʵʫʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
x ʨˆʹʴʰʹ ʯʻ ʸʵʪʵʸ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ˀʬ˂ʭʨʲʵʹ ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʰʹ
ʰʴʺʬʸʶʸʬʺʨ˂ʰʨ ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰʪʨʸʬʳʵʹ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʨʳ

ʽʨʸʯ ;,,
ʽʨʸʯ ;,,  ʳʵʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰ
ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰ ʬʴʰʹ
ʬʴʰʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆ
ʨʹʶʬʽʺʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʨ
ʨʹʶʬʽʺʬʩʰʹʪʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩ
ʨʹʶʬʽʺʬʩʰʹʪʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʨ
ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ˄ʨʱʰʯˆʻʲ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩˀʰ ʨʳʵʰ˂ʴʵʩʹ ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲ ʹʨˆʬʬʩʹ
ʫʨˀʬʨʼʨʹʬʩʹʳʨʯʬʼʬʽʺʻʸʵʩʨʹʨʫʨʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨʹ
x ʪʨʴʨʸˁʬʭʹ ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩˀʰ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨʯʨ ʨʭʺʵʸʰ
ʹʬʻʲʶʬʸʹʵʴʨʷʰʹ ʹʻʩʰʬʽʺʻʸʫʨʵʩʰʬʽʺʻʸˆʬʫʭʨʹ
x ʪʨʰʨʮʸʬʩʹ ʬʴʨʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲ ʹʨˆʬʯʨ ˀʬʽʳʴʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ
x ʨʫʨʸʬʩʹ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʬʩʨʹ
ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʫʨʨʸʨʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʺʬʽʹʺʬʩˀʰʫʨʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʨʭʹ
ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰ ʹʨˆʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨʽʳʴʬʲʨʫ ʪʮʨʹʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰʪʨʴʮʵʪʨʫʬʩʰʹʱʬʴ 
x ʹʨʻʩʸʵʩʹ ʰʳʰʹ ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ ʸʵʳ ʨʸʨʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰ ʺʬʽʹʺʰ
ʻˀʻʨʲʵʫ ʨʹʨˆʨʭʹ ʸʬʨʲʵʩʨʹ ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰ ʺʬʽʹʺʰ ʱʰ
ʳʬʺʴʨʱʲʬʩʨʫ ˄ʿʭʬʺʹ ʻˀʻʨʲʵ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʹ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲ
ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲ ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲ ʼʬʴʵʳʬʴʹ
ʽʳʴʰʹ
x ʪʨʰʨʮʸʬʩʹ ʶʵʬʺʻʸʰ ʲʵʪʰʱʰʹ ʹʶʬ˂ʰʼʰʱʻʸʵʩʨʹ Äʳʵʳ
˄ʿʻʸʫʰ ʨˆʲʨ ʰʹʬ ʳʵʳ˄ʿʻʸʫʰ ʭʰʯ ʻʩʰʴʨʵʹ ʿʵʼʴʨ

14
 ʩʰʴʨˀʰ³ Äʨʳ ʸʬʭʵʲʭʬʸˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʸʭʨ ʺʿʭʰʨ ʬʸʯʹ
ʪʨʰʳʬʺʬʩʯ"ʳʬʪʯˆʵʭʯʳʵʳʱʨʲʰʯ³ 
x ʪʨʴʨʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʹ ʶʵʬʺʻʸ ˆʬʫʭʨʹʨ Äʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨ˃ʸʵˆʬ ʽʭʨʩʹ
ʵˆˀʰʭʨʸʰ³  ʫʨ ʶʵʬʺʻʸ ˆʰʲʭʨʹ Äʹʺʰʸʵʫʨ ʹʻʲʰ
˂ʰʹʼʬʸ ʾʭʰʴʵʬʩʹ³ Äʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻ˂ʴʵʩ ʶʰʨʴʰʴʵʬʩʹ
ʨʺʸʰʨʲʬʩʫʨʺʨʴˇʭʰʹʲʰʸʰʱʰʯ³ 
x ʪʨʰʨʮʸʬʩʹʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰʹʨˆʰʹʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹ
ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʹʨˆʬʯʨʹʰʹʺʬʳʨˀʰ

ʽʨʸʯ ;,,
ʽʨʸʯ ;,, 
 ʳʵʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʪʨʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʵʹ
ʪʨʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʵʹ
ʪʨʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʵʹ
ʵʹ ʸʨ
ʸʨ ʪʨʭʲʬʴ
ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʹ
ʪʨʭʲ
ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʹ
ʨˆʫʬʴʹʨʭʺʵʸʰʹʬʴʵʩʸʰʭʰʨʸˁʬʭʨʴʰʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʮʬ
ʨˆʫʬʴʹʨʭʺʵʸʰʹʬʴʵʩʸʰʭʰʨʸˁʬʭʨʴʰʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʮʬ
ʨˆʫʬʴʹ
ˆʫʬʴʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʹ ʬʴʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʸˁʬʭʨʴʰ ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʮ
ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʮʬ
ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʭʹʨʭʺʵʸʰʹʳʰʬʸˀʬʳʵʯʨʭʨʮʬʩʻʲʹʺʰʲʹ
x ʹʨʻʩʸʵʩʹ ʰʳʨʮʬ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ ˀʬʬʹʨʩʨʳʬʩʨ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ˀʬʳʵʯʨʭʨʮʬʩʻʲ ʹʺʰʲʹ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʬʴʵʩʸʰʭʪʸʨʳʨʺʰʱʻʲʰʱʵʴʹʺʸʻʽ˂ʰʬʩʰʫʨʲʬʽʹʰʱʨ
x ʹʨʻʩʸʵʩʹ ʰʳ ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʪʨʳʵʳʹʨˆʭʬʲʵʩʰʯ ˆʬʸˆʬʩʮʬ
ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʳʬˀʭʬʵʩʰʯʨ˂ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʰʱʭʬʯʬʩʨ
ʨʭʺʵʸʰʹʶʬʸʹʵʴʨʷʰʹ ʴʬʰʺʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʨʸʨʵʸʫʰʴʨʸʻʲʰ
ʫʨ ʹʺʬʸʬʵʺʰʶʻʸʰ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰ
ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʰʹʳʰʳʨʸʯ

ʽʨʸʯ ;,,
ʽʨʸʯ ;,, 
 ʳʵʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ
ʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ʬʼʬʽʺ
ʬʼʬʽʺʻʸʰ
ʹʺʸʨʺʬʪʰʬʩʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨ
ʹʺʸʨʺʬʪʰʬʩʰʹʨʸˁʬʭʨʫʨʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨ
ʹʺʸʨʺʬʪʰʬʩʰʹʨʸˁʬʭʨʫʨʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨ
ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ʨʳʵʰ˄ʬʸʹ ʨʴ ʳʵʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ˄ʨʱʰʯˆʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʳʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʬʲ ʼʸʨʮʬʵʲʵʪʰʨʹ
ʺʬʸʳʰʴʬʩʹʲʬʽʹʰʱʨʹ

15
 x ʨʳʵʰ˄ʬʸʹ ʨʴ ʳʵʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ˄ʨʱʰʯˆʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ
ʬʶʵʽʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʳʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʬʲ ʨʸʽʨʰʮʳʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ
ʴʬʵʲʵʪʰʮʳʬʩʹʽʳʴʰʹʳ˂ʰʸʬʲʬʽʹʰʱʵʴʹ
x ʳʵʰ˃ʰʬʩʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹ ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ˄ʿʨʸʵʫʨʴ
ʬʴ˂ʰʱʲʵʶʬʫʰʰʫʨʴ ʰʴʺʬʸʴʬʺʰʫʨʴ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ
˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʶʸʬʹʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ  ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʬʶʵʽʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩˀʰ ʨʹʨˆʻʲʰ
ʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʹʻʱʬʯʪʨʹʨʨʮʸʬʩʲʨʫ
x ʬʼʬʽʺʻʸʨʫ ʰʿʬʴʬʩʹ ʱʵʳʶʰʻʺʬʸʻʲ ʹʨ˃ʰʬʩʵ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʬʩʹ
ʫʨ ʶʸʵʪʸʨʳʬʩʹ ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʵʶʵʭʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ
ʪʸʨʼʰʱʻʲʰʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʬʩʰʹʳʰʮʴʰʯ

ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʨ˄ʬʸʨ
˄ʬʸʨ

ʽʨʸʯ ;,,
ʽʨʸʯ ;,,  ʳʵʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ
ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʱ
ʵʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ
ʳ˂ʰʸʬ
ʳ˂ʰʸ
ʳʵ˂ʻʲʵʩʰʹ
ʳʵ˂ʻʲʵʩʰʹ
ʵ˂ʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʵ
ʹʨʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʵ
˂ʴʰʬʸʵ ʴʨˀʸʵʳʰʹ
ʴ  ʫʨ˄ʬʸʨ
ʫʨ˄ʬʸʨ ˄ʰʴ
˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ
˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨ
˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ
ˀʬʸˁʬʻʲ ʯʬʳʨʮʬ
ˀʬʸˁʬʻʲʯʬʳʨʮʬ
ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸˀʬʸˁʬʻʲʰʯʬʳʰʹʯʭʰʹʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʹʫʨʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʹ
ʳʨʹʨʲʨʹ ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹʨʹ ʱʸʰʺʰʱʻʲʹ
ʹʨʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʵʹʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹʱʭʲʬʭʰʹʰʹʺʵʸʰʨʹʫʨʹˆʭ 
x ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʲʬʽʹʰʱʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʬʴ˂ʰʱʲʵ
ʶʬʫʰʵ ʹʺʨʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʸʪʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˂ʴʵʩʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸ
ʴʬʺʰʹ ʫʨ ʨ ˀ  ʪʨʫʨʨʳʵ˄ʳʬʩʹ ˀʬʸˁʬʻʲ ʳʨʹʨʲʨʹ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʱʸʰʺʬʸʰʻʳʰʹʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ˄ʿʨʸʵʹʹʨʴʫʵʵʩʨ
ʨʽʺʻʨʲʻʸʵʩʨʸʬʲʬʭʨʴʺʵʩʨʫʨʨˀ 
x ˀʬʸˁʬʻʲʰ ˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʳʵʱʸʬʩʰʲ ʳʨʹʨʲʨʹ ʰʿʬʴʬʩʹ
ʰʳʵ˄ʳʬʩʹʨˆʫʬʴʹʶʬʸʰʼʸʨʮʰʸʬʩʨʹʳʵʱʲʬʫʪʨʫʳʵʹ˂ʬʳʹ
ʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵ˄ʬʹʬʩʰʹʫʨ˂ʭʰʯ

16
 x ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹ ˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩʮʬ ʳʨʹʨʲʨʮʬ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ ʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨʮʬ ʫʨʿʸʫʴʵʩʰʯ ˁʨʳʵʨʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʹ ʴʨˀʸʵʳʰʹ
˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʵʹʨˆʬʸˆʬʩʬʲʰ
ʼʵʸʳʰʯˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹʪʬʪʳʨʹ
x ʰ˂ʨʭʹʹʨʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʵʴʨˀʸʵʳʰʹʼʵʸʳʨʺʹʹʨʱʭʲʬʭʰʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ
ʳʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʰʹ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ  ʳʰʳʵˆʰʲʭʨ ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ˁʨʺʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʬʿʸʫʴʵʩʨ
ʴʨˀʸʵʳʰʹ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫʰʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ

ʽʨʸʯ;,,
ʽʨʸʯ ;,,  ʳʵʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʸʬʼʬʸʨʺʰʹʫʨ˄ʬʸʨ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʸʬʼʬʸʨʺʰʹʫʨ˄ʬʸʨ
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʸʬʼʬʸʨʺʰʹ
ʸʬʼʬʸʨʺʰʹ ʫʨ˄
ʫʨ˄ʬʸʨ
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʿʨʸʵʹ
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ˄ʿʨʸʵʹʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ˄ʿʨʸʵʹʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ
ʵʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ
ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ˀʬʨʸˁʬʭʹʯʬʳʨʹʯʬʳʬʩʹʸʬʼʬʸʰʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
x ʳʵʰ˃ʰʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲʰ ʱʸʰʺʬʸʰʻʳʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ
ʸʬʼʬʸʨʺʰʹʯʭʰʹˀʬʨʸˁʬʭʹʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ˄ʿʨʸʵʹ
x ˀʬʸˁʬʻʲʰ ˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʳʵʱʸʬʩʹ ʳʨʹʨʲʨʹʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʹ
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʬʿʸʫʴʵʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ
ʸʬʼʬʸʨʺʰ
x ʨʫʪʬʴʹʸʬʼʬʸʨʺʰʹʪʬʪʳʨʹ
x ˄ʬʸʹʸʬʼʬʸʨʺʹˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʼʵʸʳʨʺˀʰ
x ʳʱʨʼʰʵʫ ʳʰʻʯʰʯʬʩʹ ʸʬʼʬʸʨʺʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˀʬʸˁʬʻʲ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ˄ʿʨʸʵʹʫʨʰ˂ʨʭʹˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʹʽʬʳʨʹʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ
ˀʬʹʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʹ ˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩʹ ʪʨʳʵʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ
ʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʪʭʯʨʭʨʮʵʩʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
˂ʨʲʱʬʻʲʰ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ
ʳʬʯʵʫʹʫʨʨˀ
x ʯʨʴʨʳʰʳʫʬʭʸʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʫʳʵʹ˂ʬʳʹ ˂ʨʲʱʬʻʲ ˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩˀʰ
ʪʨˀʻʽʬʩʻʲ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʹ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʬʩʹ ˀʬʨʼʨʹʬʩʹ

17
 ʻʫʨʸʬʩʹʻʶʰʸʰʹʶʰʸʬʩʹʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ˄ʿʨʸʵˀʰ
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʬʩʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ  ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ
ʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʨ  ʨʸ ʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʨ   ʰʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʯʨ
ʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʹ

ʽʨʸʯ
ʽʨʸʯ
ʨʸʯ ;,,
;,, 
 ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʳʵʹ
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰ
ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ
ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰ
ʴʨ˄
˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ
ʨʴʨʲʰʮʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʨ
ʨʴʨʲʰʮʰʹʫʨ˄ʬʸʨ
ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʭʹʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹʱʵʴ˂ʬʶʺʻʨʲʻʸʰʫʬʨʹ
x ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʨʫ ʨˆʬʸˆʬʩʹ ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰ ʺʬʽʹʺʰʹ ʨʴʨʲʰʮʰʹ
ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʬʩʨʹʺʸʻʽʺʻʸʰʸʬʩʨʹ
x ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ ʶʬʸʹʵʴʨʷʬʩʹ ʨʫʨʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʻʶʰʸʰʹʶʰʸʬʩʹ
ʳʨʯ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ  ʽʳʴʰʹ ʶʬʸʹʵʴʨʷʯʨ ʼʹʰʽʵʲʵʪʰʻʸ
ʶʵʸʺʸʬʺʹ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰ ʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ
ʹʨʽ˂ʰʬʲʰʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨʳʹˇʬʲʵʩʨʫʨʨˀ 
x ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʭʹ ʱʵʴʼʲʰʽʺʰʹ ʨʸʹʹ ʫʨ ʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʹ
ʶʬʸʹʵʴʨʷʯʨ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹ  ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨʹ ʨʳ
ʱʵʴʼʲʰʽʺʯʨʴ
x ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʫʳʵʹ˂ʬʳʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹ
ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩˀʰʨʹʨˆʻʲʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʹʨʫʨˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʬʩʮʬ
x ʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʬʩʹ ʺʬʽʹʺʰʹ ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʪʨʳʵʳʹʨˆʭʬʲʵʩʰʯ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʬʩʹ ʪʨʴ˄ʿʵʩʰʹ ʶʬʸʹʵʴʨʷʯʨ ʹʨˆʬʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʽʳʴʨ
ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʹʺʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʬʴʨ ʲʬʽʹʰʹ ʸʰʺʳʰ ʸʰʯʳʨ
ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʬʴʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂
ʽʳʴʰʨʴ ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲ ʬʼʬʽʺʬʩʹ  ʫʨ ʳʹˇʬʲʵʩʹ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ
ˀʬʬʹʨʩʨʳʬʩʨ ʬʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫ
ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʹ
x ʰʿʬʴʬʩʹ ˂ʰʺʨʺʬʩʹ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ
ʨʸʪʻʳʬʴʺʬʩʰʹʫʨʹʨʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʲʨʫ

18
 x ʳʹˇʬʲʵʩʹ ʯʻ ʸʨ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʹ
ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʬʶʵʽʰʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ
ʼʨʹʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹʳʰʳʨʸʯ

ʽʨʸʯ;,,
ʽʨʸʯ ;,,  ʳʵʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ˄ʬʸʰʹʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵʹʺʸʨʺʬʪʰʬʩʰʹ
ʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ˄ʬʸʰʹʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵʹʺʸʨʺʬʪʰʬʩʰʹ
ʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ˄ʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵ
ʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵʹʺʸʨʺʬʪʰʬʩʰʹ
ʹʺʸʨʺʬʪʰʬʩʰ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨ
ˀʬʫʬʪʰʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʨʯʻʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʬ
x ʽʳʴʰʹʪʬʪʳʨʹʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʹʨˆʰʹʺʬʽʹʺʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʸʬʼʬʸʨʺʰ
ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨʨʴʨʲʰʮʰ 
x ʨʪʬʩʹʳʰʮʴʵʩʸʰʭʹʽʬʳʨʹ ʸʨʨʸʰʹˁʬʳʰʳʰʮʨʴʰ"ʸʨʳʨʹʨʲʨʹ
ʪʨʳʵʭʰʿʬʴʬʩ ʳʰʮʴʰʹ ʳʰʹʨʾ˄ʬʭʨʫ" ʸʵʪʵʸʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ˁʬʳʰ
ʴʨ˄ʬʸʰʹ ʼʵʸʳʨʺʰ" ʸʨ ʹʨˆʰʹ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʬʩʰ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ
ˀʬʳʬʽʳʴʨʹʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹʨʹʫʨʸʵʪʵʸˀʬʭ˃ʲʬʩʳʨʯʫʨ˃ʲʬʭʨʹ" 
x ˄ʬʸʹ ʴʨˀʸʵʳʰʹ ˀʨʭ ʭʨʸʰʨʴʺʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʫʨʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʹ
ʴʨ˄ʬʸʹ
x ʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʹ ʴʨ˄ʬʸʹ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʹʨʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʵ ʬʴʰʹ
ʴʵʸʳʬʩʰʹʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ

19
 ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵʹʨʼʬˆʻʸʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵʹʨʼʬˆʻʸʰʹ
ˀʻʨʲʵʹʨʼʬˆʻʸʰ ;;,,ʱʲʨʹʬʩʰʹ
;;,, ʱʲʨʹʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʨ

ʽʭʬʳʵʯ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰˁʨʳʵʴʨʯʭʨʲʰˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ
ʽʭʬʳʵʯ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰˁʨʳʵʴʨʯʭʨʲʰˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ
ʽʭʬʳʵʯ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ˁʨʳʵʴʨʯʭʨʲʰ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴ
ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵʹʨʼʬˆʻʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʪʨʴʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰʳʯʲʰʨʴʰ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵʹʨʼʬˆʻʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʪʨʴʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰʳʯʲʰʨ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵʹʨʼʬˆʻʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ˀʻʨʲʵ ʹʨʼʬˆʻʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰ ʳʯʲʰʨʴʰ
ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹʶʸʵ˂ʬʴʺʹ
ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ
ʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹʶʸʵ˂ʬʴʺʹ
 ʶʸʵ˂ʬʴʺʹ

 ʰʨʱʵʩ˂ʻʸʺʨʭʬʲʰ
ʰʨʱʵʩ ˂ʻʸʺʨʭʬʲʰ Äˀʻˀʨʴʰʱʰʹ˄ʨʳʬʩʨ´
 ʰʵʭʨʴʬ ʹʨʩʨʴʰʹ˃ʬÄʨʩʵʹ˄ʨʳʬʩʨ´
ʰʵʭʨʴʬʹʨʩʨʴʰʹ˃ʬ
 ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʬʸˁʻʲʬ  Äʪʸʰʪʵʲ ˆʨʴ˃ʯʬʲʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ³ 
ʪʰʵʸʪʰ
ʬʶʰʮʵʫʰʪʸʰʪʵʲʰʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹʨʹʻʲʰʬʸʵʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬʵʩʰʹ
ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʨʳʫʬʮʬʴʵʴʰʹʬʶʰʮʵʫʰʪʸʰʪʵʲʰʫʨʪʨʩʸʰʬʲ
ʫʨʼʨʴˁʻʲʰʪʸʰʪʵʲʰʹʨʫʨʨˀʵʺʱʻʸʨʶʨʲʨʺʰʹʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ˀʬˆʭʬʫʸʨ  ʹʨʩʨ ʰˀˆʴʬʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʩʨʪʸʨʺ ʱʻʸʨʶʨʲʨʺʰʹ
ʫʰʨʲʵʪʰ  ʪʸʰʪʵʲʰ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ 
ʪʸʰʪʵʲʰʹ ˀʬˆʭʬʫʸʨ ʫʬʫʨʹʯʨʴ  ˇʨʭʨˆʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ
ʱʸʬʩʨ  ʬʼʸʬʳ ʳʨ˄ʿʭʬʸʬʲʰʹ ʾʭʨ˄ʲʰ  ʸʵʳʨʴʻʲʰ
ʬʶʰʮʵʫʬʩʰ ʨˀʵʺʰ ʨʫʨʸʴʬʸʹʬ   ˂ʽʰʸʰʹ ʬʶʰʮʵʫʰ 
ʪʸʰʪʵʲʰʹʨʾʹʨʹʸʻʲʰ
 ˀʵʯʨ ʸʻʹʯʨʭʬʲʰ  Äʭʬʼˆʰʹʺʿʨʵʹʨʴʰ³ Äʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʰʹʰʫʨʴ³
ˀʵʯʨ
Äʺʨʸʰʬʲʰʹʯʨʯʩʰʸʰʹ³ˁʨʯʭʲʰʯÄʫʨʹʨʹʸʻʲʰ³
 ʹʻʲˆʨʴʹʨʩʨ
ʹʻʲˆʨʴʹʨʩʨ
ʲˆʨʴʹʨʩʨ ʵʸʩʬʲʰʨʴʰ
ʵʸʩʬʲʰʨʴʰ  Ä˄ʰʪʴʰ ʹʰʩʸ˃ʴʬ ʹʰ˂ʸʻʰʹʨ³
ʲʬʵʴʰʹʯʨʭʪʨʫʨʹʨʭʨʲʰʰʪʨʭʨʸʨʱʬʩʰÄʳʬʼʬˆʵʸʨʹʨʴʰʹʨ³
Ä˃ʻʴ˄ʰʫʰʫʭʨ˅ʨʸʰ¶¶ʻʪʻʴʻʸʰʳ˂ʻʸʨʭʰ³ʹʨʳʴʰʩʸʳʨʴʰ³
Äʳʬʼʻʴʫʻʱʬʫʨʫʰʫʭʨ˅ʨʸʰ³
 ʫʨʭʰʯ ʪʻʸʨʳʰˀʭʰʲʰ
ʫʨʭʰʯ ʪʻʸʨʳʰˀʭʰʲʰ  Äʫʨʭʰʯʰʨʴʰ³ ʽʨʸʯʲʰʹ ˅ʰʸʰ³
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʴʨʸʨʺʰʭʰ  ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨ˄ʻʯʸʵʹ ˂ʰʲʵʩʨ³
Äʭʨʰ ʸʨ ʱʨʸʪʰ ʹʨˁʰʴʵ³ Äʹʨˆʰʯ ʹʰʺʿʭʨˀʻʬʴʰʬʸʵ³
Äʹʨ˄ʻʯʸʵʹʵʼʲʰʹʹʨʳʫʻʸʨʭʰ³

20
 ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ˅ʨʭ˅ʨʭʨ˃ʬÄʪʵʪˁʨ³
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ˅ʨʭ˅ʨʭʨ˃ʬ
 ʪʸʰʪʵʲ
ʪʸʰʪʵʲ ʵʲ ʵʸʩʬʲʰʨʴʰ
ʵʸʩʬʲʰʨʴ  Äʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʹʨˆʬ ʩʬʯʨʴʰʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ³Äʹʨʾʨʳʵʪʨʳʵʹʨʲʳʬʩʰʹʨ³Äʶʨʹʻˆʰˀʭʰʲʯʨ³
 ʴʰʱʵʲʵʮ
ʴʰʱʵʲʵʮ ʵʮ ʩʨʸʨʯʨˀʭʰʲʰ
ʩʨʸʨʯʨˀʭʰʲʰ  Äʳʬʸʨʴʰ´ Äˀʬʳʵʾʨʳʬʩʨ
ʳʯʨ˄ʳʰʴʫʨʮʬʫ³Ĉʳʨʰʫʻʳʨʲʰ³Äʹʻʲʵʩʵʸʵʺʵ³Äʭʶʵʭʬ
ʺʨ˃ʨʸʰ³
 ʰʲʰʨ ˅ʨʭ˅ʨʭʨ˃ʬ Äʳʪʮʨʭʸʰʹ˄ʬʸʰʲʬʩʰ³Äʱʨ˂ʰʨʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰ"³
ʰʲʰʨ˅ʨʭ˅ʨʭʨ˃ʬ
Äʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ³ Äʵʯʨʸʨʨʴʯ ʽʭʸʰʭʰ³ Äʪʨʴʫʬʪʰʲʰ³
Äʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʰʬʸʰ³Äʵʸʰʵʫʬʹʰʺʿʭʨ³ ʳʰʯʰʯʬʩʻʲʰʹʨˆʰʯ 
Äʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰʸʨʳ³ ʳʰʯʰʯʬʩʻʲʰʹʨˆʰʯ 
 ʨʱʨʱʰ ˄ʬʸʬʯʬʲʰ
ʨʱʨʱʰ ˄ʬʸʬʯʬʲʰ  Äʪʨʳʮʸʫʬʲʰ´ Äʽʬʩʨʯʨ ʽʬʩʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʳʨʴ
ʹʭʨʴʾʭʰʴʵ Äʨʾʳʨʸʯʨʾʳʨʸʯ´
 ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʿʨʮʩʬʪʰ
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ
ʴʫʸʬʿʨʮʩʬʪʰ
ʿʨʮʩʬʪʰĈʬʭʰʹʩʬʸʰʪʵˁʨ´
 ʭʨʷʨʼˀʨʭʬʲʨ  Äʨʲʻʫʨ ʽʬʯʬʲʨʻʸʰ´ Äʹʺʻʳʨʸ
ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʬʲʰ´ Äʩʨˆʺʸʰʵʴʰ´ Äʸʨʳ ˀʬʳʽʳʴʨ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʨʫ´
Äʱʸʰʺʰʱʨ ʩ ʰʶ ʭʨʸʯʨʪʨʭʨʹʰ´ ʳʰʯʰʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨˆʰʯ 
Äʱʵʹʳʵʶʵʲʰʺʰʮʳʰ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʸʰʵʺʰʮʳʰ´ ʳʰʯʰʯʬʩʻʲʰ
ʹʨˆʰʯ 
 ʫʨʭʰʯʱʲʫʰʨˀʭʰʲʰ
ʫʨʭʰʯ ʱʲʫʰʨˀʭʰʲʰ Äʹʨʳʨʴʰˀʭʰʲʰʹʫʬʫʰʴʨ˂ʭʨʲʰ´
 ʳʰˆʬʰʲˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ
ʳʰˆʬʰʲ ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ ġʨʿʵʹˆʰʮʴʬʩʰ´
 ʴʰʱʵ ʲʵʸʯʽʰʼʨʴ
ʴʰʱʵʲʵʸʯʽʰʼʨʴʰ˃ʬ
ʴʰʱʵʲʵʸʯʽʰʼʨʴʰ˃ʬÄˀʬʲʵ˂ʭʨʸʨʫʰʵʯʰ´
 ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬʪʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʫʰʨ
ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ
ʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬʪʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʫʰʨ
ʪʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʫʰʨ Äʫʰʫʵʹʺʨʺʰʹʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ´
 ʶʵʲʰʱʨʸʶʬʱʨʱʨʩʨ˃ʬ
ʶʵʲʰʱʨʸʶʬ ʱʨʱʨʩʨ˃
ʱʨʱʨʩʨ˃ʬÄʿʭʨʸʿʭʨʸʬʯʻʯʨʩʬʸʰ³ ,ʫʨ,9ʳʵʽʳ 
 ʪʨʲʨʱʺʰʵʴ ʺʨʩʰ˃ʬ
ʪʨʲʨʱʺʰʵʴ ʺʨʩʰ˃ʬ  Äʯʵʭʲʰ³ Äʹʰʲʨʷʭʨʸʫʬ ʨʴʻ ʭʨʸʫʰ
ʹʰʲʨˀʰ³Äʳˀʵʩʲʰʻʸʰʬʼʬʳʬʸʨ³Äˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨ³Äʳʬʫʨʾʨʳʬ³
Äʳʯʨ˄ʳʰʴʫʰʹʳʯʭʨʸʬ³Äʽʬʩʨʯʨʽʬʩʨʴʰʱʵʸ˄ʳʰʴʫʨʹ³
 ʺʰ˂ʰʨʴ ʺʨʩʰ˃ʬ Äʲʬʽʹʰʳʬ˄ʿʬʸʰ³Äʨʴʨʴʻʸʯʨʴ³Äʶʵʬʮʰʨ³
ʺʰ˂ʰʨʴʺʨʩʰ˃ʬ
 ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʲʬʵʴʰ˃ʬ Äʿʰʭˁʨʾʰʹʶʨʬʳʨʴʰ³Äʴʰʴʵ˄ʳʰʴʫʰʹʾʨʳʬ³
ʪʰʵʸʪʰʲʬʵʴʰ˃ʬ
 ʪʻʸʨʳʸˁʬʻʲʰˀʭʰʲʰ
ʪʻʸʨʳ ʨʳʸˁʬʻʲʰˀʭʰʲʰ
ʸˁʬʻʲʰˀʭʰʲʰ Äʨʲʨʭʬʸʫʵʩʨ³
 ʨʴʨ ʱʨʲʨʴʫʨ˃ʬ
ʨʴʨ ʱʨʲʨʴʫʨ˃ʬ  Äʳʱʭʫʨʸʯʨ ʳʮʬ ʭʨʸ³ ʵʸʰ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʵʸʰ
ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʫʭʫʪʬʭʨʸ 

21
 ʪʻʸʨʳ
ʪʻʸʨʳ
ʻʸʨʳ ʫʵˁʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ
ʫʵˁʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ  Äʱʨ˂ʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʨ
˃ʲʰʬʸʻʿʭʨʸʫʨ³
 ˇʬʳʨʲ ʽʨʸˁˆʨ˃ʬÄʰʪʰ³
ˇʬʳʨʲʽʨʸˁˆʨ˃ʬ

rogorc aRvniSneT, XII klasis saxelmZRvaneloSi

Sesulia XX saukunis literatura, Zveli qarTuli
mwerloba da XIX saukunis mwerloba Cven, Sesabamisad, X
da XI klasis saxelmZRvaneloebSi gvaqvs warmodgenili.

22
 saxelmZRvanelos Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan
Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka

sw
swavlebiss Sina-
S n swavlebis
sw s s sw
saswavlo drois
s esg
s -s s Sesabami-
S s m
arsi (teqstebi) mizani xangrZlivoba si Sedegebi
I Tavi. garkveuli epoqis mxatvruli 8 akademiuri XII. 5,
vemSvidobebiT teqstis gaanalizebisa da masSi saaTi 8,9,10,11,13,14
XIX saukunes asaxuli informaciis, Temebis,
ideebis da problematikis
daviT kldiaSvili gaazreba.
`samaniSvilis
dedinacvali~ mxatvruli enis sxvadasxva
aspeqtis gaanalizeba.

kritikuli azrovnebisa da
msjelobis unaris ganviTareba.

sakuTari azris werilobiT

gamoTqmis unaris ganviTareba.

23
 sw
swavlebiss Sina-
S n swavlebis
sw s mizani
m z n s sw
saswavlo drois
s esg-s
sSSesaba-
s

24
arsi (teqstebi) xangrZlivoba misi Sedegebi
II Tavi. istoriuli da literaturuli 12 akademiuri
axali epoqa konteqstis gaazreba; konkre- saaTi XII. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
daiwyo tuli teqstis saerTo 6, 7, 8,
tician tabiZe _ literaturul da 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
`wignidan qaldeas istoriul konteqstSi 14
qalaqebi~, gaazrebis unar-Cvevis
`valerian gafrin-
ganviTareba;
daSvils~, `leqsi
kritikuli azrovnebisa
mewyeri~, `maS,
da msjelobis unaris
gamarjveba~,
ganviTareba;
`ananurTan~.
paolo iaSvili _ sakuTari azris werilobiT
`piramidebSi~, gamoTqmis unaris ganviTareba;
`werili dedas~, kvleva-Ziebisa da jgufuri
`poezia~. muSaobis unar-Cvevebis ganvi-
valerian afrinda- Tareba.
Svili _`yru
soneti~,
`gaseirneba taSis-
karSi~.
ka rSi .
 sw
swavlebiss Sina-
S n swavlebis
sw s mizani
m z n s sw
saswavlo drois
s esg
s -s s
arsi (teqstebi) xangrZlivoba Sesabamisi
Sedegebi
III Tavi. mxatvruli teqstis interpre- XII. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
mZafri qartexili taciis unaris ganviTareba; 6, 7, 8,
da sami arCevani teqstis istoriul da 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
literaturul 14
leo qiaCeli _ konteqstTan dakavSireba; 7 akademiuri saaTi
`haki aZba~. teqstebis SedarebiTi
analizis unaris ganviTareba;
niko Teoriuli codnis
lorTqifaniZe gamoyeneba nawarmoebis 7 akademiuri saaTi
`Selocva interpretaciis
radioTi~. dros; msjelobisa da
kritikuli azrovnebis unaris 18 akademiuri
mixeil javxiSvili ganviTareba; weris unaris gan- saaTi
`jayos xiznebi~ viTareba (mxatvruli
nawarmoebis analizi);
nawarmoebis enis analizis
unaris ganviTareba.

25
 sw
swavlebis s Sina
S n arsi swavlebis
sw s mizani
m z n s sw
saswavlo drois
s esg-s sSSesaba-
s

26
(teqstebi) xangrZlivoba misi Sedegebi
IV Tavi. istoriul Temaze Seqmnili XII. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
gza xsnisa nawarmoebis interpretacia 25 akademiuri 6, 7, 8,
konstantine gamsa- Tanamedrove konteqstis saaTi 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
xurdia _ gaTvaliswinebiT; 14
`didostatis mar- sxvisi azris kritikuli
jvena~; analizis unaris ganviTareba; 6 akademiuri
polikarpe kakabaZe
nawarmoebis enobrivi saaTi
`yvaryvare TuTabe-
elementebis analizis unaris
ri~;
ganviTareba; weris unaris
galaktion
ganviTareba; kvleva-Ziebisa da 9 akademiuri
tabiZe _ `me da
Rame~, `Serigeba~, jgufuri saaTi
`mTawmindis muSaobis unaris ganviTareba;
mTvare~, `Tovli~, dramatuli Janris
`silaJvarde anu nawarmoebis interpretireba
vardi silaSi~, saerTo istoriul-
`mSobliuri efeme- literaturul konteqstSi;
ra~, `qebaTa qeba teqstebis SedarebiTi
nikorwmindas~; analizis unaris ganviTareba;
 sw
swavlebis
s Sina
S n arsi swavlebis
sw s mizani
m z n s sw
saswavlo drois
s esg-s
(teqstebi) xangrZlivoba Sesabamisi
Sedegebi
giorgi leoniZe _ nawarmoebis xalxuri wyaroebis 3 akademiuri
`ninowmindis Rame~, interpretaciis unaris gan- saaTi
`yivCaRis paemani~; viTareba;
Teoriuli codnis gamoyenebis 1 akademiuri
ana kalandaZe _ unaris ganviTareba nawarmoebis saaTi
`mkvdarTa mze interpretaciis dros;
var...~ enobrivad da struqturulad
guram rTuli teqstebis analizis 5 akademiuri
rCeuliSvili _ unaris ganviTareba; saaTi
`alaverdoba~; leqsis analizis unaris ganviTa- 5 akademiuri
jemal qarzCxaZe _ reba; zepiri metyvelebisa da saaTi
`igi~; mxatvruli kiTxvis unarebis
guram doCanaSvili ganviTareba. 7 akademiuri
_ `kaci, romelsac saaTi
literatura Zlier
uyvarda~.

27
 saswavlo masalis wardgenis
fazebi da gakveTilis dagegmvis
zogadi principebi

meTodikaSi cnobilia saswavlo masalis wardgenis

Semdegi etapebi anu fazebi:
a. motivacia;
b. sakiTxis dasma, amocanis gansazRvra;
g. ZiriTadi saswavlo masalis damuSaveba;
d. ZiriTadi masalis gacnobis Semdeg (an
paralelurad) Sesasrulebeli savarjiSoebi;
e. damagvirgvinebel etapze Sesasrulebeli
savarjiSoebi;
v. damoukidebeli samuSao.

Cven vcdilobdiT TiToeuli paragrafi swored

am principze agvego, rac naTlad Cans paragrafis
struqturidan. maswavlebelma unda dayos paragrafi
gakveTilis xangrZlivobis Sesatyvis monakveTebad da
gansazRvros TiToeuli konkretuli gakveTilis mizani da
aqtivobebi.
gTavazobT gakveTilis dagegmvis zogad principebs:
gakveTilis dagegmvisas maswavlebelma sami kiTxva unda
dausvas sakuTar Tavs:
1. ra Sedegs veli am gakveTilisgan? anu
ra codna da unar-Cvevebi unda SeiZinon
(ganaviTaron) moswavleebma?
2. rogor unda miviRo sasurveli Sedegi?
3. rogor gavigo, rom Sedegi miviRe?
pasuxi pirvel kiTxvaze aris gakveTilis mizani;
meore kiTxva gakveTilze Sesasrulebeli aqtivobebis

28
dagegmvaSi dagvexmareba; mesame kiTxva ki Sefasebis
formebis gansazRvrisTvis aris saWiro.
amave etapze unda gansazRvros maswavlebelma
dagegmili aqtivobebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiro
aucilebeli pirobebi, anu ra unda icodnen moswavlebma,
rom dasaxuli amocanis Sesruleba SeZlon (sWirdebaT
Tu ara maT winaswar garkveuli sakiTxebis damuSaveba an
informaciis moZieba da sxv.).
sasurvelia, maswavlebelma winaswar gansazRvros
agreTve, ra masala dasWirdeba mas gakveTilis Casatareblad
(wignebi, citatebi, TvalsaCinoeba...).
amis Semdeg ukve SesaZlebelia gakveTilis aRwera.
sanimuSod gTavazobT gakveTilis scenars.

29
 gakveTilis gegma

(es Tema gaTvaliswinebulia dawyvilebuli

gakveTilisTvis)

gakveTilis Tema
guram rCeuliSvilis `alaverdobis~ mixedviT
gadaRebuli giorgi Sengelaias filmi da moTxroba
`alaverdoba~.

gakveTilis mizani
x teqstis interpretaciis unaris ganviTareba;
x msjelobis unaris ganviTareba;
x detalebze dakvirvebis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba;
x multimediuri teqstis wakiTxvis unaris ganviTareba;
x weris unaris ganviTareba.

aqtivobebi
x mwerlis saTqmelis amocnoba mxatvrul teqstSi;
x filmisa da mxatvruli teqstis Sedareba-
Sepirispireba;
x msjelobis tipis teqstis Seqmna .

saWiro resursi
saxelmZRvanelo;
giorgi Sengelaias filmi `alaverdoba~.

Sefasebis forma
maswavleblis dakvirveba moswavleTa aqtivobaze.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba.

30
gakveTilis msvleloba
x maswavlebeli saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli
kiTxvebis saSualebiT Seajamebs guram rCeuliSvilis
moTxrobas, kidev erTxel gaamaxvilebinebs
moswavleebs yuradRebas mwerlis saTqmelze.
(10 wuTi)

x maswavlebeli amcnobs moswavleebs, rom am

moTxrobis mixedviT giorgi Sengelaiam gadaiRo
filmi, romelsac axla erTad naxaven. filmis
dawyebamde maswavlebeli klass aZlevs instruqcias:
yuradRebiT uyuron films, raTa Semdgom imsjelon,
ramdenad moaxerxa reJisorma kinos enis saSualebiT
gadmoeca mwerlis saTqmeli.
(50 wuTi)

x filmis dasrulebis Semdeg (detalebze yuradRebis

gamaxvilebamde) maswavlebeli dainteresdeba
filmiT miRebuli STabeWdilebis Sesaxeb. Semdgom
klass hkiTxavs, gauCndaT Tu ara kiTxvebi filmTan
dakavSirebiT.
(5 wuTi)

x maswavlebeli detalebze daakvirvebs moswavleebs,

klasi Seecdeba ipovos Semxvedri an gansxvavebuli
detalebi teqstsa da films Soris (sasurvelia,
maswavlebelma saWiro momentebi Tavidan aCvenos
moswavleebs, raTa adekvaturi pasuxebi miiRos,
aseve ganuviTaros maT filmis aRqmisa da detalebze
dakvirvebis unari). maswavlebeli, savaraudod, svams
Semdeg kiTxvebs:

31
 1. rogor iwyeba filmi?
2. teqstSi mocemuli `ucnauri gadasvla~ filmis
dasawyisSia gadatanili (01.56-2.07). ratom gadawyvi-
ta amgvarad reJisorma?
3. daakvirdiT, ra detalebia filmSi gamoyenebuli
teqstidan alaverdobis dasawyisis aRweridan.
sad Cans mxolod kadrebi da sad `exmareba~ teqsti
(mTxrobeli) warmodgenilis aRqmas?
4. filmis 14.17-14.36 wuTze biWisa da gogos cekvaa
naCvenebi. moZebneT teqstSi ra aris naTqvami am
cekvaze. rogor aisaxa igi filmSi?
5. filmis me-15 wuTze TviTon gurami Cndeba msxvili
planiT, ras gamoxatavs misi saxe? ipoveT teqstSi
Sesabamisi adgili.
6. 21. 52. _ ratom ukravs gurami taSs umusiko
mocekvaveebs? gaixseneT teqstidan, ra iyo
personaJis mizani?
7. 25.45 _ daakvirdiT musikas. ris molodins qmnis igi?
8. 26. 14-15 _ filmSi Cans gurami msxvili planiT.
mTxrobeli gviambobs: `Zneli xdeba CemTvis yvelafer
amis atana, SeuCerebliv davdivar xalxSi, sxvebiviT
vsvam Rvinos, iqneb maSin mainc davinaxo is raRac,
rasac isini xedaven_ imediani, Cemi aq Camosvlis
gammarTlebeli~.
daakvirdiT, aris Tu ara saWiroeba filmSi am
teqstisa? imsjeleT klasSi.
9. 27.53 _ raze SeiZleba saubrobdnen gurami da
moxuci?

32
 10. 32. _ ra mizniT axsna cxeni guramma? aris Tu ara
teqstSi es faqti aRniSnuli?
11. 38.15-39.06._ guramis devnas Tavi daanebes. ra xdeba
taZris ezoSi?
12. 44.40 _ raze migvaniSnebs musika? ra suraTs gasdevs
fonad igi? sevdiania Tu imedismomcemi?
13. rogor fiqrobT, filmma zustad gaimeora mxatvruli
teqsti, Tu reJisorma gansxvavebuli detalebiT
sakuTari saTqmelic gamoxata?
(25 wuTi)

saSinao davaleba
x amgvari muSaobis Semdeg, radgan gakveTilze aRar
moeswreba, SesaZlebelia, saSinao davalebad mieceT
msjelobis tipis teqstis dawera, anu werilobiT
upasuxon kiTxvas: rogor gadmosca kinos enam
mwerlis saTqmeli moTxrobaSi.

33
 Sefasebis sistema, formebi,
rekomendaciebi

Sefaseba swavla/swavlebis procesis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani nawilia. saswavlo gegmis mixedviT
dadgenilia ori tipis Sefaseba: ganmaviTarebeli da
ganmsazRvreli.
ganmaviTarebel Sefasebas (romelic Tavis TavSi
moicavs TviTSefasebasac) maswavlebeli iyenebs swavlis
xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad, moswavlis ganviTarebis
uzrunvelsayofad. es swavlebis procesis mimdinareobisas
miRweulis Sefasebaa, magaliTad, raime Temis/teqstis
Seswavlis procesi, saSinao davalebis, proeqtis romelime
etapis an gakveTilze CarTulobis Sefasebaa. amgvari
Sefasebisas moswavle maswavleblisgan iRebs iseT
informacias, romelic mas ganviTarebasa da sakuTari
swavlis gacnobierebaSi exmareba, amdenad, Sefasebis
amgvari forma ufro metad urTierTanamSromlobiTia,
vidre ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba, aqedan gamomdinare,
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebisas maswavlebeli qulas ar
wers, igi mowafes aZlevs rCvas, rekomedacias, uCvenebs
problemaTa gadaWris gzebs, daafiqrebs sakuTari
azrovnebis procesze da a.S.
TviTSefaseba da urTierTSefaseba moswavleTa
Sefasebis mniSvnelovani komponentia. moswavleebma
SeiZleba Seafason sakuTari Tavica da Tanatolic.
TviTSefaseba mniSvnelovan informacias iZleva imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeuZlia moswavles Tvali adevnos
sakuTar progress. Sefasebis am formis xSirad gamoyeneba
moswavles sakuTari codnis obieqtur Sefasebas aswavlis
da damoukideblad swavlisa da TviTkritikis unars

34
uviTarebs. igi metad mniSvnelovania maswavleblisTvisac,
romelic met informacias agrovebs mowafeebis Sesaxeb da
ufro metad SeuZlia daexmaros maT.

ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba ki moswavleTa miRwevebsa

da dones gansazRvravs saswavlo gegmasa da saswavlo
miznebTan SesabamisobaSi. ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba Sedegzea
orientirebuli, amdenad qulis dawera savaldebulo
moTxovnaa. ganmsazRvreli Sefasebisas maswavlebeli
iyenebs sxvadasxva Semajamebel aqtivobas: prezentacias,
proeqtis ganxilvas, tests, sakontrolo weras da a.S.
ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba qulis saxiTaa mocemuli, romelic
gansazRvravs mowafis dones, Sesabamisad, mas SeiZleba
ar axldes Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad komentarebi an
rekomendaciebi.

35
 sarekomendacio literatura
maswavleblebisaTvis

1. abulaZe mirian, literaturul mimdinareobaTa

istoriidan meoce saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi, Tb.,
1977.
2. abramiSvili eliso, niko lorTqifaniZe, Tb., 1977.
3. avaliani lali, daviT kldiaSvilis bednieri Tvali,
Tb., 2005.
4. avaliani lali, ` XX saukunis 10-20-iani wlebis
qarTuli saliteraturo dajgufebebi, kreb.,
qarTuli ena da literatura V, XX saukunis qarTuli
literatura, Tb., 2009.
5. avaliani lali, `paolo iaSvili 1921 wlidan 1937
wlamde~, kreb., qarTuli ena da literatura V, XX
saukunis qarTuli literatura, Tb., 2009.
6. ana, gamobrwyindi miuRwevelo, poezia, werilebi,
mogonebebi, Tb., 2009.
7. asaTiani guram, `saukunis poetebi~, Tb., 1988.
8. bardaveliZe beJan, daviT kldiaSvilis mxatvruli
proza, Tb., 1980.
9. barnovi guram, nacarqeqiadan yvaryvaremde~, kreb.,
qarTuli ena da literatura V, XX saukunis qarTuli
literatura, Tb., 2009.
10. baqraZe akaki, `mouxmarebeli anu tragikuli
Tavisufleba~, Txzulebani, t. III, Tb., 2004
11. baqraZe akaki, `masala da moTxroba~, Txzulebani, t.
III.
12. baqraZe akaki, `Tvinierebis uarmyofeli~, Txzulbani,
t. III.

36
13. baqraZe akaki, `gadarCena~, Sesavali, Txzulebani, t.III.
14. baqraZe akaki, `yvaryvare~, kreb., qarTuli ena da
literatura V, XX saukunis qarTuli literatura,
Tb., 2009.
15. gafrindaSvili valerian, leqsebi, Targmanebi,
eseebi, werilebi, Tb., 1990.
16. kakabaZe manana, `yvaryvare TuTaberis Seqmna~, kreb.,
qarTuli ena da literatura V, XX saukunis qarTuli
literatura, Tb., 2009.
17. kvaWantiraZe Tamaz, `xmaZaliani~, kreb., qarTuli ena
da literatura V, XX saukunis qarTuli literatura,
Tb., 2009.
18. kvitaiSvili emzar, `giorgi leoniZis lirika~, kreb.,
qarTuli ena da literatura V, XX saukunis qarTuli
literatura, Tb., 2009.
19. kldiaSvili daviT, Cemi cxovrebis gzaze, baTumi,
1984.
20. literaturuli Jurnalebi 1910-1920-iani wlebi,
literaturis muzeumis gamocema, I, II, Tb., 2011.
21. nakudaSvili nino, `galaktion tabiZis erTi leqsis _
`silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi~- analizi, kreb., leqsi,
mxolod erTi leqsi, Tb., 1995.
22. tabiZe nino, ticiani da misi megobrebi, Tb., 1985
23. qiqoZe geronti, `paolo iaSvili~, kreb., werilebi,
eseebi, narkvevebi, Tb.,1985.
24. RvinefaZe nana, Saravandedi, maro mayaSvili, Tb., 2009.
25. Ciqovani simon, `niko lorTqifaniZe~, kreb.,
qarTuli ena da literatura V, XX saukunis qarTuli
literatura, Tb., 2009.
26. CxartiSvili revaz, qarTuli saliteraturo
kritikis uaxlesi istoriidan, Tb., 1993.

37
27. CxeiZe nodar, `ana kalandaZe~, kreb., qarTuli ena da
literatura V, XX saukunis qarTuli literatura,
Tb., 2009.
28. Cxenkeli Tamaz,` valerian gafrindaSvilis leqsebi~,
kreb., qarTuli ena da literatura V, XX saukunis
qarTuli literatura, Tb., 2009.
29. caiSvili sargis, `giorgi leoniZe, yivCaRis paemani~,
kreb., leqsi, mxolod erTi leqsi, Tb., 1995.
30. canava rusudan, `miTis ena jemal qarCxaZis
moTxrobaSi `igi~, kreb., qarTuli ena da literatura
V, XX saukunis qarTuli literatura, Tb., 2009.
31. werediani daviT, `musika upirveles yovlisa~, kreb.,
qarTuli ena da literatura V, XX saukunis qarTuli
literatura, Tb., 2009.
32. xinTibiZe akaki, galaktioni Tu cisferyanwelebi, Tb.,
1992;
33. xinTibiZe akaki, `qarTuli leqsi~, Tb., 2003.
34. xinTibiZe akaki, `me da Rame~, kreb., `galaktioni _ 15
leqsi da erTi poema~, Tb., 2003.
35. xinTibiZe akaki, `efemerebis erovnuli dakonkreteba
(`mSobliuri efemera~), kreb., `galaktioni _ 15 leqsi
da erTi poema~, Tb., 2003.
36. javaxaZe vaxtang, ucnobi, Tb., 2007.
37. javaxiSvili qeTevan, mogonebani mamaze, Tb., 2000.
38. javaxiSvili rusudan, mixeil javaxiSvili,
ilustrirebuli biografiebi 4, Tb., 2010.
39. jorbenaZe besarion, `poeziis ena~, Tb., 1999.
40. joxaZe maka, `g. rCeuliSvili _ ormocdaaTi wlis
Wabuki~, kreb., qarTuli ena da literatura V, XX
saukunis qarTuli literatura, Tb., 2009.

38
danarTi
danarTis saxiT gTavazobT informacias modernistuli
literaturuli mimdinareobebis Sesaxeb (`impresionizmi~,
`simbolizmi~, `futurizmi~), rac uTuod SegiwyobT xels
gasuli saukunis dasawyisis literaturuli procesebis
gaazrebaSi.

impresionizmi

impresionizmi erT-erTi wamyvani mimdinareobaa

XIX saukunis bolo mesamedisa da XX saukunis daswyisis
xelovnebaSi. misi samSoblo safrangeTia da termini
`impresionizmic~ franguli sityvidan `impresion~ iRebs
saTaves, rac qarTulad `STabeWdilebas~ niSnavs.
impresionizmi, romelic naturalizmis wiaRSi
aRmocenda da SemdgomSi simbolizmis tramplinad gadaiqca,
literaturaSi wminda saxiT iSviaTi movlenaa, magram Tavisi
xanmokle arsebobis miuxedavad, man sakmaod Rrma kvali
datova sityvier xelovnebaSi.
impresionizms, rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
meTods, pirvelad ferweram miagno. Semdeg ki xelovnebis
TiTqmis yvela dargma gaiTavisa. iSviaTia mxatvruli
meTodi, romelic ase radikalurad cvlides Semoqmedis
damokidebulebas tradiciebisadmi. amitom iyo, rom
impresionistebi asparezze gamosvlisTanave SerisxulTa
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. parizis oficialurma
salonma ar miiRo maTi namuSevrebi da isini iZulebulni
gaxdnen, oficialuri salonis gverdiT sakuTari saloni
gaexsnaT, sadac 1874 wels, impresionist mxatvarTa pirvel

39
gamofenaze, warmodgenili iyo klod mones ferweruli
tilo `mzis amosvla havrSi. STabeWdileba~. swored am
namuSevris gavleniT gamoiyena erTma kritikosma mones
irgvliv dajgufebuli mxatvrebis misamarTiT termini
`impresionistebi~, romelic SemdgomSi Tavad am mxatvrebmac
uyoymanod miiRes.
mainc ra iyo iseTi impresionistTa mxatvrobaSi, ramac,
maSindeli presis mixedviT, didi miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia
parizis xelovanTa wreSi da daabnia akademiur mxatvrobas
TvalmiCveuli mnaxveli?
impresionistebma Tamamad da mourideblad daarRvies
akademiuri mxatvrobis tradiciebi. impresionistuli
ferwera dafuZnebuli iyo ara winaswar dasaxuli
amocanis (Temis, ideis, siuJetis) gadawyvetaze, aramed
mxatvris gancdebis, grZnobebis, STabeWdilebebis
uSualo fiqsaciaze. kamil pisaro werda, me vxatav, rasac
axla vgrZnobo. impresionistTa mxatvruli amocana
iyo myisieri STabeWdilebis, mSvenieri wamis daWera.
maT uaryves siuJeti tradiciuli gagebiT. maTTvis
tiloze mTavari iyo ara naxati, xazi, obieqti, aramed
misi STanmTqmeli atmosfero, ferTa usasrulo vibracia.
sagani fiqsirdeboda TiTqos SemTxveviT da wamierad
daWeril StrixebSi. impresionistebi Tvlidnen, rom
siuJetis, `TxrobiTobis~ uaryofa maT saSualebas aZlevda,
yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT wminda ferwerul amocanebze _
ferTa Sexamebaze, Suq-CrdilTa efeqtebze. cnobilia, rom
isini ramdenjerme ubrundebodnen erTi da imave motivs.
1891 wels klod monem Seqmna ferweruli tilo `Tivis zvini
mzis Casvlisas~, romelsac mohyva namuSevarTa mTeli seria,
romelSic gamosaxuli iyo igive Tivis zvini dRis sxvadasxva
monakveTSi. am tiloebze mxatvarma mogvca ferisa da formis

40
usasrulo varireba erTsa da imave motivSi ganaTebis,
amindis, sakuTari ganwyobis cvalebadobaTa mixedviT.
impresionistTa teqnika _ nawyvet-nawyveti Strixebi,
dausrulebeli xazebi, saRebavis sqeli, Tavisufali
monasmebi _ qmnis erTgvari Zaldautaneblobis, uSualobis
atmosferos, TiTqos mxatvari impresionisti gamosulia
bunebaSi da funjis msubuqi monasmebiT afiqsirebs, rasac
im wuTas xedavs da ganicdis. Tumca aseTi STabeWdileba
mxolod iluziaa. es daudevroba moCvenebiTia. klod mones
uTqvams: `Zalian bevri unda imuSao, rom gadmosce is, rasac
me veZeb-wamieri~.
impresionistebs TavianTi moRvaweoba manifestebiT
ar dauwyiaT. SemdgomSic ar iwuxebdnen isini Tavs
TeoriebisaTvis. samarTlianad miiCneven, rom Tavad es
programis arqona erTgvari impresionistuli kredo
iyo, radgan gancdaTa uSualo fiqsaciis principi xom
swored winaswargamiznulobis, Teoriebis winaaRmdeg iyo
mimarTuli. impresionistuli prozis fuZemdeblebi, Zmebi
edmon da Jiul gonkurebi, werdnen, rom idea _ es aris
sulis sibere da gonebis avadmyofobao. maTve ekuTvniT
impresionistuli xelovnebis lozungi: `xedva, grZnoba,
gamosaxva _ amaSia mTeli xelovneba~.
impresionizmi Zalze moxerxebulad gaiTavisa
mxatvrobam, radgan mSvenieri wamis dafiqsirebis principi,
Tundac subieqtur gancdaTa prizmaSi gadatexili, misi
specifikidan gamomdinare, ferwerisaTvis ucxo arasodes
yofila. gansxvaveba ferwerasa da literaturas Soris
(sityvieri xelovneba xom droSi gangrZobil Txrobas
gulisxmobs) TiTqos imTaviTve gamoricxavda impresionizms
literaturaSi. magram is srulyofilad gamovlinda
poeziaSi, prozaSi, dramaturgiaSi da TviT literaturul

41
kritikaSic ki, Camoyalibda ra gansakuTrebuli impresio-
nistuli Janrebi.
impresionistuli meTodis arsebobis safuZveli
gareganisa da Sinaganis, obieqturisa da subieqturis,
erTianobaa. impresionists asazrdoebs buneba, rogorc misi
STabeWdilebebis wyaro, anu obieqturi garemo, romelsac
igi aferadebs sakuTari ganwyobis mixedviT, e.i. axdens
mis subieqtivirebas. sakmarisia dairRves es wonasworoba
subieqtursa da obieqturs Soris, rom impresionizmi
gaiTqvifeba an naturalizmSi, imis mixedviT, Tu romeli
mxare gadasZalavs. obieqturi garemoTi zedmetad gataceba
mas daabrunebs naturalizmis wiaRSi, xolo subieqturis
primati noyier niadags qmnis simbolizmisaTvis.
unda aRiniSnos, rom poeziaSi impresionizmi mWidrod
daukavSirda simbolizms. pol verlenis impresionistuli
poezia samarTlianad iTvleba simbolizmis tramplinad.
SemTxveviT ar miiCnevdnen simbolistebi verlens
`mamad da maswavleblad~. verlenis cnobili mowodeba
_ `musika, upirveles yovlisa~ _ erTnairad aitaces
rogorc impresionistebma, ise simbolistebma. magram
Tu impresionistisaTvis musika gancdaTa gamomxatveli
iyo, simbolistebi mas ideaTa samyarosken mimaval kibed
aRiqvamdnen.
marTalia, impresionizmisa da simbolizmis amocanebi
radikalurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, impresionizmi
obieqturis subieqtivirebas axdens, simbolizmi ki
piriqiT, subieqturis obieqtivirebas (e.i. cdilobs Casvas
idea konkretul formaSi), magram isini daaaxlova am
amocanaTa gadwyvetis saerTo teqnikam, radgan raoden
abstraqtulic ar unda iyos simbolisturi idea, is ver
gamoixateba konkretuli formis gareSe, bunebis gareSe.

42
gamosaxvis xerxad ki simbolizmma absoluturad obieqtur
formas subieqturis prizmaSi gadatexili obieqturi,
anu impresionistuli, forma amjobina. magram iq, sadac
impresionizmi eZebda mxolod gancdebs, simbolizms
undoda gancdaTa miRma arsebuli ideaTa samyaro daenaxa,
e.i. simbolizmi iwyeba iq, sadac mTavrdeba impresionizmi.
impresionistebma, gaabatones ra poeziaSi musika,
rogorc Sinaganis, subieqturis, emociuris adekvati,
waarTves sityvebs sakuTriv maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli
specifikuri funqcia, azris gadmocemis funqcia, ris
gamoc misTvis Cveuli leqsikuri semantikisagan daclili
sityva gadaiqca simbolod da ase Seiqmna noyieri niadagi
simbolizmisaTvis.
literaturaSi impresionizmis klasikur magaliTad
miCneulia frangi poetis pol verlenis Semoqmedeba. Tavisi
erT-erTi poeturi krebulis, `saturnuli leqsebis~, wina-
sityvaobaSi verleni sakmaod zustad axasiaTebs sakuTar
poetur principebs. is Tvlis, rom misi poezia ganviTarda
konkretulisaken, gulwrfelobisaken da mocemuli
momentidan miRebuli STabeWdilebebis gamoxatvisaken.
1874 wels daweril leqsSi `poeturi xelovneba~ verlenma
Camoayaliba impresionizmis programa zusti da lakoniuri
lozungebis saxiT: `musika, upirveles yovlisa~, `araviTari
ferebi, mxolod Suq-Crdilebi~, `aiRe mWevrmetyveleba da
mougrixe kiseri~. es Teoriuli moTxovnebi zedmiwevniT
aris realizebuli mis poeziaSi. verlenis leqsebi
impresionist mxatvarTa tiloebs mogvagoneben, radgan
maTSi wina planzea wamoweuli peizaJebi, sityvieri ferwera.
misi leqsebis ciklTa saTaurebi zustad migvaniSneben, Tu
raoden ferwerulia verlenis poezia: `mwuxare peizaJebi~,
`daisebi~, `usityvo romansebi~, `belgiis peizaJebi~,

43
`akvarelebi~. verlenis leqsebi erTgvari emociuri
Canaxatebia. dasrulebuli winadadebis nacvlad poeti
xmarobs mokle, nawyvet-nawyvet frazebs. misi leqsikidan
TiTqos mTlianad gandevnilia zmna, rogorc Txrobis
aucilebeli atributi. verlenis peizaJi ufro mis sulier
mdgomareobas aRwers, vidre realur garemos. es erTgvari
`sulis peizaJebia~. erT-erT leqsSi `mTvaris Suqi~ poeti
ambobs: `Tqveni suli _ peizaJia~ swored sulis peizaJia
daxatuli verlenis cnobil leqsSi `Cems suls awvims~:

ra usityvo naRvels malavs

suli, Cemi meufe,
sulsac awvims, rogorc qalaqs,
anda mis gareubnebs.
awvims miwas da saxuravs
da SrialiT avivse,
sevda sulSi Casaxuli
ukravs wvimis klaviSze1.

es aris impresionizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

gareganisa (wvimiani peizaJis) da Sinaganis (poetis sevdiani
ganwyobilebis) Serwyma, Tumca Sinaganis primati aSkaraa.
wvimiani peizaJi mxolod biZgia poetisaTvis Tavisi Sinagani
ganwyobis gadmosaRvrelad.
impresionistuli proza, romlis centrSic,
empiriuli samyaro ki ar aris, aramed am samyarodan
miRebuli STabeWdilebebi da avtoris subieqturi
gancdebi, lirikuli prozaa da ver guobs epikur formebs.
misi ZiriTadi Janrebia: novela, etiudi, miniatura, eskizi,
Canaxati. impresionistTa miniaturebi xSirad ritmuli
prozis nimuSebs warmoadgenen.
1 leqsis Targmani ekuTvnis givi gegeWkors

44
 qarTul mwerlobaSi impresionizmi niko lorTqi-
faniZis saxels ukavSirdeba. aRiarebulia, rom misi weris
manera impresionistulia. niko lorTqifaniZis stilis
specifika Tavis droze zustad gansazRvra simon Ciqovanma.
igi werda, rom niko lorTqifaniZem beletristikaSi
aRiarebul epikur Txrobas Tu ambis moyolas calkeuli
epizodebis da suraTebis xatva daupirispira da mxatvrul
prozaSi didi adgili dauTmo avtoris lirikul aRsarebas.
1910 wels daweril novelaSi `uialqnod~ Tavad niko
lorTqifaniZe ase ayalibebs Tavis esTetikur kredos:
`gana ufleba ara aqvs beletrists SemTxveviTi Sexvedrani,
yurmokruli xmebi, wuTieri STabeWdilebani gadasces
Tavis megobars mkiTxvels?...~, `mweralma marmarilo,
tilo, saerTo azris CarCo, ori, sami xazi unda daamzados,
damTavreba, daboloeba nawarmoebisa mkiTxvelis gemovnebas
da survils miandos~.
Tavad am novelis saTauric _ `uialqnod~ _
impresionistTa lozungs mogvagonebs. impresionistTa
Cveuli manera, esTetikuri programis nawarmoebis
saTaurSive gamJRavneba, niko lorTqifaniZisTvisac ar
aris ucxo. man Tavis erT-erT miniaturaTa cikls `sulieri
ganwyobilebani~ uwoda da aseTi epigrafi waumZRvara:
`umTavres miznad mqonda mkiTxvelSi erTgvari sulis
ganwyobileba gamomewvia _ sityvis saSualebiT musikis
sawadeli mimeRwia~.
impresionizmis Canasaxebs pouloben, agreTve,
ekaterine gabaSvilis, Sio aragvispirelis da Wola
lomTaTiZis prozaSic.
impresionistuli prozis cnobili warmomadgenlebi
arian: safrangeTSi _ eduard diuJardeni da Jiul
laforgi da germanulenovan mwerlobaSi peter

45
altenbergi. laforgis miniaturebis krebuls `peizaJebi
da STabeWdilebebi~ hqvia, altenbergis pirvel wigns ki _
`me rogorc vxedav~. orive es krebuli Seicavs miniaturebis
cikls, romelTa samyaroc ferwerul etiudebs waagavs. es
aris peizaJuri, anu erTgvari `TvaliT dasanaxi~ proza.
samarTlianad miiCneven, rom Tu safrangeTSi
impresionizmi Semoqmedebis stili iyo da frangi
impresionistebi Segnebulad gaurbodnen Teoriebs,
SeiZleba iTqvas, es maTi erTgvari esTetikuri kredoc iyo,
germaniaSi is msoflmxedvelobad iqca. avstrielma mweralma
german barma mTeli filosofiuri sistemac ki moZebna
impresionizmis (oRond ukve rogorc msoflmxedvelobis
da ara mxatvruli meTodis) Teoriuli dasabuTebisaTvis. es
iyo maxizmi. Tavis wignSi `SegrZnebaTa analizi~ ernst maxi
werda: `samyaro aris mxolod Cveni SegrZnebebis kompleqsi.
Cven SegviZlia Semecneba mxolod grZnobebis saSualebiT~.
bunebrivia, impresionizmisaTvis, romelic samyaros
subieqturi, sakuTari SegrZnebebis prizmaSi gadatexili
aRqmis momxre iyo, maxis filosofia sakmaod axlobeli
aRmoCnda. Tumca samarTlianoba moiTxovs, aRiniSnos,
rom impresionizmis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi
am filosofias wvlili ar miuZRvis, germanulenovanma
mwerlobam maxizmi ukve Camoyalibebul impresionizms
miusadaga.
impresionizmi, rogorc msoflmxedveloba, srulyo-
filad gamovlinda dramaturgiaSi, romelic moqmedebis
xelovnebaa da sakuTar STabeWdilebaTa fiqsaciis principi,
`sulis peizaJebis~ xatva mis specifikas ver moergeboda.
impresionistul dramaSi samyaros asaxvis xerxi ki ara,
Tavad samyaro, realobaa impresionistuli, aramyari,
cvalebadi, cxovreba TamaSad iqceva, erTmaneTSia areuli

46
tyuil-marTali. `Cven araferi ar viciT~, _ acxadebs
artur Snicleris erT-erTi piesis gmiri. Snicleris piesebi
agebulia saidumloebaTa gamJRavnebis principze, is, rac
ueWveli gveCveneboda, uceb iluziad iqceva; aRmoCndeba,
rom sulac ar momxdara, rac adre vicodiT an ise ar
momxdara rogorc gvegona, gmiris xasiaTi uecrad sul sxva
kuTxiT ixsneba da a.S. mxileba SniclerTan fabula ki ar
aris, aramed filosofiaa. piesis dasasruls, roca uamravi
ram gamomJRavndeba, naTeli mainc araferi ar aris, piriqiT,
situacia kidev ufro bundovania, vidre dasawyisSi iyo.
SniclerisaTvis cxovreba igive speqtaklia, romelSic
Znelia gaarkvio: `iyo~ Tu `iTamaSo~. dramaturgiaSi
impresionizmis cnobili warmomadgenelia agreTve hugo
fon hofmanstali.
impresionizmma Tavisi sityva Tqva literaturul
kritikaSic. impresionistuli kritikis fuZemdebelia
anatol fransi. is SeiZleba CaiTvalos xelovnebis
impresionistuli interpretaciis Teoretikosad. anatol
franss miaCnda, rom, vinaidan Cven aRviqvamT samyaros
mxolod grZnobebis meSveobiT, romlebic subieqturad
aferadeben mas, kritika aris emociuri da ara racionaluri
aqti. kritikosma nawarmoebi ki ar unda gaaanalizos,
aramed unda gviambos sakuTari sulis mogzaurobis Sesaxeb
Sedevrebs Soriso.
impresionistuli kritikis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen,
agreTve, anri de renie, romlis etiudebic ufro mxatvruli
proza iyo, vidre nawarmoebis analizi; remi de gurmoni,
romelic qmnida `literaturuli gaseirnebebis~ ciklebs;
iuli aixenvaldi, romelic kategoriulad acxadebda, rom
literaturaTmcodneoba mecniereba ver gaxdeba, radgan is,
rac ganumeorebelia, SeuZlebelia sistemaSi moviyvanoTo

47
da inokenti anenski, romelmac Tavisi etiudebis wigns
WeSmaritad impresionistuli saxeli _ `anareklebi~ _
uwoda.
impresionistTa gamomsaxvelobiTi teqnika sakmaod
universaluri aRmoCnda. impresionistTa stilis
elementebi SeiWra sxva mimarTulebebSic sxvadasxva
esTetikuri amocanis gadasawyvetad. magaliTad, cnobilia,
rom italiaSi maT warmatebiT iyenebdnen realisti
mwerlebi. gamomsaxvelobiTi teqnikis TvalsazrisiT,
didad aris davalebuli impresionizmisagan simbolizmi.
Tanamedrove romanma ki gaiTavisa da wina planze wamoswia
impresionistTa mier mignebuli iseTi mxatvruli xerxi,
rogoricaa gmiris lirikuli aRsareba, anu Sinagani
monologi.

simbolizmi

simbolizmi, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareoba,

pirvelad safrangeTSi warmoiSva. simbolizmis esTetika,
romelic realizmisa da naturalizmis winaaRmdeg iyo
mimarTuli, jer kidev XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis bolos
Caisaxa pol verlenis, stefan malarmes, lotreamonis
da artur rembos SemoqmedebaSi, magram simbolistTa
dajgufeba mxolod 80-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi Seiqmna da
1898 wlamde (malarmes sikvdilamde) iarseba. simbolisturi
esTetikis principTa gavlena ki literaturaSi frangi
simbolistebis jgufis daSlis Semdegac grZeldeboda
rogorc safrangeTSi, ise mis farglebs gareT.
termini `simbolizmi~, rogorc literaturuli
mimdinareobis saxelwodeba, pirvelad frangma poetma

48
Jan moreasma gamoiyena jer Tavisi poeturi krebulis
winasityvaobaSi, Semdeg ki `simbolizmis manifestSi~,
romelic gazeTma `figarom~ gamoaqveyna 1886 wlis
seqtemberSi. moreasi am manifestSi acxadebda, rom
simbolizmma, romlisTvisac ucxoa `Wkuis swavleba,
deklamacia, yalbi mgrZnobeloba, obieqturi aRwera~,
samudamod gamodevna literaturidan naturalizmi.
simbolizmis winamorbedTa Soris moreasi frangi
mwerlebidan pirvel rigSi Sarl bodlers asaxelebs,
ucxoelebidan ki dantesa da Seqspirs. misi azriT,
simbolizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia `bundovaneba
da mravalmniSvnelianoba~, rac am mwerlebisa da Sua
saukuneebis mistikosTa Semoqmedebidan iRebs saTaves.
moreasma axali mimdinareobis amocana ase Camoayaliba:
`simbolisturi poezia iswrafvis xorci Seasxas ideas
grZnobad formaSi, romelic ar warmoadgens TviTmizans
da emsaxureba ra ideis gamoxatavs, daqvemdebarebul
mdgomareobas inarCunebs~.
simbolistur mimdinareobas bevri cnobili mwerali
da kritikosi miemxro: pol klodeli, sen-pol ru, anri de
renie, remi de gurmoni (safrangeTSi); moris meterlinki,
emil verhrani (belgiaSi); rainer maria rilke (germaniaSi. );
oskar uaildi (inglisSi) da sxvebi.
simbolizmis esTetikuri principebis CamoyalibebaSi
didi wvlili miuZRvis platonis, artur Sopenhaueris da
anri bergsonis idealistur Teoriebs. agreTve, rihard
vagnerisa da edgar alan pos Semoqmedebas. simbolistebma
gaiziares platonis moZRvreba ideebze, rogorc samyaros
pirvelsawyisebze da is Sexeduleba, rom xiluli realoba
mxolod am ideaTa mkrTal anarekls warmoadgens.
Sopenhaueris mixedviTac, pirveladia ara materialuri

49
samyaro, aramed `msoflio neba~, romelic qmnis sagnebis
maradiul formebs, maT ideebs. platonisagan gansxvavebiT,
romelic xelovnebas mibaZvis mibaZvad miiCnevda da mis
SemecnebiT Rirebulebas uaryofda, Sopenhaueri Tvlis,
rom `xelovnebas SeuZlia mogvces ufro meti codna,
vidre yvela mecnierebas erTad aRebuls~, radgan is aris
realobis miRma arsebuli maradiuli idea-formebis
intuitiuri ganWvretis saSualeba. aqedan iRebda saTaves
Semoqmedis gansakuTrebuli statusi simbolistur
esTetikaSi. simbolistTa azriT, poeti aris mediumi or
samyaros Sua, romelic materialuri sagnebis miRma Wvrets
maTs WeSmarit saxes, anu idealur sawyiss; xelovneba ki
sakraluri (religiuri) ritualia, romelsac adamiani
miRmur samyaroSi gadahyavs (`cxovreba aris dantes
jojoxeTi, Semoqmedeba gansawmendeli da xelovneba _
Soreuli samoTxe~, _ werda valerian gafrindaSvili.
simbolistebi eyrdnobodnen, agreTve, anri bergsonis
gnoseologiur Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac irealuri
samyaros Semecnebis saSualebas intuicia warmoadgens.
simbolizmis erT-erTi Teoretikosi remi de gurmoni Tavisi
cnobili `niRbebis wignis~ SesavalSi werda, rom simbolizms
safuZvlad udevs samyaros idealurobis principi da misi
arsis gonebiT Semecnebis SeuZlebloba.
uzarmazari mniSvneloba hqonda, agreTve, Sopen-
haueris mier musikis, rogorc samyaros intuitiuri
wvdomis saukeTeso saSualebis, xelovnebis umaRles
dargad gamocxadebas. Sopenhaueris ideebiT STagonebulma
simbolistebma (impresionistebis kvaldakval) aitaces
da lozungad gadaaqcies verlenis cnobili fraza _
`musika, musika upirveles yovlisa~. simbolisti poetebi
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevdnen poeturi enis

50
musikalurobas. musika, romelic impresionistebisaTvis
mxolod grZnobebis adekvaturi gadmocemis saSualeba
iyo, simbolistebTan ideaTa samyarosken aRmavali kibis
funqcias asrulebs.
didi roli iTamaSa simbolizmis esTetikis Camoya-
libebaSi rogorc rihard vagneris Semoqmedebam, ise
misma ideam ferebis, sityvisa da musikis sinTezis gziT
xelovnebis axali sinTezuri dargis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
amerikeli poetis edgar alan pos misticizmiT aRsavse
poezia ki simbolistebisaTvis STagonebis erT-erTi uSreti
wyaro iyo.
simbolistebi uaryofdnen aRweras da Txrobas
literaturaSi, radgan, maTi azriT, `ori Tvali adamianis
daZvelda~ (sandro cirekiZe) samyaros aRsaqmelad, poezia
ki xilul movlenaTa miRma unda ixedebodes da gviCvene-
bdes imas, `rasac ver ityvis sityva~. naturalisturi
literaturis dokumentalizms, naturalistebisa da
realistebis socialur da fiziologiur determinizms,
socialur-istoriul konkretulobas simbolistebma
poeturi warmosaxvis Tavisufleba daupirispires.
es warmosaxva, romelic intuitiurad Wvretda da
vizioneruli xilvebis saxiT aRadgenda xelovnebaSi
idealur realobas, ar izRudavda Tavs materialuri
samyaros obieqturi kanonebiT da arc im aucileblobiT,
rom auditoriisaTvis gasagebi yofiliyo. simbolizmi Tavs
elitarul, aristokratiul xelovnebad miiCnevda da ar
cdilobda mkiTxvelis guli moego.
simbolistTa Teoriul da kritikul naazrevSi
gadmocemuli doqtrina zogadad ase SeiZleba Camova-
yaliboT: materialuri sagnebi Tavis TavSi malaven
TavianT WeSmarit, saidumlo arss, ideas, romelic mxolod

51
xelovnebisaTvisaa misawvdomi, pirvel rigSi, musikis,
Semdeg ki, poeziisaTvis, romelic sityvis musikaluri
gamomsaxvelobis Zalas eyrdnoba. poeziis arsebiTi
maxasiaTebelia idumalebis SegrZneba. amasTanave, poezia
codnis, samyaros intuitiuri wvdomis umaRlesi formaa.
igi uTanabrdeba religias, rogorc idealur da realur
samyaroebs Soris gadebuli xidi, aqedan gamomdinare,
Semoqmedeba RvTismsaxurebaa, Semoqmedi ki _ RvTismsa-
xuri (gavixsenoT v. gafrindaSvili; `gadvixdi locvebs
Cems oTaxSi viT kapelani~) poeti unda Caswvdes samyaros
erTianobis da harmoniis saidumloebas da gamoxatos igi
mis mier aRmoCenil `SesabamisobebSi~, yovlismomcvel da
amouwuravi Sinaarsis mqone simboloebSi.
ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisis CamoyalibebaSi didi
roli Seasrules Sarl bodleris sonetma `Sesabamisobebi~
da artur rembos leqsma `xmovnebi~. bodleri aviTarebs
platonis Teoriidan momdinare ideas, romlis Tanaxmadac
garkveuli ferebi, xmebi, surnelebani erTmaneTs
Seesatyvisebian da savsebiT SesaZlebelia maTi erTmaneTis
meSveobiT gamoxatva. imaves gveubneba remboc leqsSi
`xmovnebi~, sadac enaSi arsebul yvela xmovans feris,
sunis da xmis garkveuli SegrZneba ukavSirdeba: e_
TeTria, a_Savi, u_mwvane, i_wiTeli, o_lurji; e_amay,
yinulovan mTebs an nisls mogvagonebs, i_pirdaRebuli
Wrilobidan gadmoRvril mewamul sisxls, u_mindor-
velebs, o_fleitis xmas; a_sicivis SegrZnebas badebs, o_
naRvels iwvevs, u_SiSs. aqedan iRebs saTaves sinesTeziis
principi, anu sxvadasxva saxis SegrZnebebis erTmaneTTan
analogiiT dakavSireba (erTmaneTis saSualebiT gamoxatva)
simbolizmis esTetikaSi.
samyaros erTianobis ideas yvelaze ukeT simbolis-

52
turi esTetikis mTavari sayrdeni _ simbolo _ gamoxatavs,
romelic, simbolistTa azriT, poeturi saxeobriobis
mwvervals, ideis srulyofil xorcSesxmas warmoadgens.
simbolo aris saxe, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs
Sinagan, ezoTerul arss. simbolos logikis meSveobiT
ver gavSifravT, radgan mas ar gaaCnia erTi garkveuli
mniSvneloba. alegoriisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic
erTmniSvnelovnad iSifreba, simbolos mravali mniSvneloba
aqvs, misi Sinaarsi amouwuravia. v. gafrindaSvilis TqmiT,
simboloebi, rogorc grZneuli sarkeebi, erTdroulad
sinamdvilis uamrav saxes ireklaven. aqedan gamomdinare,
simbolos axsna SeuZlebelia (`simbolo aris uzarmazari
algebra, romlis gasaRebi dakargulia~, werda e. verhrani),
igi unda ganimartos isev da isev simbolur saxeTa usasrulo
rigiT, romlebic garkveul sinaTles ki Seitanen masSi,
magram mis mniSvnelobas wminda cnebebze mainc ver daiyvanen.
magaliTad, aleqsandre blokis `neznakomka~ `maradiuli
qalurobis~ simboloa, Tumca es ganmartebac TavisTavad
simbolos warmoadgens da masac sWirdeba interpretacia.
maSasadame, simbolos ganmarteba isev simbolos saSualebiT
unda moxdes da ase iqmneba simbolur sazrisTa usasrulo
jaWvi, romelic erTmniSvnelovan ganmartebamde ar midis.
simbolo xsnis xelovnebaSi sazrisTa aRmoCenis usasrulo
perspeqtivas da misi saboloo interpretaciis mcdeloba
daxuravs am perspeqtivas da gaqreba Tavad simbolo,
anu `fanjara usasrulobaSi~, romlis iracionalurma
Wvretamac unda gadaiyvanos adamiani ideaTa samyaroSi.
simbolod SeiZleba gadaiqces nebismieri sityva, romelic
ar aris sakuTari Tavis tolfasi da warmoadgens `sul
sxva xmebis eqos~ (viaC. ivanovi). simbolo aris miniSneba,
miTiTeba raRac saidumlo arsze da erTgvari `paroli~

53
gandobilTaTvis (sxvaTa Soris, `simbola~ Zvel saberZneTSi
ewodeboda erTi firfitis natexebs, romelTa SeerTebiTac
unda amoecnoT erTmaneTi qonebis memkvidreebs).
simbolo bundovania da iracionaluri. misi raciona-
luri gaSifrvis mcdeloba waagavs sandro cirekiZis
erT-erT miniaturaSi aRwerili giJis saqciels, romelic
qaRaldis kolofebiT cdilobs mTvaris Suqis mogrovebas.
simbolos bundovaneba da mravalmniSvnelianoba simbo-
listuri esTetikis qvakuTxedia. `wminda xelovnebis~
adepti oskar uaildi, romelic sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda
xelovnebis `cxovrebis sarked~ gaazrebas, acxadebda, rom
xelovneba saburvelia da ara sarke.
simbolizmis esTetikuri principebi yvelaze srulad
stefan malarmes SemoqmedebaSi gamovlinda. sityvas mis
leqsebSi azris gamoxatvis funqcia ki ara aqvs, aramed
sugestiis, Cagonebis, anu ganwyobilebis gadadebis
saSualebas warmoadgens. malarmem uaryo sityvis `mate-
rialuri~, `sagnobrivi~ Sinaarsi da amiT sityvebi idea-
luri sferos gamomxatvel simboloebad aqcia. v. gaf-
rindaSvilis daxasiaTebiT, malarme iyo brwyinvale
improvizatori Tavisi ocnebis da cxovreba, rogorc
uvargisi sufliori, samudamod iqna uaryofili mis mier.
v. gafrindaSvilis azriT, malarmem SeZlo aRmoeCina da
gamoexata is harmoniuli paralelebi, romlebic pirvelad
bodlerma aRiara Tavis `SesabamisobebSi~. `malarmem naxa
Tavisi ocnebis cxadsayofad sityvaTa axali dasi, dauzogav
simvoloTa sintezi. misi leqsebis moelvare koSkebSi da
obeliskebSi sityvebi, rogorc niRbiani briliantebi da
opalebi, amayoben erTmaneTis sxivebiT, erTi simvoluri
saxe ixedeba meoreSi, sanam mTeli simvolo ar aimarTeba

54
caSi, rogorc `feeriuli sobori~, _ werda saqarTveloSi
`simbolizmis yvelaze orTodoqs mimdevrad~ aRiarebuli
poeti.
frangma simbolistebma, da pirvel rigSi malarmem,
gadaaqcies leqsi mravalplanian da mravalmniSvnelobian
struqturad. sityvis musikaluri mxaris win wamoweviT
gaamdidres misi gamomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobani.
popularuli gaxades lirikuli poema da saleqso ciklebi;
leqsebis krebuls Sinagani mTlianoba SesZines, rac poetis
gancdaTa uwyvetobiT iyo ganpirobebuli, amas isic uwyobda
xels, rom poeturi saxe-simboloebi, romelTa ricxvi arc
Tu ise didi iyo, ucvlelad gadadioda leqsidan leqsSi da
erTiani simboluri samyaros arsebobis gancdas badebda.
frangulma simbolizmma uzarmazari gavlena moaxdina
mTeli Semdgomi periodis evropuli poeziis ganviTarebaze.
saqarTveloSi simbolizmis istoria 1916 wlidan
iwyeba, rodesac `cisferi yanwebis~ ordenis saxeliT
cnobilma literaturulma dajgufebam q. quTaisSi Tavisi
pirveli perioduli organo (Jurn. `cisferi yanwebi~)
gamosca. JurnalSi dabeWdili `pirvelTqma~ (qarTvel
simbolistTa literaturuli manifesti) mis redaqtors
paolo iaSvils ekuTvnoda. qarTveli simbolistebis jgufma
15 weli iarseba. es iyo pirveli literaturuli gaerTianeba
Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi, romelsac Tavidanve hqonda
garkveuli organizaciuli forma da esTetikuri programa.
mis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: paolo iaSvili, tician
tabiZe, valerian gafrindaSvili, kolau nadiraZe, ivane
yifiani, sandro cirekiZe da sxvebi. 1918 wlidan maT
Seematnen: giorgi leoniZe, sergo kldiaSvili, raJden
gvetaZe, Salva afxaiZe, Salva karmeli, nikoloz miwiSvili
da ali arseniSvili.

55
 `cisferyanwelebs~ Zalian undodaT, rom maT ordenSi
erTi poeti qalic yofiliyo da, radgan qali ar aRmoCnda,
maT gamoigones igi. es gaxldaT `yanwelebis~ pirveli
mistifikacia. gamogonili poeti qali, elene dariani,
yovelTvis figurirebda ordenis wevrTa siaSi, xolo erT-
erTi `cisferyanweli~ (p. iaSvili) misi saxeliT leqsebsac
Txzavda.
literaturaTmcodneobaSi aRniSnulia, rom
`yanwelTa~ `pirvelTqma~ futuristuli esTetikis
gavlenas ganicdis, is mouwodebs qarTul poezias, uari
Tqvas tradiciebze da urbanistuli Temebis damuSavebas
mohkidos xeli: `...vadidebT damsxvrevis mSvenierebas.
uarvyofT warsuls, rogorc mziT ganaTebuls, ise RameSi
Sewuxebuls. warsulis oqros gvirgvinebs gamovtaceT
Zvirfasi margalitebi da gadavisroleT daviwyebis zRvaSi...
... visac surs, man umReros gazafxulis yvavilebs,
mTvares da saRamos myudroebas, damSvidebulsa da tkbil
siyvaruls, tyis idumalebas da frinvelTa galobas. Cven
gvinda, rom saqarTvelo gadaiqces usazRvro meocnebe
qalaqad, sadac cocxali quCebis xmauroba Secvlis
yvavilovani velebis zurmuxtobas...~
es arc aris gasakviri, radgan simbolistebi samwerlo
asparezze maSin gamodian, roca ruseTis literaturul
cxovrebaSi futuristebs sakmaod mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravT. Tumca Semdgom gamosvlebSi qarTveli
simbolistebi tradiciebis mimarT ufro zomier
damokidebulebas amJRavneben. marTalia, isini akritikeben
samocianelebs, magram ZiriTadad imis gamo, rom maT
qarTuli poezia Tavisi ganviTarebis magistralur xazs
aacdines da `mwerloba gaixades samitingo zalad da poezia
gazeTad~ (t. tabiZe `cisferi yanwebiT~).

56
 simbolistebi miiCnevdnen, rom qarTuli leqsis
dacema gamoiwvia xelovnebis sazogadoebriv interesebTan
zedmetad dakavSirebam, ramac zRvari waSala mxatvrul
Semoqmedebasa da publicistikas Soris. `akakis da ilias
is upiratesoba hqondaT, rom moqalaqeobriv motivebSi
xandisxan naxulobdnen namdvil poezias. Semdeg maTma
Skolam miiRo karikaturuli saxe~, _ werda t. tabiZe.
samocianelTa brma mimbaZvelebis epigonur poezias
`cisferyanwelebma~ axali poeturi saxeebi da axali
leqsebi daupirispires. iliasa da akakis skolis poetTa
winaaRmdeg galaSqreba simbolistTa esTetikuri kredos
gamoxatuleba iyo da ara tradiciebis uarmyofeli
nihilisturi suliskveTebis gamovlena, rac futuristuli
msoflaRqmis arsebiTi niSani gaxlavT. cnobilia, rom
qarTveli simbolistebi did pativs scemdnen besiksa da
guramiSvils, aRmerTebdnen rusTavelsa da vaJa-fSavelas.
erovnuli idealebis dacva, literaturisa da
xelovnebis denacionalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZola
qarTvel simbolistTa erT-erTi saprogramo moTxovna iyo2.
`cisferi yanwebi~, rogorc Skola, Tavis Tavs amtkicebs
erovnulad~, _ acxadebda t. tabiZe (`cisferi yanwebiT~).
`yanwelebi~ simbolizmis erovnul ideasTan SerwymiT
cdilobdnen warmoeCinaT TavianTi originaluri saxe. maT
leqsebSi mkafiod iyo gamokveTili erovnuli xasiaTisa
da formisadmi damokidebulebis principi; `besikis baRSi
vrgav bodleris borot yvavilebs~ (t. tabiZe); `artur
rembosTan borot tyupaT Caxutebuli, madgamen gvirgvins
Teimuraz da WavWavaZe~ (g. leoniZe).
erovnuli idealis gamoxatuleba iyo isic, rom
qarTveli simbolistebi evropaze iRebdnen orientacias
2 es sakiTxebi ufro detalurad ixileT: T. TevzaZe, simbolos gagebidan
esTetikur principebamde, mxatvruli saxis metamorfozebi, Tb., 1991

57
da literaturaSi aziuri gavlenis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebd-
nen: `dadumda Zveli mwerloba, es aRmosavleTis maWankali,
romelmac moxdenilad moayena saqarTvelos veeberTela
azia~, _ werda p. iaSvili.
simbolistTa wreSi gaiJRera agreTve `qarTuli
mesianizmis~ ideam. `Cven gvwams saqarTvelos mesianizmi:
SeduReba dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis kulturisa.
mimqrali iyo es idea. dRes kvlav gaizmora igi Cvens
win. es misia unda Seasrulos xelovnebaSi simbolizmma
gasalaSinebuli sityvis saSualebiT... dRes CvenSi ukve
aris ori polusi erTi dasawyisis... da Tu, marTlac,
daRlil dasavleTs eWirveba gadaxaliseba aRmosavleTis
misticizmiT da magiuri qvebiT, amas SesZlebs ueWvelad
gamocdili dostaqari _ saqarTvelo~, _ amayad acxadebda
S. afxaiZe.
roca aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis sinTezze
laparakobdnen, qarTveli simbolistebi, rasakvirvelia,
esTetikur sferos gulisxmobdnen da ara ideurs an
politikurs.
ase rom, miuxedavad p. iaSvilis `winaTqmaSi~
gamoxatuli radikaluri poziciisa, romelic, Cveni azriT,
futuristuli modis mimarT xarkis gaReba iyo, qarTveli
simbolistebi xelaRebiT ar uaryofdnen warsulis
kulturul memkvidreobas. piriqiT, isini erovnuli
literaturis wiaRSi eZebdnen `winaprebs~ da amtkicebdnen,
rom guramiSvilma bodlerze adre Seqmna sikvdilis
esTetika.
xolo rac Seexeba urbanistuli motivebiT, anu qala-
qiTa da qalaqis kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TemebiT
dainteresebas, am mxriv simbolizmma, marTlac, moumzada
niadagi futurizms. simbolistebma buneba Secvales

58
qalaqiT. simbolisti poetis vizioneruli xilvebis fons
warmoadgens `qalaqi spruti~, romlis Seubraleblobasac
poetma mxolod `sigiJe, Wleqi da TviTmkvleloba~ SeiZleba
daupirispiros. qalaqis pirmSoa `artistuli bohema~
(`da cis ufskrulSi ailewa kafe landuri... angelozebi
samarTebliT parsaven loTebs. msaxurebs daaqvT opiumi
maRal vazebiT...~) misTvis damaxasiaTebeli `sikvdilis
poetikiTa~ da TviTmkvlelobis motiviT. bohemis Temas
ukavSirdeba simaxinjis kulti, radgan bohema Sobs simaxinjis
esTetikas. simbolistebis azriT, simaxinje, romelic
xiluli sinamdvilis zedapiria, SeiZleba Tavis TavSi
sruliad sawinaaRmdego arss malavdes. igi badebs survils,
rom gadaxado es maxinji niRabi mis `uTqmel qvedapirs~.
maxinji, romelic rTulia da simboluri, simbolistTa
rwmeniT, adamians mistikuri Wvretisaken ubiZgebs. `maxinji
saSinelia, saSineli ki kultia Tanamedrove xelovnebis...
niRabi mSvenierebisa aris simaxinje. Tanamedrove poeziam
isurva movlineboda kacobriobas maxinji niRbiT, magram am
niRbidan iyurebian beatriCes Tvalebi. silamaze aTasjer
gakotrdeboda aqamdi, rom amas ar exmarebodes simaxinje~,
_ werda v. gafrindaSvili.
qarTvel simbolistTa warmosaxvis sagani realuri
sinamdvile ki ar iyo, aramed maTi fantaziiT Seqmnili
xelovnuri samyaro, romelic WeSmarit sinamdviled
miiCneoda. am mistifikaciis process ki realuridan
ufro realurisaken swrafvas uwodebdnen (viaC. ivanovis
formula).
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda qarTvel
simbolistTa SemoqmedebaSi (iseve, rogorc saerTod
simbolizmis esTetikaSi) sityvasTan damokidebulebas,
`sityvebiT jadoqrobas~, rac sityvis iracionaluri

59
bunebis aRiarebaSi da am sityvis saxe-simbolod qcevaSi
gamoixateboda. simbolod qceuli sityva ki ukve realur
sagnebsa da movlenebs ki ar aRniSnavda, aramed maT mistikur
ekvivalentebs. ase ivseboda poezia fantomebiT, oreulebiT
da aCrdilebiT.
magiur mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen qarTveli
simbolistebi adamianTa saxelebs. isini miiCnevdnen,
rom realuri mniSvnelobisagan gawmendili saxeli
SesaniSnavi saSualeba iyo mxatvruli miznis misaRwevad. v.
gafrindaSvili aRniSnavda, rom poeziis mizani gamogonili
an arsebuli saxelis damtkiceba da gaZlierebaa: `saxeli da
sityva erTad izrdebian, Semdeg saxeli gauswrebs zrdaSi
sityvas da maRla aagdebs tans. rogorc romelime gmiri
hqmnis legendas, ise saxeli pirveli aSrialebis Semdeg
hqmnis Tavis fantastikas~ (`saxelebis magia~).
v. gafrindaSvili iRebda gamogonili an realurad
arsebuli istoriuli piris saxels, aTavsebda mas irealur
samyaroSi da ase qmnida `saxelebidan axal miTebs~ (misive
gamoTqmis Tanaxmad). v. gafrindaSvilis miTologiur
eliziumSi RmerTebis msgavsad `nebivroben bednieri
landebi~ dawyevlili poetebis – artur rembos, verlenis,
malarmes, lotreamonis, maT gverdiT arian: hanibali, Cingis
xani, Tamari, besiki, kaliostro, fransua viioni, ofelia,
Catertoni, mamia gurieli, aSordia.
axali miTebi iqmneboda ara marto poeziaSi, aramed
cxovrebaSic. oskar uaildis cnobili paradoqsis
perifrazi rom moviSvelioT, marTalia, xelovneba ar
baZavda cxovrebas, magram, samagierod, cxovreba baZavda
xelovnebas. amitom gadaiqca tite_ticianad, pavle_pao-
lod, nikolozi_kolaud. `cisferyanwelebi~ azRaprebdnen
rogorc erTmaneTis saxelebs, ise pirad urTierTobebs da

60
maT mierve Seqmnili miTebi Semdeg leqsebSi gadahqondaT3.
marTalia, qarTul simbolizms ar axasiaTebda
imgvari misticizmi, rogoric rusuls, magram religiasa
da mxatvrul Semoqmedebas Soris arsebul paralelebze
qarTveli simbolistebic amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas.
sityvis iracionaluri bunebis aRiareba da rwmena, rom
sityvis gareSe SeuZlebelia zeaRsvla, rac simbolos
ganmartebaSi igulisxmeba, sityvaSi gansxeulebuli
RvTaebrivi arsis, logosis, religiuri gaazrebidan iRebs
saTaves.
Tundac is faqti, rom `cisferyanwelebi~ TavianT
dajgufebas `ordens~ uwodebdnen, cxadad migvaniSnebs
xelovnebis misiis religiis misiasTan gaTanabrebaze.
amave dros, `yanwelebi~ imazec miuTiTebdnen, Tu riTi
emijneba Tanamedrove poezia religias: `gaiyo gzebi mogvis
da poetis, _ werda s. cirekiZe, _ religia eZebs namdvil
oreuls qveynisas da unda eziaros mis ukvdavebas, poetma
Tavidanve iWvis TvaliT Sexeda am Ziebas, iman daijera,
rom RmerTs WeSarits ver ipovis da eZebs mxolod mis
butaforias...~
qarTveli simbolistebi, evropuli da rusi
simbolistebis msgavsad, xelovnebis upirveles dargad
musikas miiCnevdnen. `ukanaskneli aRTqma sikvdilis win
sokratis, misi zmaneba musikaze da Semdeg misi sayvareli
mowafis apologia musikaSi Svebis, Cven yvelaze axlo
miviReT sulTan~, _ werda t. tabiZe.
poeziaSi musikis efeqtis Seqmnis saSualebas
bgeraTganmeorebebi (aliteracia-asonansebi) iZleva,
romelsac sagangebo yuradRebas aqcevdnen qarTveli
simbolistebi (saocari musikaluri JReradobiT gamoirCeva
3 ix. m. abulaZe, literaturul mimdinareobaTa istoriidan meoce
saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi, Tb., 1977, gv. 53
61
p. iaSvilis leqsi `darianuli~: `daitanja maja marjnis
mZime jaWvis tarebiT Cems damtanjvels RmerTi dasjis
qajad gadagvarebiT~). sagangebo yuradRebis sagani gaxades
`cisferyanwelebma~ leqsis musikaluri keTilxmovanebi
erT-erTi mTavari faqtori-riTma. zusti klasikuri riTma
maT arazusti-asonansuri, konsonansuri da disonansuri-
riTmiT Secvales. ramac moulodneli da mravalferovani
JReradobiT gaavso leqsi. didi wvlili miuZRviT
simbolistebs Tanamedrove qarTuli leqsis teqnikuri
mxaris daxvewaSi. maT daamkvidres qarTul poeziaSi iseTi
myari saleqso forma, rogoricaa soneti. qarTuli leqsis
reforma, romelic Cveni saukunis 10-iani wlebidan iwyeba,
ZiriTadad galaktion tabiZisa da `cisferyanwelebis~
saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.

futurizmi

futurizmi, rogorc erT-erTi avangardistuli4

mxatvruli mimdinareoba, Cveni saukunis 10-ian wlebSi
warmoiSva da yvelaze srulad italiasa da ruseTSi
gamovlinda. marTalia, arsebul literaturul
tradiciebTan dapirispireba met-naklebad yvela axal
mimdinareobas axasiaTebs, magram futurizms am mxriv
toli ara hyavs. man sruliad uaryo manamde arsebuli
kulturuli memkvidreoba da axali xelovnebis Seqmnas

4 avangardizmi ewodeba XX saukunis xelovnebaSi warmoSobil moZraobas,

romelic arsebuli esTetikuri normebis rRvevis gziT imedovnebda
sruliad axali xelovnebis (ufro sworad, antixelovnebis) Seqmnas
(termini `avangardizmi~ saTaves iRebs franguli sityvidan avantgarde,
rac `mowinave razms~ niSnavs.

62
Seecada. italieli futuristebi, romlebic Tavs uaryofis
gziT imkvidrebdnen, muzeumebisa da biblioTekebis
ferflad qcevas moiTxovdnen, radgan Zveli xelovneba,
maTi azriT, axali adamianis interesebs ver akmayofilebda.
isini momavlis saxeliT moqmedebdnen da warsulis mimarT
gamoCenil agresiasac amiT amarTlebdnen (italiuri sityva
futurismo laTinuri futurumi-dan modis da `momavals~
niSnavs).
futurizmis samSoblo italiaa. misi dabadeba
filipo tomazo marinetim amcno mTel qveyanas parizSi
gamoqveynebuli manifestiT (1909w. 20 Tebervali).
`miTologia da mistika ukan movitoveT, Cven Tvalwin
ibadeba axali kentavri _ adamiani motociklze~, _ werda
axali mimdinareobis pirveli Teoretikosi. teqnikis
kulti futuristuli xelovnebis erT-erTi arsebiTi
maxasiaTebeli iyo. futuristebi acxadebdnen, rom Zravis
guguni ufro eZvirfasebodaT, vidre qalis Rimili an
cremlebi, romliTac TavianTi xelovnebis antihumanistur
da antiromantikul paToss usvamdnen xazs. marinetis
manifestSi naxsenebi axali kentavri _ `adamiani
motociklze~ _ futuristuli xelovnebis mier Seqmnili
`foladis kunTebiani~ zekacis simbolod iqca (gaixseneT
f. felinis cnobili filmi `amarkordi~, romelSic patara
qalaqis myudroebas drodadro motociklis xmauri
arRvevs, romelic mouldonelad SemoiWreba xolme
moedanze. felinis filmSi es idumali motociklisti,
romelic Zalisa da agresiis kults ganasaxierebs,
faSizmis simboloa). SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom italiurma
futurizmma, romelic nicSes ideebiT iyo nasazrdoebi,
faSisturi ideologiis damkvidrebas Seuwyo xeli.
`Zveli literatura xotbas asxamda azris mconarobas,

63
aRfrTovanebas da umoqmedobas. Cven xotbas vasxamT
Tavxedur miwolas, ciebcxelebian bodvas, mwyobr nabijs,
saxifaTo naxtoms, silis gartymas da cema-tyepas~,
_ acxadebda marineti. unda aRiniSnos, rom italiaSi
futuristebi xmauriani manifestebis gamoqveynebis
garda, skandalur saRamoebsac awyobdnen, rac xSirad
mayureblebTan xelCarTuli CxubiT mTavrdeboda.
futuristebma radikalurad uaryves arsebuli
gemovneba. maT eqscentrul xelovnebaSi, romelic mou-
lodnelobis efeqtzea agebuli, esTetizms antiesTe-
tizmi upirispirdeba, romantikas _ antiromantika,
humanizms _ antihumanizmi. futurizmma Seqmna geniosi
zekacis kulti, romelsac surs Zalis gamoyenebiT
gardaqmnas cxovreba da `aafeTqos yvela tradicia~.
marinetis romanSi `mafarkafuturisti~ momavlis adamiani
aris `manqana saTadrigo nawilebiT~, yovlismcodne,
yovlisSemZle, magram usulgulo, cinikuri da sastiki.
`damTavrda adamianis batonoba, dgeba teqnikis saukune,
_ acxadebda marineti erT-erT Tavis manifestSi _ Cven
unda davumegobrdeT teqnikas da movamzadoT saTadarigo
nawilebis mqone meqanikuri adamianis warmoSoba. Cven
gavaTavisuflebT adamians sikvdilze fiqrisagan~.
italiuri futurizmis yovlisdamamxobeli ideo-
logiis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba iyo omis apologia.
marineti oms `samyaros higienad~ miiCnevda, cnobilia, rom
man pirvel msoflio oms `yvelaze mSvenieri futuristuli
poema~ uwoda. ase gadaizarda teqnikis kulti militarizmis
kultSi. futuristul moZraobas marineti `progresul
SemoqmedTa militarizaciad~ Tvlida. mravlismetyvelia
italiel futuristTa mier gamoqveynebuli poeturi
krebulebis saxelmwodebani: `pistoletis gasrola~

64
(luCini), `eleqtronuli leqsebi~ (govoni), `xiStebi~
(dalbi), `aeroplanebi~ (buci), `Zravis simRera~ (folgore),
`cecxlis wamkidebeli~ (palaceski).
futuristebi moiTxovdnen, rom poezia Tavisufali
yofiliyo avtoris lirikuli `me~-sagan. adamianur
grZnobebs isini sisusteebad miiCnevdnen da `mSvenieris~
kriteriumebad Zalas, energias da siswrafes acxadebdnen.
futuristuli stils ZiriTadi niSnebi marinetis
`futuristuli literaturis teqnikur manifestSia~
CamoTvlili. esenia, pirvel rigSi, sintaqsis uaryofa,
romelic cudi mTargmnelisa da mosawyeni leqtoris
rols asrulebs da literaturas igi ar sWirdeba;
zmnis ganusazRvrel formaSi xmareba, radganac igi ase
ukeTesad miesadageba arsebiT saxels, romelic ar iqneba
damokidebuli avtoris, anu damkvirveblisa da meocnebis
`me~-ze; gansazRvrebis uaryofa, raTa SiSvlad darCenilma
arsebiTma saxelma mTeli sisruliT gaibrwyinos, vinaidan
gansazRvreba niuansebs amatebs, riTac dafiqrebas
gvaiZulebs da amiT aRqmis dinamikas abrkolebs.
garda amis, marinetis azriT, yvela arsebiT saxels
Tavisi oreuli unda axldes, anu sityva, romelTanac
analogiiT iqneba dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, adamiani _
torpedo, qali _ yure, kari _ onkani da a. S. aRar aris
saWiro tradiciul mxatvrul SedarebebSi gamoyenebuli
SemaerTebeli sityvebi: rogorc, msgavsi da sxva. kidev
ufro ukeTesi iqneba, Tu sagani da asociacia erT sityvaSi
SeerTdeba da erT lakoniur saxed Camoyalibdeba.
da bolos, aRar aris saWiro punqtuacia, radgan Tu
damxmare sityvebze uars vityviT, metyveleba uazro
pauzebis gareSe warimarTeba. mimarTulebis misaniSneblad
an raimes gamosayofad marineti mwerlebs maTematikuri

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simboloebis (+ _ X = < >) da sanoto niSnebis gamoyenebas
urCevs.
marineti Tvlis, rom axali stili farTo asociaciebs
unda daefuZnos, unda ukuagdos moZvelebuli saxeebi
da gacveTili metaforebi (e. i. TiTqmis yvelaferi).
unda Seiqmnas e. w. `umavTulo warmosaxva~, futuristma
pistoletidan gasrolili tyviis jeriviT unda miayaros
mkiTxvels asociaciur saxeTa uwyveti rigi da es iqneba
didi xelovneba, romelsac msxverplad unda Seewiros
mkiTxvelis mxridan gageba (futuristebma kargad icodnen,
rom maTi ucnauri xelovneba mkiTxvelisaTvis gaugebari
iqneboda, swored amitom werdnen uamrav manifests,
romlebSic Teoriulad asabuTebdnen da ganmartavdnen
TavianT esTetikur principebs).
marinetim wamoayena `ganTavisuflebuli sityvis
poetika~, romelic avtoris mravalferovan SegrZnebebs
asociaciaTa mwkrivebis saxiT warmogidgenda. amave dros
poets unda moeSveliebina bgeraTmibaZva, Canaxatebi,
kolaJebi, mravalnairi tipografiuli Srifti, maTe-
matikuri aRniSvnebi. sityvisa Tu frazis grafikul da
bgeriT mxares azrze meti datvirTva eniWeboda.
rusma futuristebma wamoayenes e. w. `zaumuri
enis~ cneba. realobis gardaqmna maT enis gardaqmnidan
daiwyes, rac socialuri gadatrialebis utopiur ocnebas
ukavSirdeboda. v. xlebnikovi Tvlida, rom `zaumuri ena
momavali msoflio enaa CanasaxSi. mxolod mas SeuZlia
adamianebis gaerTianeba~.
enis deformirebis garda, futurizmis antiesTetizmi
imaSi gamoixata, rom man sazRvari waSala esTetikur da
yoveldRiur realobas Soris da gza gauxsna teqstSi
dokumenturi masalis Setanas. igi upiratesobas aniWebda im

66
realobas, romelic jer kidev xeluxlebeli iyo mxatvruli
praqtikis mier. poeturi interesis sagani gaxda yofaSi
axlaxan Semosuli nivTebi (teqnika), qalaqis materialuri
kultura (urbanizmi).
rusuli futurizmi ar iyo erTgvarovani, mas ar
gaaCnda erTnairi centri da programa. ruseTSi uamravi
futuristuli dajgufeba arsebobda. maT Soris
gamoirCeoda `gilea~, romlis aqtiuri wevrebi iyvnen: Zmebi
d. da n. burliukebi, v. xlebnikovi, v. maiakovski, v. kamenski,
a. kruCionixi, b. levSici. rusuli futuristuli moZraobis
fuZemdeblad ki i. severianini iTvleboda.
rusul futurizms italiuri futurizmisagan bevri
ram ganasxvavebda, pirvel rigSi ki ideologia, maTi
saerTo niSnebi iyo: tradiciuli kulturis uaryofa,
antiesTetizmi, urbanistuli motivebi, enis normebis
rRveva. rogorc italiuri, ise rusuli futurizmic
sakuTar Tavs revoluciuri momavalis Sesatyvis erTaderT
xelovnebad miiCnevda. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom italiaSi
am mimdinareobis zogierTi warmomadgeneli faSistur
ideologias daukavSirda, ruseTSi ki bevrma maTganma
sabWoTa socialisturi xelovnebis adeptad gamoacxada
Tavi (iseve, rogorc saqarTveloSi).
revoluciis Semdeg rusma futuristebma saqarTveloSi
Camoayalibes TavianTi dajgufeba (`410 `futuristebis
sindikati~), romlis SemadgenlobaSic am mimdinareobis
ramdenime cnobil warmomadgenels vxvdebiT. eseni arian:
a. kruCionixi, i. terentievi, i. zdaneviCi, k. zdaneviCi, v.
kamenski da sxvebi. maT gamosces wignebi, waikiTxes leqciebi,
Caatares saRmoebi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyo qarTvel
futuristTa gaerTianebis warmoSobas, romelmac 1922 wels
sakuTari manifesti gamoaqveyna saTauriT: `saqarTvelo _
feniqsi~.
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 TavianT manifestSi, romelic arsebiTad italiel
da rus futuristTa ideebis gadamRereba iyo, qarTveli
futuristebi acxadebdnen, uarvyofT, rac Cven ukan aris
da amieridan saqarTvelo Cvengan iwyebao. am manifests
xels awerdnen: nikoloz CaCava, akaki beliaSvili, daviT
gaCeCilaZe, besarion JRenti, simoni Ciqovani, grigol
oragveliZe, pol nozaZe, aleqsandre gabeskiria, mzia
erisTavi.
qarTveli futuristebi, romlebic maTive sityviT,
eleqtronisa da manqanis Sesatyvis urbanistul xelovnebas
qmnidnen, futurizms socialisturi revoluciis Sesaferis
erTaderT xelovnebad acxadebdnen.
TavianTi antiromantikuli ganwyoba da wina xelovnebis
uarmyofeli suli (`davartyaT TavSi lirikas Ceqma da
davadinoT cisferi sisxli~, _ werda s. Ciqovani) qarTvelma
futuristebma sakuTari Jurnalis saxelwodebaSic
gamoxates (`H2SO4~).
`H2SO4~ gogirdmJavas formulaa da garda imisa, rom
futurizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel teqnicizmis kultze
migvaniSnebs (marineti mouwodebda mwerlebs, rom
adamianuri grZnobebidan yuradReba aracocxali materiis
mdgomareobaze gadaetanaT: eleqtronebis qariSxalze
da molekulaTa naxtomebze), garkveul simbolur
datvirTvasac Seicavs, razec xazgasmiT miuTiTeben
TavianT statiebSi qarTveli futuristebi. maTi azriT,
gogirdmJavas xsnariT, anu futuristuli xelovnebiT, unda
gawmendiliyo qarTul poeziaSi arsebuli `antisanitaruli
mdgomareobiT~ gafuWebuli haeri. isini miuTiTebdnen, rom
`H2 SO 4~ aris qimiuri recepti, romelSic unda gaixrwnas
tkbilxmovani romantizmi. Zvel poezias futuristebi
riTmologias uwodebndnen, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli

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iyo `cremlebi, mistika, ferumaruli, qinaqina, sarke,
mamuliSviloba~. futuristebi miiCnevdnen, rom qarTuli
poezia `ayrolda grandiozul sasaflaoze~ da saWiro iyo
krematoriumis Seqmna am mZoris dasawvavad. sityvas aRar
gavagrZelebT im Seuracxmyofel epiTetebze, romlebiTac
ixseniebdnen isini mTel qarTl poezias da, pirvel rigSi,
qarTvel simbolistebs.
`H2SO4~, romelic 1924 wlis 25 maiss gamovida, masSi
gamoqveynebuli zaumuri leqsebiT, yovlisuarmyofeli
ucnauri Teoriuli statiebiT, kubisturi suraTebiT
da nairgvari, erTmaneTSi areuli SriftiT, WeSmaritad
futuristuli Jurnali iyo.
qarTvel futuristTa Semoqmedebis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebia teqnikis kulti, urbanizmi, romelmac maTs
leqsebSi Sesaferisi leqsikis SeWra ganapiroba da
zaumuri (deformirebuli) ena, romelic alogikurobiT da
bgeraTmibaZvebis sixSiriT gamoriCeva.
zaumuri eniT dawerili futuristuli leqsis tipuri
nimuSia nikoloz CaCavas `Sandi da SroSana~:

Sardals Sordeba Zili

Zildina gagulisda,
dRisuri qandaZili
mTvareze gasulis da.
gogona mogona xanZari
sofeli mofora. moSara.

msgavs poetikas efuZneba simon Ciqovanis cnobili

futuristuli leqsebi: `cira~, `qarboria~, `xabo~,
`mekameCeebis urmuli~.
futuristTa kritikuli Tavdasxmebis umTavresi

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obieqtebi iyvnen cisferyanwelebi, romelTa xelovnebamac,
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, niadagi moumzada futurizmis
aRmocenebas (marineti simbolistebs futurizmis
inteleqtualur mamebs uwodebda). orive mimdinareoba
qarTuli kulturis radikalur ganaxlebas eswrafoda;
uaryofda klasikasa da urbanistul motivebs amkvidrebda,
Tumca futuristebi am mxriv simbolistebze gacilebiT
Sors wavidnen, maT Tavadve monaTles sakuTari suliskveTeba
`terorad~ da es terori, pirvel rigSi, cisferyanwelebis
winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.
Cveni saukunis 10-ian wlebSi aRmocenebulma
futurizmma italiasa da ruseTSi 20-iani wlebis bolos
amowura Tavisi Tavi. qarTvel futuristTa moRvaweoba
1922-1928 wlebiT Semoifargleba (pirveli manifestis
gamoqveynebidan bolo perioduli organos gamocemamde).

70
 zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebi

saqarTveloSi zogadi ganaTlebis sistema miznad

isaxavs Seqmnas xelsayreli pirobebi erovnuli da
zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis matarebeli, Tavisu-
fali pirovnebis GamoyalibebisaTvis. amasTan erTad,
ganaTlebis sistema uviTarebs mozards gonebriv da
fizikur unar-Gvevebs, aZlevs saWiro codnas, amkvi-
drebs jansaRi cxovrebis wess, moswavleebs uyalibebs
liberalur da demokratiul Rirebulebebze damyare-
bul samoqalaqo cnobierebas da exmareba maT ojaxis,
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos winaSe sakuTari ufleba-
movaleobebis gacnobierebaSi.
saqarTvelos zogadi ganaTlebis sistemaSi miRebuli
gamocdilebis safuZvelze mozardma unda SeZlos:

a) qveynis interesebis, tradiciebisa da Rirebule-

bebis mimarT sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis gaazreba;

b) bunebrivi garemo pirobebis SenarGuneba da dacva;

g) teqnologiuri Tu sxva inteleqtualuri miRw-

evebis efeqtianad gamoyeneba; informaciis mopove-
ba, damuSaveba da analizi;

d) damoukideblad cxovreba, gadawyvetilebis miReba;

e) iyos Semoqmedi, Tavad Seqmnas Rirebulebebi da ar

icxovros mxolod arsebulis xarjze;

v) sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis uwyveti

ganviTareba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi da maTi

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 maqsimaluri realizeba rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise
mis sazRvrebs gareTac;

z) komunikacia individebTan da jgufebTan;

T) iyos kanonmorGili, toleranti moqalaqe.

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