Lesson 2:

GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL CULTURE
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION
ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
I. GLOBALIZATION
THEORIES
A. HOMOGENEITY
B. HETEROGENEITY
 01 02 03

A. HOMOGENEITY B.HETEROGENEITY
 A. HOMOGENEITY Homogeneity is linked to
Homogeneity refers to the cultural imperialism.
increasing sameness in
the world as cultural
inputs, economic factors,
and political orientations
of societies expand to
create common practices,
same economies, and Cultural imperialism, also
similar forms of called cultural colonialism.
government.
 Examples:

Spaniards
bringing Americanization
Christianity
 What is the relationship between cultural
imperialism and homogeneous culture?
Cultural imperialism means a given culture influences other cultures
Related terms of
01 02
cultural imperialism
03

‘Disneyization’ ‘Coca-colonization’ ‘McDonaldization’

● Global economic crisis is one of the effects of
homogeneity as seen on International Monetary Fund
(IMF) , the “one size fits all” approach treats every country
in the world as same.
“Media Imperialism”
It means that certain forms of imperialism are
directly related with the media in some way.
Example: TV, music, books, and movies, are
perceived as imposed on developing countries
by the West.
 Media
Imperialism
B. HETEROGENEITY Heterogeneity is linked to
Heterogeneity pertains to cultural hybridization. A
the creation of various given culture blends with
cultural practices, new other culture/s.
economies, and political
Example:
groups because of the In one country, two
interaction of elements languages are the main
from different societies in language.
the world.
Glocalization
 Glocalization – Global + Local; Global forces
interact with local factors or specific
geographic area thus “glocal” is produced.
Examples:
• Starbucks is a global brand. Kapeng barako is
locally found in Batangas. Starbucks in Batangas
could offer Kapeng Barako flavor on their menu.
• Remember:
• Even if people in the non-Western countries are
consuming cultural products originating from
the West, they would decide whether to accept
them according to their local concerns and
interests.
 Dynamics of Local
and Global cultures
3 PERSPECTIVE ON GLOBAL CULTURAL FLOWS
A. CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM
B. CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION
C. CULTURAL CONVERGENCE
 A. CULTURAL
DIFFERENTIALISM

Cultures are essentially different.

These differences arise conflict or
clash.

Ex.:- 9/11 Terrorist Attack

represents the clash between
Western and Islamic culture
9/11 Attack
 B. CULTURAL
HYBRIDIZATION
It emphasizes the integration of
local and global cultures
(Glocalization for example).
It results in “unique outcomes”.

Example:
- Mcdo is global. Japanese Sakura is
local. This concept gave idea to
Mcdonalds to offer Sakura float on
their menu.
Glocalized Kitkat
Flavors Starbucks China
C. CULTURAL CONVERGENCE
This approach stresses homogeneity
introduced by globalization.
One culture imposes itself on and
tends to destroy at least parts of
another culture.

Example:
- Americans travelled to other
countries to teach English. The
diffusion of the language led to the
exchange of cultural practices.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF
RELIGION
3 MEANS TO SPREAD RELIGION
Religions spread and scattered on global scale.
1. Media
Light TV
Mass at TV
Jehovah’s Witness distributing pamphlets
3 MEANS TO SPREAD RELIGION
2. Transportation
Spaniards brought Christianity to the Philippines
riding a vessel.
Muslims travel to Mecca uses airplane or ferry.
3 MEANS TO SPREAD RELIGION
3. Information Technology (IT)
Creation of website to spread information
Online invitation or devotion

Religions cross geographical boundaries and be

present anywhere with the help of globalization.
CHALLENGES OF
RELIGION
 CHALLENGES OF RELIGION
1. CONFLICTS AND COMPETITION
- Catholic versus Iglesia ni Cristo
- Muslims’ bloody fight for religion
 CHALLENGES OF RELIGION
2. FAILURE OF HYBRID
- Islam beliefs and Christian beliefs cannot meet halfway
 CHALLENGES OF RELIGION
3. STRUGGLE FOR IDENTITY
-There are still religions that are not familiar, acknowledged
or accepted to other regions.
 CHALLENGES OF RELIGION
4. SECULARISM
- Values and virtues of the world does not adhere to the
teachings in religion
GLOBALIZATION AND
REGIONALIZATION
 GLOBALization REGIONALization

● Regional organizations prefer regional partners.

● Regionalization is a sort of counter-globalization.
● The reason of regionalization is that
globalization brings negative effects to their
societies.
● “IMITATION”
Mcdo is global. This example will show how will it
be a regional one.
MCDO ASIA

CATSUP WILL
CHICKEN WILL BE DRINKS WILL BE
PROVIDED BY THE BE SUPPLIED SHOULDERED
PHILIPPINES BY JAPAN BY SINGAPORE
 EFFECTS OF REGIONALIZATION
● POSITIVE EFFECTS
1. Security
2. Confidence building
3. Culture and identity preservation
4. Economic motivation

● NEGATIVE EFFECTS
1. Imitation
2. Lack of alternative
 ORIGINS AND
HISTORY OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. HARDWIRED
2. CYCLE
3. EPOCH
4. EVENTS
5. BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES
 1. HARDWIRED
● It states that globalization relates to the urge for a
better life and is hardwired to humans.
● It is because of our basic human need to make our
lives better that made globalization possible. (Nayan
Chanda, 2017)

Example:
Humans wanted to travel faster than horseback-riding
or wagon so they began building railroads.
 2. CYCLES
● It points that it is difficult to find a single
point of origin. The effort is largely
irrelevant since there long have been cycles
of globalization.

● Globalization will soon disappear and

reappear.
 3. EPOCH
● Epoch – Past or History
● Knowing what has occurred in the past is a key to the future
and learning from it.
● Today’s globalization is not unique since previous “waves” or
epochs existed. Tracing these “waves” has their own origins
also.

Example:
Globalization of religion from fourth to seventh centuries differs
from globalization of religion at present.
Globalization of European Colonial
Religion Conquest (Late 14th
century to 19th.)
Intra-European Wars Heyday of European
Imperialism
Post World War II Post Cold War Period
 4. EVENTS
● It refers to specific points/events that can be
determined as origins of globalization.
● Examples:
- Roman conquest centuries before Christ
- Voyages of discovery such as Christopher Columbus
- Ferdinand Magellan’s circumnavigation of the globe
- More recent events: specific technological
advancement—first transatlantic telephone cable, first
transatlantic television broadcast, founding of the
modern internet
 5. BROADER, MORE RECENT
CHANGES
1. The emergence of the United States as the global
power after the World War II
2. The emergence of multi-national corporations
(MNCs)
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of cold
war
● Tracing the origin of the current globalization to a
specific time period can help us determine how we got
to this age.
● Know your past to understand your present and get
ready for your future.
End of Module 2