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Lab 7 2023
Lab 7 2023
Biomechanics
Lab 7 Worksheet
Introduction 3
Motion Capture Systems 3
Measurement Volume 3
Camera Set-Up 3
Marker Sets 3
Gait Cycle 4
Activity 2 – Calibration 6
Equipment 6
Procedure 6
Discussion 13
Tables
Table 1: Lower body marker set for 3D motion analysis 5
Table 2: Recorded temporal variables from 3D capture of normal and antalgic (braced) walking gait 8
Table 3: Calculated temporal variables for normal and antalgic (braced) walking gait 9
Measurement Volume
The modular measurement system consists of two or more cameras, each emitting a
beam of infrared light. Small reflective markers are placed on the object or person to be
measured. The camera emits infrared light and the markers reflect it back to the
camera. The camera uses the reflected data to calculate the position of the targets with
high spatial resolution. Multiple cameras and advanced, user-friendly software can then
be combined to provide both 2D and 3D data.
The cameras should be arranged to cover the entire measurement volume. The
cameras must be mounted firmly on tripods or other stable structures which isolate the
camera from movements or vibrations of any kind. For 3D measurement, the system
needs to be calibrated. A “wand” is simply moved around in the volume while a
stationary reference object in the volume defines the coordinate system for the motion
capture. The calibration is finished after approximately 30 seconds up to several
minutes, depending on the size of the measurement volume.
Camera Set-Up
3D motion capture requires 2 or more cameras. Today, we are using a Qualysis
system with 20 cameras. Cameras should be set up so that markers are visible by as
many cameras as possible at all times. They should be set as high as possible and
angled down for the best field of view and to ensure that reflections from other camera
lenses are minimised. Cameras are connected via cables which are then connected to
the computer and analysis software. This allows synchronisation of cameras.
Marker Sets
There are two types of markers: passive markers and active markers. A passive
marker reflects the Infrared light from the camera flash, while an active marker
transmits Infrared light. Today we will use passive markers.
Markers are positioned on specific bodily landmarks which are later used to create
computer models of the body, segment or object that you have captured. In order to
correctly select and position your markers, it is important to have a sound
understanding of both anatomy, and the model building process. Researchers should
also consider the activity or movement that will be performed and attach markers
accordingly to ensure they are secure without restricting movement.
Procedure
Using tensospray, double sided tape and fixomull, students will attach markers to one
volunteer, using the guidelines below.
Equipment
• 20-camera Qualisys system
• L-shaped rigid calibration frame (4 markers)
• Calibration wand (2 markers)
Procedure
To calibrate the measurement volume:
1. Place the L-shaped calibration frame at the lab origin (0,0,0 point). The x-axis
should align with the approximate plane of motion.
2. Set the calibration wand length on the motion capture software.
3. Stand in the measurement volume with the calibration wand. Once the computer
operator starts the calibration function, move wand around the measurement
volume when instructed until the capture finishes.
4. Make sure you calibrated the entire volume within which the movement will occur.
Take care to ensure you wave the wand as close to the ground as possible.
Procedure
1. Have the subject start outside the calibrated volume.
2. For trial 1, the subject will be asked to walk at their preferred speed. They will be
asked to commence walking outside of the calibrated volume and walk freely
through the measurement volume. Once steady-state walking has been achieved,
the computer operator will capture approximately 5 seconds of data.
3. Repeat for a further 2 trials.
Using the data in Table 2, calculate the additional temporal variables listed in Table 3.
Instructions for how to calculate each variable are included under the description.
Cadence (1/STAV)
1.80 step/s 1.81 steps
in pelvic roation, movment patterns are similar, light hip forward is a few
degrees less due to stance to swing ration - more swing on one side than the
other
2. On figure 3, identify and indicate the stance and swing phases for each leg during
normal walking gait.
3. With reference to Figures 3 and 3, describe the differences in knee flexion during
normal and antalgic walking gait.
left leg is hyperextending in antalgic gait
expertise
2. The normal ratio of stance to swing during walking is 60:40. Based on the data from
activity 4, how does antalgic gait affect this ratio?
stance to swing 60:40