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General Biology 2
Quarter 4 - Module 3
Plant and Animal Systems and
Their Functions: Transport and
Circulation

Name of Learner:
Grade & Section:
Name of School:
 Module Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Their
1 Functions

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the concepts behind the transport and circulation in plants
and animals and the regulation of body fluids (STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1).
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the transport of substances in xylem and phloem;

2. Explain the functions and structures in animal circulation;
3. Trace the path of blood in the systemic and pulmonary circulation;
4. Explain the regulation of mammalian kidney function.

“Transport” and “Circulation” are interchangeable terms although the term

“transport” usually applies to structures that deliver water and substances
throughout the plant body. “Circulation” as a term is more applicable to
animals. The heart is the pump that pushes blood to the lungs for oxygenation
and delivers it to different body parts. It consists of several chambers, muscles
and are connected with blood vessels.

What’s In
Activity 1: The chambers of the Heart

Learning Intention: To recall the structure of the Heart

1. Draw an arrow pointing to the 4 chambers of the heart and label.
Activity 2. Let’s think about this!
Why do gardeners often remove many of a plant’s leaves after
transplanting it?

Activity 3. Matching Type: Match column A with the correct answer

on column B, write only the letter of answer on the blank provided at the
right side of the column A.
Column A Column B
1. Accounts for the greatest portion of a. phloem
water loss in plants b. xylem
c. macronutrients
2. nutrients which plants need in large amounts. d. stomata
3. transport water and dissolve minerals e. micronutrients
up from the roots.
_____4. conduct carbohydrates and other metabolic products
downwards from the leaves.
5. nutrients needed by plants in trace amounts.

What’s New
Circulation in animals is basically due to the circulatory
system. Circulatory system are the highways over which
red blood cells carry oxygen to the tissues and remove
carbon dioxide. The key to circulation in vertebrates is the
organ that pumps the blood through the system, the
heart. A cardiovascular system consists of the heart,
blood and blood vessels. The heart pumps the blood
which circulates to other body parts through blood
vessels. Along the way, nutrients and other substances
are delivered to body tissues and wastes are removed to
be excreted out from the body.
Activity 4: Cross Word Puzzle

Across
5. The instrument used for measuring heart beat
6. These carry blood from all parts of the body back to the heart
Down
1. The process of removal of wastes produced in the cells of the living organisms is
called ______
2. The process by which blood is filtered periodically through an artificial kidney
3. The vascular tissue for the transport of water and nutrients in the plant is called the
________
4. The red pigment in the blood
 What is it
Lesson 1: Plant Transport and
Animal Circulation
Try it and Learn from it!
Have you ever wondered how
plants eat and drink? Or you
thought they don’t feed on
anything? How does anything
transport in plants? How do they How do the cells function in potato?
survive? Yes, plants also drink and
eat just like you do! Interested in
Procedure: First, peel a potato and then cut
knowing how? it into two pieces and in a bottom slice it
Plant Transport Plant and make a deep hole as it will look like a
transport involves: absorption of potato cup. In the cup put some sugar
solution and note the level of sugar. By the
water through the roots and up
use of pin pierce the outer wall of the
and down movement of substances
potato.
in phloem.

Absorption of water plus
macronutrients and
micronutrients through the root
system is possible by diffusion.
Root hairs increase the surface
area for transport. Water
molecules pass through the
epidermis, cortex, endodermis and
pericycle; then they move upwards
by means of xylem vessels.
Take one container full of water and place
the potato partially dipped in it. For some
time leave it and then we can see that the
level of sugar increases, the reason is water
moves from low concentration to a high
concentration. This is an example of the
transport of plants.

Transportation In Plants

Transport in plants – plants are the type of organisms that have an autotrophic mode
of nutrition. By taking in carbon dioxide from the air, minerals, and water from the soil,
plants make their own food. After that, they release oxygen and water vapor. This process
is Photosynthesis.
 By this process, plants synthesize their food in
the leaves. For trees, leaves are considered to
be food factories. For the process
of photosynthesis, raw materials should be
transported to the leaves. For transport in
plants, they need a transport system to move
food, water, and minerals around because for
them no heart, no blood, and since these
plants do not have a circulatory system,
transportation makes up for it.

Why is Transportation An Essential Process?

To circulate water, essential nutrients,

excretory products, and gases within the
plants for various purposes, transportation in
plants is necessary. In vascular tissues, this
transportation in the plant takes place. By a
suction force, water and minerals are
transported to various parts of the plant.

Vascular tissues are normally conducting tissues. The formation of these tissues can be done
by xylem and phloem of a plant. Without the use of pump how water moves up the plant against
gravity in tubes made of dead xylem cells can be explained by only the transportation process.

The Process of Transportation

In plants, there are pipe-like vessels through which water and minerals can enter the plants.
These vessels are made up of elongated cells and thick walls. A group of cells forms a tissue
that performs a specialized function within the organisms. These are conducting tissues.
These conducting tissues are divided into two types which are xylem and phloem.

• Xylem: It is a vascular tissue that spreads from the top to bottom of the plant. For the
transport of water molecules, it helps a lot. It also plays a vital role in the case of dissolved
substances from the root hairs to aerial parts of the plant. It transfers water in one
direction. Commonly, xylem occupies the central part of the vascular bundle. It mainly
includes different types of cells such as tracheid, vessels, and xylem parenchyma
and xylem fibers.

• Phloem: It is also vascular tissue. In a plant where the necessity of food molecules is
there, the use of the phloem transportation process will take place. Some elements are
there in the phloem such as sieve elements, phloem parenchyma, fibers, and companion
cells.
The transportation process in this tissue is bidirectional. In association with xylem, it forms
vascular bundles. The edges of vascular bundles are occupied by phloem.
Figure 1: The difference between xylem and phloem

Animal Circulation

Let us follow the journey of blood through the human heart, starting with the entry of
oxygenated blood into the heart from the lungs. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the
left side of the heart, emptying directly into the left atrium through large vessels called
pulmonary veins. From the atrium, blood flows through an opening into the adjoining
chamber, the left ventricle. The blood is prevented from going back into the atrium by a
large one-way valve, the mitral valve, whose flaps are pushed shut as the ventricle contracts.

Prevented from reentering the atrium, the blood within the ventricle takes the only other
passage out of the contracting left ventricle. It moves through a second opening that leads
into a large vessel called the aorta. The aorta is separated from the left ventricle by a one-
way valve, the aortic valve. Unlike the mitral valve, the aortic valve is oriented to permit the
flow of blood out of the ventricle. Once this outward flow has occurred, the aortic valve closes,
thus preventing the reentry of blood from the aorta into the heart.

The aorta and all of the other blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are arteries.
Many of these arteries branch from the aorta, carrying oxygen- rich blood to all parts of the
body.

The blood that flows into the arterial system eventually returns to the heart after delivering
its cargo of oxygen to the cells of the body. In returning, it passes though a series of veins,
eventually entering the right side of the heart. Two large veins collect blood from the systemic
circulation. The superior vena cava drains the upper body, the inferior vena cava the lower
body. These veins empty deoxygenated blood into the right atrium. The right side of the heart
is similar in organization to the left side. Blood passes from the right atrium into the right
ventricle through a one-way valve, the tricuspid valve. It passes out of the contracting right
ventricle through a second valve, the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary arteries, which
carry the deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The blood then returns from the lungs to the left
side of the heart with a new cargo of oxygen, which is pumped to the rest of the body.
 Figure 2: The pathway of blood in the heart

Lesson 2: Regulation of Body Fluids

Activity 5: What Do You Think?

Can you think of a possible consequence should there be a failure in the ability of the body
to dispose or eliminate toxic metabolic wastes?

Animals have evolved a variety of mechanisms to cope with the problems of fluid balance. In
many animals the removal of water or salts is coupled to the removal of metabolic wastes
from the body. The organ that carries out these processes is the kidney. Kidneys possess
two segments that carry out different functions; Filtration, in which blood is passed through
a filter that retains blood cells and proteins but passes water and small molecules;
Reabsorption, in which desirable ions and metabolites are recaptured from the filtrate,
leaving metabolic waste and water behind for later elimination and Excretion, which is the
elimination of a variety of potentially harmful substances that animals eat, drink, or inhale.
In this process the roughly 2 million nephrons that form the bulk of the two human kidneys
receive a flow of approximately 2000 liters of blood per day.
 The Regulation of mammalian kidney function:
I. Receptors in the juxtaglomerular
apparatus function in the kidney’s
autoregulation system. A. The receptors trigger
constriction or dilation of the afferent arteriole to
keep blood flow and filtration constant during
small variations in blood pressure.
II. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes
water conservation.
A. It is secreted from the hypothalamus via
the pituitary when osmoreceptors detect an
increase in the osmolarity of body fluids.
B. It makes the walls of distal tubules and
collecting ducts more permeable to water, and
thus the urine becomes more concentrated.

III. Aldosterone enhances sodium reabsorption.

A. When too much sodium is lost,
extracellular fluid volume is reduced, and
pressure receptors detect corresponding drop in
blood pressure.
B. In response, the kidney secretes an
enzyme, renin, which indirectly stimulates the
adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, which in
turn stimulates reabsorption in the distal tubule
and collecting ducts.
IV. Cells in the hypothalamus thirst center
inhibit saliva production and stimulate the urge
to drink when there is an increase in the solute
concentration in extracellular fluid.
Figure 3: The basic steps in urine formation

What’s More
Activity 6: Take-Home Research
1. Research on the following technologies related to the circulatory system.
A. Pacemaker
B. Electrocardiograph (ECG)
C. Stethoscope
D. Defibrillator
E. Sphygmomanometer
F. Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
G. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
2. Of the three processes – filtration, reabsorption, elimination – which is (are)
accomplished by a kidney dialysis machine? Explain any limitations of the
device.
 What I Have Learned

Activity 7: Let’s label it!

Directions: A Word bank is found at the left side of the image containing
answers for this activity. Choose the best answer that best describes every
part of the illustration. Write your answer on the space provided for.

Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
Tricuspid valve
Aortic valve
aorta
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
pulmonary valve
mitral valve

What I Can Do

Activity 8: There’s a lot more to discover!

Watch a video on animal circulation.

Use the following guide questions:
I. How do animals transport materials inside their bodies?
II. What structures are necessary in animal transport?
III. State the function of the following components of animal transport: heart, blood
and blood vessels.
 Activity 9: You Can Do More!
Directions: Complete the flow chart by filling in the boxes with corresponding
structures involved in the circulation of blood. Write your answer in the boxes.

1.

3. 2.

4.

Figure 4: The circulation of blood through the heart

Assessment
15

Directions. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Which organ carries out filtration of waste and reabsorption of nonwaste

molecules?
a. Arteries c. Blood
b. Kidneys d. Heart
2. Which is not a function of the kidneys?
a. Circulation of blood c. Excretion of waste materials
b. Maintain water balance d. Maintain homeostatic ion
3. Which of the following is not part of the circulatory system?
a. The heart c. arteries
b. Veins d. the kidneys
4. Blood pumped out of the left ventricle moves into the
a. Pulmonary vein c. aorta
b. Right ventricle d. superior vena cava
5. Are the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to various parts
of body.
a. veins c. capillaries
b. arteries d. valves
6. The lower chambers of the heart are called the ________.
a. Right atrium c. Ventricles
b. Left atrium d. Right and left atrium
7. The tiny branches of blood vessels that connect arteries with the veins are
called ________.
a. capillaries c. veins
b. arteries d. blood cells
8. The ________ receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle.
a. Left atrium c. pulmonary artery
b. aorta d. pulmonary vein
9. ________ help in preventing the blood from flowing back.
a. Arteries and veins c. Blood vessels
b. Blood clots d. valves
10. The impure blood is transported from the right ventricle to the lungs
by________.
a. Pulmonary vein c. Superior vena cava
b. Pulmonary artery d. Inferior vena cava
11. The blood carried by the pulmonary artery is ________.
a. mixed c. oxygenated
b. deoxygenated d. pure
12. The structure that transport water and minerals in plants is ________.
e. Leaves c. phloem
f. stem d. xylem
13. Water rises in the xylem tubes due to ________.
a. gravity c. xylem fiber
b. transpiration pull d. conducting tissue
14. The tissue that transport food in plants is the ________.
a. xylem c. stem
b. phloem d. leaves
15. The loss of water from the stomata is called________.
a. condensation c. evaporation
b. sublimation d. transpiration
 Additional Activities
Activity 10: tr√e or fXlse

Directions: Write √ if the statement is correct and X if the statement

is incorrect, if you answered X underline the word that is incorrect.

__________1. Blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through a
one-way valve, the bicuspid valve.
__________2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water conservation.

__________3. Aldosterone enhances sodium reabsorption.

__________4. When too much sodium is lost, extracellular fluid volume is increased,
and pressure receptors detect corresponding drop in blood pressure.

__________5. Cells in the hypothalamus thirst center inhibit saliva production and
stimulate the urge to drink when there is an increase in the solute concentration in
extracellular fluid.
 References

Books:
General Biology 2 Teaching Guide for Senior High School
Understanding Biology, Raven and Johnson, Mosby Publishing (Pages 591-757)

Electronic Resources:

https://www.toppr.com/guides/science/tra
nsportation-in-animals-and-
plants/transportation-in-plants/

https://physicscatalyst.com/class-
7/Transportation-in-Animals-and-Plants-
worskheet.php
Crash Course_Circulation and Respiratory
System.www.youtube.comwatch?V_9fxm85F
y45Q
https://study.com/academy/answer/if-the-
two-pulmonary-arteries-were-clamped-shut-
would-you-expect-systemic-edema-or-
pulmonary-edema-to-follow-explain.html
ANSWER KEY
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