INTRODUCTION

Dear learner,
Welcome to Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions. This module will help
you understand the key concepts, elements, and principles of various art forms found in
the Philippines.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit, the student is expected to:
1 identify the different elements of Audio-Visual Arts;
2. distinguish various Audio-Visual Arts found in the Philippines; and
3 create.

LEARNING CONTENT

UNIT II-Contemporary Arts in the

Philippines

1.Elements of the Audio-Visual Arts (Music)

 MUSIC is the art of combining sounds of varying pitch to produce a coherent
composition that is melodious, harmonious, intelligible and expressive of ideas
and emotions. Similar to any art form, music has its own elements. Because it is
an audio-visual art, it shares the same elements possessed by dance and drama.

Here are the 10 Elements of Music:

1.Pitch
~the relative highness or lowness of a tone.

2.Volume or intensity
~the loudness or softness of a sound. It ranges from very soft (pianissimo) and
soft (piano) to very loud (fortissimo) and loud (forte). The volume is louder when a
singer belts out compared to the volume when he/she simply whispered.
3.Tempo or rate
~ the speed of a composition or any of its sections. Ballads has a slow tempo,
whereas dance songs have a fast rate. Terms such as alegro (fast), vivace (lively),
moderato (moderate speed), andante (moderately slow), adalgo (slower than andante),
lento (slow), and largo (very slow) are related to tempo.

4.Duration
~ the length of time during which a sound is produced. Some sounds are longer
than the others.

5.Timbre
~ the quality of sounds that makes it distinct from other sounds. Thus, listener can
distinguish the voices of Regine Velasquez, Jaya, Janno Gibbs, and Ogie Alcasid:
likewise, he can recognize the sounds of a flute, a guitar, a drum and a piano.

6.Rhythm
~ the consistent pattern or succession of identical or similar sounds. This is
illustrated by the succession of similar sounds in a song, as follows: introduction, stanza
one, chorus, refrain, stanza two, chorus, refrain, coda and conclusion.

7.Melody
~ the series of consecutive tones that vary in pitch and duration but form a line of
individual significance and expressive value. It is an orderly succession of tones or
musical sounds. It is the one remembered by a listener or the one who whistles or
hums, especially so when he/she doesn't know the lyric.

8.Harmony
~ the simultaneous sounding of two or more tones. When three or more tones
are sounded simultaneously, there exists a chord.

9.Texture
~ the number of tones expected to be apprehended simultaneously. It is either
monophonic (sounding of a single melodic line without an accompaniment), polyphonic
(simultaneous sounding of two or more melodic lines of relatively equal interests), or
homophonic (sounding of one main melody supported by a subordinate one, as in the
performance of a folk singer with a guitar accompaniment).

10.Form
~ the overall organization of the composition. It is associated with shape, structure,
and coherence. All the musical elements are put together to come up with the cohesive
whole called form. Jose Palma's lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem titled "Lupang
Hinirang" were arranged into a march by Julian Felipe. All the notes and all the other
components of the song constitute its form.
2.Elements of the Audio-Visual Arts (Dance)
DANCE
Dance is a form of art using rhythmic bodily movements expressing ideas and
emotions and accompanied by music. As an art form, it may tell a story, set a mood, or
express an emotion. It is a form of exercise; a number of people who want to be
physically fit turn to dancing. Obese people who want to lose weight do the same. It is
also a form of recreation; dances are almost always a part of parties and other social
activities. It is also a form of socialization; ballrooms and dance halls are venues where
people socialize, meet new friends, and form new associations.
Music and dance are allied arts. As such, they share many similarities. Among
these similarities are that they are both performing arts, that they have a temporary or
transient nature, and that they are enjoyed by artists and audience alike. They are also
related to each other in that music is an important element of dance. The other
elements of dance are listed in the following table:
Dancer
The dancer is the most important element of dance Since he is the performer,
there won't be a dance without him. He executes the steps, follows the instructions of
the choreographer, wears the costumes, and carries the props.
Choreography
A choreographer is the dance director. He does the Overall design of the dance,
assigns the steps to be executed by the dancer/s, selects the costumes and props that
go with the dance, and determines the set designed for the dance, Geleen Eugenio
used to choreograph the Universal Motion Dancers or UMD and the "Starstruck"
finalists, and Maribeth Bichara did the choreography for the VIP Dancers. The two are
not only good choreographers but also good dancers. To be a good choreographer, one
must be a good dancer.
Design
Design is the planned organization or pattern of movements in time and space. It
involves the movements and the positioning of the dancers, and the steps executed by
them. An outstanding dance performance is always dependent on the design of the
dance. Thus, the dancers of a dance troupe discuss the design of the dance, together
with the choreographer, before they start their rehearsal.
Subject
 Subject is the message of the dance. Simply put, it tells what the dance is about.
For example, the theme of the Ifugao war dance is the rivalry between two tribes that
leads to an armed conflict. Subjects of the dances differ from one dance to another.
Movements
Movements are classified into steps, gestures, and facial expressions. Steps are
the dancers' movements from one point on stage to another; these include leaps, turns,
rolls, and somersaults. Gestures are the movements of their heads, hands, feet, and
other body parts; these include swaying, head shaking, foot stomping, and clapping.
Facial expressions are the movements of their facial parts, as exemplified by the raising
of eyebrows, pouting of lips, and crumpling of forehead.
Technique
Technique is the style or way of executing the movements. For example, the
grind may be done singly or doubly, or the twist may be done quickly or slowly.

Properties
More commonly called props, properties are the things carried by the dancers as
they perform. These include the glasses with lighted candles (pandanggo sa ilaw),
Sombreros (pandanggo sa sambalilo), fans (fan dance), umbrellas (umbrella dance),
sticks (sakuting), pots (banga), spears and shields (singkil), towels, torches, and so on.

Costumes
Costumes are the things worn by the dancers during their performance. These
include the head gear, the upper garments, the lower garments, and the footwear. Hats,
caps, fez, bonnets, helmets, crowns, turbans, and hoods are among the head gear.
Blouses, kimono, kimona, baro't saya, malong, patadyong, traje, gowns Maria Clara
dresses, skirts, bloomers, and the like are garments for female dancers, while shirts,
camisa de chino, barong Tagalog, shorts, long pants, trousers, G-strings, and the like
are garments for male dancers. Their footwear may be shoes, slippers, sandals, socks,
and stockings.

Set Design
The setting or the background that indicates the place of action for the dancers.
Vintas are placed as backdrop for singkil, a Vintage Spanish-inspired house for jota,
and nipa huts for tinikling.
Other theatrical elements
Elements such as lighting effects, sound effects, visual effects, and the like form
part of a dance performance when the dance is performed as part of a musical play or
when it is a theatrical dance.

3.Elements of the Audio-Visual Arts (Drama)

Drama or Theater
Drama is a form of art that depicts life’s experiences through the reenactment of
events that take place in the real world or happen in the mind of the writer. More often
than not, it mirrors life. Derived from the Greek word dram meaning to act or to do,
drama is performed on stage or in front of the camera by actors and actresses under
the supervision of the director. Like music and dance, drama serves to inform and
entertain. Unlike the other two performing arts, it serves to persuade because it can be
used as propaganda. It still has other purposes: to help conserve a country’s or
society’s legends, to execute its laws, to explore its problems, to demonstrate its codes,
to ridicule its weakness, and to extend its knowledge.
The elements of play production vary from one medium to another. For instance,
editing and cinematography do not apply to a stage play. Besides, editing and
cinematography, lighting effects and, visual effects do not to a radio play. Generally, the
elements of play production are the literary elements, direction, acting, editing, set
design, production design, cinematography, costume design, make-up, properties, light
or lighting effects, sound effects, visual effects, theme song, musical score, story, and
script.
The director is the overall in charge of the dramatic performance.
He instructs the actors and all the people involved in the production
Direction from the production assistants to the cameramen, props men,
affects men, designers, writers, editors, cinematographers, and so
on. He is always present from the pre-production stage to the post-
production stage of the play. The internationally acclaimed Lino
Brocka epitomizes good director.
The members of the cast performed the roles assigned to then by
the director. They read the script, memorize their lines, follow the
instructions given by the director, and give justice to their assigned
Acting roles. Among the actors groomed into high-caliber performances
by Lino Brocka were Christopher de Leon (“Tinimbang ka Ngunit
kulang”), Bembol Roco (“Maynila: Sa mga kuko ng Liwanag”),
Hilda Koronel (“Insiang” and “Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag”).
Philip Salavdor (“Jaguar” and “Kapit sa Patalim “), Nora Aunor
(“Bona “), Gina Alajar (“Orapronobis “), Vilma Santos (“Sister Stella
L “).
 The editor sequences the scenes to be presented in such way that
they make up a coherent whole. Like a newspaper editor who
Editing deletes unnecessary words from a news article, he takes out
unnecessary scenes, particularly the obscene and offensive ones.
The set design does the layout of the set. He determines what to
place as backdrop and what to put on stage. For example, the
Set Design design for the set of the play, “New York in Tondo”, is a simulation
of a living room of a middle-class family residing in Tondo, Manila.
Set designs are classified into realistic, abstract, suggestive, or
functional.
Similar to the set designer for a stage play, the production designer
is tasked to do the overall design for a drama to be shown on the
small screen or the wide screen. Opposed to a set designer, a
Production Design production designer has a bigger responsibility because his work is
not only limited to a studio, a room, or the stage but it covers an
area as wide as a small community or a large province. At times,
his work also involves designing costumes, determining the props
to be used, and collaborating with the cinematographer. For
example, the production designs of fantasy movies such as
“Exodus” and “Harry Potter” are elaborate.
The cinematographer is the person who takes charge of the
photography. He looks for a location that fits the story and, with the
Cinematography aid of the cameramen, shoots the scenes forming part of the
drama. For example, some of the underwater scenes of the top-
rated television series “Dyesebel” were shot in Palawan.
The costume designer creates the clothes to be worn by the actors
and actresses. Akin to a fashion designer who comes up with
Costume Design fashionable clothes appealing to his target market, he sees to it
that the costumes suit the characters to be portrayed by the
performers. For example, the actors in “Star Trek” and “Star Wars”
wear outlandish costumes to signify that they are aliens.
The make-up artist beautifies or uglifies the actors and actresses
based on the roles they portray. For example, Vilma Santos and
Anne Curtis, who played the role of “Kampanerang Kuba”, were
made ugly and humpbacked. Sam Milby was turned obese in the
Make-up film “My Big Love” in much the same way as Jopay Paguia became
the fat “Tabachingching” in a television series. Linda Blair looked
terrifying in the horror movie entitled “The exorcist.” Make-up is
made up of body paints (tattoos, lipstick, face powder and the like)
and paddings (a hump on one’s back, a big tummy to show obesity
or pregnancy, and an artificial nose for the Pinocchio character).
The properties (props for short) are the things which the actors
and actresses carry or bring with them as they perform on stage or
Properties in front of the camera in order to establish their characters. For
 example, a driver brings with him a hand towel; a farmer, a bolo; a
fisherman, a fishnet; a female prostitute, a pack of cigarettes; a
vendor, his goods; and a teacher, books.
The lights man is in charge of determining the amount (bright or
Light or Lighting dark) and the sources (sun, lump, flashlight, or candle) of light
Effects needed to make scenes realistic and credible. For example, if it is
nighttime and the production people are going to shoot a daytime
scene, the lights must be in full blast. The reverse is true if a
nighttime scene is to be shot during daytime. The persons involved
in lighting effects must have a way of letting the audience know if
the scene is taking place at dawn, in the morning, at noon, in the
afternoon, at dusk, or in the evening.
Sound Effects The sound effects man is in charge of determining the amount
(loud or soft) and the sources (people, animals, objects, e.g.,
horns, and other, e.g., thunder) of sound needed to make the
scenes realistic and credible. For example, if the scene to be shot
is in a busy street within the university belt, sounds such as the
shouting of vendors, the honking of horns, and the noise
emanating from moving vehicles must be present.
The visual effects man is in charge of producing those sights that
are not usually captured by the camera in order to make the
Visual Effects scenes effective, exciting, and appealing to viewers. Examples are
the division of the Red Sea in “The Ten Commandments,” the
flying scenes of “Mulawin” and “Majika” characters, the
disappearing and reappearing acts of “Encantadia” and “La
Vendetta” characters, and the duplication or multiplication of the
characters in “Darna” and “Joaquin Bordado.”
The theme song is the song composed to represent the theme or
Theme Song the subject matter of the drama. For example, Celine Dion’s “My
heart will go on” and Mandy Moore’s “Only Hope” are appropriate
theme songs for the films “Titanic” and “A walk to Remember,”
respectively.
The theme song is not the only song played in a drama, whether it
is a comedy, a tragedy, a melodrama, or another genre. There are
other songs played to set the mood (for example, romantic), to
Musical Score excite the audience ( as in scenes showing the protagonist chasing
the antagonist, or vice versa), or keep the viewers glued to their
seats ( as in “High School Musical,” “Xanadu,” and “Saturday Night
Fever”). In Sharon Cuneta’s movies, “Bituing Walang Ningning”
and “P.S> I Love You,” the theme songs having the same titles
were not the only songs rendered; there were a lot of songs played
to the delight of the audience. Thus, the musical scorer is tasked to
arrange the music that forms part of the drama.
The story is one of the most important aspects of a play for without
it, there won’t be ant production. The story may be an adaptation
Story (Lea Salonga’s musical play entitled “Cinderella” is an adaptation
 of the fairy tale with the same title.) or an original narrative (“My
Best friend’s Girlfriend). The story is the brainchild of the writer of
the original story or of the author of the novel (Lualhati Bautista’s
Bata, Bata Paano Ka Ginawa and Dekada ’70), short story, epic
poetry (Homer’s lliad and Odyssey), or any literary piece turned
into a play.
The script is that which contains the dialogue or the lines to be
memorized by the performers. It also contains the director’s
instructions. The author of the story is oftentimes the scriptwriter.
Script For example, Recardo Lee prepares the scripts for the stories he
writes. There are times when the story writer is different from the
scriptwriter; in this case, the two collaborate to make the drama an
effective medium for communicating ideas and emotions, and for
entertaining the theater- or movie-going public.
The literary elements of drama are the setting, characters, plot,
Literary Elements theme, conflict, point of view, tone, mood, and atmosphere.

Many people, particularly the Filipinos, have misconceptions regarding dramas.

Two of these are that a drama is a tear-jerker and that a comedy is a bone-tickler. Not
all dramas are serious and tend to let the audience cry since comedies, which are
dramatic forms, tend to make the audience laugh. Not all comedies are funny because
there are those that are mostly serious. To get rid of these misconceptions, a reader
(drama as a literary art) or viewer (drama as a performing art) must possess a thorough
knowledge of the kinds of drama. These are tragedies, comedies, tragicomedies,
farces, melodrama, religious plays, historical plays, and so on.
Tragedy. A tragedy is a drama I which the hero fails to fulfill his goal or goals.
His failure is attributed to his tragic flaw, a fatal mistake. The protagonist cannot
overcome an inevitable failure although he may show courage along the way. The
narrative ends unhappily for the hero with whom the viewers sympathize; thus, it is
regarded as a sad-ending story. However, a tragedy does not necessarily end with the
hero’s death. Examples are the well-loved Theban plays of Sophocles, “Oedipus Rex”
and “Antigone,” which are popular tragedies performed in school theaters and similar
venues.
Comedy. A comedy is a drama in which the hero succeeds in fulfilling his goal or
goals. Sometimes, it is comic all throughout as a comedy of manners or slapstick
comedy such that the viewer’s laugh and laugh as they watch the performance. There
are comedies that are partially funny or more serious than funny; nevertheless, they are
considered comedies because they focus on the protagonist who is successful in his
plans. Because the narrative ends happily for the hero, it is considered a happy ending
story. Comedies are classified into situational comedy (sitcom), romantic comedy
(romcom), comedy of idea, and comedy of manners. For example, of this type are the
comic films of Dolphy, the Comedy King of the Philippines, whose “John en Marsha,
“Facifica Falayfay,” and ‘tatay Nick” were top-grossers.
Tragicomedy. A tragicomedy is a drama in which the hero fails with respect to
some goals but succeeds with respect to the other goals. It is merely a combination of
tragedy and a comedy.
Farce. A farce is a drama written by an author whose intention is to poke fun at
the hero, his subject. The hero, oftentimes symbolizing a public official or a person of
authority, is rendered ridiculous. The dramatic tone is satirical.
Melodrama. A melodrama is a drama that focuses not on the protagonist, but on
the action or the situation. It is characterized by a sentimental love story, sensational
actions, extravagant emotions, and a happy ending. Most of Sharon Cuneta’s films are
melodramatic.
Religious Play. A religious play is a drama that serves to reenact a biblical event
or to teach a truth or truths pertaining to certain religion. Examples of religious plays are
mystery plays, miracle plays, morality plays, and passion plays (cenaculo). Mel Gilbon’s
“The Passion of the Christ” is a good example of this type.
Historical Play. Just like religious play, a historical play serves to reenact a
historical event that plays an important role on the lives of the viewers. Example of this
are “Rizal the Movie,” “Rizal sa Dapitan,” “Macario Sacay,” and “General Luna.”
Musical Play. Also known as an opera, a musical play is an art form that
combines music and drama. Dealing with any subject, it differs from other plays in as
much as the performers do not say their lines, but sing them. The performers here must
not only be good actors, but also be good singers. Therefore, the producers of the
Filipino production of the Hindu epic Ramayan entitled “Rama at Sita” hired the services
of Lani Misalucha, Jaya, Ariel Rivera, and Franco Laurel. It involves dances, too.
Because it is a combined art, it has elements that are not present in a pure dramatic
form. These are as follows: overure (introduction), aria (performance by a solo singer),
duet (performance by two singers), trio (performance by three singers, quartette
(performance by four singers), quintette (performance by five singers), sextette
(performance by six singers), septette (performance by seven singers), intermezzos and
interludes (orchestral pieces played between acts and scenes), recitative (recited part),
chorus (choral or group singing), and dance.
Learning Activities
Research a Music, Dance, or Drama found in our region (Region VI) or in the
Philippines. Identify the elements present in your chosen Music, Dance, or Drama, and
elaborate the element found based on your understanding.
Do this in a clean piece of paper, or in a document-type file.

Assessment
Multiple Choice (Music). Directions: Select the correct answer that corresponds to the
given definition.
1. It is an audio-visual art of combining sounds of varying pitch to produce produce
a coherent composition that is melodious, harmonious, intelligible and expressive
of ideas and emotions.
a. Art
b. Dance
c. Music (correct answer)
d. Drama
2. It ranges from very soft (pianissimo) and soft (piano) to very loud (fortissimo) and
loud (forte).
a. Pitch
b. Volume (correct answer)
c. Rhythm
d. Tempo
3. It is the speed of a composition or any of its sections.
a. Duration
b. Timbre
c. Melody
d. Tempo (correct answer)
4. The following terms belong to the tempo, an element of music, which is not?
a. Alegro
b. Vivace
c. Andante
d. Delmonte (correct answer)
5. It is an orderly succession of tones or musical sounds.
a. Melody (correct answer)
b. Harmony
 c. Rhythm
d. Tempo
6. It is the simultaneous sounding of two or more tones.
a. Harmony (correct answer)
b. Form
c. Timbre
d. Melody
7. It is the consistent pattern or succession of identical or similar sounds. This is
illustrated by the succession of similar sounds in a song.
a. Texture
b. Harmony
c. Rhythm (correct answer)
d. Duration
8. It is either monophonic, polyphonic, or homophonic.
a. Texture (correct answer)
b. Harmony
c. Duration
d. Form
9. It is the overall organization of the composition. It is associated with shape,
structure, and coherence.
a. Volume
b. Melody
c. Harmony
d. Form (correct answer)
10. Texture are a number of tones. Among the following, which is the sounding of
one main melody supported by a subordinate one?
a. Monophonic
b. Polyphonic
c. Homophonic (correct answer)
d. None of the above

Multiple Choice (Dance). Directions: Select the correct answer that corresponds to the
given definition.
1. This is the most important element of dance
a. Choreographer
b. Dancer
c. Singer
d. Subject
2. This is a form of art using rhythmic bodily movements which expresses ideas and
emotions and is accompanied by music.
a. Dance
b. Stage Play
 c. Music
d. Poetry
3. This is a planned organization or pattern of movement in time and space. This
element of dance involves the movements and the positioning of the dancers,
and the steps executed by them.
a. Subject
b. Design
c. Choreography
d. Movements
4. This person is also called as the dance director. They are the one in-chagre of
the dance, assigns the steps to be executed by the dancer/s, selects the
costumes and props that go with the dance, and determines the set designed for
the dance.
a. Instructor
b. Choreographer
c. Dance Master
d. Dancer
5. This element of dance are into steps, gestures, and facial expressions. Steps are
the dancers' movements from one point on stage to another; these include leaps,
turns, rolls, and somersaults.
a. Movements
b. Technique
c. Costumes
d. Subject
6. This element is the message of the dance. This tells what the dance is about.
a. Movements
b. Technique
c. Costumes
d. Subject
7. This element of dance are the things worn by the dancers during their
performance.
a. Movements
b. Technique
c. Costumes
d. Subject
8. This element of dance are more commonly called props, they are the things
carried by the dances as they perform.
a. Costumes
b. Set Design
c. Movements
d. Properties
9. This element of dance is the setting or the background. This indicates the place
of action for the dancers.
 a. Costumes
b. Set Design
c. Movements
d. Properties
10. This element of dance includes the lighting effects, sound effects, visual effects,
and the like. This is part of a dance performance when the dance is performed as
part of a musical play or when it is a theatrical dance.
a. Set design
b. Costumes
c. Movements
d. Other theatrical elements

Multiple Choice (Drama). Directions: Select the correct answer that corresponds to the
given definition.
1. A drama in which the hero succeeds in fulfilling his goal or goals.
a. tragedy b. comedy c. melodrama d. musical play
2. It contains the dialogue or the lines to be memorized by the performers
a. script b. story c. properties d. cinematography
3. A form of art that depicts life’s experiences through the reenactment of events that
take place in the real world or happen in the mind of the writer.
a. cinematography b. drama c. comedy d. tragedy
4. The overall in charge of the dramatic performance.

a. producer b. actor c. director d. writers

5. One of the most important aspects of a play for without it, there won’t be any
production.
a. script b. story c. properties d. cinematography
6. A musical play is an art form that combines music and drama, also known as an
opera.
a. religious play b. historical play c. tragedy play d. musical play
7. A drama written by an author whose intention is to poke fun at the hero, his subject.
a. farce b. tragedy c. comedy d. drama
8. The song composed to represent the theme or the subject matter of the drama.
a. sound effects b. theme song c. musical play d. sound
9. The setting, characters, plot, theme, conflict, point of view, tone, mood, and
atmosphere.
a. storyline b. script c. literary elements d. story
10. A drama that serves to reenact a biblical event or to teach a truth or truths pertaining
to certain religion.
a. Religious Pay b. Tragedy b. Comedy d. Drama
INTRODUCTION
Dear learner,
Welcome to Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions. This module will help
you understand the key concepts, elements, and principles of various art forms found in
the Philippines.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit, the student is expected to:
1 identify the different elements of Audio-Visual Arts;
2. distinguish various Audio-Visual Arts found in the Philippines; and
3 create.

4. Elements of the Visual Arts (Literature)

LITERATURE
According to Webster, literature is a collection of writings in prose or verse,
especially writings having excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas of
permanent or universal interest. From the definition of literature can be derived its
characteristics: expressive or imaginative writing, nobility of thought, universality, and
timelessness. Poems, essays, plays, short stories, and novels are forms of expressing
ideas and emotions; they may be based wholly on the writer’s imagination, on facts, or
on a combination of both. Literary pieces that excel or stand out are products of noble or
great minds; thus, writers whose works stand out are considered intellectual and their
works which stand the test of time are termed classics, for example, the works of
William Shakespeare. Literary works that transcend time and place are described as
timeless and universal, respectively.
The term "literature” came from the Latin word "literature,” meaning "writing" or
"learning," or from the Latin word "literatus," meaning "literate or "learned." As such, a
literary piece is produced by someone who is literate or learned in the language or
culture of a social group Hence, Philippine literature is a body of writings by those
Filipinos who are not only literate in Tagalog or other Philippine languages, but also
knowledgeable in Philippine culture. It is an embodiment of Philippine culture and a
reflection of Philippine society. Indeed, the two novels of Philippine national hero, Dr.
Jose P. Rizal, "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo, embody Philippine culture and
reflect Philippine society during his time.
 Literature is divided into two broad genres-poetry and prose Poetry is that broad
genre of literature that is written in stanza form. it is characterized by a regular rhythmic
pattern, rhyme, horizontal and/or vertical measure, imagery, symbolism, and figurative
language. Making it distinct from prose forms, these elements are as follows:

Measure
Measure involves the counting of the number of lines and stanzas (vertical
measure) and the number of syllables and feet (horizontal measure)
Vertical Measure. Poems and stanzas are classified according to the number of
lines. When a stanza or a poem has two lines, it is called a couplet; three lines, a triplet
(the three lines rhyme) or tercet (the first and last lines rhyme); four lines, quatrain or
quartet; five lines, cinquain or quintain; six lines, sestet; seven lines, septet; eight lines,
Octave; nine lines, nonet; and so forth.
Horizontal Measure. Lines are described according to the number of syllables.
A line with one syllable is described as monosyllabic; with two syllables, disyllabic; with
three syllables, trisyllabic; with four syllables, tetrasyllabic; with five syllables,
pentasyllabic; with six syllables, hexasyllabic; with seven syllables, heptasyllabic; with
eight syllables, octosyllabic, with nine syllables, nonasyllabic; with ten syllables,
decasyllabic; with eleven syllables, undecasyllabic; and with twelve syllables,
dodecasyllabic. When lines are measured according to the number of feet or meters,
they are classified as follows: a line with one toot, monometer, with two feet, dimeter;
with three feet, trimeter, with four feet, tetrameter; with five feet, pentameter, with six
feet, hexameter, with seven feet, heptameter; and with eight feet, octameter.

Rhythm
Rhythm is the regular succession of accented and unaccented syllables in a line.
It is associated with the metrical feet, which are classified as follows: iamb, a foot with
an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable; anapest, a foot with two
unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable; trochee, a foot with stressed
syllable followed by an unstressed syllable; dactyl, a foot with a stressed syllable
followed by two unstressed syllable spondee, a foot with two stressed syllables, and
pyrrhic foot, a foot with two unstressed syllables.

Rhyme
Rhyme is the presence of words that have similar or identical final sounds. For
example, reading the poem entitled How Do Love Thee?" by Elizabeth Barrett-
Browning, one can observe the rhyming of terminal words.
 Internal Rhyme. When the rhyming words are found within one line an internal
rhyme exists.

Terminal Rhyme. When the rhyming words are found at the end of lines, a
terminal rhyme exists. (Refer to Jose Garcia Villa's poem "Lyric 17") .

Perfect Rhyme. Perfect rhyme occurs when the final sounds of rhyming words
are identical. Paired words such as choose and Jose, death and breath, and rhyme and
dime exhibit perfect rhyme.
Approximate Rhyme. Approximate rhyme occurs when the final sounds of
rhyming words are similar. Paired words such as thing and sin, meet and fit, and ice and
eyes show approximate rhyme.

Eye Rhyme. Eye rhyme occurs when the words have identical final letters which
do not sound the same; thus, the words appear to rhyme. Paired words such as lone
and done, heroine and entwine, groan and Roan exhibit eye rhyme.

Masculine Rhyme or Single Rhyme. Masculine rhyme occurs when the rhyming
words have one (single) syllable each. Paired words Such as stake and make, main and
sane, and maim and same exhibit masculine rhyme.

Feminine Rhyme or Double Rhyme. Feminine rhyme occurs when the rhyming
words have two (double) syllables each and the stress on the first syllable. Paired words
such as father and mother, loving and hating, and action and station exhibit feminine
rhyme.
Compound Rhyme. Compound rhyme occurs when the rhyming Words are
compound words forming two pairs of rhyming words. Paired words such as fish broth
and dishcloth, love boat and sob note, and hair band and Fairland exhibit compound
rhyme.
Monorime. A monerime exists when all the lines in the stanza have the same
final sound. A tanaga, a korido, and an awit have monoriming quatrains with lines of
seven, eight, and twelve syllables, respectively.
Dirime. A dirime exists when a stanza has two pairs or sets or rhyming words.
Thus, a quatrain which has a rhyme pattern or abab, abba, or aabb exhibits dirime.
Tririme. A tririme exists when a stanza has three pairs or sets of rhyming words.
Hence, a sestet having a rhyme pattern of abcabc, aabbcc, or abccba, exhibits tririme.
Rime Riche or identical Rhyme. Rime riche or identical rhyme occurs when the
rhyming words are homonyms. It is exemplified by paired Words such as steak and
stake, main and mane, and pail and pale.
Imagery
Imagery is the creation of a picture or pictures by using words that appeal to the
senses. It is either visual, auditory, olfactory gustatory, tactile or tactual, kinesthetic, or
thermal.
Visual Imagery. Visual imagery involves the sense of sight. Words pertaining to
size (big, small, tall, etc.), shape (ovoid, triangular, Octagonal, etc.), color (azure,
verdant, fuchsia, etc.), and similar physical characteristics contribute to the visual
imagery.
Auditory Imagery. Auditory imagery involves the sense of hearing. Words
pertaining to sound (oud, soft, noisy, etc.) present auditory imagery
Olfactory imagery. Olfactory imagery involves the sense of smell. Words
pertaining to odors or scents (stinking, aromatic, pungent, etc.) present olfactory
imagery.
Gustatory Imagery. Gustatory imagery involves the sense of taste. Words
pertaining to taste (sweet, acrid, stale, etc.) present gustatory imagery.
Tactile or Tactual Imagery. Tactile or tactual imagery involves the sense of
touch. Words pertaining to texture (rough, smooth, etc.) and touch (slippery, wet, dry,
etc.) contribute to tactile imagery.
Kinesthetic Imagery. Kinesthetic imagery involves the sense of movement.
Words pertaining to motion (fast, slow, quaking, etc.) present kinesthetic imagery.
Thermal Imagery. Thermal imagery involves the sense of heat. It is exemplified
by heat-related words such as lukewarm, hot, cold, etc.

Symbolism
Symbolism is manifested when one thing is let to represent another A symbol is
something which represents something else by association, resemblance, or
convention. For example, a mountain is used to symbolize a great obstacle; a strong
wall, a powerful or influential person; flowers, ladies or women; and butterflies and bees,
men courting women.

Figures of speech
Figures of speech are those words and phrases connotatively used by the writer
to communicate an abstract idea or to produce an effect that words used in their
ordinary or denotative sense can't produce. Simile, metaphor, hyperbole,
personification, and other figures of speech are explained in Appendix A.
Sample Poem for Analysis:
"Lyric 17
By Jose Garcia Villa
First, a poem must be magical,
Then musical as a seagull.
It must be a brightness moving,
And hold secret a bird's flowering
It must be slender as a bell,
And it must hold fire as well.
It must have the wisdom of bows,
And it must kneel like a rose.
It must be able to hear 42
The luminance of dove and deer.
It must be able to hide
What it seeks, like a bride.
And over all l would like to hover
God smiling from the poem's cover.

Prose is that broad genre of literature that is written in paragraph form. It is an

expression that does not have a regular rhythmic pattern. It differs from poetry in the
sense that it does not have measure and rhyme, besides rhythm with sustained
regularity, All genres of prose, except essays, have the following elements: setting,
characters, theme, plot, conflict, and point of view.
Setting
Setting refers to the time and locale of the story.
Characters
The characters are categorized into principal and supporting Characters. The
principal characters are the protagonist and the primary antagonist, whereas the
supporting characters are the supporting antagonists, confidants, foil, and background
characters. The characters may be dynamic (change their traits as the story
progresses) or static (remain the same throughout the story). The traits of the
characters are revealed by their speech and actions, by the author's descriptions, by
what other characters say about them, and by their juxtaposition with other characters.
Their characterization is divided into four levels: physical (sex, age, size, color, race,
etc.), Social (economic status, profession, trade, religion, family, language, and social
environment), psychological (mindsets, attitudes, and behaviors), and moral (dilemma
faced by the character).
Theme
The theme is the idea or concept of the author expressed in a concise statement.
referred to as the message of the story, it concretizes the abstract idea the Writer wants
to impart. It may be ferreted out from the title of the story, the plot, the atmosphere, the
dialogue of characters, the recurrent use of imagery, and the use of symbols. In some
stories, for example, Aesop's fables, the theme is stated as the moral of the story.

Plot
The plot is the chronological sequence of events in the story. It is divided into the
following parts: exposition, rising incident/s, complication, crisis, climax, denouement or
resolution, falling incident/s, and conclusion.
Exposition. The first part of the plot. The exposition, introduces the setting and
the characters of the story. It is also called the introduction or status quo. When the
story starts in the conflict or in the middle, it is called medias res.
Rising Incident/s. The rising incidents are those incidents that lead to
complication.
Complication. The complication is the longest part of the narrative, in which the
conflict always develops.
Crisis. The crisis is the problem of the story.
Climax. The climax is the highest point o the story, during which the readers
know how the conflict will be revolved.
Denouements or Resolution. The denouement or resolution is the part of the
plot in which the conflict is resolved.
Falling Incident/s. The falling incidents are those incidents that lead to the
conclusion Shorter than the rising action, the falling action may still the suspenseful
moments but, for the most part, gives the reader or audience a sense of completion,
with the various unsettled issues at work within the plot reaching some state of
resolution.
Conclusion. The conclusion is the last part of the story’s plot. It gives the story
some finality. There are times, however, when the story ends with a cliffhanger and the
reader is left to make his conclusion.
Conflict
Conflict is the motivating, driving force that involves both characters and readers
in the narrative. Synonymous with opposition, conflict is classified into social, physical,
metaphysical, and internal or personal conflict.
Social Conflict. Social conflict exists when the protagonist and the antagonist
are opposed to each other. Known as "man versus man" Conflict, it is exemplified by
Cinderella opposed by her stepmother and stepsisters
Physical Conflict. Physical conflict occurs when the protagonist struggles
against physical forces such as natural calamities, illnesses, and the like. Known as
"man versus nature" conflict, It is exemplified by the father in the short story “Thirsty Is
the Arid |Land" who dies of a lingering illness.
Metaphysical Conflict. Metaphysical conflict exists when the protagonist fights
supernatural beings such as 0ods and goddesses, vampires, werewolves, elves, fairies,
and the like. This "man versus supernatural beings" conflict is shown in the novels of J.
K. Rowling, the Harry Potter series, and of J.R.R. Tolkien, the "Lord of the Rings"
series.
Personal or Internal or Psychological Conflict. Personal or internal conflict
occurs when the character experiences a dilemma. The conflict exists within the person
as what Rose encountered in Titanic" when she was torn between two lovers, Jack and
her fiancé.

Point of view
The point of view is the angle of narration. The frame of reference the author
takes in telling the story is either first person or third person (omniscient, objective, or
selective).
Autobiographical Point of View. The autobiographical point of view is the first-
person or the point of view. The narrator is either the principal character or any of the
supporting characters who reports his experiences to the readers.
Omniscient Third-Person Point of View. The omniscient Third- Person
viewpoint is employed by the author when the narrator does not take part in the story,
but as an all-knowing (omniscient) observer, he sees all the events and knows the
speech, actions thoughts, and emotions (SATE) of the characters and reports them to
the readers.
Objective Third-Person Point of View. The objective third-person viewpoint is
used by the writer when the narrator does not take part in the story, but reports
objectively the events in the story. He states only what he observes, that is, the speech
and actions of the characters, and not their thoughts and emotions.
 Selective Third-Person Point of View. The selective third-person viewpoint is
used by the writer when the narrator does not take part in the story, but he knows the
speech, actions, thoughts, and emotions of some characters and reports them;
however, with the test of the characters, he reports only their speech and actions.
Tone
The tone is the emotional climate inherent in the story, It can be tragic, angry,
humorous, pathetic, condemning. Condescending, accusing, satirical, cynical, romantic,
sympathetic, etc.

Atmosphere
The atmosphere is either the psychological environment or the predominant tone
or mood of the literary piece.

Classification of Characters
Protagonist. The protagonist or the hero is the main character around whom the
story revolves. In the fairy tale entitled "Cinderella" the protagonist is Cinderella. More
often than not, the protagonist is a good hero or heroine. If the protagonist is a bad one
or does not possess the traits of a conventional hero, he is described as an anti-hero or
an anti-heroine
Antagonist. The antagonist or the villain is the main or the supporting character
who opposes the protagonist. In "Cinderella, the antagonists are Cinderella’s
stepmother and stepsisters. If the antagonist is not a human being but a natural force,
the villain is called an antagonistic force, 1or example, a fire or a cyclone.
Confidant/e. The confidant or confidante (feminine) is the supporting character
upon whom the protagonist confides. He is the sidekick of the hero; he is a constant
companion of the hero and knows almost everything about the hero. The fairy
godmother must be the confidante of Cinderella
Foil. The foil is the supporting character who serves as a contrast to the hero but
does not necessarily oppose him. The traits of the foil balance those of the hero.
Background Character. The background characters are those charact who
provide reality to the story by their mere presence. For example, "Cinderella, they are
the people who attended the ball sponsored by the prince.
Unseen Character. The unseen character is an absent character who even in
his absence, affects the development of the story.
Learning Activities
Research a Literary piece found in our region (Region VI) or in the Philippines.
Identify the elements present in your chosen Literary piece, and elaborate the element
found based on your understanding.
Do this in a clean piece of paper, or in a document-type file.

Assessment
Multiple Choice. Directions: Select the correct answer that corresponds to the given
definition.
1. Refers to the time and locale of the story.
Setting b. Atmosphere c. Theme d. Rhythm
2. Refers to the presence of words that have similar or identical final sounds.
Rhythm b. Rhyme c. Imagery d. Symbolism
3. Refers to those words and phrases connotatively used by the writer to communicate
an abstract idea or to produce an effect that words used in their ordinary or denotative
sense can't produce.
Figures of Speech b. Symbolism c. Rhythm d. Rhyme
4. Refers to the motivating, driving force that involves both characters and readers in
the narrative.
Symbolism b. Conflict c. Point of view d. Tone
5. Refers to either the psychological environment or the predominant tone or mood of
the literary piece.
Point of view b. Tone c. Atmosphere d. Setting
6. Refers to the creation of a picture or pictures by using words that appeal to the
senses. It is either visual, auditory, olfactory gustatory, tactile or tactual, kinesthetic, or
thermal.
Setting b. Point of view c. Tone d. Imagery
7. Refers to the regular succession of accented and unaccented syllables in a line.
Tone b. Setting c. Measure d. Rhythm
8. This imagery involves the sense of movement. Words pertaining to motion (fast, slow,
quaking, etc.) present this imagery.
Kinesthetic b. Visual c. Thermal d. Olfactory
9. Refers to the chronological sequence of events in the story. It is divided into the
following parts: exposition, rising incident/s, complication, crisis, climax, denouement or
resolution, falling incident/s, and conclusion.
Setting b. Tone c.Plot d. Point of view
10. Refers to the supporting character who serves as a contrast to the hero but does not
necessarily oppose him. The traits of this character balance those of the hero.
a. Protagonist b. Antagonist c. Foil d. Background Character
INTRODUCTION
Dear learner,
Welcome to Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions. This module will help
you understand the key concepts, elements, and principles of various art forms found in
the Philippines.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit, the student is expected to:
1 identify the different elements of Audio-Visual Arts;
2. distinguish various Audio-Visual Arts found in the Philippines; and
3 create.

5. Elements of the Visual Arts (Painting/Drawing)

ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS

Elements
To produce an awe-inspiring artwork, an artist must know first the different
principles of art and the elements of the specific art he is engaged in. Knowledge of the
art principles and of the elements of the visual arts is helpful in art production.

Line.

A line is a series of connected dots or a prolongation of a point to show the shape or

form of any piece of art. It is an important element of visual arts because all painters,
sculptors, and architects use lines as springboard of their finished products. All works
classified under the graphic arts and plastic arts start with lines.

TYPES OF LINES

 Vertical Lines. Vertical lines show height or stature, poise, balance, force,
strength, dignity, and dynamism. A tall tree, a standing man, a bird poised for
flight, and a flagpole are presented with vertical lines.
 HorizontalLines. Horizontal lines indicate width, rest, repose, quietness,
calmness, serenity, infinity, contemplation, and inaction. A dead or reclining man,
a serene sea, a resting animal and a cemetery are presented with horizontal line.
 Diagonal Lines. Diagonal lines manifest movement, action,and direction. A
running man, a flying bird, a galloping horse, a flowing river, and fireworks display
diagonal lines.
 Broken or Jagged Lines, Broken or jagged lines connote chaos,
confusion,tension, disturbance, violence, or war.
 Straight Lines, Straight lines exhibit steadiness, stiffness, stillness, inactivity,
and force. Inanimate objects like buildings and bridges are shown with straight
lines.
 Curved Lines. Compared to diagonal lines, curved lines, whether concave
(inward) or convex (outward) indicate movements that are smooth. A wide smile,
a graceful belly dancer, and a flowing hair are shown with curved lines. They may
be scroll-like (s-form) or spiral-like (winding round).
 Repeating Lines. Repeating lines are a succession of vertical (1) horizontal
diagonal or curved lines. They are used to show rhythm.
 Contrasting Lines. Contrasting lines are a combination of vertical and horizontal
lines or a combination of diagonal lines in opposite directions.

COLORS

Color is the most important and most noticeable of all the elements of
visual arts. Dependent on the presence of light, it is that property of an object that
makes it appealing to the visual sense.

Colors are classified in several ways. Based on how they are produced,
colors are classified into primary, secondary, and intermediate. According to their
position in the color wheel, they are adjacent, analogous, complementary, split
complementary, or triadic. Based on their effect on the visual sense, they are
either cool or warm. According to value, they are either light or dark. Based on
intensity, they are either bright or dark.

• Primary Colors. Primary colors are blue, red, and yellow (BRY). They are
described as primary colors because they are the first to be produced and the
rest of the colors are produced as a result of their combination.

• Secondary Colors. Secondary colors are green, orange, and violet (GOV). They
are produced by combining two primary colors. For example, green is a product
of combining blue and yellow, orange is a product of combining red and yellow,
and violet is a product of combining red and blue.

• Intermediate Colors. Intermediate colors are red-violet (RV), red-orange (RO),

yellow-orange (YO), yellow-green (YG), blue-green (BG), and blue violet (BV).
They are produced by combining one primary color and one secondary color.

• Adjacent Colors. Adjacent colors are those colors situated next to each other in
the color wheel. Examples are red and red-orange, yellow and yellow green, and
blue and blue-violet,

• Analogous Colors. Analogous colors are three or four neighboring colors with
one color in all mixtures.
 • Complementary Colors. Complementary colors are those colors situated
opposite each other in the color wheel. Examples are red and green, blue and
orange, and yellow and violet. Double complementary colors are two pairs of
opposite colors. Split Complementary Colors.

• Split complementary colors are any three colors forming a Y in the color wheel.
Double split complementary colors are any two sets of three colors forming a Y in
the color wheel.

• Triadic Colors. Triadic colors are a set of three colors forming a triangle in the
color wheel.

• Cool colors are those colors that are inconspicuous and not striking to the eyes.
Also called receding colors, they suggest distance, tranquility, sobriety, and
restfulness. Examples are violet, green, and blue, the coolest and calmest of all
colors.

• Warm Colors. Warm colors are those colors that are conspicuous and striking to
the eyes. Also called advancing colors, they suggest warmth, vivacity,
cheerfulness, exultation, stimulation, instinctive action, and excitement. They are
usually associated with sources of heat such as the sun, fire, and light. Examples
are orange, yellow (the most brilliant, the most cheerful, and the most exultant),
and red (the warmest, the most exciting, and the most vigorous).

Learning Activities
Research a Painting found in our region (Region VI) or in the Philippines. Identify
the elements present in your chosen Painting, and elaborate the element found based
on your understanding.
Do this in a clean piece of paper, or in a document-type file.

Assessment
Multiple Choice. Directions: Select the correct answer that corresponds to the given
definition.
1. A series of connected dots or a prolongation of a point to show the shape or form
of any piece of art.
a. Polygons
b. Line
c. Drawing
d. Color
2. It is a form of visual art in which an artist uses instruments to mark paper or
another two-dimensional surface.
a. Dance
b. Drama
c. Drawing
d. Literature
3. Lines that show height or stature, poise, balance, force, strength, dignity, and
dynamism.
a. Vertical Lines
b. Horizontal Lines
c. Diagonal Lines
d. Straight Lines
4. Lines that indicate width, rest, repose, quietness, calmness, serenity, infinity,
contemplation, and inaction.
a. Vertical Lines
b. Diagonal Lines
c. Horizontal Lines
d. Curved Lines
5. Compared to diagonal lines, these lines, whether concave (inward) or convex
(outward) indicate movements that are smooth.
a. Contrasting Lines
b. Repeating Lines
c. Curved Lines
d. Broken or Jagged Lines
6. Lines that are a succession of vertical, horizontal, diagonal or curved lines. They
are used to show rhythm.
a. Contrasting Lines
b. Repeating Lines
c. Broken or Jagged Lines
d. Straight Lines

7. Which of the following is not a primary color.

a. Red
b. Green
 c. Blue
d. Yellow
8. Red-violet, red-orange, yellow-orange, and yellow-green are examples of?
a. Intermediate Colors
b. Primary Colors
c. Secondary Colors
d. Analogous Colors
9. They are any three colors forming a Y in the color wheel.
a. Y Colors
b. Split Complimentary Colors
c. Triadic Colors
d. Complimentary Colors
10. Which of the following is not a cool color?
a. Blue-green
b. Yellow-green
c. Blue-violet
d. Red-violet