Moore Curve Fractal-Shaped Frequency Selective

Surface for Multiband Applications

Sai Harshini Behara
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Raghu Institute of Technology
Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh,India
2023 IEEE Wireless Antenna and Microwave Symposium (WAMS) | 979-8-3503-1243-0/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/WAMS57261.2023.10242989
Akash Kumar Gupta
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Raghu Institute of Technology
Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh,India
P Satish Rama Chowdary
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Raghu Institute of Technology
Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh,India

saiharshini825@gmail.com akgupta452@gmail.com satishchowdary@ieee.org

Jaume Anguera,IEEE fellow S Srujana Keerthana G. Dinesh

Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering
Universitat Ramon Llull
Barcelona,Spain,
Jaume.anguera@salle.url.edu
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Raghu Institute of Technology
Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh,India
srujanakeerthanask@gmail.com
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Raghu Institute of Technology
Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh,India
gembalidinesh9@gmail.com

Abstract— In this work Fractal based Frequency Selective Some fractal structures are complex patterns that repeat at
Surface (FSS) is presented. Fractals are self-repetitive various levels of magnification. They exhibit properties like
geometries that can provide a multiband operation. FSS unit cell self-similarity, i.e., the same pattern can be seen at different
designed using Moore curve fractals up to the third iteration scales. Fractal antennas are a type of antennae that use fractal
and analyzed in terms of return loss and transmission shapes in their design. The use of fractals allows for the
coefficient. The FSS is designed over a Fr–4 substrate with a creation of antennas with complex shapes that can fit into
thickness of 1.6 mm. The Moore Curve shaped frequency small footprints [8] providing improved performance in terms
Selective Surface (MCFSS) iteration 1 has a single-band
of size, multiband and high-directivity compared to traditional
operation at 8.56 GHz while MCFSS iteration 2 has dual-band
antennas [9-12 ]. Antenna design with fractals include be the
operation at 4.3GHz and 8.59 GHz, and MCFSS iteration three
has dual-band response at 2.36 GHz and 4.89 GHz.
Sierpinski, Koch, Hilbert curve, etc. The FSS structure
structures can be used for polarization converters [13,16]. In
Keywords— Frequency Selective Surfaces, Moore Curves, this work Moore curve fractal-shaped FSS is presented.
Reflection Coefficient, Transmission Coefficient
II. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
I. INTRODUCTION Moore curves [13] are self–repeating structures as shown in
Frequency-selective surfaces (FSS) are periodic structures Fig.1 Moore curve first iteration geometry designed by
usually metal grids or periodic arrays of metal elements placed connecting the midpoints of the square patch which is
on top of an antenna's radiating element to selectively reflect, subdivided into 4 small squares. Similarly, the second, and
absorb or transmit certain frequency bands of an third iterations are formed by joining midpoints of 16,64 sub–
electromagnetic wave [1]. Elements of FSS are form arrays squares [12].
that are either inductive or capacitive in nature and act as
bandpass filters. At the resonance frequency, these bandpass
filters will be radiated or received through these structures.
FSS finds most applications in radomes, where the surface is
covered in electromagnetic shielding, they are used in antenna
systems to improve the antenna performance by shaping the
radiation pattern, increasing the gain, reducing the sidelobes,
suppressing interference, or providing multi-band
functionality. FSS is widely used in various applications, such
as mobile communications, microwave links, satellite
communications, and radar applications [2,3]. (a) (b)
FSS structures have many types of structure like
simple with a single layer or layered or stacked FSS,
perturbation of a single-layered FSS [4], or the use of multi-
resonant components like the concentric rings, Hilbert curves
[5,6] all methods that may be used to create complex
multiband FSSs. The Cassini FSS is an illustration of a
complicated structure where the performance required is
achieved by stacking two single-layer FSS with multi-
resonant components [7]. In actuality, the utilization of multi-
resonant components leads to a lighter construction and a (c)
more straightforward design. Fig.1 Moore curve Iterations (a) Iteration–1 (b) Iteration–2 (c) Iteration –3

(c)
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 The MCFSS structure consists of two-layer dB, –13.1 dB respectively. The response is summarized in the
geometry where the bottom layer is dielectric materiel Table.1
(substrate) and top layer is FSS geometry. Moore curve–
shaped FSS is designed from a square metal patch dimensions Table I. RETURN LOSS RESPONSE
of 10 𝑚𝑚 × 10 𝑚𝑚 .The substrate used is Fr–4 having Center Lower
Higher
Design frequency Frequency 𝑆11
relative permittivity of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02. The Name (𝐹𝑐 ) (𝐹𝐿 )
Frequency(𝐹𝐻 )
(In dB)
substrate dimensions of 11 𝑚𝑚 × 11 𝑚𝑚 .The thickness (In GHz)
(In GHz) (In GHz)
Moore curve of is 1mm. The designed MCFSS iterations 1,2 MCFSS–
8.56 7.97 9.79 –15.6
& 3 (MCFSS-1, MCFSS-2, MCFSS-3) are shown in Fig 2. I
(a), (b) & (c) respectively. MCFSS– 4.3 3.91 5.16 –24.9
II 8.59 8.56 8.62 –10.1

MCFSS– 2.36 2.16 2.92 –30.1

III 4.89 4.84 4.96 –13.1

(a) (b)

(a)

(c)
Fig.2 Moore curve FSS Unit cell (a) MCFSS-1 (b) MCFSS-2 (c) MCFSS-3

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The MCFSS is simulated with Ansys
Electromagnetics Suite 2019 R3 software including PBC
boundary and TE and TM polarization states and scanning
angles of =0º and =0º. The radiation box has dimensions
of 15 mm from the surface of FSS. The MCFSS are designed
and simulated in Ansys Electromagnetic Suite 2019 R3 and (b)
examined in terms of return loss, transmission coefficient and
surface current distribution.

A. Reflection coefficient
The reflection coefficient 𝑆11 is a measure of the reflection
of the power of RF waves that are sent through an antenna. It
represents the ratio of the power delivered to the load and the
power reflected back to the source. A lower 𝑆11 value
indicates better performance and less power being reflected,
while a higher 𝑆11 (close to 0dB) value indicates more power
being reflected and a less efficient system.

The 𝑆11 of MCFSS Iteration–1,2 & 3 are shown in Fig.3

From 𝑆11 plot MCFSS iteration 1 has a resonance center
frequency of 8.56 GHz with max 𝑆11 of −15.6 dB. The
(c )
MCFSS iteration–2 has a center frequency of 4.3 GHz and
8.59 GHz a reflection coefficient of −24.9 dB, –10.1 Fig.3 Return Loss (𝑆11 ) Response of MCFSS (a) MCFSS-1 (b) MCFSS-2 (c)
respectively. The MCFSS iteration–3 has a center frequency MCFSS-3
of 2.36 GHz, 4.89 GHz, and a reflection coefficient of –30.1

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 B. Transmission Coefficient (𝑆21 ) increases. For MCFSS_2, The TM the different incidence
The transmission coefficient (𝑆21 ) represents the ratio of the angle of 𝜃 is shown in fig .6(b). For all incidence angles the
transmitted power to the incident power in the forward response is concentric over the same frequency but 𝑆21
direction of the antenna. In other words, it measures the decreases as 𝜃 increases.
power transmitted by the antenna in the forward direction
relative to the input power. The parameter 𝑆21 is often used in
antenna characterization, tuning, and design, as well as in the
measurement of insertion loss. The transmission coefficient
(𝑆21 ) for MCFSS iterations 1,2 & 3 (MCFSS-1, MCFSS-2,
MCFSS-3) are shown in Fig.4 For TE and TM modes with
incidence angles of =0º and =0º MCFSS–1 has a center
frequency of 6.85 GHz. The MCFSS-2 has dual-band
operation with center frequencies of 3.27 GHz and 8.32 GHz.
The MCFSS-3 has triple band operation with center
frequencies 1.9,4.72,7.31,10.81 GHz.

TABLE II.TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT (a)

Center Lower Higher
Design frequency Frequency Frequency 𝑆21
Name (𝐹𝑐 ) (𝐹𝐿 ) (𝐹𝐻 ) (In dB)
(In GHz) (In GHz) (In GHz)
MCFSS–
6.85 6.54 7.13 –24.5
I
MCFSS– 3.27 3.08 3.42 –26.5
II 8.32 8.26 8.37 –12
1.90 1.83 1.96 –22.5

MCFSS– 4.72 4.69 4.76 –11.8

III 7.31 7.19 7.40 –14.8
10.81 9.76 11.26 –27.4
(b)
Fig 5. Transmission Coefficient of MCFSS_1 for different incidence
angle (a) 𝜑 (b) 𝜃

(a)
Fig.4 Transmission loss coefficient (𝑆21 ) plot

The Transmission coefficient for TE and TM modes for

different incidence angles parametric analysis is made. For
MCFSS_1, The TE mode 0° , 15° , 30° , 45° , 60° the incidence
angle of 𝜑 is shown in fig .5(a). For all incidence angles the
response is concentric over the same frequency but 𝑆21
decreases as 𝜑 increases. For MCFSS_1, The TM mode 0° ,
15° , 30° , 45° , 60° the incidence angle of 𝜃 is shown in fig
.5(b). For all incidence angles the response is concentric over
the same frequency but 𝑆21 decreases as 𝜃 increases.
(b)
For MCFSS_2, The TE mode the different incidence angle of Fig 6. Transmission Coefficient of MCFSS_2 for different incidence
𝜑 is shown in fig .6 (a). For all incidence angles the response angle (a) 𝜑 (b) 𝜃
is concentric over the same frequency but 𝑆21 decreases as 𝜑

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(a)
(b)
Fig 7. Transmission Coefficient of MCFSS_3 for different incidence
angle (a) 𝜑 (b) 𝜃
For MCFSS_3, The TE mode the different incidence angle of
𝜑 is shown in fig.7(a). For all incidence angles the response
is concentric over the same frequency but 𝑆21 decreases as 𝜑
increases. For MCFSS_2, The TM the different incidence
angle of 𝜃 is shown in fig.7(b). For all incidence angles the
response is concentric over the same frequency but 𝑆21
increases as 𝜃 increases.
C. Surface Current Distribution
The surface current distribution refers to the distribution
of current on the surface of antenna elements. The current
distribution is influenced by various factors such as the
frequency of operation, the impedance of the antenna, and the
geometry of the antenna. The surface current distribution is
used to analyze the current distribution, optimize the design
of antennas, improve their performance, and reduce
unwanted radiation. The surface current distribution is shown
in Fig. 8
MCFSS–1 has low current distribution at the open
end and has a good surface current over shorted end. A
similar response is observed for MCFSS iterations 2 & 3.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig.8 Surface current density of MCFSS (a) MCFSS-1 (b) MCFSS-2 (c)
MCFSS-3
CONCLUSION
In this work, Moore fractal-shaped FSS is presented. The FSS
unit cell is designed with a Moore curve-shaped metallic
patch over the Fr-4 dielectric surface. The unit cell
geometries are designed with a variation of Moore curve
iterations up to the third order. The designs are simulated for
TE and TM modes with incidence angles of =0º and =0º.
MCFSS-1 has a single band response with a center frequency
of 8.56 GHz and can be used for X-band Radar and satellite
applications. MCFSS-2 has a dual-band response concerning
with a center frequency of 4.3 GHz and 8.59GHz for C-band
Applications. The MCFSS-3 has a center frequency of 2.36
GHz, and 4.89 GHz of dual-band response and can be used
for S-band LTE and WLAN applications. The future scope of
work includes making prototypes of the design.
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