TOPIC 1 AFTER

What is Tourism?  Deeper insights into a people and its culture

gained from the trip, sharing information,
Reasons for Traveling decision on repeat visit.
1. Rest and relaxation
2. Novelty
3. Prestige
4. Education
5. Kinship enhancement
6. Socialization
7. Fantasy

Differentiating Tourism from Other Forms of Travel

1. What- activities that the travellers do

2. Who- persons who travel to and stay
3. Where- place where the travellers go
4. When- length of stay
5. Why- purpose of travel

Types of Tourist

I. According To Geography
a. Domestic
b. Outbound
c. Inbound
II. According To The Length Of Stay
a. Excursionist
b. Tourist
III. According To The Purpose Of The Trip

Forms of Tourism

Based on Psychology

1. Allocentrics - adventurous and prefer to travel

alone or in a small groups to new destinations
2. Psychocentrics - finds comfort in things familiar
to them.
3. Midcentrics - In between

Planning the Tourism Experience

BEFORE

 Hears about the destination

 Information’s (internent, magazines)

DURING

 Transportation, accommodations, attractions,

activities, food
TOPIC 2

Why Tourism?

Can Tourism Change Lives?

1. Tourism contributes to the economy

It creates jobs and additional income to the host

community.

Multiplier effect - increase in GDP

2. Tourism is a growing industry

2018 top market’s average expenditure and length of

stay

3. Tourism redistributes income and investment

6. Tourism improves facilities that benefit both
4. Tourism has no trade barrier tourist and residents

A trade barrier is a cap, quota, or maximum Developments, and these developments will also
allowable amount of import of a particular product benefit the residents.

Tourist can go and visit any destination vis-a-vis with 7. Tourism uses natural, free resources
then destination.
Tourist attractions like the sea, mountains and
5. Tourism offers opportunities for backward climate are generally nature-based - “low start-up
linkages costs"

Tourism is not just a Single Industry 8. Tourism justifies protection of natural and
cultural heritage

Farmers who use the traditional ways off farming

might adopt technological methods if it makes their
work easier. They might even consider selling their
lands to developers.
9. There is no other choice

What if the place has limited available land that rice TOPIC 3
farming is almost impossible?
What is Development?
BORACAY.
"Development"
UNWTO reasons why and how tourism is able to
contribute to economic development: "des-envolvimento"

 Tourism is labor intensive This idea of development implies trust in human

 Tourism is consumed at the point of production
 Tourism promotes the creation of micro and
small enterprise.
strength and people's ability to know what they need
and how to obtain it.
Changes and Development – Development is
Change.

Changes and Problems

Indeed change is inevitable yet it must not be harmful

to the people and the environment, ensure that future
generations will still be able to en joy life on earth.
 d. Ratio of mean income of richest quintile to
mean income of poorest quintile
e. Rate of inflation of consumer prices.

4. Employment

a. Unemployment rte f the total unemployed,

by occupation, and by educational
attainment
b. Real wage rate indes, skilled vs. unskilled
workers, by occupation

5. Capital and Non-human resources

a. Reproducile capital stock

b. Arable (farm) land
c. Concentration ratio of agricultural land
ownership
d. Forest land
e. Mineral reserves by type of mineral

6. Housing, Utilities, and Environment

a. Proportion of occupied dwelling units

adequately served with water
b. Proportion of the population served by
electricity at home.
c. Index of housing adequacy
d. Proportion of households with 1.5 persons
or less per home
e. Proportion of occupied dwelling units with
toilets
f. Population index for Metro Manila
g. Proportion of river lengths polluted, by
river, by degree of pollution
Measuring Development
7. Public Safety and Justice
In 1960s the most reliable "yardstick for
development" was believed to be the GNP. a. Crime incidence rate, by type of crime
b. Index of citizen's perception of public safety
GNP- is the total money value of the goods and and justice
services produced by the citizens of a country in a c. Backlog of Judicial cases.
given year. d. Admissions to penal institutions
e. Number confined in penal institutions
GDP- refers to the total money value of the goods
and services produced in a country. 8. Social Mobility

 Health and Nutrition a. Index of occupational mobility

 Education and skills b. Coefficient of openness of occupations,
 Income and Consumption circulation mobility
a. Net beneficial product per capita c. Index of perceived social mobility.
b. Proportion and number of families below the
food poverty threshold 9. Political Values
c. Proportion and number of families below the
total poverty threshold a. Ratio of votes cast to registered voters
 b. Ratio of registered voters to population aged  Land of Punt in 1480 first purely leisure travel.
21 and over
c. Index of political mobility *note: travelling on wheels needs roads.
d. Index of political participation
e. Index of political awareness  Around 1500 BC roads were even better on the
f. Index of freedom of political dissent island of Crete and in other parts of Greece.
g. Index of political efficacy. (oxen pulled wagon had evolved to chariots and
spread to India and china
 Romans created laws (policies) specifically to
facilitate travel.

Middle Ages

 Conquest and Curiosity

“Grand Tour Of Europe”

TOPIC 4 Industrial Revolution led to the growth of tourism

because of the dynamic features of the era:
What Happened in the Past?
1. Increase industrial output
Tourism Develops as the World Develops 2. Introduction of annual holidays
3. Development in transportation
Two Significant Roles in the Formation of Tourism 4. Change in perception of the world.
5. Increase in the desire to travel, partly due to
education and or information dissemination.
 Transportation
 Religion

GOBEKLI TEPE

Prehistoric Man

 Travelled in search of food on icy earth. Then

Ice Age ended about 10,000 BC and fertile soil
beneath the ice appeared, man began to raise
plants and animals-shifting from huting and
gathering to agriculture.

Transportation

 Exchange of goods

Sumerians (Babylonians)

 Were the first to invent a writing system and to

adopt the concept of monety aroun 4,000 BC.
(wheel and travel guide)

Egyptian Civilization

 Could have been the first to build sea craft.

HATSHEPSUT

TOPIC 5
What are the Impacts of Tourism?
Socio-Economic Impact of Tourism
1. Jobs/Employment
Hotels, restaurants, shops and transport business need
to employ people who will deliver the services that
these establishments promise; tourism thus creates
jobs.
2. Investment
With demands for production or services, come more
business opportunities. When people decide to use
their money for business, they boost economic
activities. "multiplier effect"
3. Foreign Exchange
 Not only source of new money or foreign
exchange.
 Overseas workers also send money
 Foreign direct investment.
4. Leakage
When it is used to buy imports, or when it sleeps.
5. Taxes and Government Revenues
More business and people employed government will
earn more taxes.
6. Inflation
Is another economic impact of tourism, it means price
increase, when tourist create higher demand for food
lodgings or accommodation and the supply is low.
7. Diversification
With tourism, families with a single source of
livelihood may have other sources of income.
8. Commercialization
Tourism arguably commercializes arts, culture, and
religion.
Example: Bulul
9. Displacement
Displacement as an impact of tourism refers to the
forced eviction of people from their homes.
10. Acculturation
People of different races meet and learn from each
other. Acculturation refers to the cultural changes
which result from the introduction of something new.
11. Cultural Preservation
UNESCO
 Globalization is inevitable.
Environmental Impact of Tourism
A. Ecosystem
A specific area in which animals and plants
constantly interact in the natural environment.
B. Flora, Fauna
 The Earth is what we all have in common.
The Negative Impacts of Tourism
Economic
 Dependence on external labor and management
expertise
 Residents losing control of tourism to outside
investors
 Residents being eased out of employment by  Protected area system
outside workers  Taxation
 Leakage due to import of items to be sold in  Environmental fees
souvenir shops  Food purchase policy
 Increased prices of food and other commodities
 Overdependence on tourism Green Design Principles
 Decline of traditional economic activities, such
as fishing and farming Pre-design and Site Planning Stage
 Loss of privacy, intrusion in daily life
 Irritation due to crowding, longer queues in 1. Conduct Environmental Impact Statements.
shops and restaurants, traffic congestion 2. Preserve vegetation and topsoil.
 Loss of access to beach and other natural 3. Re-use buildings.
resources by residents 4. Allow passive design.
 Increased crime against tourist and residents 5. Maintain solar access.
 Possible drug problem 6. Facilitate pedestrianization.
 Prostitution, child sex slavery 7. Use local community facilities.
 Decreased social cohesion as migrants come in
 Decline of community values
 Community stress
Concept Design Stage
 Conflict due to unmet expectations
 Tourists and returning residents could bring
1. Maximize views.
diseases
2. Design appropriate solar access.
3. Maximize natural lighting and ventilation for
Tourism Impact and Migitation Measures
specific climate and location.
4. Consider integrated sustainable systems (energy,
Prevention and Control Measures water, and waste systems).
5. Building design must support ecological
 Done by changing the means or technique, lifestyles, such as recycling.
changing the site, or specifying operating
practices. Guidelines for Selecting Materials
Compensatory Measures 1. Choose renewable resources.
2. Minimize the use of new materials.
 Done by offsetting adverse impacts in one area 3. Select materials with lower embodied energy.
with improvements elsewhere 4. Select materials with low toxicity and off-
gassing.
Remediation/Corrective Measures
Planning for Energy Use
 Done by repairing or restoring the environment
after damage is done 1. Reduce power consumption through passive
solar design.
Mitigation Measures 2. Select energy efficient appliances, lights, and
sensor system.
1. Policy instruments 3. Encourage the use of alternative energy.
2. Technical
3. Design Planning for Water Use and Others
4. Capacity-building
5. Behavioural modification 1. Conserve water.
2. Use plants that do not need too much water.
Examples of Policies: 3. Build on already disturbed land.
4. Design to facilitate recycling of waste.
 Proof of financial capacity
 Local laws and ordinances on construction and Construction Management
development
1. Specify on-site environmental control.  Artificial lakes may be used to moderate
2. Specify on-site waste minimization. temperature.

Building Operation and Management Benefits:

1. Incorporate delivery of Building Operations  Creates attractive setting

Manual as part of standard service.  Screens unwanted views provides relief from the
2. Work with clients to formulate maintenance sun's heat
strategy.  Acts as wind breaker
 Provides focal points
Tourism Development Standards
7. Vehicle parking
1. Avoid environmental hazards.
 Vehicle parking should be integrated into the
Avoid steep hillsides, active fault lines, and flood- landscaping plan to minimize visual impact.
prone areas.  Parking areas may be broken down into smaller
units by changes of level and vegetation for
2. Maintain scenic views. shade and visual amelioration.
 Car parking spaces should be 2.4 meters × 4.8
Orient windows to scenery. meters with a minimum area of 30 square meters
per space for open car parking.
3. Site coverage density  Adequate parking spaces for buses should be
provided.
Maximum site coverage for resorts: 25% General  Parking should be located off street and to the
maximum densities (double guest rooms per hectare): side of or behind the building.
Low: 25 8. Utility lines
Medium: 62
 Must be placed underground
High: 125
9. Architectural design
4. Building heights
 Incorporates traditional styles
 Prefers local materials
 The building height limit will depend on the site
 Shuns coral blocks
and the kind of atmosphere the builders wish to
create.  Chooses rooflines based on topography and
climate
 If a natural look is desired, buildings should not
be "higher than the trees."
10. Roads
5. Building setbacks
 Should be at least 6 meters wide for two-way
traffic circulation roads
 12 meters or less and up to 500 meters from the
mean high water line  Should have a minimum radius of 6 meters for
turning circles
 Cottages spaced 10 meters apart
Resort Development Guidelines (Inskeep &
6. Landscaping
Kallenbergen 1992)
 Landscape design should be a component of the
1. Infrastructure must maintain environmental
development plan.
quality and offer quality tourism experience.
 Trees have to be carefully root balled and 2. Specific land use, development, and design
replanted elsewhere on the site. standards must maintain the resorts character and
 Use endemic plants. quality.
3. There must be a variety of attractions and
services, as well as services for the surrounding
communities.
4. High quality of tourism products and services
must be maintained through development and
operational standards.
5. Resort plan must allow adjustments to changing
market trends but modifications should maintain
the resort's basic concept.
6. Development must consider provisions for
employee training and housing and community
services.
7. Resort should be developed within its regional
context as regional infrastructure and other
improvements are often required as part of the
resort development project.
8. Adequate access to the resort is essential to
attract the desired tourist markets.
Development Guidelines for Beach Resort
Beach - "The sloping area of unconsolidated material
typically sand, that extends landward from the mean
high water mark to the area where there is a marked
change in the material or natural physiographic form
or when there is no such marked change in the
material or natural physiographic form, the beach
shall be deemed to extend to a distance of twenty
meters landward from the mean high water mark or
such lesser area as may be determined by the
authorities and shall include the primary sand dune"
(Cambers 1998)
Need for Beach Setbacks (Cambers 1998)
 Serve as buffer zones to prevent accretion or
erosion
 Damage control
 Improve vistas
 Provide access
 Offer privacy
Building Height Guidelines for Beach Resorts in
Boracay (Municipal Ordinance No. 2000-131 of
Malay, Aklan)
 25 m. from the beach marker (waterline): No
Build Zone or NBZ (See photo.)
 5 m. from NBZ - 15 m. away therefrom: 6 m. tall
(a single-storey building only)
 15.1 m. from NBZ - 25 m. away therefrom: 8.5
m. tall (two storey building only)
 25.1 m. from NBZ - 50 m. therefrom: 10.5 m.
tall
 50.1 m. from NBZ - 150 m. therefrom: 12 m. tall
 150 m. away from NBZ: 14 m. tall
 50.1 m. from NBZ - 150 m. therefrom: 12 m. tall
 150 m. away from NBZ: 14 m. tall
Green Infrastructure Guidelines
Green infrastructure - "The use of ecosystems, green
spaces and water in strategic land use planning to
deliver environmental and quality of life benefits. It
includes parks, open spaces, playing fields,
woodlands, wetlands, road verges, allotments, and
private gardens." (The European Commission)
Elements of Green Infrastructure
At the strategic level:
 Civic scale spaces
 Public parks and gardens
 Green networks
 Country and regional parks
 Natural semi-natural green spaces
 Forests and woodlands
 Grasslands
 Designed landscapes
 Formal gardens
 City farms
 Blue networks
 Rivers, lochs, and wetlands
At the neighborhood level:
 Amenity green space
 Informal recreation spaces
 Play spaces
 Allotments, community growing spaces
 Playing fields
 Sports areas
 Urban parks
 Burial grounds, cemeteries
 Swales (a low tract of land that is usually moist
or marshy)
 Urban woodlands
 Ponds
 Water courses
At the street level:
Boundary features, such as hedges
Street trees Verges (Borders) Swales porous paving
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)
Trees can be used for traffic calming, add visual
interest, improve micro-climate, and provide valuable
wildlife habitats.
At the building level:
 Green roofs
 Living walls (walls with vegetation)
 Gardens or grounds
 Rainwater harvesting systems
 Driveways (permeable)
Benefits of Green Infrastructure
1. Place-making

Gives places a strong identity
2. Economic value
 Boosts property values; helps attract
businesses and outside investors
3. Climate change mitigation
 Helps reduce CO2 emissions by encouraging
walking and cycling
 Provides carbon storage and sequestration in
vegetation, shelter, and protection trom
extreme weather
 Reduces flood risk; stores surface water in
times of peak flow; cleans and cools the air,
water, and soil, reducing the heat island effect
of urban areas
 Saves energy by insulating buildings through
green roofs and providing shade through large
trees
4. Environmental health
 Reduces pollution through the use of SUDS
and buffer strips
 Prevents fragmentation of habitats
 Allows diverse habitats to thrive
5. Community and social benefits
 Creates green spaces for socializing,
interaction, and events
 gives children more opportunities and places
to play
6. Health and well-being
 Encourages exercise and physical activity by
providing spaces for walking, cycling, and
sports
 improves mental well-being
Behavioural Modifications
10Rs of Sustainable Tourist Behavior
1. Recognize that behaviour creates substantial
consequences.
2. Refuse to buy products that use materials from
endangered species.
3. Reduce consumption of local resources to what
you actually need.
4. Replace experiences with those that have fewer
or no impacts on the environment.
5. Re-use products.
6. Recycle products for a different purpose.
7. Re-engineer behavior by active personal
intervention, such as by suggesting to tour guides
that you just want to view wildlife from a safe
distance so that you will not disturb the animals.
8. Retrain in order to develop physically and learn
new personal skills to cope better in new
situations.
9. Reward yourself by taking advantage of
incentives to promote sustainable activities.
10. Re-educate people to adopt long-term sustainable
personal behaviour.
Visitor Management Techniques
 Control visitor numbers to reduce use.
 Set boundaries.
 Manage the timing of use.
 Manage visitor behaviour.
 Manage visitor expectations.
 Increase the resistance of the resource.
 Harden sites to reduce erosion.
 Maintain and rehabilitate resource
 Prohibit vehicles and certain types of equipment.
 Require visitors to bring certain equipment.
Provide different media for interpretation.
 Limit entry of groups from accredited tour
operators only.
Climate Change and Tourism
 Climate - "the average daily weather for an
extended period of time at a certain location"
(NOAA)
 Weather - "reflects the short-term conditions of
the atmosphere in terms of temperature,
precipitation, humidity, wind velocity, wind
direction, air pressure, and cloud cover" (The
United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration)
 Climate change - "changes in long-term averages
of daily weather" (NASA); brought about by
natural variability or human activity (RA 9729)
Climate as an important resource for tourism:
 It affects seasonality of travel flows, the types of
tourist activities in a destination, the quality of
tourist experiences, and cost of business
operations, among others.
 It shapes the culture of places in terms of what
people wear, eat, and do.
 It plays a large role in creating the identities and
images of destinations.
"Tourism is partially responsible for climate change
as it contributes about 5% of carbon dioxide
emissions into the atmosphere." (UNWTO-UNEP-
WMO 2008 in Gössling 2010)
Climate Change: Facts
 Climate change is already happening. (Carraro &
Sgobbi 2008)
 The Philippines ranks 6th in climate change
vulnerability index. (PCCC 2011)
 Average temperature increased by 0.76°C
between 1850 and 1899, and between 2001 and
2005. This is attributed to human activities.
 Unless GHG emissions is reduced, temperature
will increase by 1.8°C - 4.0°C by the end of the
21st century. (UNEP 2008)
Some World Heritage Sites Vulnerable to Climate
Change (Climate Change and Tourism Advanced
Summary 2007)
 Venice, Italy (sea level rise)
 Great Barrier Reef, Australia (coral bleaching
and mortality)
 Glacier Waterton International Peace Park, USA
and Canada (glacier retreat)
 Chan Chan Archaeological Zone, Peru (flooding
and eroding)
Climate Change: Impact on Tourism
 Infrastructure damage
 Damage to property
 Business interruptions
 Higher operating expenses
 Reduced landscape aesthetic
 Altered agricultural proauction
 Increasing incidence of vector-borne diseases
 Beach. Coastal Erosion
 Water shortage
 biodiversity loss
 Coral bleaching
 Bush fires
 Glacier retreat, reduced snow cover
 Extensive species losses (up to 30% of species at
increasing risk of extinction)
 Extreme storms
 Increased risk of skin cancer
 Change in timing of blooming of tourism-
important plants
Impact Mitigation and Adaptation
Mitigation - "an anthropogenic (human) intervention
to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of
greenhouse gases" (IPCC 2001) Adaptation
 "adjustment in natural or human systems in
response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or
their effects, which moderate harm or exploit
beneficial opportunities" (IPCC 2001)
 "anticipating the adverse effects of climate
change and taking appropriate action to prevent
or minimize the damage they can cause, or
taking advantage of opportunities that may arise"
(EC 2014)
 "process by which strategies aiming to moderate,
cope with, and take advantage of the
consequences of climate events are enhanced,
developed, and implemented" (UNDP 2004 in
UNEP 2008)
Impact Adaptation Measures
Coral Bleaching
 To prevent this, cooler water from deeper areas
may be sprayed onto the surface.
 Awnings may be used on buoys to shade corals.
Ski Resorts and Winter Destinations
 Rebranding ski resorts to "four-season resorts"
 Offering non-winter activities, such as golf,
boating, and white-water rafting, etc.
 Advertising campaigns to target honeymooners
and families
 Upgrading of air-conditioning to counter
summer heat, discounting room rates, and
offering new hurricane interruption policies
 Ski slopes to be relocated to higher altitudes and
glaciers and have resorted to artificial snow-
making
Changed Timing of Blooming of Tourism Important
Plants
 Using sprays and injecting plant hormones and
piling snow on the base of trees to delay the
onset of blossoms
 Planting tulip bulbs in shady locations
 Using heavily mulched flower beds
 Building snow fences to increase snow cover on
flower beds
 Planting bulbs with different rates of maturation
Impact Mitigation Measures
Transport Sector: Airline Industry
 Maintaining a younger fleet of aircraft Achieving
average load factor of at least 80%
 Removing excess amounts of water and catering
to reduce weight
 More efficient flight paths
 Maximizing seat density
Tour Operator
 Replacing distant destinations with closer ones
that offer similar attraction value
 Supporting low-carbon holiday options
Developing new low-carbon products (e.g., train-
based holidays)
 Offering high standard carbon offsets for
journeys by air
Rental Car Companies
 Using smaller, lighter, and slower gas/diesel or
hybrid cars
Accommodation Sector
 Setting temperatures in guestrooms at 20°-25°C
 Employing passive cooling
 Using thermostats and sensors
 Using energy efficient lighting
 Using key cards for hotel rooms
 Adopting a "no disposable packaging policy"
 Using worms to recycle food wastes
 Using reusable cloth laundry bags
 Using potted plants instead of cut flowers
 Using anti-cockroach herbal treatment in paste
form, which does not require cleaning up as no
chemicals are used
Restaurants
 Procuring locally produced food
 Favoring organic food products
 Increasing the proportion of vegetables in meals
 Cooling down hot food before storing it in
refrigerators/freezers
 Not overfilling refrigerators
 Ensuring doors are fit and properly closed with
seals in good condition
 Ensuring refrigerator compressor belts maintain
proper tension
 Defrosting freezers frequently (frost build-ups
reduce efficiency)
Destinations
 Officially highlighting and working toward the
goal of tourism sustainability
 Restructuring source markets to attract low-
carbon tourists
 Providing low-carbon public transport
 Communicating pro-environmental action
 Striving for carbon neutrality
Carbon neutrality - a state when the amount of
greenhouse gases being emitted into the atmosphere
is totally offset or sequestered by carbon sinks, such
as forests or trees
Puerto Princesa City - the only carbon-neutral city in
the Philippines