TOPIC 1
Destinations are visited for purposes not
A Review on Tourism
Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of
people to the destinations outside the places where
they normally live and work and their activities
during their stay at these destinations.
Tourism, being a global industry, provides a huge
impact in a country’s economy, as it does not only
provide jobs for local communities, but a gateway as
well in understanding other cultures around the
world.
What is Tourism (definition of terms)
The sum of the phenomena (is "an observable fact or
event") and relationships arising from the travel and
stay of nonresidents, insofar as they do not lead to
permanent residence and are not connected to any
earning activity.
 Krapf of Berne University, Swirtzerland
Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of
people to the destinations outside the places where
they normally live and work and their activities
during their stay at these destinations.
 Tourism Society in Britain
Tourism may be defined in terms of particular
activities selected by choice and undertaken outside
the home environment.
 Tourism Society in Cardiff
5 main characteristics of tourism by Burkart and
Medik (1997)
1. Tourism is a combination of a phenomena and
relationships
2. 2 essential elements: the dynamic element or the
journey and the static element or the stay--- what
is static element and dynamic element—journey-
experience going to that place. Stay-experience
staying in that place
3. The journey and stay are to and from
destinations outside the place of residence and
work
4. The movement to destinations is temporary and
short term, with the intention to return within a
few day, weeks, or months; and
5.
connected with paid work—not for business or
vocational reasons
Tourist
Definition: tourist is a person who visits a country
other than that in which he or she usually resides for
a period of at least 24 hours.
This include: people travelling for pleasure, domestic
reasons or health, persons travelling to meetings or
on business, people visiting a country on a cruise.
Elements of Travel
4 elements that define travellers or tourists
a. Distance- travellers who travel at least 100 miles
in one direction from home
b. Length of stay at the destination—tourists are
temporary visitors who make at least one
overnight stay
c. Residence of the traveller
d. Purpose of travel
 Visiting friends/relatives, conventions,
business, outdoor recreation (ironman), etc.
The Nature of tourism
 Domestic tourism refers to travel taken
exclusively within the national boundaries of the
traveler’s country.
 International tourism involves the movement of
people across international boundaries.
 Package tour (otherwise known as inclusive tour)
is an arrangement in which transport and
accommodation is bought by the tourist at an all-
inclusive price and price of individual elements
cannot be determined by the tourist.
 That includes hotel, tours, food, etc. that has no
individual prices
 Independent tour is an arrangement in which the
tourist buys these facilities separately, either
making reservations in advance through a travel
agent or en route during his or her tour.
 Independent inclusive tour-solo
 Group inclusive tour-group
The Tourist Product
Is a combination of what the tourist does at the
destinations and the services he or she uses during his
or her stay.

Characteristics of a tourist product:
 Service – an intangible item (experience)—
diving etc. not like washing machine, different
for each
 Largely psychological in its attraction– it is the
temporary use of an environment plus the culture
and heritage of the region and other intangible
benefits such as atmosphere and hospitality
 Product tends to vary in standard and quality
over time
 Supply of the product is fixed
The number of hotel rooms cannot be changed to
meet the changing demands of tourists during a
particular season.
The Tourist Destination
Is a geographical unit where the tourist visits and
stays.
It could be a village, town, region, city, island etc.
The success of a tourist destination is dependent on 3
factors:
1. Attractions- may be a site and event attractions.
a. A site attraction- one in which the
destination itself has an appeal
 could be man-made also like a building
or theme parks like Disney land
b. Event attraction- one in which tourists are
drawn to the destination solely because of
what is taking place there
1. Amenities or facilities—include accommodation,
food, local transport, communications, and
entertainment
2. Accessibility—means having regular and
convenience of transport in terms of
time/distance to the destination from the
originating country at a reasonable price.
Tourist Services
Transport service—transfers etc.
Psychology of Travel - studies human behaviour in
the individual level
A. Motivation for Travel
What drives us to travel:
 Escape
 Relaxation
 Relief of tension
 Sunlust
 Physical Health
 Family togetherness
 Self-discovery
 Cultural
 Education
 Business
 Scenery
4 Classes of basic travel motivators:
1. Physical Motivators – related to those of
physical rest, sports participation, beach
recreation, relaxing entertainment, and other
motivators directly related to health.
2. Cultural motivators – the desire to know about
other countries- their music, art, folklore, dances,
paintings, and religion
3. Interpersonal motivators – pertain to the desire to
meet the other people, visit friends or relatives,
escape from routine, from family, and neighbors
4. Status and prestige motivators – concern ego
needs and personal developments. Trips related
to business, conventions, study, and pursuit of
hobbies and education.
Anything that would result to enhancement of one’s
recognition and good reputation.
B. Travel as a Means to satisfy a Need and Want
The key to understanding tourist motivation is to
view vacation travel as a vehicle to satisfy one’s
needs and wants. (Something has to trigger that
emotion that thought, and it starts with our needs and
wants)
Tourist do not go on travel just to relax and have fun,
to experience another culture, or to educate
themselves and their children. They take vacations in
the belief that these vacation will satisfy, either
completely or partially, various needs and wants.
C. Relationship of Wants, Needs and Motives
The difference between a Need and a Want is
awareness.
It is the duty of people involved in marketing to
convert needs in to wants by making the individual
aware of his need deficiencies.
 Suggests objectives such as vacations, cruises, or
flights to satisfy needs, an awareness which has
already been created
This awareness must be accompanied by motivation.
A motive enables a person to do something.
 Motivation occurs when and individual wants to
satisfy a need.
 To enable a person to be motivated to satisfy a
need, an objective or goal must be present
 An individual will be motivated to buy a product
or service if he perceives that the purchase of
that product or service will be beneficial in
satisfying the need of which he is now aware
Maslow proposed the following hierarchy of needs as
determinants of behavior:
Maslow´s hierarchy of needs in connection with rural
tourism Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggests that
people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before
moving on to other. In this paper the Maslow’s 5-
stage theory on motivation, extended by cognitive
and aesthetic needs (Zelenka and Pásková, 2012), is
applied to the condition of rural areas.
Level 1: Physiological needs: (hunger, thirst, rest,
activity)
Every tourism destination must meet two basic needs
– physiological needs and safety. In tourism, the
physiological needs are connected to gastronomy and
accommodation. In rural tourism, the supply side is
usually concentrated on food and customs adherent to
the region or village. It can be represented by
products such as fruit, vegetables, home-made bread,
cakes, mushroom specialties, herbal tea, milk,
potatoes, or organic bio-products with distinctive
traits in Czech cuisine, habits and traditions.
Level 2: Safety needs – (safety and security, freedom
from fear, and anxiety)
This reflects location’s character, social life, and risk
of undesired pathological characters. Tourists´ safety,
calm and peace are the main requirements of tourist
in rural areas. Calm and peace are prerequisites on
physical and mental nursing. Entrepreneurs in rural
tourism do not provide just comfortable
accommodation or tasteful food. Their business is
based on friendly atmosphere, safety, serenity, and
family peace, traditions and customs of their region,
on responsible relation to natural and human
surrounding.
Level 3 and 4: Social needs – (love, affection, giving
and receiving)
Such as being part of a particular group. These are
needs of esteem connected with self-esteem or with
esteem of others. In case of rural tourism personality,
hospitality, uniqueness and hosts´ courtesy are
required. Courage and passion, but also
responsibility, devotion and discretion belong to any
kind of business. For a businessman´s personality in
rural tourism, typical features include diligence,
accuracy, dedication, creativity, persistence, but also
managerial and organizing skills, ability to
communicate with and treat people. 662 Eva
Šimková and Jindřich Holzner / Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences 159 (2014) 660 – 664
Dispensable needs (so called high category needs –
“metaneeds”):
Level 5 and 6: Cognitive and aesthetic needs:
Cognitive needs are described such as knowledge and
understanding local life-style, heritage and traditions,
or aesthetic needs, such as appreciation and search
for beauty, balance and form.
Level 7: Self-actualization needs (or self-realization
needs) (personal self-fulfillment)
Are on the top of the Maslow’s hierarchy. These refer
to the need for personal cultivation, needs realizing
personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal
growth and peak experiences. In terms of rural
tourism, the level of self-realization is dependent on a
particular rural locality, structure and quality of
tourism services. No doubt these needs can also have
sustainable features of tourism. These are for
example “Heritage Trails”, “Moravian Wine Trails”,
beer trails or horse trails.
The Learning Process of a Tourist (used for decision
making/serves as a bridge between the motives of an
individual and the perceived alternatives – tourist’s
learning process by mill and Morrison)
An individual will buy a vacation package if he has
learned that purchase will satisfy an important need.
 Tourist compares various alternatives with a list
of criteria-determine which will most likely
satisfy his/her motive
 This will affect his decision to buy something in
particular, be it negative or positive (if it meets
his motivation)
 Alternatives will be given according to the
traveller’s characteristics (varies from one
traveller to another)
 A destination will be included if it has previously
satisfied the traveller
 The level of satisfaction depends on one’s
expectation of a situation, as well as one’s
perception of an actual situation
 For a traveller to be satisfied, the level of actual
experience must be equal to or greater than the
level of expectation
 Level of service must be given great importance
to assure quality of service
 Criteria used are learned from past experiences
as well as information received from commercial
and social environment
Effect of Consistency and Complexity of Leisure
Travel
Individuals differ in the amount of psychological
tension they can handle
 Too much repetition or consistency results in
boredom which results to psychological tension
 To reduce tension, he will attempt to reduce
some complexity in his life
 This explains why a tourist who for many years
spent his vacation in the same place will either
change the destination or the method of reaching
it
Vice versa – if there’s too much complexity, he will
change it with more consistency
 It is because travelers have different personalities
Classifications of Travelers Based on Personality
A. Psychocentric – people centered on self are
inhibited and unadventuresome
 They have strong desire for consistency and the
familiar
 They do not like experimenting, preferring safe
destination
 They usually take a tour that is completely
arranged
B. Allocentric – people having interest and attention
on other persons
 Highly curious and thrive and stimulation and d. Singles and couples
change  They take their vacation for the purpose of
 They have strong need for variety of new their psychological, intellectual and physical
experiences needs—rest, relax, escape, total freedom
 They want more adventure on experiencing
different cultures and environments, new kind of
food etc.

Classifications of Travellers based on Purpose of

Travel Travel Constraints:

A. Business Travellers (divided in to 3 categories) a. Lack of money

b. Lack of Time
a. Regular business travellers c. Lack of safety and security
b. Business travellers attending meetings, d. Physical disability
conventions, and congresses e. Family Commitment
c. Incentive travellers- it is a travel given by firms f. Lack of Interest in Travel
to employees as a reward for some g. Fears
accomplishment or to encourage them to achieve
more Sociology of Tourism

B. Pleasure/Personal Travellers (consists of 4 Sociology explores social behavior within groups,

categories) cultures, organizations, and social institutions

 Consists of people travelling for vacation or
pleasure
 They have different spending patterns from
business travellers
 They are price sensitive
 It is the largest segment of the international
market and the fastest growing – due to the
rising income levels in developed countries,
urbanization, higher educational levels, increase
in the leisure time, and the length of the paid
holidays
B. Pleasure/Personal Travellers (consists of 4
categories)
a. Resort travelers – better educated, higher
household incomes, more on professional and
managerial positions, families with children
b. Family pleasure travelers
Are motivated by 3 objectives:
 Use travel as an educational experience for
their children
 Do something different
 Bring the family closer together
c. The elderly
 Persons in the age 50+ are called active
affluents or people with the money and the
desire to travel extensively
 Self-fulfillment
 Understanding people based on the things around
them
 Travel is brought about by the social nature of
human
 Human beings are social being – they feel more
comfortable in a tour group
Socioeconomic Variables and Their Effect on Travel
A. Age (patterns on travel)
a. Younger people tend to select more active
recreational activities
b. Elderly tend to be more passive – visit
friends, relatives, fishing, sight seeing
B. Income and Social Status
c. Rich people travel more, stay longer, and
spend more than lower income people
C. Education
d. More educated people have a greater desire
to travel
e. More educated people have more
sophistication in taste- they prefer activities
that require the development of
interpretative and expressive skills -
attending plays, concerts, art museums,
playing golf, etc.
D. Life stages of the family
f. Presence of kids in the family limits travel
g. As children grow up and leave home, the
couple renew interest in travel
h. This stage allows them to travel more
Types of Tourist Roles
The continuous combination of novelty (new,
original, unusual, and associated with sceneries) and
familiarity (associated with faces) forms the basic
variable for the sociological analysis of the
phenomenon of modern tourism.
A. The organized mass tourist
 This type of tourist is the least adventurous
 He buys tours which are fixed in advance,
and stops are well prepared and guided
 Prefers a familiar environment
B. Individual Mass Tourist
 The same as the organized except that they
have a certain degree over their time
 Itinerary is not bound to a group
 All arrangement made through a travel
agency
C. The Explorer
 Arranges his trip by himself
 Associates with people he visits
D. The Drifter
 Goes the farthest away from the accustomed
way of life of his own country
 Almost totally immersed in his host culture
 Tries to live the way people live in his host
culture
 No fixed itinerary
G. Impacts of Tourism
 Economic impact
 Cultural impact
 Environmental
The Impact of Tourism
A. Economic Effects of Tourism
Classified in to 4 groups:
Effects on Income (the importance of tourism in a
country’s economy can be measured through national
income, which is the sum of all income in a country)
 Derived from wages and salaries because of the
labor-intensive nature of the industry
 Taxes from business
 Interests from loans of businesses
Effects on Employment
 Tourism generates employment
 Generates more employees in developing
countries than in developing ones
 Developed nations usually pays less
3 Types of employment generated by Tourism
1. Direct employment - generated as a result of
providing goods and services directly to tourists
in hotels, restaurants, bars, night clubs and the
like
2. Indirect employment – consists of those
positions that are associated with other tourism-
related activities but are used by both the local
resident and tourists
3. Induced employment – refers to people working
in positions only peripherally related to tourism
but generated income because of it
 Direct employment refers to employment
directly related to the production of forest
products or services. As a result of this
direct employment, employment is also
generated in the businesses that supply
goods and services to the forest sector. This
is referred to as indirect employment.
Finally, when these directly and indirectly
generated incomes are spent and respent on
a variety of items in the broader economy
 (e.g., food, clothing, entertainment), it gives
rise to induced employment effects.
Effects on the Area’s Balance of Payments with the
Outside World
 Balance of payments is an accounting of the flow
of goods, services, and funds in and out of the
country during a given period.
 The balance of payments (BOP) is a statement of
all transactions made between entities in one
country and the rest of the world over a defined
period of time, such as a quarter or a year.
(https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bop.asp)
Effects on Investment and Development
 The economic success of an area/country attracts
more businessmen and government agencies to
invest in tourism and other industries in that
area.
Negative Effects of Tourism
Inflation and Land Values
 Increase in prices of commodities and other
items
 Growth in the tourist trade creates additional
demand for land
High Leakages
 Leakages - is the way in which revenue
generated by tourism is lost to other countries'
economies.
Ex. Importation of cars, buses, manufactured
materials to meet the demands of tourists
Smaller countries often require foreign investment to
start their tourism industry. Thus, profits from
tourism may be lost to foreign investors. In addition,
travel agents outside of the destination country
remove money from that market as well.
Seasonality
 Seasonal fluctuations in demand result in low
returns on investment
Overdependence on Tourism
Impact of Tourism
B. Social Impact of Tourism
“One of the most important benefits of tourism is the
bringing together of diverse people to help them
understand one another.”
 Refers to the changes in the quality of life of
residents of tourist destinations
 The objective of social tourism is to ensure that
tourism is accessible to all people
Positive Social Effects of Tourism
1. It creates a new medium for social change and
multi-cultural understanding
2. It encourages adaptation to the realities of
modern life and works toward improving the
host country’s environment and lifestyle options
 Tourism promotes progress and
modernization through exposure to other
attitudes and values.
 It brings about improvement in facilities and
services as well as improvements in the
lifestyle and quality of the residents of the
host country
3. It promotes knowledge and use of foreign
languages
 The need and desire to communicate
increase interest in both the host and visitor
to learn another language
4. It promotes health conditions and disease control
 Through tourism, local residents can become
aware of both health problems and good
hygiene.
 This awareness can lead to change in the
health infrastructure of a destination.
 Improvement in one community then paves
the way for improvement of the whole
region.
 Hongkong influenza
 Pollo
Negative Social Effects of Social Tourism
Social saturation
 Congestion of facilities and services
 Residents rarely share their facilities
 Locals look for other places
Changes in social structure, behaviour, and roles
 Locals adapting to foreign habits
 Jobs created for women changes their attitude
 Changing how locals change the way they dress
Community Problems
 Prostitution
 Job opportunities lead to liberalization
 Maintain your values and morals
Negative demonstrative effects
 Locals react to tourist behaviour that sometime
result to revolution and rebellion
 Resentment of locals when foreign workers are
given more importance
C. Impact of Tourism on Culture
Positive Effects
Intercultural Communication
 Promotes understanding between tourists and
their host
Renaissance of Native Country
 The revival of art and literature under the
influence of classical models
Negative Effects
 Traditional objects/artifacts are being sold on the
persuasion of tourists for the purpose of making
money
D. Environmental Impact of Tourism
Positive Effects
Conservation and Preservation
 Awareness through scenic attractions
 Popularity of unspoiled nature
Development of Attractions
Historic Preservation
Resident Benefits
Negative Effect
Environmental conflicts
 Destruction of the vegetation, pollution, and
destruction of wildlife
 Ex. Mt. Apo
Geological conflicts
 Natural formation destroyed by tourist
Resident conflicts
 Infrastructures
H. Current trends and issues in tourism
Issues in the Tourism Industry
1. Marketing
Changing demographics
 Population of developed countries is aging
 Median is now 33 years old
 Increasing number of single-parent households
(lower capacity to pay)
 Increasing number of people travelling for
personal reasons (74% and increasing-domestic
travellers)
 Growth in the number of international travellers
(due to lower cost of transportation, longer
holidays)
Changing vacation patterns
 Vacation is becoming shorter and more frequent
Market segmentation -is the process of dividing a
market of potential customers into groups, or
segments, based on different characteristics.
 Lodging establishment ex. limited services
 Restaurants ex vegetarian restaurants, organic
food
Frequent guest programs
 Modelled on the frequent-flyer programs
 Gives credits to regular guests which can be  Adjusting menus for the benefits of the
redeemed in the form of reduced rates, upgrades, diners
free accommodations  Trending to healthier menus

Maturation in segment of the fast-food industry The Future of Tourism…

 Development of new products apart from what A. Sustainable management of tourism and
they are currently offering hospitality
 Ex. Mama maria pizza merging with gino’s
burger Means achieving quality growth in a manner that
does not deplete the natural and built environments
Consolidation and preserve the culture, history, and the heritage of
the local community.
 Consolidation of companies to become bigger
and cover a bigger market Managing sustainable tourism and hospitality
 Ex Jollibee
Sustainable Development Goals (SDP)
2. Legal
Also known as the global goals are a universal call to
 Liquor ban action to end poverty, protecting the planet, and
 Ethics in business assure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity

3. Human Resources These goals prioritize:

 Sexual harassments  Climate change

 Employee turnover  Economic equality
 Mostly for managers  Innovation
 Employee assistance plans  Sustainable consumption
 Employee empowerment  Peace and justice
 Employees are empowered to make decisions
that will improve the quality of service to The 17 Global Goals
guests without having a negative impact on
operations GOAL 1: No Poverty

4. Operations GOAL 2: Zero Hunger

 Automation GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being

 For efficiency –speed of work, reduce cost
 Trends: GOAL 4: Quality Education
 E-tickets
GOAL 5: Gender Equality
 Smoking areas/Non smoking areas
 Recycling solid waste
GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
5. Consumer affairs
GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
 Fire safety GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
 Improvements in the construction of the
building to prevent hazard to the guests GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
 Sprinkler systems, automatic system to
summon fire men, smoke detectors GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality
 Centralized systems shifted back to
individual room ventilation GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
 Truth in Menus
 Diet/Nutrition/Health
GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

GOAL 13: Climate Action

GOAL 14: Life Below Water

GOAL 15: Life on Land

GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions

GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal

Human beings have the ability to manipulate and

change certain aspects of the environment. Hence
when useless, ineffective management tools are used,
tourism and hospitality can lead to a degradation of
the environment. This is why it is important to
educate.

J. Different natures of tourism

 The cruise industry

 Ecotourism
 Medical tourism
 The gaming entertainment industry
 Tourist attractions and theme parks

K. Tourism marketing, promotion, and distribution

channel