Drilling Hydraulics

Dr Masood Mostofi

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Lecture Note

Concept of average
fluid velocity

Dynamic BHP and

ECD

Characterising
Parasitic Pressure

Nozzle size selection

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Application of Drilling Hydraulics

Hole Cleaning

Drilling Hydraulics
Safe Mud
Weight Window

Well Control

Bit Nozzle
Selection

Rig selection

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Application of Drilling Hydraulics

Hole Cleaning • Sufficient amount of flow rate to

Drilling Hydraulics
carry the cuttings to surface.
• The bottom hole pressure should
Safe Mud
not exceed the fracture pressure of
Weight Window formation.
• Bit nozzle size can be selected in
Well Control order to maximise the eroding
action of fluid at the bit/rock
interface.
Bit Nozzle • Pump specification can be
Selection determined providing enough flow
rate of pump pressure.
Rig selection

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Backgrounds: Average fluid velocity

No-slip condition:

Fluid velocity is the same as the solid https://www.youtube.co

m/watch?v=cUTkqZei
plate velocity at the fluid/solid Mow

interface.

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Backgrounds: Average fluid velocity

Velocity profile Average velocity

• The fluid velocity changes • Average fluid velocity is only

with the type flow regime, function of flow rate and cross
e.g. turbulent and laminar. section area.
• Drilling Hydraulics mostly use
average fluid velocity.

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Backgrounds: Average fluid velocity

Average velocity Average velocity

Flow rate
Flow rate

Average fluid velocity

Cross section area

4 4
Inner diameter Outer Inner diameter of
of pipe diameter of annulus
annulus
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Example

Determine the average fluid velocity inside the drill string and also in the

annulus for a drill string made of 1400 ft of drill pipe (OD = 5”, ID =

4.275”), and 600 ft of drill collar (OD = 10, ID =3.5) and 600 ft of Heavy

wall drill pipe (OD = 6, ID = 4 ). The drill string is suspended in a 10 ppg

drilling fluid and the wellbore diameter is 12 1/4 in. The flow rate is 280

gpm.

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 Example

1
4 144

1
4 144

Section ID (in) OD (in) A internal (ft2) A annulus (ft2)

Drill Pipe 4.276 5 0.100 0.682

HWDP 4 6 0.087 0.622
DC 3.5 10 0.067 0.273

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Example

Section Fluid Velocity (ft/s)

DP 6.26
HWDP 7.15
DC 9.34
Annulus DC 2.29
Annulus
HWDP 1.00
Annulus DP 0.92
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 B A
Energy Conservation
1 1
̅ Δ ̅
2 2

0 Atmospheric pressure

1
Δ ̅ ̅ In SI unit
2

Δ 8.073 10 ̅ ̅

8.073 10 ̅ ̅ ≪Δ In Field unit

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Pressure Drop is not function of depth!
B A

B
A

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Dynamic Bottom Hole Pressure
B
1 1
̅ Δ ̅
2 2

0 Atmospheric pressure

1
Δ ̅ ̅ In SI unit
2
In Field unit
Δ 8.073 10 ̅ ̅ 0.052

8.073 10 ̅ ̅ ≪Δ 0.052
A
Δ 0.052

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Dynamic Bottom Hole Pressure and ECD
Bottom hole pressure under circulating condition: B

Δ 0.052

Equivalent Circulating Density:

0.052 Δ 0.052

Δ
0.052

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Example:
B
Calculate the equivalent circulating density of a 12 ppg drill fluid

if the pressure drop in the annulus is 100 psi and the total

vertical depth is 2,000 ft.

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Solution:
B

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Pressure Drop

Pressure drop in
Pressure drop Pressure drop annulus drill
inside drill pipe through bit nozzles pipe/wellbore

Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ

Pump Pressure drop Pressure drop in

pressure inside drill collar annulus drill
collar/wellbore

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Pressure Drop

Pressure drop in
Pressure drop Pressure drop annulus drill
inside drill pipe through bit nozzles pipe/wellbore

Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ

Pump Pressure drop Pressure drop in

pressure inside drill collar annulus drill
collar/wellbore

What about if a downhole motor was used as well?

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Pressure Drop is not function of depth!
Chapter 9

Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ

This presentation

• Variation the total pressure

drop as a function of flow rate
• Bit nozzle optimisation

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Pressure Drop is not function of depth!

Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ

Total pressure drop due to

friction (parasitic pressure)

Bit hydraulic
Pump hydraulic
horse power
horse power
Power consumption to
overcome viscous flow

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Bit Pressure Drop

A
http://www.drillingcontractor.org/

B 2 2

Δ Δ
2 2
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 Bit Pressure Drop
Δ
2

Mud weight Flow rate (gpm)

(ppg)

http://www.drillingcontractor.org/

Pressure drop
Discharge Total nozzle
across bit
coefficient area ( )
(psi)

: discharge coefficient 0.95 0.98

Nozzle sizes reported in 1/32 of inch.
For example a # 14, is 14/32 inch

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Jet Impact Force

Δ
12034

Δ
54.85

Jet impact force

from nozzle (lb)

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Jet Impact Force and Hydraulic Power at the
Bit Pressure drop
across bit (psi)
Flow rate (ppg)

Δ
Δ
1714.29 54.85

Hydraulic horse Jet impact force

power (hp) from nozzle (lb)

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Example

Calculate the pressure drop across a 3 nozzle PDC bit with nozzle sizes of

#13, #13 and #14, where a flow rate of 200 gpm is being circulated. The

drilling fluid density is 10 ppg and the discharge coefficient is 0.95.

Also, calculate the jet impact force and the bit power consumption.

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Solution
#
4 32

nozzle size
Nozzle A (in2) At
(#)

Nozzle 1 13 0.130

Nozzle 2 13 0.130 0.409

Nozzle 3 14 0.150

10 200
Δ 219.8
12034 12034 0.95 0.409

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Solution

Δ 219.8 200
25.6
1714.29 1714.29

0.95
Δ 10 200 219.8
54.85 54.85

163

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Characterising Parasitic Pressure

Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ

Parasitic pressure:

The sum of all pressure drop due to friction loss.

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Characterising Parasitic Pressure

• The parameters changes with depth.

• They can be characterised before

running a new bit.

• The model would be used during the

next bit run.

• Circulation test at different flow rate.

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Characterising Parasitic Pressure
• Measurement:

• Pump pressure is recorded at different flow

rates

• Bit pressure drop is calculated to isolate

parasitic pressure

• A power law regression is used to obtain

parameters.

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Example:

Two circulation tests have been performed where the pump pressures of

2500 psi and 1850 psi are recorded at flow rates of 300 gpm and 180 gpm. If

the bit has three nozzles with all numbers 13, predict the pump pressure at

flow rate of 250 gpm. Discharge coefficient is 0.95 and the drilling fluid

density is 10 ppg.

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Example:
#
4 32
nozzle size
Nozzle A( ) ( )
(#)
Nozzle 1 13 0.130

Nozzle 2 13 0.130 0.389

Nozzle 3 13 0.130

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Example:

Δ
12034

(gpm) pump pressure (psi) Δ (psi) Δ (psi)

300 2500 548.6 1951.4

180 1850 197.5 1652.5

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Example:
(gpm) pump pressure (psi) (psi) (psi)

300 2500 548.6 1951.4

180 1850 197.5 1652.5

Δ
1951.4 300 1951.4 300
1652.5 180 1652.5 180

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Example:

1951.4 300
Δ
1652.5 180

1951.4 300
log log
1652.5 180

1951.4 300
log log
1652.5 180
1951.4
log
1652.5 0.325 304.85
300
log
180
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Example:

Δ 304.85 .

Δ 304.85 250 . 1834

10 250
Δ 380.9
12034 0.95 0.389

Δ Δ Δ 1834 380.9 2215

pump pressure
(gpm) (psi) (psi)
(psi)
300 2500 548.6 1951.4
180 1850 197.5 1652.5
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Nozzle Size Optimisation

• Two criteria exists:

• Maximum Jet Impact Force

• Maximum Hydraulic Horse Power

Δ
Δ
1714.29 54.85

Δ Δ
12034

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Nozzle Size Optimisation: Max Jet Impact
Force
The nozzles are selected
so that the maximum Δ
amount of impact force is 54.85
applied on the rock surface.

Δ Δ
2

Δ Δ Δ

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Nozzle Size Optimisation: Max Bit Hydraulic
Horse Power
Δ
The nozzles are selected 1714.29
so that the maximum
amount of hydraulic horse
power is consumed across Δ
the bit.
12034

Δ Δ
1

Δ Δ Δ

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Example

Optimise the bit nozzle size based on both criterion of maximum jet impact

force and maximum hydraulic horse power across the bit.

The circulation test suggest that parasitic pressure can be characterised by

.
Δ 250 . The pump pressure is expected to be 2,800 psi, mud

weight is 12.5 ppg, and discharge coefficient can be assumed as 0.98.

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Solution:
Maximum Bit Hydraulic Horse Power Criterion:

.
Δ 250

0.35
Δ Δ 2800 725.9
1 0.35 1

Δ Δ Δ 2800 725.9 2074

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Solution:
Maximum Bit Hydraulic Horse Power Criterion:

.
Δ 250

2074 250 . 422

Δ
12034
12.5 422
725.9 0.515
12034 0.98

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Solution:
Maximum Bit Hydraulic Horse Power Criterion:

0.515

#
4 32

nozzle
Nozzle A( )
size (#)
Nozzle 1 15 0.172
Nozzle 2 15 0.172 0.517
Nozzle 3 15 0.172

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Solution:
Maximum Jet Impact Force:

.
Δ 250

0.35
Δ Δ 2800 417.0
2 0.35 2

Δ Δ Δ 2800 417.0 2,383

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Solution:
Maximum Jet Impact Force:

.
Δ 250

2383 250 . 627.5

Δ
12034
12.5 627.5
417.0 1.01
12034 0.98

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Solution:
Maximum Jet Impact Force:

1.01

#
4 32

nozzle
Nozzle A( )
size (#)
Nozzle 1 21 0.338
Nozzle 2 21 0.338 1.01
Nozzle 3 21 0.338

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Solution:

Graphical Analysis
method is not part of
Drilling Engineering
and Fluids Lab.

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 End of Chapter 6

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References

Bourgoyne, A. T., Millheim, K. K., Chenevert, M. E., & Young, F. (1986). Applied
drilling engineering.

JONASSON, K., & MACK, C. (2009). Web page. Petroleum exploration, production
and development activity in Western Australia in, 12.

Mitchell, R. F., & Miska, S. Z. (2011). Fundamentals of drilling engineering.

Mostofi, M. (2015). Quality Control of Bentonite Samples of Australian Mud

Company. External report submitted to AMC.

Pusch, R., & Ramqvist, G. (2008). Borehole project-Final report of phase 3: Posiva
Oy, Helsinki (Finland).

Rehm, B., & McClendon, R. (1971, January 1). Measurement of Formation Pressure
from Drilling Data. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/3601-MS

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