DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

FACULTY OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

SSCE 1793 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS TUTORIAL 2

1. Solve the following homogeneous equations.

a. 2y 00 + 7y 0 − 4y = 0 b. 4y 00 − 4y 0 + y = 0
c. y 00 + y = 0 d. y 00 − 4y 0 + 7y = 0

2. Solve the given initial value problems.

a. y 00 + y 0 = 0; y(0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 1
b. y 00 − 4y 0 + 3y = 0; y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1/3
c. w00 − 4w0 + 2w = 0; w(0) = 0, w0 (0) = 1
d. y 00 − 2y 0 + y = 0; y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = −2
e. 2y 00 − 2y 0 + y = 0; y(0) = −1, y 0 (0) = 0

3. Solve the following boundary value problems.

a. y 00 − 10y 0 + 25y = 0; y(0) = 1, y(1) = 0

00
b. y + 4y = 0; y(0) = 0, y 0 (π) = 1
c. 2y 00 + y 0 − 6y = 0; y(0) = 0, y 0 (1) = 1

4. Solve the following nonhomogeneous equations using the method of undetermined coefficients.

a. 2x0 + x = 3t2 + 10t b. y00 − y0 + 9y = 3 sin 3x

c. y00 + y0 + y = 2 cos 2x − 3 sin 2x d. θ00 − 5θ0 + 6θ = rer
e. θ00(t) − θ(t) = t sin t f. y00 − 2y0 + y = 8ex
g. y00 − y = −11x + 1 h. y00 + 4y = sin 2θ − cos θ
−θ
i. y00 + 2y0 + 2y = e cos θ j. y00 − 3y = x2 − ex
k. x00 − 4x0 + 4x = te2t l. y00 − y = (5x + 1)e3x

5. Solve the following initial value problems using the method of undetermined coefficients.

a. y 0 − y = 1; y(0) = 1
00 −x
b. z + z = 2e ; z(0) = 0, z 0 (0) = 0
c. y 00 + y 0 − 12y = ex + e2x − 1; y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 3
d. y 00 − y = sin θ − e2θ ; y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = −1

6. Determine the form of a particular solution to the differential equations.

a. y 00 − y = e2x + xe2x + x2 e2x

b. y 00 + 5y 0 + 6y = sin x − cos 2x
c. y 00 − 4y 0 + 5y = e5x + x sin 3x − cos 3x
d. y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = x2 e2x − e2x
e. y 00 + y 0 − 6yy = e−3x + x cos 3x − sin 2x
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7. Solve the following nonhomogeneous equations using the method of variation of parameters.

a. y 00 + y = sec x b. y 00 + y = cos2 x
c. y 00 − y = cosh x d. y 00 + y = sec x tan x
1
e. y 00 + 4y = 2 tan x − ex f. y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y =
1+ ex
ex
g. y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = sin ex 00 0
h. y − 2y + y =
1 + x2
i. y 00 + 2y 0 + y = e−x ln 2x j. y 00 + y = 3 sec x − x2 + 1
k. 2y 00 − 2y 0 − 4y = 2e3t l. y 00 + 4y = csc2 2x

8. A vibrating string without damping can be modelled by the differential equation

my 00 + ky = 0.

a. If m = 10kg, k = 250kg/sec2 , y(0) = 0.3m and y 0 (0) = −0.1m/sec, find the equation of
motion for this system.
b. When the equation of motion is of the form displayed in (a), the motion is said to
be oscillatory with frequency β/2π. Find the frequency of the oscillation for the spring
system of part (a).

9. A vibrating string with damping can be modelled by the differential equation

my 00 + by 0 + ky = 0.

a. If m = 10kg, k = 250kg/sec2 , b = 60kg/sec, y(0) = 0.3m and y 0 (0) = −0.1m/sec, find

the equation of motion for this system.
b. Find the frequency of the oscillation.
c. Compare the results of this problem to Question 8 and determine what effect the damping
has on the frequency of oscillation. What other effects does it have on the solution?

10. The motion of a certain mass-spring system with damping is governed by

y00(t) + 6y0(t) + 16y(t) = 0

y(0) = 1, y0(0) = 0.

Find the equation of motion.

11. Determine the equation of motion for an undamped system at resonance governed by
d2 y
+ 9y = 2 cos 3t
dt2
y(0) = 1, y0(0) = 0.

Sketch the solution.

12. An undamped system is governed by

d2 y
m + ky = F0 cos γt;
dt2
y(0) = y0(0) = 0.
q
k
where γ 6= ω = m. Find the equation of motion of the system.

13. Consider the vibrations of a mass-spring system when a periodic force is applied. The system
is governed by the differential equation

mx00 + bx0 + kx = F0 cos γt

where F0 and γ are nonnegative constants, and 0 < b2 < 4mk.

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a. Show that the general solution to the corresponding homogeneous equation is

√ !
(−b/m)t 4mk − b2
xh (t) = Ae sin t+φ .
2m

b. Show that the general solution to the nonhomogeneous problem is given by

√ !
(−b/m)t 4mk − b2 F0
x(t) = Ae sin t+φ + p sin(γt + θ).
2m (k − mγ 2 )2 + b2 γ 2

14. RLC Series Circuit. In the study of an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor, capacitor,
inductor, and an electromotive force, we are led to an initial value problem of the form
dI q
L + RI + = E(t) (1)
dt C
q(0) = q0 , I(0) = I0 .

where L is the inductance in henrys, R is the resistance in ohms, C is the capacitance in

farads, E(t) is the electromotive force in volts, q(t) is the charge in coulombs on the capacitor
dq
at time t, and I = is the current in amperes.
dt
Find the current at time t if the charge on the capacitor is initially zero, the initial current is
0, L = 10henrys, R = 20ohms, C = 6260−1 farads and E(t) = 100volts.
Hint: Differentiate both sides of the differential equation to obtain a homogeneous linear
second order equation for I(t). Then use equation (1) to determine dI
dt at t = 0.

15. An RLC series circuit has an elctromotive force given by E(t) = sin 100t volts, a resistor of
0.02 ohms, an inductor of 0.001 henrys, and a capacitor of 2 farads. If the initial current and
the initial charge on the capacitor are both zero, determine the current in the circuit for t > 0.
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SOLUTIONS TO TUTORIAL 2

1. a. y = c1 ex/2 + c2 e−4x . b. y = (c1 + c2 x)ex/2 .

√ √
c. y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x. d. y = e2x (c1 cos 2 3x + c2 sin 2 3x).
4 x 1 3x
2. a. y = 3 − e−x . b. y = e − e .
√ √ 3 3
1  
c. y = √ e(2+ 2)x − e(2− 2)x . d. y = (1 − 3x)ex .
2 2
x x
e. y = ex/2 (sin − cos ).
2 2
1
3. a. y = e5x − xe5x . b. y = sin 2x.
2
e2x − e−3x 2 3x/2 2 −2x
c. y = −3/2 . d. y = e − e .
3e + 2e−2 7 7
t t
4. a. y = c1 cos √ + c2 sin √ + 3t2 + 10t − 12.
2 √ 2 √ !
x/2 35 35
b. y = e c1 cos x + c2 sin x + cos 3x.
2 2
√ √ !
−x/2 3 3
c. y = e c1 cos x + c2 sin x + sin 2x.
2 2
3 1
d. θ = c1 e2r + c2 e3r + er + rer .
4 2
−t t 1 1
e. θ = c1 e + c2 e − t sin t − t cos t.
2 2
f. y = (c1 + c2 x)ex + 4x2 ex .
g. y = c1 ex + c2 e−x + 11x − 1.
1 1
h. y = c1 cos 2θ + c2 sin 2θ − θ cos 2θ − cos θ.
4 3
i. y = e−θ (c1 cos θ + c2 sin θ) + θe−θ cos θ.
√ √ 1 2 1
j. y = c1 e 3x
+ c2 e− 3x
− x2 − + ex .
3 5 2
1
k. y = (c1 + c2 t)e2t + t3 e2t .
6
 
x −x 5 11 3x
l. y = c1 e + c2 e + x− e .
8 32
5. a. y = ex − 1. b. y = − cos x + sin x + e−x .
1 −4x 7 3x 1 1 1 7 θ 3 −θ 1 1
c. y = e + e − ex − e2x + . d. y = e + e − sin θ − e2θ .
60 6 10 6 12 12 4 2 3
6. a. yp = (Ax2 + Bx + C)e2x
b. yp = A cos x + B sin x + C cos 2x + D sin 2x.
c. yp = Ae5x + (Bx + C)(D cos 3x + E sin 3x).
d. yp = x2 (Ax2 + Bx + C)e2x .
e. yp = Axe−3x + (Bx + C)(D sin 3x + E cos 3x) + F sin 2x + G cos 2x.
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7. a. y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + x sin x + cos x ln | cos x|.

1 1
b. y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + − cos 2x.
2 6
1 1
c. y = c1 ex + c2 e−x + xex − xe−x .
4 4
d. y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + x cos x + sin x ln | sec x|.
ex 1
e. y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x − − cos 2x ln | sec 2x + tan 2x|.
5 2
f. y = c1 e−x + c2 e−2x + (e−x + e−2x ) ln(1 + ex ).
g. y = c1 e2x + c2 e−x − e−2x sin e2x .
1
h. y = c1 ex + c2 xex − [ex ln(x2 + 1) + xex tan−1 x].
2
1 3
i. y = c1 e + c2 xe + x2 e−x ln 2x − x2 e−x .
−x −x
2 4
j. y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x − x2 + 3 + 3x sin x + 3 cos x ln | cos x|.
1
k. y = c1 e2t + c2 e−t + e3t .
4
1
l. y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + (cos 2x ln | csc 2x + cot 2x| − 1).
4
8. a. y = 0.3 cos 5t − 0.02 sin 5t. b. 0.8Hz
9. a. y = e−3t (0.3 cos 4t + 0.2 sin 4t). b. 5/2π.
c. Exponential factor (damping factor)
√ √
 
3
10. y = e−3x cos 7x + √ sin 7x .
7
1
11. y = cos 3t + t sin t.
2
−F0 F0
12. y = cos ωt + sin γt.
m(ω 2 − γ 2 ) m(ω 2 − γ 2 )
2 −t
14. I = e sin 25t.
5
 
95 105 95 20
15. I = e−10t cos 20t − sin 20t − cos 100t + sin 100t.
9.425 18.85 9.425 9.425