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Fluent Turbulence 19.0 L06 2ndMomentClosure
Fluent Turbulence 19.0 L06 2ndMomentClosure
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𝜕𝑢′ 𝑖 𝜕𝑢′𝑗
• Dissipation term (e-equation): −2𝜇
𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝑢′ 𝑖 𝜕𝑢′𝑗
• Pressure-strain term (Modeling): +𝑝′ + 𝑝′
𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖
The most critical term is the pressure-strain term. Models differ by how this term is formulated
• The pressure strain term can be re-formulated as two integral terms. The first of these terms
only contain fluctuating components and the second term depends also on the mean flow
velocity gradients
• These two terms are often called a “slow” and a “fast” term 𝝓𝒊𝒋 = 𝝓𝒊𝒋,𝟏 + 𝝓𝒊𝒋,𝟐 . The fast term
got its name from the fact that it explicitly depends on the mean flow velocity gradients and
therefore responds quickly to changes in these gradients, whereas the slow term does not
• There are many different forms and models for these two terms which largely define the
RSM. A compromise between simplicity and generality needs to be made:
– Overly simplistic models might miss some of the more important physics
– Overly complex formulations might be hard to calibrate and even harder to solve numerically
• The two more prominent models are (named by the authors):
– Launder-Reece and Rodi (LLR)
– Speziale-Sarkar-Gatski (SSG)
• The slow pressure strain correlations term tends to redistribute turbulence energy
between the Reynolds stress components towards isotropy. It is therefore often
formulated in terms of the anisotropy tensor:
𝑢𝑖′ 𝑢𝑗′ 1
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = − 𝛿𝑖𝑗
2𝑘 3
• The simplest models like Launder-Reece-Rodi (LLR) use only the linear (𝐶𝑠1 ) term
• More complex models like Speziale-Sarkar-Gatski (SSG) include also the non-linear
term (𝐶𝑠2 )
• The fast pressure strain correlations term depends also on the mean flow velocity
gradients. It is often modeled as:
• In this equation 𝑃 = 0.5𝑃𝑖𝑗 where 𝑃𝑖𝑗 is the production term of the Reynolds stresses,
𝑆𝑖𝑗 is the mean strain rate tensor and Ω𝑖𝑗 the vorticity tensor
• “Diffusion” terms are characterized by the fact that the terms are under a
differential operator
• The simplest model for this term is given by:
𝜕 𝜇𝑡 𝜕
𝐷𝑖𝑗 = 𝑢′ 𝑖 𝑢′ 𝑗
𝜕𝑥𝑘 𝜎 𝜕𝑥𝑘
• This modeled term only acts on the diagonal elements of the Reynolds Stresses
and sums up to the dissipation 𝜀 in the k-equation
• Since the dissipation 𝜀 appears in several of the terms of a RSM, the equation
for 𝜀 needs to be solved as well (or alternatively the 𝜔–equation using the
relation 𝜀 = 𝐶𝜇 𝑘𝜔)
𝜕 𝜕 𝜀 𝜕 𝜇𝑡 𝜕𝜀
(𝜌𝜀) + (𝜌𝑈𝑘 𝜀) = (𝑐𝜀1 𝑃 − 𝑐𝜀2 𝜌𝜀) + (𝜇 + )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝑘 𝑘 𝜕𝑥𝑘 𝜎𝜀 𝜕𝑥𝑘
Measurement h2
lines
uaxial /Uin
utang /Uin
0.5
0.5
-0.5 0.0
-1.5
-0.5
-2.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
r/R
r/R
uaxial/Uin
0.5
utang/Uin
0.5
0.0
-0.5 0.0
-1.0
-1.5
-0.5
-2.0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
r/R
r/R
Z=20mm
Z=32mm
Z=53mm
Z=73mm
Z=117mm
Tangential Velocity
• RSM model develops partial differential equations for each of the six
Reynolds’ stress terms. Allow for anisotropy.
• Advantage:
− Most general of classical turbulence models
− Only need initial/boundary values
− Very accurate calculate of mean flow properties and all Reynolds stresses for many
flows
• Disadvantages:
− Robustness impaired relative to eddy-viscosity models
− Large computing costs (7 extra equations)
− Not as widely validated as k-epsilon and mixing length
− Performs just as poorly as k-epsilon in some flows (axisymmetric jets, unconfined
recirculating flows)
24 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.
Explicit Algebraic Reynolds Stress Model (Beta)
1 1
𝑇1,𝑖𝑗 = 𝑆𝑖𝑗 ; 𝑇2,𝑖𝑗 = 𝑆𝑖𝑘 𝑆𝑘𝑗 − 𝐼𝐼𝑆 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ; 𝑇3,𝑖𝑗 = Ω𝑖𝑘 Ω𝑘𝑗 − 𝐼𝐼Ω 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ; 𝑇4,𝑖𝑗 = 𝑆𝑖𝑘 Ω𝑘𝑗 − Ω𝑖𝑘 𝑆𝑘𝑗
3 3
2
𝑇6,𝑖𝑗 = 𝑆𝑖𝑘 Ω𝑘𝑙 Ω𝑙𝑗 + Ω𝑖𝑘 Ω𝑘𝑙 𝑆𝑙𝑗 − 𝐼𝑉𝛿𝑖𝑗 − 𝐼𝐼Ω 𝑆𝑖𝑗 ;
3
𝑁 2𝐼𝑉 1 𝑁
𝛽1 = − , 𝛽2 = 0, 𝛽3 = − , 𝛽4 = − , 𝛽6 = − ,
𝑄 𝑁𝑄1 𝑄 𝑄1
9 𝑃𝑘 Non-linearity due to Pk
𝑁= 𝐶1′ +
4 𝜀
9
𝐴1 = 1.2; 𝐶1′ = 𝐶 −1 , 𝐶1 = 1.8
4 1
• Secondary Flow
requires anisotropies
• The results in
secondary velocity
driving fluid into the
corner
• Higher velocity of axial
flow near corner
• Less prone to
separation?
SST
• Corner separation
overpredicted by SST
and “linear“ BSL-EARSM
(only b1 coefficient
active)
• Non-linear EARSM
stress-strain relation S-BSL-EARSM,
isotropic term only
S-BSL-EARSM,
full model
gives reduced
separation
• Consistent with
expectations