Allergen- a foreign substance that stimulates an allergic
reaction.
Antibody- a substance produced by B cells in response
to a specific antigen. Otherwise called
Immunoglobulins.
Antigen- a foreign substance capable of stimulating the
production of antibodies.
Complement- a group of plasma proteins that works
with antibodies to destroy cells of pathogens.
Immunity- resistance to specific disease-producing
antigens.
Inflammation- a localized response to damaged or
infected tissues that is characterized by swelling,
redness, pain, & heat.
Lymph (clear water) – the fluid transported in
lymphatic vessels.
Lymph Node – A lymph-filtering node of lymphatic
tissue located on a lymphatic vessel.
Lymphatic Vessel- a vessel that transports lymph.
Pathogen- a disease-causing organism.
Spleen- the largest lymphatic organ.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM – This is a part of the circulatory
system and a vital part of the immune system,
comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a
clear fluid, called lymph directionally towards the heart.
 absorbs fat from the digestive system through
lacteals, the small lymphatic vessels in the
small intestine.
LYMPH - An interstitial fluid that is derived from blood
plasma as materials move from the blood in capillaries
to the tissue cells.
Lymphatic capillaries -Microscopic close-ended tubes in
tissue spaces.
 Collect interstitial fluid from tissue spaces; once
in a lymphatic capillary, interstitial fluid is called
Lymph.
Lymphatic Vessels -Formed by merging of lymphatic
capillaries; structure similar to veins; contain valves;
merge to form lymphatic trunks
 Transport Lymph and empty it to subclavian
veins.
Lymphatic Organs - Sites of lymphocyte production &
immune responses & immune response.
Lymph Nodes- Small, bean-shaped organs arranged in
groups along lymphatic vessels.
 Filter & cleanse lymph; destroy pathogens
carried by the lymph.
Tonsils-Masses of Lymphatic tissue at the entrance to
the throat.
 Intercept & destroy pathogens entering the
throat from nasal & oral cavities.
Spleen-Largest lymphatic organ containing venous
sinuses Located behind the stomach near the
diaphragm in the upper left quadrant of the
abdominal cavity.
 Filters & cleanses blood; destroys pathogens
carried by blood; contains a reservoir of blood;
primary site for removal of old RBCs; Major site
for Lymphocyte Production.
Thymus-Bilobed gland located above the heart; size
decreases w/ age.
 Site T cell maturation; secretes hormone
thymosin, w/c stimulates maturation of T cells.
3 kinds of Tonsils
1.) Palatine Tonsils- located on each side at the
junction of the oral cavity & the Pharynx.
2.) Pharyngeal tonsil/ Adenoid- located on the
back wall of the nasal cavity, a region known as the
nasopharynx.
3.) Lingual tonsils- tonsils located at the back of
the tongue.
NON-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE AGAINST DISEASE
1.) Mechanical Barriers
(Skin, Mucous Membranes, Fluids)
2.) Chemical Actions
Lysozymes- an enzyme present in tears, saliva, nasal
secretions & perspiration that destroy bacteria &
help to protect underlying tissues.
Pepsin- an enzyme that digests proteins composing
microbes.
Interferon- a substance produced by macrophages
&
lymphocytes to stimulate uninfected cells to
synthesize special proteins that inhibit the
replication of viruses w/in cells.
3.) Phagocytosis
-Neutrophils and Monocytes act during infection.
Tissue Macrophage System
- formerly called Reticuloendothelial System
- plays a major role in the destruction of potential
pathogens.
- composes the specific phagocytes & wandering
Phagocytes.
4.) Inflammation
-localize response to infection or injury
that promotes the destruction of pathogens &
 the healing process. b.) Artificially Acquired Active Immunity- - results after a
person receives a vaccine of dead or weakened
- characterized by CARDINAL SIGNS:
(attenuated) pathogens or inactivated toxins (toxoid),
 Rubor w/c trigger a primary immune response, leaving
 Calor antibodies & memory B & T Cells to fight the pathogen
 Tumor if it reenters the body.
 Dolor 2.) Passive Immunity
 Functiolaesa
a.) Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity-- in infants who
5.) Fever have received maternal antibodies via the placenta & in
-an abnormally high body temperature that mothers’ milk after birth.

accompanies widespread infections. b.) Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity- results from
receiving injections of antibodies (immunoglobulins)
IMMUNITY produced in another person or animal. ex. Tetanus
- Provides specific resistance to specific pathogens antitoxin.
&

foreign cells.

STARTING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE

 2 Distinct Mechanisms

1.) Antibody-mediated Immunity -involves T cells,

macrophages, & B cells

2.) Cell-mediated Immunity - involves T cells &

macrophages.

ANTIBODY- MEDIATED IMMUNITY- Bacteria

Engulfed by Macrophages or the Antigen.

ROLES OF B CELLS & T CELLS IN AN IMMUNE

RESPONSE

B Cells- When activated, produce a clone of plasma cells

& memory B cells that have the same antigen receptors
as the parent-activated B cell.

Plasma Cells-Produce specific antibodies against the

antigen that activated the parent B- cell

Memory B Cells -Dormant cells that are activated if an

antigen that fits their antigen receptors reenters the
body; launch a secondary immune response.

Helper T Cells- Become activated by binding to an

antigen displayed by a macrophage; when activated,
start an immune response by releasing cytokines, w/c
help activate B cells & stimulate clone formation in B
cells & T cells; form clones composed of Helper T cells,
killer T cells, memory T cells, & suppressor T cells.

Killer T Cells- Bind to antigens on the surface of target

cells & rupture plasma membrane, killing cells.

Memory T Cells- Dormant cells that are activated if an

antigen fits their antigen receptors reenter the body;
launch a secondary immune response.

Suppressor T Cells- Stop an immune response after

pathogens have been destroyed.

TYPES OF IMMUNITY

1.) Active Immunity

a.) Naturally Acquired Active Immunity- results after a

person contracts a disease & recovers, leaving
antibodies & memory B & T Cells to fight the pathogen
if it reenters the body.