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7
1. Today's teenagers spend the most hours:
A. on schoolwork.
B. with members of their families.
C. on leisure activities.
D. working.
2. All of the following led to an increase in free time for contemporary adolescents, except:
A. organized youth movements.

B. compulsory schooling.
C. improved economics after World War II.
D. adolescents gained more autonomy and became consumers with plenty of discretionary
income.
3. What is the main difference in time-use between 15- to 17-year-olds in the late 1970s and 15- to
17-year-olds in the early 2000s?
A. Boys had a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and girls had a
significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities.
B. There was a significant decline in time devoted to homework among girls.
C. Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid
jobs and leisure activities.
D. Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid
jobs and a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities.
4. According to a survey conducted in the early 2000s, how do adolescents spend most of their
leisure time?
A. in passive activities
B. on the computer
C. in physical activities
D. in intellectual activities
5. Adolescents spend the least amount of time on _____ activities and the most amount of time on
_____ activities.
A. productive; maintenance
B. productive; leisure
C. maintenance; productive
D. maintenance; leisure
6. Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in athletics, drama group, or another
extracurricular activity would be associated with all but which of the following outcomes?
A. enhancing their feelings of self-confidence and self-esteem

B. higher school achievement
C. increasing their contact with adult role models
D. increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school
7. What is the best way to conceptualize adolescents' free time?
A. Adolescents' free time is best thought of as a "zero sum" phenomenon, whereby involvement
in one activity displaces involvement in another.
B. There appear to be well-rounded adolescents who have substantial time commitments across
many different activities and others who do not participate in anything.
C. There appear to be two groups of adolescents: those who focus on one type of activity and
others who are nonparticipants.
D. There appear to be adolescents who have substantial time commitments across many
activities, adolescents who focus on one type of activity, and adolescents who do not
participate in any activities.
8. American high school students spend fewer than _____ hours per week on homework, whereas
Japanese, Taiwan, and India high school students average closer to _____.
A. 10; 20 hours per week

B. 20; 20 hours per week
C. 5; 5 hours per day
D. 5; 5 hours per week
9. Which adolescent is least likely to spend leisure time reading?
A. Jeanne Marie, who lives in France

B. Valheida, who lives in Austria
C. Jeannette, who lives in the United States
D. Momoko, who lives in Japan
10. The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs has decreased over the
past two decades. Which of the following is not an explanation for this?
A. Educational reformers began calling for tougher standards in high school.

B. Fewer and fewer individuals sought college admission.
C. The recession during the first decade of the twenty-first century left many educated and
qualified adults without jobs.
D. The growth of new technologies during the first part of the twenty-first century expanded
leisure opportunities for many teenagers.
11. Which adolescent is most likely to spend free time with friends?
A. Jenny, who lives in the United States

B. Genevieve, who lives in France
C. Juana, who lives in Span
D. Jae, who lives in Korea
12. Approximately how many of today's high school students will have worked in an after-school job
before graduating?
A. a handful
B. about 1 in 2
C. less than 10%
D. the majority
13. Which of the following statements about the history of the student worker is not true?
A. The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs rose dramatically
during the 1970s.
B. The proportion of American high School students holding part-time jobs has decreased in the
last 15 years.
C. The proportion of American High school students holding part-time jobs increased dramatically
during the first decade of the twenty-first century.
D. The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs declined during the
first four decades of the twentieth century.
14. According to the textbook, all of the following contributed to the rise of the adolescent workplace
in the United States, except:
A. industrialization.
B. the expansion of the service sector.
C. the expansion of the retail sector.
D. a relatively short school day compared with other countries.
15. Which of the following characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contributed to the rise
in adolescent employment?
A. need for part-time workers

B. abundance of low-wage positions
C. short shift schedules
D. All of the above.
16. Compared to other times in recent history, how many adolescents have after-school jobs today?
A. Fewer adolescents have after-school jobs today than in recent history.

B. More adolescents have after-school jobs today than at any time in recent history.
C. The proportion of adolescents who have after-school jobs has been relatively stable for the last
four or five decades.
D. None of these statements is true.
17. Older students are more likely to hold _____ jobs and working teenagers in rural areas are more
likely to be employed in _____ jobs.
A. formal; agricultural
B. formal; informal
C. service jobs; agricultural
D. service jobs; informal jobs
18. What kind of job is an eighth grader most likely to have?
A. baby-sitting or childcare
B. farm or agricultural job
C. store clerk or salesperson
D. fast-food-related job
19. According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development?
A. Working helps adolescents develop a sense of responsibility and prepares them for the
transition to adulthood.
B. Working interferes with other activities, such as school.
C. Working promotes the development of undesirable behaviors, such as drug and alcohol use.
D. The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on many factors, including
the nature of the job, the number of hours worked each week, and the aspect of development
studied.
20. Who is more likely to hold a part-time job during high school?
A. Gino, a Canadian adolescent

B. Cheri, a Swedish adolescent
C. Hope, a Japanese adolescent
D. Selena, an American adolescent
21. Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the eighth-grade
class. What are his results likely to say?
A. movie theater usher and nurses' aide

B. baby-sitting and lawn work
C. fast-food worker and clothing store cashier
D. receptionist and paper carrier
22. Hillary is a high school senior. Which of the following jobs is she most likely to have?
A. food server at a restaurant

B. baby-sitter
C. gardener
D. housekeeper
23. Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in:
A. construction and manual labor.

B. restaurants and retail establishments.
C. offices and other clerical settings.
D. factories and manufacturing plants.
24. Parker, a senior in high school, is looking for a job. What type of job is he least likely to take?
A. stock boy in a retail store

B. cashier at a minimart
C. pizza delivery driver
D. baby-sitter
25. Stan's parents both work long hours. They are concerned that he doesn't have enough interaction
with adults. If they want him to be exposed to positive interactions with adult role models, which of
the following activities should they not encourage him to do?
A. join the high school baseball team

B. run for student council
C. get a job at the local music store
D. joining the drama team and audition for the school play
26. Research assessing adolescent work experiences found:
A. adolescents have little opportunity to interact with other adolescents on the job.
B. adolescents often form close relationships with adults with whom they work.
C. high rates of misconduct on the job among adolescent workers (stealing from employers, lying
about the number of hours worked).
D. adolescents find it easier to talk about their personal problems with adults at work than with
their parents.
27. Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?
A. They encourage adolescents to behave independently.

B. They require challenging decision making.
C. Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school.
D. Adolescents receive strict instruction from supervisors.
28. Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs:
A. are dreary.
B. offer good learning experiences.
C. provide opportunities to exercise responsibility.
D. pay well.
29. Generally speaking, why are part-time jobs less common in European countries?
A. As the school day lasts well into the late afternoon, the scheduling of part-time jobs in most
European countries is not well suited to the daily routines of students.
B. Many low-class parents feel that it is inappropriate for their children to have jobs while
attending school.
C. There are not as many opportunities for part-time employment in European countries as there
are in the United States.
D. There are laws in many European countries that prevent schoolchildren from working.
30. Which of the following statements is not supported by research with regard to adolescent
employment?
A. Working builds character, teaches adolescents about the "real world," and helps them prepare
for adult responsibilities.
B. The benefits of working during adolescence have been overstated.
C. Intensive employment during the school year may be detrimental to adolescent development.
D. Intensive employment during the school year may be detrimental to adolescents' preparation
for adult work.
31. A U-shaped or inverted-U pattern of results, as seen in studies that have examined how
adolescents' moods change over time when with their families, is called what?
A. a curvy line pattern

B. a linear pattern
C. a quadratic pattern
D. a curvilinear pattern
32. Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all.
Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to:
A. become more socially responsible.

B. know how to manage his money better.
C. drop out of school.
D. not engage in drug and alcohol use.
33. Lisa earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the
money on:
A. family necessities.
B. leisure activities
C. household expenses.
D. college expenses.
34. Having more income than one can manage during early adolescence has been called:
A. precocious income.
B. displacement abundance.
C. occupational disparity.
D. premature affluence.
35. Which of the following is not an effect of premature affluence?
A. decreased satisfaction with their financial situations as young adults

B. increased social belongingness
C. increased drug and alcohol use
D. having a relatively luxurious standard of living
36. Which of the following is an adolescent the least likely to spend their job earnings on?
A. drugs and alcohol

B. designer clothing
C. higher education
D. stereo equipment
37. What makes adolescents attractive targets for a variety of businesses?
A. the size of the adolescent population

B. the prevalence of student employment
C. the fact that adolescents save less than any other age group
38. As discussed in the textbook, adolescents who work more than 20 hours weekly are more likely
than their peers to:
A. be absent from school.

B. graduate from high school.
C. spend more time on their homework.
D. be less cynical about the workplace.
39. Which of the following is not associated with adolescents who work?
A. greater absences from school

B. greater enjoyment of school
C. less time spent on homework
D. earn lower grades
40. Much of adolescents' money is spent on discretionary purchases related to leisure activities.
Additionally, many adolescents spend money on ____, which accounts for one-sixth of the
amount of dollars spent each year on _____.
A. alcohol and cigarettes; alcohol

B. computer software; computer software
C. drugs such as marijuana and cocaine; illegal drugs
D. health-related injuries; emergency visits
41. Which of the following has not been found to be a characteristic of adolescents who work more
than 20 hours per week?
A. lowered school achievement

B. copying homework from friends or other forms of cheating
C. more involvement in extracurricular activities
D. taking less demanding classes
42. How are nonworking students affected when large numbers of students in their school work?
A. They become jealous of their working peers' affluence.

B. The quality of their education suffers because many teachers lower classroom expectations
and assign less homework.
C. They develop similar problem behaviors, such as cheating and losing interest in school.
D. They are not generally affected.
43. Abner works long hours on weekends and after school. Research suggests that Abner:
A. is likely to develop a strong sense of responsibility.

B. is less likely to engage in delinquent activities than his nonworking peers.
C. may have a higher likelihood of engaging in minor delinquency than his peers.
D. likely to report his fellow workers for their delinquent behavior.
44. Cory works long hours. According to the research presented in the textbook, Cory might increase
in which of the following?
A. aggression
B. school misconduct
C. minor delinquency
45. Pam smokes marijuana every weekend. Based on the options below and according to the
textbook, which scenario is most likely?
A. Pam is unemployed.
B. Pam works long hours.
C. Pam is spending too much time with her supervisor.
D. Pam's job is not very stressful.
46. Approximately ____ of teens are out of school, unemployed, and looking for full-time work.
A. 3%
B. 15%
C. 25%
D. 40%
47. Which of the following statements about unemployed youth is false?
A. Today, the unemployment rate among recent high school graduates who have not continued
their education is similar to the unemployment rate among high school dropouts.
B. The majority of unemployed youth are individuals who have not gone very far in school.
C. Today, the unemployment rate among dropouts is twice as high as it is among recent high
school graduates who have not enrolled in college.
D. Five years ago, the unemployment rate among dropouts was twice as high as it was among
recent high school graduates who were not in college.
48. According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors
encourages delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents. This view is called the
routine activity theory, and all but which of the following are thought to be major contributing
factors to this combination?
A. a lack of structure
B. lower-than-average intelligence
C. socializing with peers
D. the absence of adult supervision
49. With respect to the rate of unemployment, which of the following is a "recent" phenomenon?
A. the high unemployment rate for high school dropouts

B. the high rate of unemployment among high school graduates who do not go to college
C. the high rate of unemployment for high school dropouts and non-college-bound high school
graduates
D. None of these is a recent phenomenon.
50. Considering the changing labor market, which of the following strategies would be most likely to
prevent high rates of youth unemployment?
A. to give employers financial incentives to employ undereducated employees

B. to reform schools so that all students graduate with enough academic skills to enroll in college
C. to change the age limit of service jobs
D. to expand employment opportunities in the private sector
51. Drawing on research that shows that certain extracurricular activities benefit adolescents, and
research showing the potential dangers of leaving adolescents unsupervised after school, some
experts have argued that well-designed programs will not only deter problem behavior but also
encourage youth to develop strengths. This emphasis on developing positive attributes is known
as what?
A. pro-bono youth development

B. preventative youth development
C. cultivating decent youths
D. positive youth development
52. Who of the following is most likely to be involved in extracurricular activities?
A. youth from more affluent families and youth who earn average or below-average grades
B. students from larger schools
C. youth who earn better grades
D. youth in more urban communities
53. Research suggests that the most reliable way to combat the unemployment problem of
adolescents who are not attending school is through:
A. job training.
B. volunteer programs.
C. participation in the Armed Forces.
D. helping adolescents stay in school.
54. Which of the following statements about extracurricular participation is true?
A. Students who are highly involved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are
likely to stay highly involved throughout high school.
B. Though popular activities are likely to remain popular during all four years of high school, the
specific participants who choose to become involved in these activities is likely to undergo
frequent changes.
C. Students who are uninvolved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are
likely to become highly involved by the end of high school.
D. Extracurricular overscheduling of youth creates pressures that compromise adolescents'
mental health.
55. The Experience Sampling Method involves:
A. observing individuals in their natural setting.

B. witnessing change in the makeup of the population.
C. adolescents carrying beepers and reporting their moods when paged.
D. researchers becoming participants during their observations.
56. The Experience Sampling Method was created by:
A. Greenberger.
B. Larson.
C. Steinberg.
D. Bachman.
57. Larson's study that used the experience sampling method investigated whether adolescents'
moods varied as a function of whom they were with and whether the connection between mood
and companionship changed with age. What were the primary results of the study?
A. In general, adolescents' moods are generally most positive when they are with their friends,
least positive when they are alone, and somewhere in between when they are with their family.
B. Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with friends become more positive,
whereas their moods while with their family follow a curvilinear pattern.
C. Both of these statements are true.
D. Neither of these statements is true.
58. Emma is dancing to her favorite song on the radio when her electronic pager goes off. Emma
proceeds to pull out a notebook and record her current emotional state. This type of data
collection is called:
A. ethnography.
B. participant observation.
C. Experience Sampling Method.
D. demography.
59. When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?
A. when they are with friends

B. when they are working
C. when they are with their family
D. when they are alone
60. Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with friends become more positive, whereas
moods while with their families follow a(n) _____ pattern.
A. increasingly positive
B. increasingly negative
C. neutral
D. curvilinear
61. Ivan, a teenager, is most likely to expend high levels of concentration and interest when he is:
A. with his friends.

B. in school.
C. playing sports.
D. watching television.
62. Kent has been involved in minor delinquent behavior. In order to curb this type of behavior, Kent's
parents should:
A. encourage Kent to get a full-time job.

B. encourage Kent to get a part-time job.
C. enroll Kent in a larger school.
D. enroll Kent in a school-sponsored extracurricular activity.
63. The most popular type of extracurricular activities is:
A. athletics.
B. music.
C. academic clubs.
D. occupational clubs.
64. Aside from athletics, which types of extracurricular activities are next most popular among
adolescents?
A. music-related and academic-related

B. academic-related and church-related
C. occupation-related and music-related
D. church-related and occupation-related
65. Jeb has the choice of several after-school activities. Statistically, he is the most likely to choose:
A. music.
B. science.
C. athletics.
D. a job.
66. Dr. Eckert wants to learn whether students with high self-esteem are more likely to participate in
extracurricular activities, or if participation in extracurricular activities enhances adolescents'
psychological well-being. She is most likely to understand a cause-and-effect relationship
between psychological well-being and extracurricular activities by using which type of study?
A. cross-sectional
B. prospective
C. longitudinal
67. The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today
include all but which of the following?
A. the media practice model

B. the routine activity theory
C. the uses and gratifications approach
D. cultivation theory
68. What proportion of American households has at least one television?
A. Virtually all American households have at least one TV.

B. Except for adolescents who live in low-income, single-parent, or disadvantaged homes, the
majority of American households have at least one TV.
C. More than 50% of American households have at least one TV.
D. Virtually all middle-class and upper-class households have at least one TV; however, about
50% of lower-income families have a TV.
69. Many studies find that rates of smoking, drinking, and drug use are _____ among teenage
workers than nonworkers, especially among students who _____.
A. lower; choose not to work at all

B. higher; also participate in athletics
C. higher; choose to work long hours
D. higher; are involved in 2 or more extracurricular activities
70. How has the digital divide changed over the last 50 years?
A. As a result of the accessibility of new technologies, the digital divide has continued to grow.
B. As public access to the Internet has spread, the digital divide has become larger.
C. Because the Internet has become more accessible to more and more people, the digital divide
has become much smaller.
D. Because smartphones have become more popular and common, the digital divide has become
larger in recent years.
71. In recent years, studies of adolescents' consumer behavior have noted the strong influence teens
have over one another when it comes to spending money. Advertisers have taken advantage of
Internet sites such as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook to utilize what kind of marketing?
A. viral marketing
B. pandemic marketing
C. social marketing
D. underground marketing
72. The highest levels of media use are reported by:
A. early adolescents.
B. late adolescents.
C. White adolescents.
D. Asian adolescents.
73. According to the textbook, why might the estimated 8 hours a day of media use for adolescents
be an understatement?
A. Time spent using a smartphone is typically not calculated into the total amount of media use
time.
B. Adolescents are typically not aware of the fact that they are using media.
C. Adolescents notoriously underestimate the time they spend using various types of media.
D. This estimate includes media multitasking.
74. The textbook suggests all of the following for parents who leave their children in self-care,
except:
A. provide clear instructions about after-school activities and whereabouts.

B. have the child check in with an adult as soon as he or she gets home.
C. teach the child how to handle any emergencies that arise.
D. have friends come over for study sessions.
75. When is delinquency most common?
A. weekdays during school hours

B. weekday afternoons
C. weekend nights
D. weekend afternoons
76. According to the textbook, compared to young people who are supervised after school by adults,
Stephanie, a self-care adolescent, will likely experience all of the following except:
A. be more socially isolated and more depressed

B. be sexually active earlier
C. be more likely to be involved in problem behavior
D. use less drugs and alcohol
77. According to the textbook, one limitation of studies of youth in self-care is that:
A. self-care youths are a difficult sample to recruit.

B. researchers typically lump together all children who take care of themselves after school.
C. parents of self-care youths rarely agree to allow their teenagers to participate in research
studies.
D. self-care youths are more likely than non-self-care youth to drop out of research studies.
78. Affluent, suburban, and White children are _____ likely to be home unsupervised, and poor,
minority, and urban and rural children are _____ likely.
A. least; most
B. slightly less; slightly more
C. most; least
D. none of the above; they odds of being left home unsupervised are the same.
79. According to a study by Caldwell and Darling presented in the textbook, research indicates
spending time after school with friends is most problematic under which circumstance?
A. when they lack supervision

B. when the adolescent has friends who like to party and use drugs
C. when the adolescent is easily susceptible to peer pressure
D. it is the combination of all of the above
80. The average American adolescent sends _____ text messages a day.
A. 1-20 texts
B. 21-50 texts
C. 51-100
D. more than 100
81. Research investigating media "effects" on adolescent development has a hard time ruling out the
possibility of spurious causation, which means that:
A. two things can go hand in hand.

B. that the second thing is actually causing the first thing (not the reverse).
C. there is no statistically significant relation.
D. the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with a third
factor.
82. Adolescents are least likely to seek out ________ websites on the Internet.
A. entertainment
B. sports
C. pornography
D. lifestyle
83. Which of the following is not a common message that the media conveys about sex?
A. unprotected sex can have serious consequences

B. women are sex objects
C. sex is a defining aspect of masculinity
D. sex is fun and exciting
84. Which set of research findings was used in the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Entertainment
Merchants (2010), which was a case that debated whether banning the sale of violent video
games to minors was unconstitutional?
A. Careful studies have indicated that playing violent video games does not make adolescents
more aggressive.
B. Careful studies have indicated that playing violent video games indeed makes adolescents
more aggressive.
C. Putting labels on games to alert adolescents and their parents to violent content is an effective
way of restricting the sale of particularly violent games.
D. There is a causal relation between playing violent video games and being arrested for an
assault.
85. One tremendous problem in interpreting studies of media use and adolescent development is
that:
A. it is extremely difficult to disentangle cause and effect.

B. media is difficult to measure.
C. the type of media that adolescents use changes rapidly.
D. adolescents are very secretive about their media use.
86. Research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that:
A. these messages have a strong impact on adolescents' behavior.

B. repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes and
beliefs.
C. although the messages may be somewhat negative, they tend to be relatively accurate.
D. although their attitudes may differ, adolescents and adults have similar interpretations of these
messages.
87. Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the fact that adolescents choose the media to which
they are exposed?
A. uses and gratifications approach

B. cultivation theory
C. media practice model
D. routine activity theory
88. Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the reciprocal link between adolescents' preferences
and their media exposure and that adolescents not only choose what they are exposed to but
interpret the media in ways that shape their impact?

89. Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media shape adolescents' interests,
motives, and beliefs about the world?

90. What have researchers found in regard to the research on exposure to violent imagery on TV?
A. Repeated exposure to violent imagery on TV leads to aggressive behavior in children and

adults, especially among those who have prior histories of aggression.
B. Among male 14-year-olds who view more than 3 hours of TV/day, individuals with prior
histories of aggression will engage in the most subsequent aggressive acts.
C. Among female 14-year-olds who view more than 3 hours of TV/day, individuals with prior
D. All of these statements are true.
91. According to the textbook, the harmful effects of low parental monitoring are especially bad in
neighborhoods that:
A. are low in collective efficacy.

B. are low in diversity.
C. are high in diversity.
D. are low income.
92. Why is it hard to know whether exposure to messages about drinking and smoking actually
change adolescents' behaviors?
A. Adolescents are not exposed to the mass media as blank slates.

B. When adolescents are exposed to the mass media, they bring preexisting values, beliefs, and
expectations to the experience of watching or listening to mass media.
C. Preexisting values, beliefs, and expectations influence what adolescents perceive, what they
pay attention to, and what they remember.
93. Which of the following youth programs around today bear a striking resemblance to the stated
goals of positive youth development programs?
A. YMCA
B. the Boys and Girls Clubs of America
C. scouting
94. Based on the definitions outlined in the Five Cs of positive youth development, what does
competence mean?
A. a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas

B. an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy
C. positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges
D. respect for societal and cultural rules
confidence mean?

B. an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy; global self-regard
connection mean?

character mean?

98. Based on the Five Cs of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of sympathy
and empathy for others?
A. character
B. connection
C. caring
D. competence
99. The power of the adolescent as a consumer has increased as a result of:
A. the size of the adolescent population.

B. the prevalence of student employment.
C. the fact that adolescents save less than any other age group.
100.What makes a positive youth development program successful?
A. the extent to which participants are placed in demanding roles

B. the extent to which participants are expected to take responsibility for their behavior
C. the extent to which participants are helped to understand the consequences of failing to fulfill
their obligations
101.Which of the following statements about adolescents' social communication on the Internet is
most supported by scientific research?
A. Adolescents' online friendships are likely to displace in-person friendships.

B. Most adolescents use the Internet to communicate with people that they have never met or
that they do not see in person.
C. Many adolescents have both positive and negative experiences while socializing on the
Internet.
D. The majority of adolescents have not seen someone post something mean about someone
else on the Internet.
102.What percent of American adolescents have sent a photo featuring naked breasts, genitals, or
buttocks to a fellow student?
A. 1%
B. 20%
C. between 40% and 50%
D. more than 75%
103.What is a scientifically valid concern regarding adolescents' media use?
A. Adolescents who use the Internet for socializing are at a high risk of being the victim of
unwanted sexual attention.
B. Adolescents who frequently use the Internet are highly likely to be contacted by sexual
predators.
C. The amount of time adolescents spend watching TV and playing video games is inversely
linked to the amount of time they spend in physical activity, which can have detrimental effects
on adolescents' physical health.
D. The increased time spent on the Internet has had a negative effect on adolescents' social
development and relationships.
104.Explain how adolescents in the United States use their time differently than adolescents growing
up in other parts of the world. Be sure to discuss school, leisure, and work-related activities.
When applicable, discuss possible reasons for these differences.
105.A legislator has introduced a bill that would allow adolescents in her state to hold after-school
jobs, but that would limit the number of hours that adolescents can work in such jobs to 10 hours
per week or fewer. There is a group in the legislature who oppose the bill: they believe that
adolescents should be allowed to hold after-school jobs with no restrictions placed on hours
worked per week, and that adolescents should work at least 20 hours every week in order to
build character. Based on what you know about employment and adolescent development, which
of these positions would you support? Why do you support this position over the other? Which
type of jobs do you think would help adolescents feel more mature, competent, and
dependable?
106.Annie's parents believe Annie has free time on her hands and they would like to sign her up for
some extracurricular activities. However, they are concerned that participation in these activities
may lead to problem behavior and that overscheduling could place their daughter at risk for
psychological stress and mental health problems. They are also worried that extracurricular
participation could displace time spent doing homework and, as a result, could decrease her
academic performance. They've asked you, the school psychologist, to weigh in. What would you
tell Annie's parents?
107.A local hospital has asked you to talk to a group of parents who have expressed their concerns
about leaving their teenagers home alone after school while the parents are still at work. You
have been asked to address whether this is, indeed, a problem and, if so, how parents can
minimize these problems without having to give up their jobs. The hospital administrator has also
asked you to discuss the quality of the research that has been done in this area. What do you tell
the parents?
108.The local PTA has asked you to address their parents about the effects of media on adolescent
development. They are most concerned with the effects of television and the Internet on their
children's well-being. Explain to these parents what you know about media in the home, the types
of activities for which adolescents typically use the television and Internet, and discuss the impact
of sexual, drug-related, and violent messages and images on adolescents.
109.Social networking websites, such as Facebook and MySpace, have become extremely prevalent
among teenagers (as well as adults). Describe how online friendships affect in-person
relationships. In your opinion, do you think having a personal website, such as a profile on of
these websites, places an adolescent at risk of being contacted by a sexual predator? If you were
a parent of a teenager, would you allow your son or daughter to have a profile?
110.Pretend you are about to give a lecture to a group of parents about current research views on
media exposure and adolescent development. You know that parents are concerned with
understanding whether all media is bad for all adolescents, or what determines the effect that
media messages and images will have on particular adolescents. Discuss the three major
prevalent theories of media influence on adolescent development and give examples of each
theory to illustrate its points.
7 Key
1. Today's teenagers spend the most hours:
A. on schoolwork.
B. with members of their families.
C. on leisure activities.
D. working.
Steinberg - Chapter 07 #1
2. All of the following led to an increase in free time for contemporary adolescents, except:
A. organized youth movements.

B. compulsory schooling.
C. improved economics after World War II.
D. adolescents gained more autonomy and became consumers with plenty of discretionary
income.
3. What is the main difference in time-use between 15- to 17-year-olds in the late 1970s and 15-
to 17-year-olds in the early 2000s?
A. Boys had a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and girls had a
significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities.
B. There was a significant decline in time devoted to homework among girls.
C. Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to
paid jobs and leisure activities.
D. Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to
paid jobs and a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities.
4. According to a survey conducted in the early 2000s, how do adolescents spend most of their
leisure time?
A. in passive activities
B. on the computer
C. in physical activities
D. in intellectual activities
5. Adolescents spend the least amount of time on _____ activities and the most amount of time
on _____ activities.
A. productive; maintenance
B. productive; leisure
C. maintenance; productive
D. maintenance; leisure
6. Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in athletics, drama group, or another
extracurricular activity would be associated with all but which of the following outcomes?
A. enhancing their feelings of self-confidence and self-esteem

B. higher school achievement
C. increasing their contact with adult role models
D. increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school
7. What is the best way to conceptualize adolescents' free time?
A. Adolescents' free time is best thought of as a "zero sum" phenomenon, whereby

involvement in one activity displaces involvement in another.
B. There appear to be well-rounded adolescents who have substantial time commitments
across many different activities and others who do not participate in anything.
C. There appear to be two groups of adolescents: those who focus on one type of activity and
others who are nonparticipants.
D. There appear to be adolescents who have substantial time commitments across many
activities, adolescents who focus on one type of activity, and adolescents who do not
participate in any activities.
8. American high school students spend fewer than _____ hours per week on homework,
whereas Japanese, Taiwan, and India high school students average closer to _____.
A. 10; 20 hours per week

B. 20; 20 hours per week
C. 5; 5 hours per day
D. 5; 5 hours per week
9. Which adolescent is least likely to spend leisure time reading?
A. Jeanne Marie, who lives in France

B. Valheida, who lives in Austria
C. Jeannette, who lives in the United States
D. Momoko, who lives in Japan
10. The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs has decreased over
the past two decades. Which of the following is not an explanation for this?
A. Educational reformers began calling for tougher standards in high school.

B. Fewer and fewer individuals sought college admission.
C. The recession during the first decade of the twenty-first century left many educated and
qualified adults without jobs.
D. The growth of new technologies during the first part of the twenty-first century expanded
leisure opportunities for many teenagers.
11. Which adolescent is most likely to spend free time with friends?
A. Jenny, who lives in the United States

B. Genevieve, who lives in France
C. Juana, who lives in Span
D. Jae, who lives in Korea
12. Approximately how many of today's high school students will have worked in an after-school
job before graduating?
A. a handful
B. about 1 in 2
C. less than 10%
D. the majority
13. Which of the following statements about the history of the student worker is not true?
A. The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs rose dramatically
during the 1970s.
B. The proportion of American high School students holding part-time jobs has decreased in
the last 15 years.
C. The proportion of American High school students holding part-time jobs increased
dramatically during the first decade of the twenty-first century.
D. The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs declined during the
first four decades of the twentieth century.
14. According to the textbook, all of the following contributed to the rise of the adolescent
workplace in the United States, except:
A. industrialization.
B. the expansion of the service sector.
C. the expansion of the retail sector.
D. a relatively short school day compared with other countries.
15. Which of the following characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contributed to the
rise in adolescent employment?
A. need for part-time workers

B. abundance of low-wage positions
C. short shift schedules
16. Compared to other times in recent history, how many adolescents have after-school jobs
today?
A. Fewer adolescents have after-school jobs today than in recent history.

B. More adolescents have after-school jobs today than at any time in recent history.
C. The proportion of adolescents who have after-school jobs has been relatively stable for the
last four or five decades.
D. None of these statements is true.
17. Older students are more likely to hold _____ jobs and working teenagers in rural areas are
more likely to be employed in _____ jobs.
A. formal; agricultural
B. formal; informal
C. service jobs; agricultural
D. service jobs; informal jobs
18. What kind of job is an eighth grader most likely to have?
A. baby-sitting or childcare
B. farm or agricultural job
C. store clerk or salesperson
D. fast-food-related job
19. According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development?
A. Working helps adolescents develop a sense of responsibility and prepares them for the
transition to adulthood.
B. Working interferes with other activities, such as school.
C. Working promotes the development of undesirable behaviors, such as drug and alcohol
use.
D. The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on many factors,
including the nature of the job, the number of hours worked each week, and the aspect of
development studied.
20. Who is more likely to hold a part-time job during high school?
A. Gino, a Canadian adolescent

B. Cheri, a Swedish adolescent
C. Hope, a Japanese adolescent
D. Selena, an American adolescent
21. Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the eighth-
grade class. What are his results likely to say?
A. movie theater usher and nurses' aide

B. baby-sitting and lawn work
C. fast-food worker and clothing store cashier
D. receptionist and paper carrier
22. Hillary is a high school senior. Which of the following jobs is she most likely to have?
A. food server at a restaurant

B. baby-sitter
C. gardener
D. housekeeper
23. Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in:
A. construction and manual labor.

B. restaurants and retail establishments.
C. offices and other clerical settings.
D. factories and manufacturing plants.
24. Parker, a senior in high school, is looking for a job. What type of job is he least likely to take?
A. stock boy in a retail store

B. cashier at a minimart
C. pizza delivery driver
D. baby-sitter
25. Stan's parents both work long hours. They are concerned that he doesn't have enough
interaction with adults. If they want him to be exposed to positive interactions with adult role
models, which of the following activities should they not encourage him to do?
A. join the high school baseball team

B. run for student council
C. get a job at the local music store
D. joining the drama team and audition for the school play
26. Research assessing adolescent work experiences found:
A. adolescents have little opportunity to interact with other adolescents on the job.
B. adolescents often form close relationships with adults with whom they work.
C. high rates of misconduct on the job among adolescent workers (stealing from employers,
lying about the number of hours worked).
D. adolescents find it easier to talk about their personal problems with adults at work than with
their parents.
27. Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?
A. They encourage adolescents to behave independently.

B. They require challenging decision making.
C. Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school.
D. Adolescents receive strict instruction from supervisors.
28. Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs:
A. are dreary.
B. offer good learning experiences.
C. provide opportunities to exercise responsibility.
D. pay well.
29. Generally speaking, why are part-time jobs less common in European countries?
A. As the school day lasts well into the late afternoon, the scheduling of part-time jobs in most
European countries is not well suited to the daily routines of students.
B. Many low-class parents feel that it is inappropriate for their children to have jobs while
attending school.
C. There are not as many opportunities for part-time employment in European countries as
there are in the United States.
D. There are laws in many European countries that prevent schoolchildren from working.
30. Which of the following statements is not supported by research with regard to adolescent
employment?
A. Working builds character, teaches adolescents about the "real world," and helps them
prepare for adult responsibilities.
B. The benefits of working during adolescence have been overstated.
C. Intensive employment during the school year may be detrimental to adolescent
development.
D. Intensive employment during the school year may be detrimental to adolescents'
preparation for adult work.
31. A U-shaped or inverted-U pattern of results, as seen in studies that have examined how
adolescents' moods change over time when with their families, is called what?
A. a curvy line pattern

B. a linear pattern
C. a quadratic pattern
D. a curvilinear pattern
32. Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all.
Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to:
A. become more socially responsible.

B. know how to manage his money better.
C. drop out of school.
D. not engage in drug and alcohol use.
33. Lisa earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the
money on:
A. family necessities.
B. leisure activities
C. household expenses.
D. college expenses.
34. Having more income than one can manage during early adolescence has been called:
A. precocious income.
B. displacement abundance.
C. occupational disparity.
D. premature affluence.
35. Which of the following is not an effect of premature affluence?
A. decreased satisfaction with their financial situations as young adults

B. increased social belongingness
C. increased drug and alcohol use
D. having a relatively luxurious standard of living
36. Which of the following is an adolescent the least likely to spend their job earnings on?
A. drugs and alcohol

B. designer clothing
C. higher education
D. stereo equipment
37. What makes adolescents attractive targets for a variety of businesses?
A. the size of the adolescent population

B. the prevalence of student employment
C. the fact that adolescents save less than any other age group
38. As discussed in the textbook, adolescents who work more than 20 hours weekly are more
likely than their peers to:
A. be absent from school.

B. graduate from high school.
C. spend more time on their homework.
D. be less cynical about the workplace.
39. Which of the following is not associated with adolescents who work?
A. greater absences from school

B. greater enjoyment of school
C. less time spent on homework
D. earn lower grades
40. Much of adolescents' money is spent on discretionary purchases related to leisure activities.
Additionally, many adolescents spend money on ____, which accounts for one-sixth of the
amount of dollars spent each year on _____.
A. alcohol and cigarettes; alcohol

B. computer software; computer software
C. drugs such as marijuana and cocaine; illegal drugs
D. health-related injuries; emergency visits
41. Which of the following has not been found to be a characteristic of adolescents who work
more than 20 hours per week?
A. lowered school achievement

B. copying homework from friends or other forms of cheating
C. more involvement in extracurricular activities
D. taking less demanding classes
42. How are nonworking students affected when large numbers of students in their school work?
A. They become jealous of their working peers' affluence.

B. The quality of their education suffers because many teachers lower classroom expectations
and assign less homework.
C. They develop similar problem behaviors, such as cheating and losing interest in school.
D. They are not generally affected.
43. Abner works long hours on weekends and after school. Research suggests that Abner:
A. is likely to develop a strong sense of responsibility.

B. is less likely to engage in delinquent activities than his nonworking peers.
C. may have a higher likelihood of engaging in minor delinquency than his peers.
D. likely to report his fellow workers for their delinquent behavior.
44. Cory works long hours. According to the research presented in the textbook, Cory might
increase in which of the following?
A. aggression
B. school misconduct
C. minor delinquency
45. Pam smokes marijuana every weekend. Based on the options below and according to the
textbook, which scenario is most likely?
A. Pam is unemployed.
B. Pam works long hours.
C. Pam is spending too much time with her supervisor.
D. Pam's job is not very stressful.
46. Approximately ____ of teens are out of school, unemployed, and looking for full-time work.
A. 3%
B. 15%
C. 25%
D. 40%
47. Which of the following statements about unemployed youth is false?
A. Today, the unemployment rate among recent high school graduates who have not
continued their education is similar to the unemployment rate among high school dropouts.
B. The majority of unemployed youth are individuals who have not gone very far in school.
C. Today, the unemployment rate among dropouts is twice as high as it is among recent high
school graduates who have not enrolled in college.
D. Five years ago, the unemployment rate among dropouts was twice as high as it was among
recent high school graduates who were not in college.
48. According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors
encourages delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents. This view is called
the routine activity theory, and all but which of the following are thought to be major
contributing factors to this combination?
A. a lack of structure
B. lower-than-average intelligence
C. socializing with peers
D. the absence of adult supervision
49. With respect to the rate of unemployment, which of the following is a "recent" phenomenon?
A. the high unemployment rate for high school dropouts

B. the high rate of unemployment among high school graduates who do not go to college
C. the high rate of unemployment for high school dropouts and non-college-bound high school
graduates
D. None of these is a recent phenomenon.
50. Considering the changing labor market, which of the following strategies would be most likely
to prevent high rates of youth unemployment?
A. to give employers financial incentives to employ undereducated employees

B. to reform schools so that all students graduate with enough academic skills to enroll in
college
C. to change the age limit of service jobs
D. to expand employment opportunities in the private sector
51. Drawing on research that shows that certain extracurricular activities benefit adolescents, and
research showing the potential dangers of leaving adolescents unsupervised after school,
some experts have argued that well-designed programs will not only deter problem behavior
but also encourage youth to develop strengths. This emphasis on developing positive
attributes is known as what?
A. pro-bono youth development

B. preventative youth development
C. cultivating decent youths
D. positive youth development
52. Who of the following is most likely to be involved in extracurricular activities?
A. youth from more affluent families and youth who earn average or below-average grades
B. students from larger schools
C. youth who earn better grades
D. youth in more urban communities
53. Research suggests that the most reliable way to combat the unemployment problem of
adolescents who are not attending school is through:
A. job training.
B. volunteer programs.
C. participation in the Armed Forces.
D. helping adolescents stay in school.
54. Which of the following statements about extracurricular participation is true?
A. Students who are highly involved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school
are likely to stay highly involved throughout high school.
B. Though popular activities are likely to remain popular during all four years of high school,
the specific participants who choose to become involved in these activities is likely to
undergo frequent changes.
C. Students who are uninvolved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are
likely to become highly involved by the end of high school.
D. Extracurricular overscheduling of youth creates pressures that compromise adolescents'
mental health.
55. The Experience Sampling Method involves:
A. observing individuals in their natural setting.

B. witnessing change in the makeup of the population.
C. adolescents carrying beepers and reporting their moods when paged.
D. researchers becoming participants during their observations.
56. The Experience Sampling Method was created by:
A. Greenberger.
B. Larson.
C. Steinberg.
D. Bachman.
57. Larson's study that used the experience sampling method investigated whether adolescents'
moods varied as a function of whom they were with and whether the connection between
mood and companionship changed with age. What were the primary results of the study?
A. In general, adolescents' moods are generally most positive when they are with their friends,
least positive when they are alone, and somewhere in between when they are with their
family.
B. Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with friends become more positive,
whereas their moods while with their family follow a curvilinear pattern.
C. Both of these statements are true.
D. Neither of these statements is true.
58. Emma is dancing to her favorite song on the radio when her electronic pager goes off. Emma
proceeds to pull out a notebook and record her current emotional state. This type of data
collection is called:
A. ethnography.
B. participant observation.
C. Experience Sampling Method.
D. demography.
59. When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?
A. when they are with friends

B. when they are working
C. when they are with their family
D. when they are alone
60. Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with friends become more positive,
whereas moods while with their families follow a(n) _____ pattern.
A. increasingly positive
B. increasingly negative
C. neutral
D. curvilinear
61. Ivan, a teenager, is most likely to expend high levels of concentration and interest when he is:
A. with his friends.

B. in school.
C. playing sports.
D. watching television.
62. Kent has been involved in minor delinquent behavior. In order to curb this type of behavior,
Kent's parents should:
A. encourage Kent to get a full-time job.

B. encourage Kent to get a part-time job.
C. enroll Kent in a larger school.
D. enroll Kent in a school-sponsored extracurricular activity.
63. The most popular type of extracurricular activities is:
A. athletics.
B. music.
C. academic clubs.
D. occupational clubs.
64. Aside from athletics, which types of extracurricular activities are next most popular among
adolescents?
A. music-related and academic-related

B. academic-related and church-related
C. occupation-related and music-related
D. church-related and occupation-related
65. Jeb has the choice of several after-school activities. Statistically, he is the most likely to
choose:
A. music.
B. science.
C. athletics.
D. a job.
66. Dr. Eckert wants to learn whether students with high self-esteem are more likely to participate
in extracurricular activities, or if participation in extracurricular activities enhances adolescents'
psychological well-being. She is most likely to understand a cause-and-effect relationship
between psychological well-being and extracurricular activities by using which type of study?
A. cross-sectional
B. prospective
C. longitudinal
67. The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today
include all but which of the following?
A. the media practice model

B. the routine activity theory
C. the uses and gratifications approach
D. cultivation theory
68. What proportion of American households has at least one television?
A. Virtually all American households have at least one TV.

B. Except for adolescents who live in low-income, single-parent, or disadvantaged homes, the
majority of American households have at least one TV.
C. More than 50% of American households have at least one TV.
D. Virtually all middle-class and upper-class households have at least one TV; however, about
50% of lower-income families have a TV.
69. Many studies find that rates of smoking, drinking, and drug use are _____ among teenage
workers than nonworkers, especially among students who _____.
A. lower; choose not to work at all

B. higher; also participate in athletics
C. higher; choose to work long hours
D. higher; are involved in 2 or more extracurricular activities
70. How has the digital divide changed over the last 50 years?
A. As a result of the accessibility of new technologies, the digital divide has continued to grow.
B. As public access to the Internet has spread, the digital divide has become larger.
C. Because the Internet has become more accessible to more and more people, the digital
divide has become much smaller.
D. Because smartphones have become more popular and common, the digital divide has
become larger in recent years.
71. In recent years, studies of adolescents' consumer behavior have noted the strong influence
teens have over one another when it comes to spending money. Advertisers have taken
advantage of Internet sites such as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook to utilize what kind of
marketing?
A. viral marketing
B. pandemic marketing
C. social marketing
D. underground marketing
72. The highest levels of media use are reported by:
A. early adolescents.
B. late adolescents.
C. White adolescents.
D. Asian adolescents.
73. According to the textbook, why might the estimated 8 hours a day of media use for
adolescents be an understatement?
A. Time spent using a smartphone is typically not calculated into the total amount of media
use time.
B. Adolescents are typically not aware of the fact that they are using media.
C. Adolescents notoriously underestimate the time they spend using various types of media.
D. This estimate includes media multitasking.
74. The textbook suggests all of the following for parents who leave their children in self-care,
except:
A. provide clear instructions about after-school activities and whereabouts.

B. have the child check in with an adult as soon as he or she gets home.
C. teach the child how to handle any emergencies that arise.
D. have friends come over for study sessions.
75. When is delinquency most common?
A. weekdays during school hours

B. weekday afternoons
C. weekend nights
D. weekend afternoons
76. According to the textbook, compared to young people who are supervised after school by
adults, Stephanie, a self-care adolescent, will likely experience all of the following except:
A. be more socially isolated and more depressed

B. be sexually active earlier
C. be more likely to be involved in problem behavior
D. use less drugs and alcohol
77. According to the textbook, one limitation of studies of youth in self-care is that:
A. self-care youths are a difficult sample to recruit.

B. researchers typically lump together all children who take care of themselves after school.
C. parents of self-care youths rarely agree to allow their teenagers to participate in research
studies.
D. self-care youths are more likely than non-self-care youth to drop out of research studies.
78. Affluent, suburban, and White children are _____ likely to be home unsupervised, and poor,
minority, and urban and rural children are _____ likely.
A. least; most
B. slightly less; slightly more
C. most; least
D. none of the above; they odds of being left home unsupervised are the same.
79. According to a study by Caldwell and Darling presented in the textbook, research indicates
spending time after school with friends is most problematic under which circumstance?
A. when they lack supervision

B. when the adolescent has friends who like to party and use drugs
C. when the adolescent is easily susceptible to peer pressure
D. it is the combination of all of the above
80. The average American adolescent sends _____ text messages a day.
A. 1-20 texts
B. 21-50 texts
C. 51-100
D. more than 100
81. Research investigating media "effects" on adolescent development has a hard time ruling out
the possibility of spurious causation, which means that:
A. two things can go hand in hand.

B. that the second thing is actually causing the first thing (not the reverse).
C. there is no statistically significant relation.
D. the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with a
third factor.
82. Adolescents are least likely to seek out ________ websites on the Internet.
A. entertainment
B. sports
C. pornography
D. lifestyle
83. Which of the following is not a common message that the media conveys about sex?
A. unprotected sex can have serious consequences

B. women are sex objects
C. sex is a defining aspect of masculinity
D. sex is fun and exciting
84. Which set of research findings was used in the Supreme Court case of Brown v.
Entertainment Merchants (2010), which was a case that debated whether banning the sale of
violent video games to minors was unconstitutional?
A. Careful studies have indicated that playing violent video games does not make adolescents
more aggressive.
B. Careful studies have indicated that playing violent video games indeed makes adolescents
more aggressive.
C. Putting labels on games to alert adolescents and their parents to violent content is an
effective way of restricting the sale of particularly violent games.
D. There is a causal relation between playing violent video games and being arrested for an
assault.
85. One tremendous problem in interpreting studies of media use and adolescent development is
that:
A. it is extremely difficult to disentangle cause and effect.

B. media is difficult to measure.
C. the type of media that adolescents use changes rapidly.
D. adolescents are very secretive about their media use.
86. Research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that:
A. these messages have a strong impact on adolescents' behavior.

B. repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes
and beliefs.
C. although the messages may be somewhat negative, they tend to be relatively accurate.
D. although their attitudes may differ, adolescents and adults have similar interpretations of
these messages.
87. Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the fact that adolescents choose the media to
which they are exposed?

88. Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the reciprocal link between adolescents'
preferences and their media exposure and that adolescents not only choose what they are
exposed to but interpret the media in ways that shape their impact?

89. Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media shape adolescents' interests,
motives, and beliefs about the world?

90. What have researchers found in regard to the research on exposure to violent imagery on
TV?
A. Repeated exposure to violent imagery on TV leads to aggressive behavior in children and

adults, especially among those who have prior histories of aggression.
B. Among male 14-year-olds who view more than 3 hours of TV/day, individuals with prior
C. Among female 14-year-olds who view more than 3 hours of TV/day, individuals with prior
91. According to the textbook, the harmful effects of low parental monitoring are especially bad in
neighborhoods that:
A. are low in collective efficacy.

B. are low in diversity.
C. are high in diversity.
D. are low income.
92. Why is it hard to know whether exposure to messages about drinking and smoking actually
change adolescents' behaviors?
A. Adolescents are not exposed to the mass media as blank slates.

B. When adolescents are exposed to the mass media, they bring preexisting values, beliefs,
and expectations to the experience of watching or listening to mass media.
C. Preexisting values, beliefs, and expectations influence what adolescents perceive, what
they pay attention to, and what they remember.
93. Which of the following youth programs around today bear a striking resemblance to the stated
goals of positive youth development programs?
A. YMCA
B. the Boys and Girls Clubs of America
C. scouting
competence mean?

confidence mean?

B. an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy; global self-regard
connection mean?

character mean?

98. Based on the Five Cs of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of
sympathy and empathy for others?
A. character
B. connection
C. caring
D. competence
99. The power of the adolescent as a consumer has increased as a result of:
A. the size of the adolescent population.

B. the prevalence of student employment.
C. the fact that adolescents save less than any other age group.
100. What makes a positive youth development program successful?
A. the extent to which participants are placed in demanding roles

B. the extent to which participants are expected to take responsibility for their behavior
C. the extent to which participants are helped to understand the consequences of failing to
fulfill their obligations
101. Which of the following statements about adolescents' social communication on the Internet is
most supported by scientific research?
A. Adolescents' online friendships are likely to displace in-person friendships.

B. Most adolescents use the Internet to communicate with people that they have never met or
that they do not see in person.
C. Many adolescents have both positive and negative experiences while socializing on the
Internet.
D. The majority of adolescents have not seen someone post something mean about someone
else on the Internet.
102. What percent of American adolescents have sent a photo featuring naked breasts, genitals, or
buttocks to a fellow student?
A. 1%
B. 20%
C. between 40% and 50%
D. more than 75%
103. What is a scientifically valid concern regarding adolescents' media use?
A. Adolescents who use the Internet for socializing are at a high risk of being the victim of
unwanted sexual attention.
B. Adolescents who frequently use the Internet are highly likely to be contacted by sexual
predators.
C. The amount of time adolescents spend watching TV and playing video games is inversely
linked to the amount of time they spend in physical activity, which can have detrimental
effects on adolescents' physical health.
D. The increased time spent on the Internet has had a negative effect on adolescents' social
development and relationships.
104. Explain how adolescents in the United States use their time differently than adolescents
growing up in other parts of the world. Be sure to discuss school, leisure, and work-related
activities. When applicable, discuss possible reasons for these differences.
To begin with, the average American students' use of their free time for school-related
activities is especially low. Though the average American high school student spends fewer
than 5 hours per week on homework, in some Asian countries (India, Taiwan, and Japan) the
average is between 4 and 5 hours a day. Also, European and Asian adolescents spend almost
three times as many hours each week reading for pleasure as do American adolescents.
Americans spend relatively more time playing sports, socializing with friends, and caring for
their physical appearance. Indeed American adolescents spend about half their time in leisure
activities—which is far more than is the case in most other industrialized countries.
Furthermore, American adolescents are more likely to hold paying part-time jobs during the
school year than are most Korean, Japanese, or European adolescents. One reason that
Americans are more likely to hold part-time jobs could be that part-time employment
opportunities are not as readily available elsewhere as they are in America. Second, the
scheduling of part-time jobs in other countries is not well suited to the daily routines of
students. Third, in other industrialized countries, the employment of youth is associated with
being poor, so there is a negative stigma associated with working while attending school.
Fourth, schools in other countries demand much more out-of-school time to prepare
adequately for lessons and schoolwork.
Key Points:
a) American adolescents spend less time on out-of-school work than students in other
countries.
b) American adolescents spend a large proportion of their time in leisure activities compared
to time spent in school and work obligations.
c) Americans are more likely to hold paying part-time jobs during the school year. This could
be due to the fact that scheduling of part-time jobs in other countries is not well suited to their
daily routines, employment of children in other industrialized countries is associated with being
poor, and schools in other countries demand much more out-of-school time.

105. A legislator has introduced a bill that would allow adolescents in her state to hold after-school
jobs, but that would limit the number of hours that adolescents can work in such jobs to 10
hours per week or fewer. There is a group in the legislature who oppose the bill: they believe
that adolescents should be allowed to hold after-school jobs with no restrictions placed on
hours worked per week, and that adolescents should work at least 20 hours every week in
order to build character. Based on what you know about employment and adolescent
development, which of these positions would you support? Why do you support this position
over the other? Which type of jobs do you think would help adolescents feel more mature,
competent, and dependable?
Though many people believe that working builds character, teaches adolescents about the
real work, and helps them prepare for adulthood, studies indicate that the benefits of working
during adolescence have probably been overstated. In fact, intensive employment (20+
hours/week) may even negatively affect adolescent's development and preparation for adult
work. As such, I would support the legislation proposing the 10-hour-per-week limit on
adolescent work. Research has shown that adolescents who work more than 20 hours per
week (like the other group is advocating) have a host of problem behaviors, including being
more likely to engage in delinquent behavior (stealing, substance use), suffering academic
performance and engagement declines (taking easier classes, cheating, being absent from
school, spending less time on homework, earning lower grades, dropping out of school), and
experiencing premature affluence—discretionary income spent purely on pleasure, which
results from getting used to having a relatively luxurious standard of living before one has any
serious financial responsibilities, like rent, food, or utility bills. Indeed many adolescent workers
spend most of their earnings on personal expenses, like clothes or cars, and a fair proportion
of adolescents' earnings are spent on drugs and alcohol. All of these drawbacks are
individually, reasons to resist allowing teens to work 20+ hours per week, but when taken
together they provide compelling reason to limit the amount of working hours teens are
permitted to engage in. Contrary to the effects of intensive employment, when adolescents are
given responsibility, assigned meaningful and challenging tasks, and are allowed to make
important decisions, they are more likely to feel mature, competent, and dependable.
Key Points:
a) Support the 10-hour limit over 20+.

b) Describe the problems associated with working more than 20 hours per week.
c) Mention that, in contrast to intensive employment, employment opportunities that require
adolescents to make important decisions and engage in challenging tasks are likely to have
positive effects associated with "building character."

106. Annie's parents believe Annie has free time on her hands and they would like to sign her up
for some extracurricular activities. However, they are concerned that participation in these
activities may lead to problem behavior and that overscheduling could place their daughter at
risk for psychological stress and mental health problems. They are also worried that
extracurricular participation could displace time spent doing homework and, as a result, could
decrease her academic performance. They've asked you, the school psychologist, to weigh in.
What would you tell Annie's parents?
Although early research documenting a positive correlation between extracurricular

participation and adolescents' well-being could not clearly show that participation lead to
improved functioning (rather than the opposite), newer longitudinal studies indicate that
participation in an extracurricular activity actually improves students' performance in school
and reduce the likelihood of dropping out; deters delinquency, drug use, and other types of
risk -taking; and enhances students' psychological well-being and social status, with positive
effects seen after high school graduation. The one exception to this uniformly positive picture
is that some studies have found that involvement in team sports, which is associated many
psychological benefits, such as better mental health, better sleep, and higher school
achievement, is also associated with increased alcohol use and delinquency. This latter
consequence is seen especially among boys who have a strong "jock" identity and who
participate in school-sponsored, male-dominated sports, like football. Extracurricular
participation in high school also seems to be linked to extracurricular participation in college
and to community involvement in adulthood. Researchers speculate that the generally positive
impact of extracurricular participation is because these activities increase students' contact
with teachers and other school personnel who may reinforce the value of school (as when a
coach or -advisor counsels a student about plans for college), and because participation itself
may improve students' self-confidence and self-esteem. Some educators believe that
extracurricular participation also helps bond students and parents to their school, especially in
the case of adolescents who are not achieving academically; for many of them, their
extracurricular activity is what keeps them coming to school each day. Indeed, a feeling of
attachment to school is likely to contribute to students' future educational success. Finally,
Annie's parents should not be concerned that overscheduling could compromise Annie's
mental health; no available data support this myth.
Key Points:
a) Extracurricular activities actually improve students' performance in school and reduce the
likelihood of dropping out; deter delinquency, drug use, and other types of risk-taking; and
enhance students' psychological well-being and social status.
b) Give reasons why extracurricular participation may lead to positive outcomes.
c) Mention that overscheduling has not been shown to increase the risk of mental health
problems.

107. A local hospital has asked you to talk to a group of parents who have expressed their
concerns about leaving their teenagers home alone after school while the parents are still at
work. You have been asked to address whether this is, indeed, a problem and, if so, how
parents can minimize these problems without having to give up their jobs. The hospital
administrator has also asked you to discuss the quality of the research that has been done in
this area. What do you tell the parents?
Most studies of self-care youths show few differences between these youngsters and their
peers in regard to psychological development, school achievement, and self-concept.
Furthermore, several studies suggest that, compared to young people who are supervised
after school by adults, those who are in self-care are more socially isolated, more depressed,
and more likely to have school problems. The most vulnerable adolescents are those with
friends who like to party and use drugs and those adolescents who are susceptible to peer
pressure and, by far, the greatest risk is to children living in unsafe neighborhoods. The best
way to sidestep the problems is for parents to use an authoritative parenting style and to
monitor their children's behavior and activities by providing clear instructions to their
youngsters about the activities they should engage in, having the children check in with an
adult as soon as they get home, and teaching them how to handle emergencies. Indeed
adolescents who go straight home after school are far less likely to engage in problem
behavior than are their peers who go to a friend's house or who just hang out. The primary
limitations of the research in this area are that not all self-care youth are alike and not all
parents interact with their children in the same way, although there are rather consistent
findings that indicate spending free time with peers in unstructured activities in the absence of
adult supervision is associated with increased problem behavior.
Key Points:
a) Most research shows little difference between self-care youth and those who are
supervised after school.
b) Self-care youth may be at increased risk for social isolation, depression, problem behavior,
greater likelihood of being sexually active at earlier ages, and greater probability of using
drugs and alcohol.
c) Most vulnerable are those with friends who like to party and use drugs, those who are
susceptible to peer pressure, and those who live in unsafe neighborhoods.
d) Protective factors include authoritative parenting, monitoring children's behavior and
activities, providing clear instructions about expected activities, having children check in with
adults when they get home, and teaching the youngsters how to handle emergencies.
e) Limitations of the research: not all self-care children are alike and not all parents interact
with their children in the same way.
f) Consistent findings indicate spending free time with peers in unstructured activities in the
absence of adult supervision is associated with increased problem behavior.

108. The local PTA has asked you to address their parents about the effects of media on
adolescent development. They are most concerned with the effects of television and the
Internet on their children's well-being. Explain to these parents what you know about media in
the home, the types of activities for which adolescents typically use the television and Internet,
and discuss the impact of sexual, drug-related, and violent messages and images on
adolescents.
Almost all American households have at least one TV and access to a computer and Internet,
regardless of family income. In fact, on average, adolescents spend nearly 8 hours each day
using one or more forms of media. Given that adolescents spend an inordinate amount of time
using media, researchers and parents have questioned whether this exposure has had a
negative impact on teenagers' behavior and development. One thing to keep in mind is that it
is difficult to separate cause and effect because adolescents choose which mass media they
are exposed to and interpret the media based on their preexisting attitudes, beliefs, and
experiences. As such, for example, though studies may show that playing violent video games
may provoke more violent behavior, it could be the case that adolescents who are more prone
to violence may be more likely to play violent video games. The good news is that adolescents
are likely to use the Internet as would an adult: they are more likely to visit entertainment,
sports, and lifestyle websites than to view pornography, although the information they get from
the Internet is as likely to be helpful as harmful. Clearly, there are negative sexual messages
conveyed on television suggesting that women are sex objects, sex is a defining aspect of
masculinity, sex is a competition, and sex is fun and exciting. Although questions remain about
whether exposure to sexual media content alters adolescents' sexual behavior, many studies
demonstrate that repeated exposure affects adolescents' attitudes, beliefs, and intentions.
Teens are also constantly exposed to drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, and violence, with advertisers
specifically targeting adolescents because of their discretionary income and influence over
their parents' household spending. Studies of exposure to ads for alcohol and tobacco, as well
as antismoking commercial messages, have shown that they are effective in changing
teenagers' attitudes in both directions: pro-ads are likely to change attitudes about using
alcohol and tobacco and anti-ads are likely to influence adolescents' attitudes about abstaining
from cigarettes. However, it is hard to know whether changing adolescents' exposure to
messages about drinking and smoking actually changes their behavior. The most compelling
set of findings on media exposure appears to be in regard to violence, with research showing
that repeated exposure to violent imagery may lead to aggressive behavior, especially for
those who have a history of aggression. In particular, although careful studies have shown that
playing violent video games does not make adolescents more aggressive, numerous studies
have shown that repeated exposure to violent imagery on television leads to aggressive
behavior in children and youth, especially among those who are predisposed to behave
violently. Also, of special concern is the impact of the media (particularly print media) on girls'
self-image concerning physical attractiveness—the current message that "thin is in" has led to
serious problems with girls' self-image and eating habits. Last, to the extent that time spent on
the Internet and watching TV displaces time in physical activities, media does indeed have a
detrimental impact on an adolescent's physical health.
Key Points:
a) Media sources are ubiquitous.

b) The Internet is used primarily to seek out entertainment, sports, and lifestyle websites, with
pornography not being something typically pursued by teens.
c) The relationship between media exposure and adolescent behavior is typically correlational,
so no conclusions can be drawn about which causes which.
d) Evidence links viewing violence on television with aggression.
e) The media are more likely to affect teens' attitudes and beliefs than their behaviors with
regard to sex and drug use, but sex messages are conveyed, such as women are sex objects.
f) The media have a dangerous effect on girls' self-image and eating habits.
g) Internet and TV can have a detrimental impact on physical health.
109. Social networking websites, such as Facebook and MySpace, have become extremely
prevalent among teenagers (as well as adults). Describe how online friendships affect in-
person relationships. In your opinion, do you think having a personal website, such as a profile
on of these websites, places an adolescent at risk of being contacted by a sexual predator? If
you were a parent of a teenager, would you allow your son or daughter to have a profile?
Many parents worry that the amount of time that teenagers spend on the Internet will have a
negative effect on their social development and relationships (some actually worry that online
communication will replace face-to-face interactions!). Indeed social communication on the
Internet has opportunities for both positive and negative experiences, as does face-to-face
communication. Although many parents worry that adolescents' online friendships will displace
in-person friendships, this fear is not supported by scientific research. Most adolescents use
social networking sites to stay in touch with people they are currently friends with and studies
find that more frequent online communication may bring friends closer together. Also, sexual
predators are far less prevalent than many parents think. In fact, according to the most recent
Youth Internet Safety Survey, only 9 percent of young people receive an unwanted online
sexual solicitation each year. As such, I do not think that having a profile on social media
website would make my child particularly vulnerable to a sexual predator attack. In conclusion,
when done in moderation, communicating with friends online will probably not have a negative
impact on an adolescent's social development.
Key Points:
a) Mention that online communication can have negative and positive interactions (just like
face-to-face interactions).
b) Most adolescents use the Internet to socialize with current friends.
c) Risk of receiving attention from sexual predator is actually pretty low.

110. Pretend you are about to give a lecture to a group of parents about current research views on
media exposure and adolescent development. You know that parents are concerned with
understanding whether all media is bad for all adolescents, or what determines the effect that
media messages and images will have on particular adolescents. Discuss the three major
prevalent theories of media influence on adolescent development and give examples of each
theory to illustrate its points.
There are three major theories of media impact on adolescent development that parents
should be aware of, as these theories help explain some of the individual differences among
teenagers that help determine how a particular adolescent is affected by the media. The first is
cultivation theory, the idea that all adolescents are influenced by the content to which they are
exposed, with respect to their knowledge about the world, attitudes, and behavior. This theory
most closely mirrors the idea that playing video games makes adolescents violent, listening to
rap encourages crime, or watching beer commercials makes adolescents drink more. In this
theory, the relationship between media and behavior is direct. The next theory, the uses and
gratifications approach, points out that adolescents choose the media to which they are
personally exposed. Their resulting behaviors, therefore, are not due to the influence of media,
but to the fact that they chose to look at media images and messages that were consistent
with their own personal interests. This view would suggest that aggressive adolescents are
more likely to purchase violent video games in the first place. Third, the media practice model
states that the relationship between adolescents' preferences and their media exposure is
reciprocal, with each influencing the other. This model suggests that adolescents choose what
they are exposed to, but also interpret the media in ways that shape the impact it will have on
them. This model helps explain why two different adolescents can look at the same beer
commercial and have two entirely different reactions (e.g., "Eww, look how stupid drinking
makes you act," versus, "Oh cool, partying looks so fun!").
Key Points:
a) Name three theories and define (cultivation theory, uses and gratifications approach, and
the media practice model).
b) Give examples or real-life illustrations of each theory (be able to apply to real scenario).

7 Summary
Category # of Questions
Steinberg - Chapter 07 110
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A. organized youth movements.

A. enhancing their feelings of self-confidence and self-esteem

7. What is the best way to conceptualize adolescents' free time?

A. 10; 20 hours per week

9. Which adolescent is least likely to spend leisure time reading?

A. Jeanne Marie, who lives in France

A. Educational reformers began calling for tougher standards in high school.

A. Jenny, who lives in the United States

A. need for part-time workers

A. Fewer adolescents have after-school jobs today than in recent history.

18. What kind of job is an eighth grader most likely to have?

A. Gino, a Canadian adolescent

A. movie theater usher and nurses' aide

A. food server at a restaurant

A. construction and manual labor.

A. stock boy in a retail store

A. join the high school baseball team

26. Research assessing adolescent work experiences found:

27. Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?

A. They encourage adolescents to behave independently.

A. a curvy line pattern

A. become more socially responsible.

35. Which of the following is not an effect of premature affluence?

A. decreased satisfaction with their financial situations as young adults

A. drugs and alcohol

37. What makes adolescents attractive targets for a variety of businesses?

A. the size of the adolescent population

A. be absent from school.

A. greater absences from school

A. alcohol and cigarettes; alcohol

A. lowered school achievement

A. They become jealous of their working peers' affluence.

A. is likely to develop a strong sense of responsibility.

47. Which of the following statements about unemployed youth is false?

A. the high unemployment rate for high school dropouts

A. to give employers financial incentives to employ undereducated employees

A. pro-bono youth development

54. Which of the following statements about extracurricular participation is true?

55. The Experience Sampling Method involves:

A. observing individuals in their natural setting.

56. The Experience Sampling Method was created by:

59. When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?

A. when they are with friends

A. with his friends.

A. encourage Kent to get a full-time job.

63. The most popular type of extracurricular activities is:

A. music-related and academic-related

A. the media practice model

68. What proportion of American households has at least one television?

A. Virtually all American households have at least one TV.

A. lower; choose not to work at all

A. provide clear instructions about after-school activities and whereabouts.

75. When is delinquency most common?