Gauss-Jordan Method

Advanced Engineering Mathematics

MATH115
Gauss-Jordan Method
In Gauss–Jordan elimination, we stop using elementary row
operations when we have obtained the identity in the coefficient
matrix in the augmented matrix.
1 0 0 𝑏1
0 1 0อ 𝑏2
0 0 1 𝑏3
Any sequence of row operations will lead to the same augmented
matrix with identity in the coefficient matrix. This method does not
require back-substitution; the solution of the system will be
apparent by inspection of the final matrix.
Elementary Row Operations

We can transform a system of linear equations into an equivalent

system (that is, one having the same solutions) using the following
elementary operations:
1. (Interchange) Interchange the positions of equations in the
system.
2. (Normalize) Multiply an equation by a nonzero constant.
3. (Eliminate) Add a nonzero multiple of one equation to any other
equation.
 Example 1
Solve the following linear systems using Gauss Jordan Method.
Example 1

Step 1: Convert the Linear Systems into augmented matrix.

2 1 1 0 3
3 1 1 1 ተ4
1 2 2 3 3
4 5 −2 1 16
Example 1
Step 2: Apply Elementary Row Operations so that the first column would be in the form of,
1 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎14 𝑏1
0 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎24 𝑏2
0 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎34 ተ 𝑏3
0 𝑎42 𝑎34 𝑎44 𝑏4
2 1 1 0 3
3 1 1 1 ተ4
1 2 2 3 3
4 5 −2 1 16
Normalize:
1 1/2 1/2 0 3/2 𝑅′1 = 𝑅1/2
3 1 1 1 4
1 2 2 3 3
4 5 −2 1 16
Example 1

1 1/2 1/2 0 3/2 𝑅′1 = 𝑅1 /2

3 1 1 1 4
1 2 2 3 3
4 5 −2 1 16
Eliminate:
1 1/2 1/2 0 3/2
0 −1/2 −1/2 1 −1/2 𝑅′2 = 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1
0 3/2 3/2 3 3/2 𝑅′3 = 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
0 3 −4 0 10 𝑅′4 = 𝑅4 − 4𝑅1
Example 1

Step 3: Apply Elementary Row Operations so that the second

column would be in the form of,
1 0 𝑎13 𝑎14 𝑏1
0 1 𝑎23 𝑎24ተ 𝑏2
0 0 𝑎33 𝑎34 𝑏3
0 0 𝑎34 𝑎44 𝑏4
Example 1

1 1/2 1/2 0 3/2

0 −1/2 −1/2 1 −1/2
0 3/2 3/2 3 3/2
0 3 −4 0 10
Normalize:
1 1/2 1/2 0 3/2
0 1 1 −2 1 𝑅′2 = 𝑅2 /(−1/2)
0 3/2 3/2 3 3/2
0 3 −4 1 10
Example 1

1 1/2 1/2 0 3/2

0 1 1 −2 1
0 3/2 3/2 3 3/2
0 3 −4 1 10
Eliminate:
1 0 0 1 1 𝑅′1 = 𝑅1 − (1/2)𝑅2
0 1 1 −2 ተ1
0 0 0 6 0 𝑅′3 = 𝑅3 − (3/2)𝑅2
0 0 −7 7 7 𝑅′4 = 𝑅4 − 3𝑅2
Example 1

Step 4: Apply Elementary Row Operations so that the third column

would be in the form of,
1 0 0 𝑎14 𝑏1
0 1 0 𝑎24 𝑏2
ተ
0 0 1 𝑎34 𝑏3
0 0 0 𝑎44 𝑏4
Example 1
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 −2 ተ1
0 0 0 6 0
0 0 −7 6 7
Interchange:
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 −2 ተ1
0 0 −7 7 7 𝑅′3 ↔ 𝑅4
0 0 0 6 0 𝑅′4 ↔ 𝑅3
Example 1
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 −2 ተ1
0 0 −7 7 7
0 0 0 6 0
Normalize:
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 −2 ተ 1
0 0 1 −1 −1 𝑅′3 = 𝑅3 /(−7)
0 0 0 6 0
Example 1

1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 −2 ተ 1
0 0 1 −1 −1 𝑅′3 = 𝑅3 /(−7)
0 0 0 6 0
Eliminate:
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 −1 ተ 2 𝑅′2 = 𝑅2 − (1)𝑅3
0 0 1 −1 −1
0 0 0 6 0
Example 1

Step 5: Apply Elementary Row Operations so that the fourth column

would be in the form of,
1 0 0 0 𝑏1
0 1 0 0ተ 𝑏2
0 0 1 0 𝑏3
0 0 0 1 𝑏4
Example 1
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 −1 ተ 2
0 0 1 −1 −1
0 0 0 6 0
Normalize:
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 −1 ተ 2
0 0 1 −1 −1
0 0 0 1 0 𝑅′4 = 𝑅4 /(6)
Example 1
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 −1 ተ 2
0 0 1 −1 −1
0 0 0 1 0
Eliminate:
1 0 0 0 1 𝑅′1 = 𝑅1 − 𝑅4
ANSWERS:
0 1 0 0 ተ 2 𝑅′2 = 𝑅2 − (−1)𝑅4
0 0 1 0 −1 𝑅′3 = 𝑅3 − (−1)𝑅4 𝑥1 = 1
0 0 0 1 0 𝑥2 = 2
𝑥3 = −1
𝑥4 = 0
Example 2

Solve the following linear systems using Gauss Jordan Method.

𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −7
4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 19
Example 2

Step 1: Convert the Linear Systems into augmented matrix.

1 3 −2 −7
4 1 3 ቮ5
2 −5 7 19
Example 2
Step 2: Apply Elementary Row Operations so that the first column would be in
the form of,
1 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑏1
0 𝑎22 𝑎23 ቮ 𝑏2
0 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑏3
1 3 −2 −7
4 1 3 ቮ5
2 −5 7 19
Normalize:
1 3 −2 −7 𝑅′1 = 𝑅1
4 1 3 ቮ5 ቮ
2 −5 7 19
Example 2

1 3 −2 −7
4 1 3 ቮ5
2 −5 7 19
Eliminate:

1 3 −2 −7
0 −11 11 ቮ 33 ተ𝑅′2 = 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1
0 −11 11 33 𝑅′3 = 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
Example 2
Step 3: Apply Elementary Row Operations so that the second column would be in the form of,
1 0 𝑎13 𝑏1
0 1 𝑎23 ቮ 𝑏2
0 0 𝑎33 𝑏3

1 3 −2 −7
0 −11 11 ቮ 33
0 −11 11 33
Normalize:
1 3 −2 −7
0 1 −1 ቮ−3 ቮ𝑅 ′2 = 𝑅2 /(−11)
0 −11 11 33
Example 2

1 3 −2 −7
0 1 −1 ቮ−3
0 −11 11 33
Eliminate:

1 0 1 2 𝑅′1 = 𝑅1 − 3𝑅1
0 1 −1 ቮ−3 ተ
0 0 0 0 𝑅′3 = 𝑅3 − (−11)𝑅1

If all the elements in a row of the augmented matrix are all zeroes, then
there is no solution to the linear systems.
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
END