TH E A R A MA I C O R I G IN

OF TH E

FO U R T H G O S PE L
TH E A R A MA I C O R I G I N

OF T H E

FOUR TH G OSPE L

TH F B U R NE Y , M
E REV . C . .

II
. A .
,

O ri el P ro fe s s r f t h I n t e rp re t t i
o o e a on o f H oly S ri p t re t
c u a Ox f rd
o

F e ll w o f Ori e l nd S t J
o a . o h ’
n s C oll ege s O f rd
,
x o

C a no n o f R oc he s t er

OXFORD
AT TH E C LA R E N D O N P R E S S
22
1
9
 OX F O R D U N I V E R S IT Y P RE SS
L o nd o n E d i nb u rg h G l a sg o w Cope nh age n
Ne w Y o r k Toro n to Mel bourne C ape T o wn
B om b ay Ca l c u t ta M adras S h a ngh a i

H U MP H R E Y M I LF O R D
P u b li s h rt
e o th
e
d
'

lfluy e rs i t y
 C O NT E NTS

P R I NC I P A L A B B R E V I A T I O NS E MP L O Y E D

I NT R O D U CTI ON
CH AP .

I P R E LI MI NA R Y T E S T I NG O F T H E T H E O R Y
B Y E X A MI NA T I O N O F T H E P R O L O G UE
A D D I TI O N A L NOT E

11 . T H E S E NT E NC E

1 1 1 . CO N J U NC T I O NS
IV . P R O NO U NS

v . T H E VE R B .

VI . NE G AT I V E S

VII . MI S T R A NS L A T I O NS OF TH E O R I G I NA L
A R A MA I C O F T H E G OS P E L .

VI I I . O LD T E S TA ME NT QU OTA T I O NS IN TH E
FO URTH G OS P E L

IX . E P I LO G U E

A P P E ND I X

I NDE X
 P R I NC I P A L A B B R E V I A T I O NS E MP LO Y E D

Cu r . T h e Cu r e t o n i a n S yri a c Vers i o n of th e G o sp e l s (cf .

p .

P al S y r
. . T h e P a l e s t i n i a n S y ri a c Le c t i o n a ry ( c f .
p .

P esh T h e P e s h i t t a S yri a c Ve rs i o n (cf

‘

. .
p .

S in . T h e S i n a i ti c S yri ac Ver s i o n of th e G o s p el s ( c f p . .

T a rg J . r er
u s a.le m T a r g u m o n t Th e
h e P e n t a J
t e u c h (cf p
e . .

Ta rg J o n T h e T a rg u m o f J o n a t h a n o n t h e P r o p h e t s ( c f p
. . . .

T a rg O n k T h e T a rg u m o f O n k e l o s o n t h e P e n t a t e u c h ( c f p
. . . .

Ta r g P S J o n . T h e T a rg u m o f P s e u d o J o n a t h a n o n t h e P e n t a t e u c h
.
-
.
-

(cf .
p .

WH . T h e G ree k t ex t of W e stc o t t and H o rt .

A bb o t t , jG . E d w i n A A b b o t t , j oha n n i n e Gr a m m a r
.

Dal m a n , Gr a /n m Da l m a n , Gra m m a ti h a l a s ti n IS ch e n
’
. G . a es j u d i S C/i -
p
A ra m a i s ch
Dal m a n , Wj . G Da l m a n , Th e
. Wor d s of j es us co n s i d er ed i n th e l ig h t o f
P os t B j ewi s h Wr i ti ng s a nd th e / 1 m a i e La ng u ag e ( E n g T r a n s
’

i fi l i ca l ra . .
,

De i s s m a n n , LA E . A . De i s s m a n n , Lig h t fr om th e A n ci en t E a s t ( E n g .

T r a ns ,

H S Z
. S ir J oh n C H . aw ki ns , H om e S y nop ti ea e ( 2 nd ed it i o n ,

M l N TG
o u to n,
J H Mo u l t o n ”
. . .
,
A G ra m m a r o f New Tes ta m e n t G r eek
( v o l i 3 rd e d i t i o n re p ri n t e d
.
, ,

S c h l a tt e r, S pra che A . S c hl a t t er , D i e S p r a ch e a nd H ei m a t d es vi er l en

We l l h a u s e n , E i n l ei tu ng J We l l h a use n
“
.
,
E i n l ei t u ng i n d i e
’
a r ez er s ten

E va ng el i en ( z wei t e Aus g a be
 I NTR O DU C TI O N

IN a ermo n p rea c hed i n J u n e 1 9 2 0 befo re th e U n iver s ity o f

s

Oxfo rd the pre s e n t writer m ade a plea fo r a c lo s er sy n the s i s o f

*

Old Te s t a me n t le a r n i ng with th e s tu dy of the N ew Te s tame n t ;

a n d reviewi n g s umm a rily a n d ge n er a lly th e k i nd o f N ew Te s ta

me n t pro blem s wh ich m ight re c eive fu lle r elu c id a ti o n th rough th e

more d ire c t a pplic a tio n t o th em o f Sem itic lear n i ng h e put fo rw a rd ,

the po ss ibility th a t i n th e futu re a Sem itic s c h ol a r m ight ari s e wh o ,

exami ni ng th e l a ngu age o f t h e Fou rth Go s pel i n det a il would ,

pr o ve beyo nd th e r a nge o f rea s o nable doubt th a t it was b as ed upo n

a n Ar a m a ic origi n al .

I n ve n turi ng up o n thi s s o mewh at bol d p r o phecy the writer had ,

n o t at th e tim e a n th ought of u n de r t a ki n g th e t as k h im s el f
y .

Ab s orbed i n O ld Te s tame n t s tu die s a nd re a lizi n g with ever ,

gr o wi ng i ns i s te n cy th e ta s k wh i c h lie s before S emitic s ch o l a rs

of wide n i ng a nd deepe n i ng th e b as i s of their l ear n i n g if they would
make a ny re a lly fi rs t h a n d c o n tributio n to th eir s ubj ect h e h a d n o t
-
,

e nj o yed the O pp o rtu n ity o f p ro s ecuti n g h i s N ew Te s t a m e n t s tudie s

bey o nd th e s o me what s up e rfici a l s tage wh i c h o rdi n a rily repre s e n t s
a the o l o gic a l tutor s a c qu a i n t a n c e with the wide ra n ge o f lear n i n g
’

i n whi c h i n a ddi t i o n to h i s o wn s pe c i a l b r a n c h o f re s e a r c h h e h as
, ,

’
ge ner a lly t o direct h i s pupil s re a d i ng Th e p roblem of th e origi n .

a nd a uthor s hip o f th e F o u rth G o s pel h a d however alway s , ,

a ttr a cted him H e h ad bee n imp re ss ed ( as every H eb rew s c hol a r

.

mu s t be impre s s ed ) wi th th e Sem itic ch a racter o f i t s dicti o n a nd ,

recog n i z i ng t o the fu ll th e impo rta n ce o f D r Lightfoo t s rema rk s .

’

o n th e qu e s tio n + h a d reali z ed th at th i s wa s a s ub ect of re s e a rch

, j
fu nd a me n ta l t o the problem o f a uthors h ip which c a l led fo r c lo s er
a n d more expert atte n tio n th a n it h ad h itherto received a n d h e
;
h a d bee n a m a zed a t th e l ight n e s s with wh i c h it was d i s m i ss ed or

S i e
nc
pu bli hed by
s th e Ox f rd
o Un i ve rs i t y P re ss un de r the i le
t t Th e O l d
Tes ta m e n t Co n cepti on f A to ne m en t f u lfi l l ed by Ch n s t
'

o .

1 B ibl i ca l E s s ay s , p p . 1 26 if .

2520
 INTRODUCTION

altogether ig nore d by N ew Te stam e n t s ch olars wh o co n fid e n tly

a s s erted th e H elle n i s ti c ch a racte r of the Go s pel A n a rti c le by .

‘
D r C J Ball e n titled H ad th e F o urth G o s pel a n Aram a ic
. . .
,

Archetyp e ? wh ich appeared i n th e E xp os i tory Ti m es fo r N ovem

h e r 1 9 09 expl a i n ed certai n p eculi a ritie s i n the fi r s t c h apter o f th e
,

Go s pel by t h e th eo ry o f a n A ramai c origi na l ; a nd th i s though ,

’

( to the be s t o f th e p re s e n t writer s k n owledge ) it s ta n d s alo n e in

advocati ng th i s theory yet appealed t o h im as evide n tly u po n ,

ri gh t li ne s Th e evide n ce there a d duced h e h ad ca s ually Supple

*
‘

m e n t e d by n otice o f a d ditio n al p ecu li a ritie s p o i nti ng i n th e s a m e

d irectio n ; n otably th e s h a r i ng by th e Fourth Go s pel o f ma ny o f ,

th e peculiaritie s o f dictio n wh i c h C a n o n Alle n a nd Pro f W ell .

hau se n cite a s exh ibiti ng th e i nflue n c e o f Aramaic upo n th e s tyle

’
o f S t M ark s G o s pe l . .

’
Th i s was abou t th e po s iti o n a t wh ich th e write r s a cqu a i nt a nce
with the s ubject s tood whe n h e wrote th e s ermo n which h e h a s
me ntio n ed H e h a d formed a n op i n io n ba s ed o n ge ne ral ob s e rva
.

tio n but h e cou ld no t claim t o h a ve s ub s ta n tiated it by th e k i n d o f

,

clo s e s tudy wh ich de s e rve s t o be d ig nified as re s earch Fu r ther .

reflectio n h oweve r co n vi n ced h im th a t th e m atte r c ou ld no t be

, ,

al lowed t o re s t h ere H e had s ugge st ed i n the s e rm o n th a t both .

h Th e v iew t at the Fo u t rh G o sp e l w ri g i lly w ri tt e i A r m i w

as o na n n a a c as p ut
f rw rd t h gh
o a ,
ou not wor ked o ut , by C S l m i ( D H l l m ti C m m t
. a as u s e e e
'

s oa o en a ri u s ,

1 64 5 p p , . 2 57 I A B
. . o le
t n ( Der B e r i ch t d es j oa n nes vo n jes u a e m Mess i a s , aber
’

7 9 7 , Vo r ber i ch t , p p xiv iii ), H F P fa n n k u c h e ( Uebe r d i e pa l as t i mls ch e

‘

t t ;
‘
se z 1

Ch
. . .

L a nd e ssp ra ch e i n d e m Z ei ta l te r r i s ti , in E i c hh rn s A l lg
o
’
e m B i b!
. a
’
. b L i tt
. v i ii ,
1 79 7 ,
V j oa n n i s E i n l ei t u ng
'
p . L B . e r th o l d t
( e ros i m i l i a ae o rig i n e e va ng e l i i ,
1 8 05 ;
in iii 1 8 1 3 3 4 ) s p p o s ed t h at S t J h n wro t e d o w n
S ch r ifte n d es A . u. N T,. .
, ,
2 u . o

th d is c urs e s o f Lo rd i n A ram ai s o n ft e r t hey w e re sp ke n nd lo n g s b

e o our c o a o ,
a u

s eq e nt l y t r n sl t ed t he m i n t
u G reek nd i nc rp r t ed t he m i nto h i Greek g s pe l
a a o a o o a s o .

M ny s h l rs fro m G r t i ( A n n t ti n 64 1 ) nw rd w hi l e h l d i n g t h
a c o a ,
o us o a o es , 1 o a s
,
o e

G p e l t h ave bee n w ri t t e n i n G reek h e e m p h si zed t h e S e m i t i c h r c t e r o f

os o
,
av a c a a

i t di t i n
s Th c ip n i o n f s o gre t S e m i t i c s h l r H E w l d ( Di j h n n
o . e o o a a c o a as . a e o a .

S h if t n 1 86 i p 4 4 ) i s w o rt hy f q
c r e
, t ti n
1 Th G reek l n g u ge f t h a t h o r
, ,
. o uo a o :
‘
e a a o e u

be r i n i t se l f t h e p l in e t nd str nge t m rk s f ge n i n e H ebre w H i o n

a s a s a o s a o a u . e s e

b o n m o ng Jews i n t h H ly L n d n wh o gre w p t m nh oo d i t hi s ie t y
r a e o a ,
o e u o a n s oc ,

w it h t s p e k i n g G reek
ou U n de r t h G reek m n t l e t h t he t
a l t e d t e l e rned t. e a a a a a a a o

t hr w ob t hi m se l f he st ill be a rs i n hi m s e l f t h w h le m in d a nd sp iri t o f h i
a ou ,
e o s

m t he r t n g e a n d d e s n t he s i ta t e t l t h i m e l f be l d by i t
o o u ,
Th di o ss i n o o e s e .
’
e scu o

by C E L t h rd t o n t h e l ng ge f t h e G s p el ( S t j h n G p l E T 1 8 7 6 i
. . u a a ua o o . o
’
s os e ,
. .
, , ,

pp 5 64 ) i
. 1 f c n s ide r b l e v l e
— s o o a a u .

Me nt n s h o l d he re be m de o f t h e h i gh ly i mpo rt nt wo rk by P r f A
io u a a o . .
 I NTRODUCTION 3

O ld N ew Te s tame n t s chol a r s were a s a ru le co n te n t t o dwell

and

t o o mu c h i n w a ter tight c ompartme nt s a nd that m o re s y s tematic -

,

fi rs t h a n d appl ic a ti o n o f Semitic li ngui s tic k no wledge t o th e Ne w

-

Te s t a me n t m igh t be expected t o s h ed l igh t u p o n a v a riety o f

p roblem s I t fo ll o wed th a t it was n o t o n ly de s irable t h a t p r o fe s s e d
.

N ew Te s t a me nt s c h o lar s S houl d re a l ize the imp o rt a n c e to t h ei r

re s e a rc he s o f a fi rs t h a n d equipme n t i n H ebrew a nd Aram a i c bu t -
.

th a t O ld Te s t a m e n t s c h ol a r s equ ipped with a k no w l edge o f th e s e

l a nguage s s h o u ld tu rn t o Ne w Te s t a me n t re s e a r c h a nd e n de a vou r ,

by prac ti c a l dem o ns tra tio n o f th e v a lue o f s u c h k n owl edge t o

s ub s t a n tiate th e truth of th i s th e s i s .

Thu s it wa s that th e write r tu rn ed s eriou s ly t o t a ckle th e

que s tio n o f th e origi na l la ng uage o f th e F ou rth Go s pel ; a n d
qu i c kly co nvi nc i ng h im s elf that th e theory o f a n o rigi na l Aramaic
d o cu me n t wa s n o ch imer a bu t a fa ct wh i ch wa s c ap a ble of the ,

fulle s t verifi ca ti o n s e t h i m s el f to c ol lect a nd cl a s s ify th e evide nc e I n

,

a fo rm wh i c h h e tru s t s may j u s tify th e re a s o nab le n e s s o f h i s O p i n io n

n o t merely t o other Aram a i c s c hol a r s bu t to a l l N ew Te s tam e n t ,

s cholar s wh o will t a k e th e p a i n s to foll o w out h i s a rgum e nt s .

I nqui ry i nt o the S e m itic ch a ra cteri s tic s o f a N ew Te s t a me n t

book h as n owad ay s t o t a ke a c cou n t of th e fac t th a t the great
m o der n di s coverie s of papyri a n d o s trak a i n Egypt h ave r e vo l u
S c h l t t e r Di S p
a h e n d H i m a t d es vi rt n E v ng l i t n
,
e ra c a w i t h wh i h t h
e e e a e s e c e

w ri t e r w s n c q i n t ed n t il he h d p r c t i lly c m p l e t ed t h e p re e n t t dy
a u a ua u a a ca o s s u .

S c h l t t e r h s de m ns t r t ed t h
a a P l e s t i ni n origi n o f t h e di t i n f t h e F u rt h
a e a a o c o o o

G p e l i n t h full e st p o i bl e m n n e r by i t i ng R bbi n i c p r ll el t i ts p h r s e
os e ss a c a a a s o a

l gy v ers e by v e rs e t h m jo rit y o f v e r e s t h r gh t t h w h o l e G p e l bei n g

o o , e a s ou ou e os

th us ill s t r t ed ( t h s e g i n h p ar ll e l a
u a u i t ed f p h ras e s i n 3 4 t f t h
. . c . 1 a s re c or ou o e

t t l 5
o a e r e s ) nd h i s w rk i m a rv e l f i n d s try a nd i n t i m t e k n w l edge
1 v s
,
a o s a o u a o

o f th M i d ras h i s rc e w hi c h he e m p l ys H e h s d r w n n o t fr m A r m i c
e c ou s o . a a ,
o a a ,

b t fr m R bbi n i c H eb re w t h
u o a Me c h i l t ( c o m m e nt ry n E d s ) n d S i p h é — e a a o xo u a r

( c m m e n t ry n N m be rs n d De ut e ro n my ) w hi h d a t e i n s bs t a nc e fro m t h
o a o u a o c u e

2 nd e n t ry A D w i t h s pp l em e n ts fro m t h M id r s h R bb a ( o n t h P e n t t e c h
c u . .
,
u e a a e a u

a nd t h F v e Megi ll o t h )
e i H ch s e s t he s e R bbi n i c H eb re w p r ll e ls r t he r
. e oo a a a a

t h an t h A r m a i c m t e ri l w hi h w
e a
p o ss es s a
g i n th P al e s t i n i n T l m u d
a c e e . . e a a ,

be c use t h e fo rm e r n e rer i n d t e t t h F rt h G sp e l n d be t t e r ill tr t e

a a re a a o e ou o a us a

t h e re li g i o s t h gh t f P l e s t i ia n J d a i sm i n t h fi rs t c e nt ry ; b t s he re m rk s
u ou o a n u e u u , a a

(p ny p h r s e e m p l yed i n R bb i n i c H eb re w l g ge f S h l
. a a
( t h n o o t h o s) a e a ua e c o

c ou l d w i t h t di ffi c l ty be i m i l rly e p re ss ed i n Ar m a i c ( t h p p l r m ed i m
ou u s a x a e o u a u

o f s p ee c h i n P l e s t i n e S h l t t er l u s i n i s t h t t h wri t e r f t h G sp el ’
) a . c a s c o nc o a e o e o

w as P l e st i ni n wh o t h
a a gh t a n d po ke i n A r m i c and nly cq ired h i s G reek
a ou s a a , o a u

i n t h c o rs e o f h i s m i ss i o nary wo r k ( p
e u .

B 2
of h avi n g i n flue n ced i n s om e degree th e ch a racter o f Egyptia n
K o ri 53 A good exam ple o f s uch i nfl ue nce h as bee n u nwitti ngly
/7
“

Cf . d i i re m r k
th e ju c o us ee a s po f Dr i . Sw t ,
A poca l yps e2 . c x x v, n . 1

Th p re e t w ri e r w hi l e w e l m i g ll th l igh t t h t be t h r w th
‘
e s n t ,
co n a e a can o n on e

vo c a b l ry d y t f t h N w Te t m e t by t dy f t h G
u a an s n ax o e e E gy p t i
s a n a s u o e ra e c o - an

p p a y ri d i
, p r
an t i l r t hn r e e r he
a f P r
cu a f D i m e P r f Th m b
s a c d s o o e ss an n, o . u , an

D J Hr . M lt de pre t e t h i d t i w h i h
. . ou o n, ca i t ee m t h i m i be i g
s e n uc on c ,
as s s o , s n

so m e wh t h t il y b ed a asp he m t h t t h G reek f t h N w Te t m e t h
as u on t ,
a e o e e s a n as

bee b t li gh ly i fl e ed by h f mili ri y f t h w ri t er w i h H eb re w d
n u s t n u nc t e a a t o e s t an

Ar m i a a cI t i p re ri t sm p re li t er ry d m e t wi t h
ca ou s o co ll e t i
a f a a o cu n a co c on o

p e r l
son a d b i e an l e t t er us n t d ss t he r e p he m e r l wri t i g ;
s, a c co u n s , li p i an o a n s s s n

w r d f rm t i
o -
o i ya on orw hi h t be e p e t ed i
n s nt a x t h l tte r c
p he a reme l o x c n e a , a re no na

in th f rm er d i f t hey fi d p l e t he re
e o ,
an ly be t tri b t ed t l ife l g
n a ac , ca n o n a u o on

h bi t f t h gh t M re e r i t re m i t be
a s o ou . o i de red h w f h q i
ov , a ns o c o ns o ar t e uas

S em i i ll q i li m f h p py ri
t c co o u a s t he m e l e
s o d t t e h i fl e e f th
a a re s v s ue o t e n u nc o e

l rge G reek p e k i g Je wi h p p l t i
a -
s a n f th De l S i m il rl y M r G C
s o u a on o e ta .
’
a , . . .

R i h rd i re i e w i g t h
c a s, n d edi t i
v fD M n lt G mm
e 2n f NwT t m t on o r. ou on s
’
ra ar o e es a en

G k i
ree th j n l f Th l gi l S t d i
e ou r n a o p 89 re m r k
eo o ca Th d i u es , x . 2 ,
a s :
‘
e s

c o ve r y f t h A o r m i p p
e y ri fr m A a e
a cm p h i ze a t h i p i t [ t h
o e i de e f
s s ua n as s s o n e v nc or

l rge Je w i h e t l e m e t i E gy p fr m
a s s t e rly d t e ] m t tr gly d e e
n s n t o an a a os s on ,
an v n

D i me ss
( Li h t
a nn m O t p 8
c 3 5) voi r
p p e r ed ts en , d m i t h . t t h ,
d n.p t i s a o a t a e a o on

o f i 6 (f m
f g 7 l eg l p hr e m y be d t S e m i i i fl e e i gr e r
ro as a a as a ue o t c n u nc
“
n au

V rze i t
o B t th i”
. V rze i t u r e ly be e rl ie r t h t h
s
“
o
” d f th
ca n s c a c f rt h a an e en o e ou

c e t ryn u N d bt i i p
B . C . ibl e
o he y h t i f rigi lly S e m i t i i m i
ou t s o ss ,
as sa s, t a o na a c s ,
t

m y a t h no e bee fel be av y l n ge r S h i fl e e t to so th an l g ge on . uc n u nc on e an ua

o f p p l ti
a o fr m i fl f e t tl e r i q i t e mm
u a on o an n uxD M o l m ke
s s s u co on . r. ou to n a s
 I NTRODUCTION 5

pre s e n ted t o u s by Pr o f De i s s m a n n ( LA E pp 1 2 9 Pf ) i n o ne of . . . .

two pa s s age s wh ich h e quote s fro m th e p apyri fo r th e expre s s

pu rpo s e o f p rovi ng th a t the parat a xi s s o ch a racteri s ti c o f the
’
Fou rth Go s pel with i t s a nd a nd i s n o t due t o Semiti c
,
‘
.
,

i n flue n ce but belo ng s to th e p o pul a r K o u f s tyle Th i s i s a lette r

,
a .

from two pig merch a nt s ( c A D 1 7 1 ) i n wh i c h th ey c o mpl a i n t o th e

- . . .

S tr a tegu s th a t they h a ve bee n att a cked by briga n d s a n d robbed

a n d be a te n d v px ju vwv fi n fw d b i / 1 9 ® e 3 A¢ i s O p i o r o v p p i d s
' ’

e o e c a Ka 1 7 . a ¢ e a e e o

5 6 r bv 5p 0 i EB no a v f w 3V i
'

p o v ér fik fla v i nt ei v ii py o f d;
’

r wc g
-
1 71 Ka xo Ka . 01 Ka

d k i n ( 1 2s f w i [ i]
' ’

oc u i
?p y k k
p am i WALO T a t s w aV
'

rt) w a Ka . a d;
/
' '
K a r
p a v ea r t a o v
p
én o fno a v '

r bv [ H a cr t w va
'

] Ka i , e o av i fip b fi a
ddl yX OL
p 58 [ ]
t ov a . Ka i éfi d o fm fa v
bv J Th e term h ere u s ed t o de s c ribe the
' ‘
il H
'

r f o a O LwI/
'

OS K t rt
‘
fwa
’
gu a rd o f th e towe r p a y So cfi fi Aa é embod ie s the o rdi n ary H ebrew , ,

’
word for tower m ig d ol ( o rigi na lly m ag d ol ) a nd i s th u s clear
‘
,
‘ ‘

evid e nce fo r J ewi s h i n flue nce upo n Egyp t ia n K o w j termi n ology r .

Y e t Prof M illig a n (New Tes ta m en t D ocu ments p

. referri ng to , .

th i s s ecti o n of D e i s s m a nn s work s tate s that h e h a s bee n a ble t o ’

,

prod uce ex a mple s o f s im ilar [t o the Fou rth Go spel ] parat a ctic
’
s e n te n ce s from s ou rce s wh ere n o S em i ti c i nfl u ence ca n be pr ed i ca ted
’
( th e it a lic s are th e pre s e n t writer s ); a n d s i m ilarly Pr o f M oult o n .

( C a m b r i dg e B i bl i ca l E ss ay s p 8
4 )6 rem a rk s Th o s e w h o s till fi n d , .
,
‘

Semiti s m i n th e s e plai n c o ordi nated s e nte nc e s [ o f th e F o urth -

G o s pel ] with their l a rge u s e of m i m ay be reco m me n ded to s tudy

, ,

the mo s t i ns tructiv e p a rallel s wh ich De i s s m an n h as s e t out & c ,

’
.

We cite th i s pa s s age merely as s ugge s ti ng th a t th e the o ry of

J ewi s h i nflu e nce up o n th e K m i of Egypt s o fa r from bei ng fa l s e o
,

o r n egligible m ay i n fa ct be s upported by c o n crete evide n ce draw n

,

from th e papyri them s elve s I t d o e s no t fol low o f cou r s e th a t t h e .

, ,

a po int of t h e ca s e of h W leWa l e s . S out h W le a s W e ls h is reg rded a by No rt a s

pe o pl e i feri r p t i be
as an e f h A gli i m w hi h
n o be ee t a o s cau s o t e n c s s, c a re to s n no

on l y i b rr w ed w rd b l i t r f e pre i
n o o I f t w m y
o
y h t
s u t a so n u ns o x ss o n . n ac e a sa t a ,

if h t ti e l
e g ge f wh l e d i ri t m y be r gly ffe ed by t h e try
na v an ua o a o st c a s t on a ct e n

o f li e wh le r i t
a ns d l e r i t b d ly
o
f ti i i
a nl g ge w hi h i ant th a n a
,
a or or s a an ua ,
c s no e

na ti e v b t t h m ed i m f
o ne , mm ui t i be t wee ti e
e d tr ge r li ke l y
u o co u n ca on n na v s an s an s,

to be m d i fi ed by l l who it S l D A T R be rt a A G mm f o use .
’
o a so r. . . o so n , ra ar o

th eGr eek Tes ta m e n t i n t h e l ig h t of h i sto r i ca l res ea rch

8 1
‘
T h e LX X ,
p .
9 :

h gh
t ou “
t a ns a t o n r ”
,
l i
wa s t a n s a tG reek l ed i n t t h e v e rn c l r f A l e n d ri
r o a u a o xa a,

a nd o ne can b t w
u de r i f on t h e LX X d i d n o t h a v e s m e s l igh t nd re s l ta n t o a u

infl u e e
nc upo n th Ale e d ri x an an K m i ts e l f Th e Je ws w e re v ery n m e r
o
’
v in . u ous

A le xan d ri a .
’
 I NTRODU CTION
par a t a ctic s tyl e o f th e pig m ercha nt s i s due to Sem itic i nfl ue nce ;
-

fo r as Pro f M ou lto n j u s tly ob s erve s ( N T

, . i p i n s peak i n g , .

of co ordi n atio n o f s e n te n ce s with s imple m l i n it s elf th e phe no

-
“ ,
‘

me no n prove s n oth i ng more tha n would a s tri ng of a n d s i n a n “

’ ’
E ngli s h r u s tic s s to ry elem e nta ry cu ltu re
—
Th e vice o f argu i ng .

from the ep i s tola ry s tyle of a n Egyptia n pig mercha n t o r th e -

s peech o f a n E ngl i s h ru s tic t o th e s tyle of the F o u rth G o s pel lie s

i n th e fact that the forme r are n o t i n pa r i ma ter i a with th e l a tter .

Th e theo ry o f eleme nta ry c ultu re wh ich s ati s fa ctorily explai ns th e

s tyle o f th e fo rmer i s ill appl ied to a work wh ich i n thought ,

s ch em e a n d executio n take s ra n k a s the greate s t literary produc

,

tio n o f th e N ew Te s tame nt a n d th e greate s t religiou s mo nu me n t

,

o f al l time .

So with other s tyl i s tic pecul iaritie s of the Go s pel s uch a s th e ,

freque nt us e o f Ca s us pend ens Th i s P rof M oulto n tell s u s i s

.
, .
,
‘

o n e o f th e e a s ie s t of a n acoluth a a s m uch a t home i n,

E ngli s h
a s i n Greek (N T
’
i p W e recog n ize the truth of th i s
,
.

s t a teme n t a s regard s colloqu i a l E ngl i s h e s pecially amo ng th e ,

s emi educated
-
We m ight be talk i ng t o a groom a nd it wou ld
.
,

be n atu ral for h i m t o s ay Th e ge n tlema n wh o u s ed t o ride that

,
‘

hor s e — h e lo s t h i s arm i n the war ’

P r o b a bly at time s we u s e
.

th e s am e ki nd o f a n acolutho n ou r s elve s i n ord i nary co nvers a tio n ;

but we d o not u s e it i n wri t i ng a book o r article wh ich we h ope
may be wo rthy to ra n k a s literature N or if we take th e whole .
,

N ew Te s tam e n t a s a fa ir s pecime n o f l iteratu re writte n i n th e K o m } ,

d o we fi n d a s a rul e more tha n very o c c a s io n al i n s ta nc e s of the

u s age I n the Fou rth Go s pel h oweve r it i s remark a bly freque n t
.
, ,

a nd it i s re as o n a bl e t o s eek s o me bette r re a s o n th a n th e s u p

p o s itio n th a t th e writer o f the fi n e s t p ie c e o f l iteratu re i n the N ew

Te s t a me n t wa s more tha n o rdi n arily i n fected with c olloqu i ali s m .

N ow th ere i s a lite ra tu re i n which both th e u s age s wh ich we

h a ve bee n n o ti c i ng — parataxi s a nd Ca s u s pend ens a re n o t th e —

m a rk s of l a ck o f educatio n but commo n ph e n ome na o f the be s t

writi ng s tyle na mely th e l iteratu re of Sem itic s pe a ki ng people s
, ,
-
.

I f th e n the s e two characte ri s tic s of th e s tyle o f the Fou rth G o s pel

, , ,

o nly s el e c ted by way o f ex a mple fit i n with n umer o u s other,

ch a racte ri s tic s wh ich poi n t t o tra ns latio n from a Sem itic l a ng ua ge ,

their evide nc e as part o f o u r proof that th e G o s pel i s s uch a

 INT R ODUCTION 7

tra ns latio n i s no t i n th e s l ighte s t degree i nva lid a ted by the fac t

t h at par a llel s c a n be adduced from the n o n li t erary a n d ephemeral -

type of docume n t wh ich we fi nd repre s e n ted i n the papyri .

A s a matter of fa ct we h ave l ittle cau s e to quarrel with Pro f

, .

M o u lto n at a ny r a te i n the cours e wh ich i s followed i n o u r

d i s cu ss i o n of the l a ngu age o f th e Fou rth Go s pel for h e l ay s ,

dow n a ca no n wh ich c over s a great p art o f the characteri s ti c s

wh i c h a re brought fo rward
‘ ’
I f we are s eek i ng h e s ays fo r
.
, ,
‘

evide n ce s o f Sem iti c birth i n a writer who s e Gree k betray s

deficie n t k no wledge o f th e re s ou rce s of the l an gu age we mu s t ,

n o t look o n ly for u s e s wh ich s trai n or actually co n trave n e th e

Greek idi o m W e s hal l fi nd a s ubtler te s t i n th e over u se of

.
-

lo c uti o ns wh ich c a n be defe n ded as good K o m ; G reek but h ave ,

their m o tive c learly i n thei r coi n cide n ce s wi th lo c utio ns of th e

’
writer s n ative to n gu e Thi s te s t o f cou rs e appl ie s o nly to Greek
.

wh ich i s vi rtu a lly or actually tra ns lated to th e H ebrai s m o f th e

—

LX X an d th e A ramai s m o f N ew Te s tame n t book s wh i c h are

either t ra ns lated from Ara mai c s ou rce s o r writte n by m e n wh o
’
t hought i n Aramai c a nd m o ved with little freedom i n Greek .

I t i s p r eci s ely th i s o ver u s e o f locutio ns c o i n cide n t wi th l ocutio ns

-

o f Ar amai c wh ich wi l l repeatedly be fou n d t o characterize th e

G reek o f th e Fou rth Go s pel .

From th e remark s wh i c h are occa s i o nal ly t o be e n cou nte red

i n boo k s a nd a rticle s de a li ng with th e Go s pel s i t would a ppear

th a t s ome amou n t o f v ague n e ss ex i s t s i n th e m i n d s o f m a ny no n

Semitic s c h o l a rs as t o th e exi s te nc e o f a cl ear di s ti n ctio n betwee n
Ar a mai s m s a nd H ebrai s m s By s o m e s chol a rs i n fa ct th e
.
, ,

que s ti o n of di s ti nctio n i s ig nored a n d th e t wo term s are u s ed ,

A gl ari n g i n
’

i n d i fle r e nt l y a s th ough th ey were sy n o nym ou s 1 .

'

’
s ta n ce O f th i s i s t o b e s ee n i n Prof S c h m i e d e l s remark s o n th e
.

origi n al l angu age of St M a rk s G o s pel i n E ncy c B i b] 1 8 7 0

.
’
Th e . . .
‘

la ngu age of h e s ay s H ebrai z e s s til l more s tro ngly th a n

,
‘

d o e s that o f M t N eve rthele s s th e c o mbi natio ns o f Alle n

.
,

E x os i
( p or 1 9 00 i pp 4 36 43) d o n o t prove th a t th e eva ngel i s t
t
, , , .
—

wr o te Aram a i c bu t o n ly th a t h e wrote a ki n d o f J e wi s h G reek

,

Ca m bri dg e B i bl i ca l E ss ay s , p 4 7 4
. . 1
‘
Cf
. l
Da m a n , W] .
pp . 1 8 f .
8 I NTRODUCTION
that he h ad derived from a readi n g o f the LXX Lk al s o h as . .

H ebrai s m s n o t o nly i n c h a p s 1 f bu t el s ewhe re a s well a nd

,
. .
,

n o t o n ly where he i s d epe n de n t o n M k or Mt but a l s o wh ere . .

h e had n o exempl a r b efore h im ( as fo r ex a mple ofte n a n d it , ,

“

i éy ev er o ; s e e H S
2
came to pa ss ”
p,
a n d yet n o o n e h old s
Ka
’
. .

’
Lk s writi n g t o be a tr a ns lati o n of a Sem itic origi n al
’
. .

I t i s s o m eth i n g of a feat to h ave crowded s o m a ny m i s co n

c e p t i o n s i n to th e s p a ce of a fe w li n e s M k doe s no t H eb rai z e . .

at a l l i n th e pr o pe r s e ns e o f the term bu t the fact that h i s G reek

exh ibit s a s tr o ng Aram a ic colou ri ng i s admitted by a l l Sem itic
‘
s c holar s who h a ve s tud ied th e s ubj ect though they d i fi e r as t o ,

whether thi s c o louri ng impl ie s actual tra n s latio n fro m a n origi n a l

Aramai c docume n t or i s merely due t o th e fa ct that th e a uth o r ,

wa s ill ver s ed i n Greek a nd accu s tom ed to th i n k a nd s pe a k i n

Aramaic Mk s J ewi s h G reek ca nnot h ave bee n derived from
. .
’ ‘ ’ ‘

’
a read i ng o f th e LXX fo r it exh ibits peculiari t ie s ( tho s e wh i c h ,

c o n n ect i t with Aramai c ) wh ich a r e n o t fou n d there while a t th e ,

s ame time the mo s t s triki n g H ebrai s m s of th e LX X are a b s e n t

from it The fact that Lk h as H ebrai s m s i s th e fi r s t a ccu rate

. .

s tateme n t wh ich Prof S c hmiedel m a ke s ; but he goe s o n at o n c e .

t o co nfu s e th e i s s u e agai n by equati ng the s uppo s ed H ebrai s m s ‘

wh ich are th e re s ult o f depe n de n ce upo n M k or M t with th o s e . .

wh ich are fo u n d i n pas sage s i n wh ich the a uthor h a d n o exemplar

’
before h im The fa c t a s reg a rd s th e M ar c a n s o u r c e i n Lk i s
. .

that the th ird eva ngel i s t h as m ad e s o m e attempt t o s m o o th aw ay

th e mo s t palpabl e s ole c i s m s but h as by n o mea ns carried th i s ,

o u t thoroughly o r co n s i s te n t ly ; c o n s eque n tly a n umber o f M arc a n

’
Aramai s m s ( n o t H ebra i s m s ) remai n i n Lk Th e p art s o f Lk .
*
.

As reg ard s hi h S h m iede l l m e i

Mt .
,
w c re t i i g c a so n t o ns as a sou c co n a n n

H eb r i m e m p l yed by Lk i e f r e t h Q d m e t w h i h i ed
’
‘
a s s o .
, . . o cou s e o cu n c s us

in co mm by Mt d Lk t h pre e w ri te r
on . an t l i m h e e m i ed i
.
,
e s nt ca n n o c a to av xa n n

de t i l i t t h q e t i f i
a n o e ig i l l g ge ( G reek A r m i ) N S e m i i
u s on o ts o r na an ua or a a c . o t c

sc h lr
o a h we e r t dy h p ge Mt
ca n , o v ,
Lk
s u wi h t su c a assa as . 1 0
26- 33
. t ou

a rri i g t t h l e r
v n a i i t h t w e i he r h e i i t h l i e r l t r l i
e c a c o nv c t o n a e t av n t e t a a ns a t o n

o f Ar m i
an ri gi l
a a c th t tho ip i i m b na f L rd i
,
or A r m i w e re
a e s ss a ver a o o ur o n a a c

br ded t h he rt f H i he re r d re p r d ed w i t h re e re i l e t i de
an on e a s o s a s an o uc a v nt a x ac tu

a m i g t i l t l t i Cf e p e i lly t h ph r e m) pq Oifi mé ( S e m i t i
o unt n o v r t ua ra n s a o n. . s c a e as s (
‘

e a
’
c

i t) f o i ft e r
a ve rs o n e r b fafe ri g ) by v y fi é a éy (
v f h i e o
p r e i a n ,
oa v oz
’
c . on t s x ss o n

e e M l t IVTG i p
v n ou o n, wv O bm w y .
( Mt
3
, Mi t r l i f
. o
’
v eZ
‘ ’
a ou . s a ns a t o n o an
 I NTRODUCTION
is a s u r e i n d i c a tio n that h e was s teeped with L XX i nflue nce , a nd

ve ry po s s ibly u n acquai n ted with H ebrew .

*

Mt . Mk . Lk . 20
4 54 7

’
n ar r ds 7 03
’
1 Tbr e b i Ad/h ya ev
I no oi3s 38 Ka i i v bt ba xj
j a br o ii 45
A nouo vr os bi
r o fs 6x1 t ow na i r o i s p a d q J ”00 01 3
’

rais i A ey ev '
Aa oii a w r oi s 111
“

i xer e d rrb r am 7 pa /1 /4 a r i wv
‘
0 67 03 Ai y wv aw 7 pa p p a r i wv 46
'
'
B AGfl GT G ‘
d m) r n
p oa

5 adrra d i p ya a br é w Oe xdv r wv n i pm a r i i v
’ ’
bi Gat or/ r ow b
’

r
'
7 5
b iv o r oAa i s rc v

uo wfi a m 17 p rd Gi a d i j
va t ni pm a r i i v na i iv a r o Aa fs it a l (
p t Ao r r b wv
d o na o y ovs
'

i i d y opa i s
'

ro s i d r flpénrocs '
wk a r é r o vo w d a n a a p oij s i v ra s i d yopa i s
'
v ra s

f
'

7 dp d fi m l n pwr orra d e bpi a s i iv

’
39 1 i n pwr ona ei
r ( v a /rr pt a a br énf iv ra s Ka bpt a s ra s
'
r onxw t a s
'
l b w d a i } it a l n wr o nAt m a s na i w
‘

ita
y a x vovo w ywya i s u
p
‘
pe r o vr a o vva ‘
'

y y p
‘

‘7 i
npd o rre ba r oi s bd rm/ ow bd rm/ ow,
fi t z xo fi m v bi i i r oi s
, p v na r v o na r
'

oi m a s aw
’
ds
’

)
'
1 1 V a
pwr onk w t a v i v r oi s
‘
i o ei c vr e s r ds oi m a s r i m e o d covo w r r

xq xq d y a xpd
'

rds l
'

bei m/ Ot s It a l n
pwr o pi bv nai
p pi
rr o< r a i t p a npd pcbv ita 1 r o<
p p ai t

i b Ai m
'
na d i bpt a s iv rai s b o br o r Ai m wpoo i uxovr a t ‘
o r ai
o vv " p o o i vx Oi ,

pi y a
’
7 rea r obs d t ovr at r epro a br i
l
a ar ya fs
y
'
d o ua o p obs r
pm/ r a t wi
pt o o r i por npz p a .
p po v n .

iv i d y opa i s,
’

ra s a rk .

Th e s tat em e nt s Mk
be l e rly re g i zed i Mt e e p t f
of . in vv . ca n c a co n n .
,
xc or

aw 9 0 6 i w h i h ee m be p r p h r e f l p y
'

r i w pm
1/ e i v a r o xa s i ar i u, c s s to a a a as o it a a a

Ad w d pd m b
vo vo Mt r
3 I n f Mk o h we e r w m ee t w i t h t w
a , . 2
5
. n v .
4°
o .
, o v , e o

t t e m e t w hi h d
s a n s ee m t hey t d t c e t t he m el e di re t ly w i t h
o not s ,
as s an ,
o c o nn c s v s c

an yt h i g i Mt N i i g h w e e r t h t t h e d f t he e p e k f p y
n n . ot c n ,
o v ,
a e s co n o s s a s o ra er,

w b e r e t h t h N w H b d A r m t e rm f p x iyp ( Mt 3 ) i
e o s v a t e e e . an a . or ( v a xr ta . 2
5
s

t phi l l i
e
wh i h pr p e rly m e
n,
p rc ye r T h t he
o r e i p i i r e e m bl e a ns a s us s a s us c ous s a nc

be t wee t h t w t t e m e t m ke br d he ir p h y l t e ri e
n e o s a d m ke l g
n s,
‘
a oa t ac s
’
an
‘
a on

the ir p r yer N w t h e rb A h w i re dered i P e h by ( M

a s
’
. o e v n a r z / o vo s n n s .
2 ,

d P y e S mi t h i h i Th q t e i t e i w hi h t h i A p h e l ‘
an a n n s es a u ru s uo s ns a n c s n c s

‘
m ke b r d a w e ll h P el
oa
’
, k g h as h e e m k b as ( e g t e a
‘

“ ,
as t e s ns
‘
a e ver os e
’
. .

S e er v Ale d ri
us Rh t i xan
79 ( 3 J nu s, l f he w i he t bee o r ca , v. , 3
e
s s o

I t i li ke l y he ref re t h t rig i l fi ni gsn P3 5 79 ! W h m ke

s
'
, t o
,
a an o na " ‘
o a

b r d t he ir p hy l e ri e ri gh ly re de red i Mt p p e r i M k d Lk i t h
oa ac t s
’
,
t n n .
, a a s n . an . n e

m i tr s l ti w h m ke e rb e t he ir p r ye r
an s a on
‘
It h
o l d h re m rked h t
a v os a s
’
. s ou e a t a

P 553 “ i t t h rd i
s ry A m
no i w r d f e
p yeo r na b t i t m i gh t ra a c o or
‘
ra s
’
u

be i t e rpre t ed by r l t r w h w w re f t h i m e i g f t h t erm
so n a t a ns a o o as a a o s an n o e

i n Ne w H e b.

Th e w ri t e r be li e e t h v s h i gge i
at t mi de r di g f P59 1 ) i
s su st o n a s to a sun sta n n o ? s

no t his o wn , b u t h as a lre dy bee m de ; t h gh he

a t re ll t wh m n a ou c a nn o ca o o

ac k wl edge m e i d
no nt s ue . H i h i m e l f re p
e i bl e f p i t i g t t h
s ri t s s o ns or o n n ou e va an

me i g f h erb l f rm
an n s o t e v a o .

T h t S t L ke w H e ll e i t i J w
a d t
. Ge t il e w l d b p r fr m
u as a n s c e an no a n ou e— a a t o

ot he r e i de e t h r ry h v t r l ded
nc i fr m h f h t t h LX X
to e c o nt a — t e na u a uct o n o t e act t a e

h l red h i G reek ty l e i
a s co o u m ked degree ; i e t hi re ly i m p li e t h t
s s n so ar a s nc s su s a

he w b r gh t p p t h G reek B i bl e H d he bee
as ou Ge t i l e d t
u u on e . a n a n ,
an no

c o nve rt ed t Chri t i i y i l he w gr w m h i G reek y l e w l d

o s an t u nt as a o n a n, s st ou

p re m b l y h su e bee lre dy f rm ed d w l d t h e t ke
a av LX X n a a o an ou no av a n on a
 I NTROD UCTION 1 1

The followi ng s triki n g H ebr a i s m s occurri ng i n Lk m ay s erve to .

’
illu strate th e t ru e mea n i ng of th e term H ebrai s m vi z a c o n , .

s tructio n or wo r d u sage fou n d i n B i bl i ca l H ebrew wh ich h as bee n

-

copied i n tra ns latio n by th e LXX a nd h as come th rough LXX ,

i nflue nce i nto N T Greek . .

1 .i ntroduci ng a time determ i n ati o n The u se o f a}

’
i y ev er o ! -
.
l

A nd it c ame to pa s s i s i n s uch a c a s e very idiomatic i n H ebrew ,

a n d th e LXX equ iv a le n t i s Afte r the re ’

i y ever o o r i yi v r o Si
’
‘
Ka e e .

fo llo ws th e no te of ti m e or occas i o n wh ich m ay tak e variou s form s , ,

s uch as

I n fi n itive with p repo s it io n 3 e g B S D? whe n they

An . .
‘

c a m e ( l it i n th eir com i n g
. L X X i v r ? i l t eefv br o bs
‘
t a
‘
.

A n I n fi n itive with prepo s itio n 3 ; e g 13253 3 at th eir comi ng . .

LX X ( i) ; ( ) fi
'
or fi w xa l t d ov .

(
7 17 5 3
or ) wh e n with a Perfect ;
”3
e g ‘
W 3 wh e n
’
. .
‘

th ey came LX X i ; ( or fi vi ) 7X90V
’
( ) xa 7 .

A Pa rticiple Ab s o lut e with pr o n o m i n a l or nom i nal s ubj ect ;

’
LX X a imaw px0p vwv
’
e g U S ? “ 799 they ( were ) c o m i ng
. .
‘
z
-
e
’
e .

A s pecific n o te of time ; e g Di ’fl
o n th e third d ay

LXX ( a ) T fi fl flf P‘} 7 5 may ; mp ; new rap after th ree

. .

’ ‘

day s LX X ner d i mi p s r p fs a e .

Afte r thi s come s th e ap od os i s wh ich i s mo s t freque ntly ( th ough ,

’
by no mea ns i nvariably) i n troduced by a nd the n e g
‘ ‘
. .

i ts? ) a nd they s aw = LX X ( i ) ei dov ( LX X o fte n om i t s m i )

‘ ’
Ka ,

N: a nd behold th ey s aw
‘
LXX a i 28m) ei So v o r s imply ’
"

, K
, ,

i t“ they s aw
,
‘ ’
LXX I v Th e s ubj ect o f th e a podo s i s may ( .

o f cou r s e v a ry fr o m that of th e time determi n atio n ( whe n th i s -

W“ N3 ! 5 51 5?
.

latter embodie s a s ubj ect ) ; e g ”

A nd . .
‘

it came to pas s as they came th a t ( lit a n d a m an we n t out

, ,
.
‘

c o ou l ri n g ra t e t o t h e e x t e nt t h t i t h s W d o h w e ve r po ss e ss o t he r
, at a ny a a . e ,
o ,

n d a pp re n t ly c n t ra ry e v i de n c e i n t h f t th t S t P l i n Co l 4 pp e r
1 4
a a o e ac a . au . a a s

e pre s sly t di st i ng u i s h h i m fro m t h s e f t h ir c m i si n p re i o sly m e nt io n ed

x o
‘
o o e c u c o v u

( v
n
).
; a n d t hi s i s t ke n by m o s t s c h l a rs s ch
a s Dr Ligh t fo t ( C l i an o ,
u a . o o os s s,

p 2 39 ) a n d D
. P l mm er ( S t L k
r. p u i ) s c o n cl i ve e vide nc e t h t he w
. u e, . x x , a us a as

o f G e n t il e o rig i n t h la t t e r s c h o l r g i n g s o f
, e t ma i n t i n Th t he was
a o ar as o a
,
‘
a

o rigi n ll y a he t he n m y be t ke n as
a a e rt ai n S c h a ve rdi c t h w e ve r s rely
a a c u ,
o ,
u

ign re s t h e i m po rt nt cri t eri n f s ty l e ; nd p e rh p t h ncl u i o n wh i c h be t

o a o o a a s e co s s

s ti s fi es t h e
a n fli c t i n g e vi de n e i s t h t he m y h v e bee n
co p r e
c l y t e fr m h ia a a a os o s

y t h a nd h ve m e e r t Ch ri t i n i ty fr m J d i m
ou a co ov o s a o u a s .
 INTRODUCTION
to meet them o r xx IN F m A n d it cam e t o ‘
5? mgq ‘

p as s t h
,
e y ( were ) comi n g a n d b e h o l d a m a n g o i n g o u t to meet them
, , ,
.

I ns ta n ce s o f th i s H ebrew co ns tructi o n with time determ i na tio n ,

-

i v 7 6) ( I n fi n itive) a n d a podo s i s i n tr o duced by t m ay be s ee n i n Ka ,

Lk .
9
1 5
,
without t L k 1 2 Ka
,
.
8
,
6
,

W i t h time determi na tio n ws ( Aori s t) a nd with o ut ,

m l i n apodo s i s Lk ,
W ith s pecifi c n ote o f tim e a nd
.
,

m
m l i n apodo s i s Lk 8 Act s 5 withou t Ka t Lk 1 2
,
7
.
‘
, ,
.
59
,
1 6
,

1
20 .

There are be s ide s s om e c a s e s i n Lk a nd m a ny mo re i n A c t s .

, ,

i n wh ich the verb o f the apodo s i s i s n o t a n A o ri s t but a n I nfi n i ti ve .

Th i s modifi c atio n o f th e co ns tru c tio n wh ich i s n ot fo u nd i n ,

H ebrew a nd o n ly o ccu r s o n ce i n LX X ( 3 Kg s
, B ) c a n be .
,

para l leled fro m th e p a pyri I t s eem s therefo re i n Lk a n d A c t s . .

t o be a modificatio n o f th e H ebr a ic c o n s tructio n u n der the i n

flue n c e of a k now n K o unj co n s tructio n ( cf Thackeray Gr a mm a r .

,

cf th e O T i n Gr eek p
5 32 3
. . So Lk 6 Act s 4 9
, . .
1
,
3* 7
,

‘
1 6
s
,
28
17
I t may be n oted that i n s o m e o f the s e
.

exampl e s vi z Act s 9 , 22 .
7
th e n ote of time o r occa s io n 61
,

h as bee n variou s ly m o dified s o a s to lo s e i t s clear cut H ebrai c -

fo rm . I n oth er ca s e s viz Lk 1 6 22
Act s 1 1
2
,
28 it i s . .
,
6
,
8
,

altogether ab s e n t Th i s i s qu ite u n H ebraic H ebrew m igh t s ay

.
-
.

’
“Q t! A n d the poo r m an died with o u t n ote o f time except
‘
,

as i n fe rred from the co n text and or i n s erti ng ‘

,

n ote o f time , m?l ”Tl “ A n d i t cam e to p a s s after ‘

,

s ome time ( l it from th e e n d of d ay s

.
“
th a t ( lit a nd th e poor .
“

m a n d ied ; it would n o t s ay l l 3 § n flD l U:l = i y i ver o B i d o da v w

’ ’ ’ ’
rr e
T ?
"

f o r m x ov ( Lk
a Th e rea s o n why St Lu ke modified h i s
. .

G o s pel s tyle i n th i s re s pect i n A c t s dem a n d s i n ve s tigatio n I t

-
.

would s eem t o imply a n o t i n co ns ider a ble i nterval bet wee n th e

two w o rk s duri ng which h i s wid er i nter c ou rs e wi t h Gen tile
,

h e a th e n i n th e c ou rs e of h i s m i ss io na ry labou r s exerci s ed a n
i nfl ue n ce o n h i s s tyle .

Out s ide Lk a n d Act s éy v ro i n troduci n g a time dete r m i natio n i s

.
’
e e
- -

o nly fo u n d i n th e fi ve tim e s repe a ted ph r as e i i yev o ar e r k a ev

-
Ka .
'
'
er
’
e
’
e e

1 70 089 i n M t 7
7 1 3
3
. a nd a l s o i n M t
28
,
Mk 5
,
. .

“
4 ( cf . I n S em itic i t i s s pecifi c a lly a co n s tructi o n bel o n gi n g to
Wi t h t i m e -
de t e rm i t i
na on before i y i ui r o.
 I NTRODU CTION 1
3

B ibli ca l H ebrew, a ndfo u n d i n Aram a ic ex c ept wh ere th i s

no t

l a n gu age copie s th e H eb rew co ns tructio n i n tra n s l a tio n a s i n the ,

Ta rgum s .
*

The s e fac t s prove th a t i n the co n s tru c tio n u n der d i s cu s s io n we

h ave a tru e H ebr a i s m whi c h c a n o n ly h a ve e n tered i n to N T , . .

G reek th rough th e i n flue nce o f th e LXX I ncide n t a lly i t s ab s e nce .

,

from J n tell s ag a i ns t the u se o f the LXX by th e writer o f th i s

.

G o s pel .

2 E n forceme n t of verb by c o g n ate s ub s ta ntive i n Dative W he n

. .

H ebrew de s i re s t o emph a s i z e a verbal idea it prefixe s the I nfi n i t ive ,

Ab s o lute to th e Fi n i te verb I n LX X th e place o f the I n fi n itive .

i s c om m o n ly t a ke n by th e cog na te s u bs ta n ti ve i n th e D a ti ve ; e g . .

G e n 2 1 1 3 nl D Th o u s halt s u rely d i e ( lit dyi n g thou s h a lt d ie )

7 1 ‘ ’ ’
1.
13 1 .

LX X H v fr w d rro da v o fl J udg 1 5a
3
a 3331333 fi WDN J fi D N Q “ 5 et e, .
1 ‘

W? W ) N 5 m a m Nay bu t we will bznd th ee ( l it bi n di n g we will bi n d

, , .
‘

’ ’
thee ) a n d deliver thee i nto thei r h a n d bu t we will n o t s l ay thee ,

( lit s layi n g we will n o t s l ay thee LX X v i n 61 W

‘ ’ "
. Sea / t) i , a .

81 70 0i ( 7 6 Ka i na
p bwoaop i v 06 i v xet pi . a vr wv, Ka i 9 a va r w
. ou Ga va r tbo ol t i v
(7 6. alter n a tive method employed by LX X i s th e re n deri ng of
An
the I n fi n itive by a P a r ti ci pl e ; e g J udg 1 WWI” N5 Wfi l m a n d
28
. . .
‘

’ ’
d id n o t exp el them at all ( lit a nd expelli ng did n o t expel them ) .

LX X i i fou pwv
’ '
Ka . 01 3K i gfi p ev o br o v .

No ex a mple s of
th e s e c o n d form o f th e idi o m are fou nd i n N T . .

except i n th e LX X qu o t a tio n s M t Mk Ac ts 7 34
but the . .
,

fi rs t o c c ur s th ree time s i n th e Lu c a n l itera tu re ; viz Lk 2 2 m . .

1 5
e

01 ) ; ni n ebnno A c t s 5 n pa yy k i a n pnyy a h nev Act s 2 3

28
va d i n r t
“
' 3
e a ,
a e a a , a a

0
d ve fi p a r fo p v ( c f a l s o Act s 2 3p m?
e a e . El s e where i n N T 3
. .

we fi n d i t o n ly i n M t 1 5 M k 7 ( both 0 T quot a ti o ns )
0
.
“
.
1
. .
,

J n 3 x pg xa p et J a s 5 wpoo vxjj po m yvf r o

29 "
" ' '
. a . t , . e 7r a .

Th i s e n forceme n t o f th e verb al i dea by th e I n fi n itive wh ile fo u n d ,

‘
o c ca s io n ally i n oth er Sem i t ic l a nguage s ( c f Babylo n i a n ed i l u l id i i .

1 51 56 5 wh e n they a re c o m
’
‘
let it be ever ne w ; Syri a c .
‘

p l e t e l y vict o ri o u s i s peculiarly ch a ra c te ri s ti c of B iblical H ebrew 1 .

Cf D l m n W] p 3
. a a , . . 2 .

1 A t 1 7
w h i c h c rs i n n O T q o t t i n fr m
’
‘
i
c s w i
2 dfi vv n ot s vv nvca o o o vr a c
,
o cu a . . u a o o

J el ( 3 i n H b ) i di ffe re n t th b t n t i v e re pre e nt i n g t h g n t e A c c sa t iv e
o 1 e . s , e su s a s e co a u

b FDSD: DIE SE LX X i b w i
'
in H e . t dl L
v n a vv n u aa r a o vr a t .

2: A c rdi ng t
2 c o D l m n ( Wj p 3 4 ) i t i s q i t
o a k n w n i n t h P l e ti n i n
a . .
'

u e un o e a s a

A r m i c f t h Je w
a a o
p r t fr em t h H eb r i zi n g
s, ar e n de r i n g af t h T rg mos e a o e a u .
1 4 INTRODUCTION

3 . Use m place f
o f n po o r i e
o m a w o r a s im ila r adve rb iu
.n in
im it a tio n o f H ebrew W P ) “ h e added t o do s om eth i ng i e h e d id ‘
, . .

i t ag a i n Th ere are two c o n s tructio n s i n H ebrew : ( I ) th e auxili a ry

verb ‘TDl fl m ay be fo llo wed by a n I n fi n itive with p repo s iti o n 5
’
,

:
“ hf/ 22 5
a n d they a dded t o d o that wh i ch wa s
‘
e g:.
35 0 )

evil ( i e th ey ag a i n d id it
’
. .
‘
LX X K i n poa i e vr o n o zfi o c r d a . e a

’
o r ( 2 ) it may be fol lowed by a nd with
6 ‘
” ma y J u dg ,
1 0 .

5
a Fi n ite verb e g tytt D31
n ” 3 3 3 3 8 33 1 A n d Ab r a h a m ad ded a n d
,
. .
‘

’
took a wife ( ag a i n took o r took a second ) LX X wpo o b p evos
’ ‘ ‘
e
’

5
Gen 39 i A nd E lih u
’ ‘
i A B p dp i k flev y vva i
'

a . a xa , .

a dded a n d s a id LX X H p00 9 €i § Si E ) um39 i n My e J ob Both ’ ’

r,

o f th e s e co n s tructio n s o c c u r i n th e Lu c a n lite ratu re : ( 1 ) a t 1 rp oo i «

i nt/f a t , Lk
'
H er o i r epo v “
tr i m/f a t 8ofi o Ka i
. n
p oo i der o r
p t r ov fl .

wpoa i eer o M a B ei v i U i r pov Act s 1 2 ( 2 ) 71 70006 6 2; ( i 3

fi l tfi v,
'

rr e v n a a o
Ov Ka
p
'

Lk . Th e u s age i s n o t fou n d el s e where i n N T . .

*

50
Lk pfi n
48
4 Th . e ph ra s e na
p l m ) i ; pj
e i r vnv
7 8 a 671 1 1
7 6 sis ei i v v , .
, ,
“

M k 5 ( no whe re el s e i n N T ) i s derived from th e LX X re n deri n g

.
34
. .

1 K g s 2 0 ( LX X
”
o f the H eb r ew c f 1 Sam I . .
,
.

2 Kg s 1 Ch r
. Tob J u dith 8
.
25
The H ebrew prepo s i . .

tio n 5 i s here i ncorrectly give n th e s e ns e i s wh ich it commo nly e

po ss e ss e s I t i s re a lly a n idiom atic u s a ge k n ow n a s 5 of norm

.
,

13552 5?thu s m ea n i n g l it pea ce wi s e or health wi s e i e i n peac e.

- -
. .
‘

o r health Th e ph ra s e belo ng s d i s ti n ctively t o B iblical H ebrew .

Th e Targum H ebra ize s i n C opyi ng i t i n tra ns l a tio n but i n th e ,

Pe s h i tt a the r egul a r re n deri ng i s Edi -5 \i i e r opa l ov i v e ipfivn ,

. . .

Th e exp re io v n t ov i s peculiarly ch aracteri tic f L k

'

5 . s s n i so o r .

( 2 3 tim e s ) Act s ( 1 3 ti, me s ) a n d Apoc wh i c h i s marked by an , .

H ebraic s tyle ( 34 time s) I t i s d erived from LX X where it i s .

extremely c o mmo n ( s ome hu n dred s o f o ccu rre nce s) a nd o rdi n arily ,

’
repre s e n t s H ebrew before ( lit to th e face or
‘
.
‘

’
i n th e s igh t o f ( lit t o th e eye s i v nrt o v i s o n ly fou n d o n ce
‘
‘ '
. u

in Jn . a n d i s u n u s ed i n M t an d M k I n the s e G o s pel s we . .

fi nd i p rrpo a d ev which al s o occur s i n Lk ,

.

i va vr t ( Lk 1 Acts i va vr o v ( Lk 1
19 6
.
8
,
20 24 Acts '
t .
, ,

exclu s ively Luca n i n N T are b o th very com m o n i n LX X whe r e . .

, ,
’
th ey ord i na rily re n de r i n th e s ight o f ( lit i n th e eye s ‘ ‘
.

C f h we e r
. o v th e t e xt of D in Mk . 1 4
95
,
o b l “ ) wpoo oa m ci v
’

.
 INTRODU C TION 1 5
’
i e i n th e opi ni o n of
. .
‘
H ebrew al way s o b s erve s a d i s ti nc tio n .

’
i n th e ( phy s ic a l ) s igh t of a nd i n the ( me n t a l ) ‘
betwee n ‘
,
’
s ight O f The s a me di s ti ncti o n may be n oti ced fo r the mo s t pa rt
.

i n th e N T u s e o f év n wv a nd év vn o v
’ ’
. . u r a .

I n place of th e di s ti n ctively H ebr a ic expre s s i o n s m tg ”

,

-
Ar a m a ic u s e s 01 9 before i n fro n t o f :
‘ ‘ ’
.

6 The phr a s e m?) po a 3 o v wh i c h i s a comm o n LXX re nderi ng

. 7 7r
'

u 7r ,

Of o c c u rs i n th e O T qu o t a tio n M k 1 Mt Lk . . .
2
. .

a nd o n ly be s ide s i n Lk
‘
Acts 35 0 ”
’
I O 6e p cr n o v .
,
1 r o u r

“
i n LXX i s fo u n d i n Act s 2 Th e s s 1 Ap o c 20 .
9
, .

( d 7ro 7 053 7r 57ri . 7r

pd o w7 rov Lk . 21
35
, 597 i . 7r
p o o u 7ro v 3 A Ct S 1 7
26
,
a re LX X
re n deri ngs of
o wh ere
ev , Lk el e in
'

7 Th e ph r a s e r ?) wpéo wm v jp (
’
. e cr n
9 w s . n

N T ) i s derived fr o m LXX
. .
, wh ere it re n der s H ebrew
’ 8 7
s e t th e fa ce (J er E zek
‘
. . 1 4 ,
1 5 ,

8 . M p fld vew ccu r s 9 time s i n LXX

wpé o wwo v, Lk . Gal . 2
6
o

a s th e re n deri n g o f H ebrew NE W? t a k e or l ift up th e fa ce o f ‘ ’

a ny s how h im p a rti a l ity i n judgeme n t M ore comm o nly .

thi s ph ra s e i s re n dered i n L X X by H w i i a n wpé cm n v Th e a a » ro .

Sem iti c ph ras e o ccu rs i n Aram a ic as well a s i n H ebrew Th e .

N T s ub s t a ntive s wp oa wwo k jp m s a re s pecte r o f per s o ns ( A c t s

. . r
’

’
nml i a ( Rom Eph 6 C 01 3 J as p a rtial ity are 9 35 ‘
n o o wwok
p / . .
,
.
,
.
,

de rived fr o m th e L XX H ebr a i s m .

9 Th . e u s e o f th e verb 8& 3p i n a w ider r a n ge of s e n s e s w h i c h ,

’ ’ ’ ’
may be re n dered pu t set a pp o i n t al low & c a ppe a r s i n ,
‘
,
‘ ‘
,
.
,

N T to be exclu s ively Luc a n ; c f Lk 7 1 2

. .
1
1 9 A cts 2 . .
5 53
,
23
,
1 9

( qu o t a ti o n fr o m J o el 2
2
1
3 ( b o t h quot a ti o n s from H S
7
,
35

Thi s u s age come s from L XX wh ere 858mm i s the regu lar

re n deri ng o f H ebre w $ 133 wh ich me a n i n g prim a rily give i s regu ,
‘ ’
,

l a rl y u s ed al s o i n s uch wider s e ns e s Cf t h e LXX re nderi ng i n . .

20
Gen 3030 0) wi r e Gen 31 7
5 96 59
'
38mm ] !
’
. 1 7 }! ( is ue
, y a, . OIJ K a n t) i '

?
De u t
Deut ‘3
i d vdpa s
23
'

fi d pxov 803m 367 6 5

' ’

4
'

K a x o n oz 2 v I e a v ro s
‘
0 0 3 01 9 ,
'

o at e,
y . . e

7 6V ma y o » O ov Such i n s t a nce s m ight be i ndefi n itely m ultiplied

, '
. .

The s e example s s hou ld s erv e cle a rly to i llu s t ra te th e c h a ra c ter

of N T H ebr a i s m s derived fro m th e G reek of th e LXX W e
. . .

o b s e rve th a t they are ch a r a c teri s tic a lly Lu ca n a n d i n s o me c a s e s

,

ex c lu s ively s o O ther N T H ebra i s m s m ay be fo u nd i n the

. . .

Greek o f the Apocalyp s e ( cf Dr Ch a rle s s Com me n t a ry I ndex I I ) . .

’
, ,
 I NTRODUCTION

a nd the s e o we th ei r origi n t o a di ffere n t c au s e vi z fi rs t h a n d ,

.
-

imit a ti o n of B iblic a l H eb rew tyle a c a u s e wh ich wa s perh a p s

s —

al s o ope ra tive i n th e B irth n a rrative of Lk Th e M a rca n

-
.

Aram ai sm s c o llected by Ca n o n Al le n i n th e articl e m e n tio n e d by

Pr o f Sch mied el a re wholly d i ffere n t i n character ; a nd th e s tate
.

‘
m e n t th a t they o n l y p rove that th i s eva ngeli s t wr o te a k i n d of
J ewi s h G reek th a t h e h a d derive d from a re a d i ng o f th e LX X i s
‘

’
m o s t m i s le a di ng F o r ex a mple o n e of Ca n o n Al le n s m o s t
.
,

s tri k i n g Ar a m a i s m s i s th e ve ry freque n t us e o f the H i s tori c

Pre s e n t i n Mk wh ich h e righ tly a s cribe s t o th e i n flu en ce o f th e
.
,

Aram aic u s age o f the Participle i n n arrative ( c f pp 8 7 If o f th e . . .

pre s e n t v o l um e ) H o w c o ul d th i s u s age h a ve bee n derived from

.

readi ng the LXX whe n as Si r J o h n H awki ns h as s how n ( H S )

, ,
?

p. it i s th ere comparatively r a re The total occu rre n c e s i n

th e whole LX X a re 33 7 a n d o f th e s e 232 o c c u r i n th e fo ur B ook s
,

o f Ki ngd o m s leavi ng o n ly 1 05 for th e whole o f th e re s t o f th e

,

L XX . O ut o f th e 232 i ns ta n ce s i n the fou r book s o f K i ngdom s ,

t h e Fir s t B ook I S a m u e I) co n t a i ns very n e a rly two th i rd s -

,

viz 1 51 wh ich happe n s t o be ex a ctly th e s am e n u mber as M ark

.
,

co n t a i ns But the n I K i n gd om s exceed s M ark i n l e ngth by

.

abou t o n e th ird a s m ay be s ee n by compari ng th e t wo b o o k s i n

-
,

th e p a ge s o f a ny E ngli s h Bible e g i n the R V m i n io n 8 vo — . . . .

1 88 5 i n wh i c h 1 S a m occupie s 2 6 page s
, . a n d M ark ( withou t th e ,

Appe n dix ) abou t 1 5 p age s a nd a h a l f C o ns eque n tly it appear s .

th a t th e h i s toric p re s e nt s a re s c a ttered c o ns ide rably more thickly

over th e page s of th e l a tter th a n O f th e fo rmer th e average t o ,

a page be i n g i n I Sam
’
a bout 6 a nd i n M a rk betwee n 9 a n d 1 0
.

l oo ci t ) M ore o ver the s a m e s chol a r h as proved i n the mo s t

. .
, ,

co nc lu s ive m an ne r i n deali n g with th e Sy n opti s t s a n d th e LXX

, ,

th at M a rk i s co ns iderably th e le a s t fa m iliar with th i s ver s i o n ,

M a tthew o c c upie s a n i ntermedi a te p lace wh ile Luk e s h o ws mo s t ,

fa m ili a ri ty with it ( H S pp 1 9 8 if )
2
. .

Th e m a rki ng o f the di s ti nc ti o n betwee n Aramai s m s a nd

H ebrai s m s m ay thu s be s ee n to be a m atter o f fu n d a me n t a l
i m porta n c e to o u r i n qu iry I f Aramaic a nd H ebrew were s o
.

s im il a r i n s tru c ture a nd ph r a s e o l o gy th a t clo s e t ra n s l a ti o n s made

from th e t wo l a ngu age s o r o rigi n a l Greek compo s iti o n s i n flu e n c ed

,

by their s tyle w ere p ra c ti c a lly i nd i s ti ngu i s h a ble the n it migh t n o t

, ,
1 8 I NTRODUCTION
W hether th e M a rca n Ara m a i s m s prove actual t ra ns l a tio n from
an origi n a l Aramaic docu me n t a s di s ti n ct fro m the vi rtu a l t ra ns l a ,

tio n o f a writer wh o th ough u s i ng G reek a s h i s mediu m o f expre s

,

s io n i s c a s ti n g h i s word s i n th e Aramaic m o u ld wh ich i s more

,

fa milia r t o h im i s a que s tio n wh ich s till rem a i n s O pe n

,
Th e .

pre s e nt writer co m pari ng the evide nc e for a n Aramaic M arca n

,

docum e n t with th a t wh i ch h e h im s elf adduce s i n th i s volum e fo r

a n Ar a mai c F o urth Go s pel feel s th at th e ca s e for th e fo rmer i s n o t ,

o f equal c oge n cy with that fo r th e l a tte r To a l a rge exte n t a s i s .

,

n atu r a l th e evide n ce fo r th e two work s ru n s upo n i de n t ic a l li n e s

,

a n d h ere th e argu me n t fo r J n i s materially s tre ngth e n ed by th e .

parallel u sage s o f M k Th ere i s howeve r a s t il l larger m as s o f .

, ,

evide n ce wh ich Ca n be c ited for J n to which n o adequate a nalogu e .

ex i s t s i n M k Ex a m i natio n o f th e u s age s d i s cu s s ed i n th e pre s e n t

.

volum e will be fou n d to yield th e followi ng re s u l t s :

Us ag es comm on to jn . a nd Mk .

Parataxi s ( p .

Freque n cy o f H i s tori c Pre s e n t ( p .

Freque n cy of I mperfect 2A y ev Ek ey o v ( p e , .

Spars e u se of S a nd p refere n ce fo r a i ( p ’
e
,
K .

’
’
Zva co nju nctive th at ( p ‘
.

with ( p ‘ ’
.

Us ag es of j n f o u.nd m or e r a r ely in M13 .

A sy n deto n ( p .

Ca s u s pend e ns I ( p " '

Ka li n k i n g co n tra s ted s tateme n t s

i a n d yet i ( p
’
f
,
.

Km m i s tra n s l a tio n o f 1 rel a tive On e ca s e i n M k ( p . . .

Sn m i s tra ns latio n o f 1 rel a tive T wo ca s e s i n M k ( p

“

. . .

Relative completed by a Pro n ou n Two c a s e s i n M k ( p . . .

M, w
’
ever T p rallel i M k p ‘
‘
of ) i s n w a zam ( n o a s n ( . . .

7TLO 1 6 1 5 LV ( i s
’ ‘

6 On e ca s e i n M k ( p
. . .

q t e A y det
A l len uoh r t eri t i f Mk ( S t M k
s s n on as c a ac s c o . . ar , pp . 1 8 but h i s
i t e be r
ns anc m p ri
s w i t h h freq e y f t h
a no co ge ia so n t e u nc o e usa n Jn .

1 Th p re e t w ri t e r h ed ly Mk as no t
'
e s n on .

I Th ly e ll e t ed fr m Mk
e on cas 4 5 s co
4 c o . a re 32
,
26-3 1
,
1
49
.
 INTRODUCTION 1 9

To the s e may be a dded a n Ar a m a i s m of wh i c h o n e c a s e o c c u r s

in e a ch viz ,
.

A n ti c ipatio n of Ge n itive by Po s s e s s ive P ro nou n ( p .

Us ag es ch a ra cter i s ti c f
o j n . n ot f ou n d in Mk .

F reque ncy of Per s o n a l Pro nou ns ( p .

Freque n cy of Emphatic Demo ns trative s 5

0 7 09 , e x cl ua s
’ ‘

( p .

Zn m i s tra ns l a tio n o f I
:
”
whe n (p ‘
.

( i n m i s tra n s latio n o f I wh e n ( p “
‘
.

épX Op a L Pre s e n t a s F u tur n m i ns ta ns ( p

’
.

o ) f d vfi p onr os
(p
‘
n o o ne .

Zn : employed t o the ex c lu s i o n of pnjn or e ( pp 69 '

.
,

T o t he s e may be added a n Aramai s m o f wh i c h o ne ca s e o n ly

o ccu r s i n J n vi z .
,

A n ticipatio n o f d irect O bj ect of verb by Pro n ou n (p .

T wo ca s e s o f a co n s tructio n wh ich i s H ebrai c r a ther tha n

Aramaic viz ,

Ch a nge of co ns truc t i o n after P a rticiple ( p .

Th e M ar c a n u s age s noted above wh ich fi nd p a r a llel s i n J n .

d o n o t exhau s t th e Aramai s m s o f M k O th er s are c ited by Alle n .

( c f S t.Ma r k pp 4 8 if ) a nd by W e l l h a u s e n ( E i nl ei tnng fl pp 7
.
, . . .

o f wh i c h the mo s t n otew o rthy are the frequ e n t u s e of th e a dverbial

71 o -
a nd of th e aux ili a ry fi péa r o Vro
” 9 ; but they ar e
11 2 ,
-a ‘

n o t equally imp re s s ive be c au s e though they fit i n with the the o ry

—

of tra n s l a tio n fro m a n Aram a i c o rIg I nal th ey a re th e ki n d o f —

Aram a i s m s wh i c h might n atu rally be i n trodu c ed by a writer

of G reek who s e n a tive to n gu e was Aram a ic W e m ay al s o n ote .

’
the fact th a t th e K o cmj co ns tructio n i va co nj u n ctive that wh ich ’ ‘

char a cteri ze s M k ( th ough to a le s s exte n t tha n J n ) i s a u s age

. .

wh i c h a n Aramaic s peak i n g writer o f G reek w o ul d n aturally te n d

-

On the othe r h a n d th e u se of i v i n pl ac e o f a
’
t o exagger a te .
,
a

relative wh i c h c a n s carcely be u n der s to o d ex c ept o n th e th eory

,

of m i s tra n s l a tio n wh ile freque n t i n J n ( c f pp 7 5

,
occu rs bu t . . .

o n ce i n M k W hat i s n eeded to s ub s ta n tiate the theo ry o f a n

.

Ara m a i c origi n a l for M k i s s om e coge n t evide n ce Of m i s t ran s l a

.

tio n a n d th i s h a s no t as yet bee n adva nced I n co n tra s t the .

,

writer believe s that th e evide n c e wh i c h h e h a s c o llected i n

c 2
 I NT RODUCTION
Ch ap V I I i n proof o f mi s tra ns lati o n in J n . mu s t be recog nized ,

o n the wh ol e a s exceedi ngly weigh ty , .

G ra n ted h owever the po ss ibil ity o f a n A ram a ic origi n al fo r the

, ,

Fou rth Go s pel the que s tio n n a tu ra lly ari s e s — W hat evide nce d o
,

we po s s e ss s u ffi cie n t t o e nable u s t o p rove th i s th eo ry a nd i n ,

a m ea s u re to rec o n s truct the origi nal text ?

Th e evide nce i s na tu rally d raw n fro m o u r k nowledge o f
Pale s ti n ia n Aram a ic at o r a bout th e period at wh ich the Go s pel
i s pre s um ably t o be dated Th e followi ng are the m ai n s ou rce s .
*

o f o u r k n owledge

1 Th e Aramaic s ectio ns o f th e O T vi z J e r
. Ez r 4 8
. .
, . . .

‘b
Da n 2 Th e E z ra s ectio ns i f th ey are wh a t they
.
-
,

profe ss t o b e d a te from the m iddl e o f th e fi fth ce ntu ry

,

Th e Book o f Da n iel i s dated with approxi m ate certai nty u n de r

the pers ecutio n of A ntiochu s E p i ph a ne s 1 68 1 6 7 B c Th e dialec t ,
—
. .

of 7
8
i s W Aramaic —
a n d
2
i s p ractically id e n tical with that
.
,

of the E z ra s ectio ns exh ibiti n g a ffi n itie s t o th e dialect s O f th e

-

Palmyre n e a nd N abataea n i n s criptio ns which d a t e from th e th i rd

ce ntu ry B C to th e s eco n d ce n tu ry A D I Th i s s ou rce i s th ere fo re
. . . .

o f great value a s clo s ely approximati n g to what mu s t h ave bee n

th e type o f Aramaic s poke n i n Pale s ti n e i n th e fi rs t ce n tu ry o f th e

Ch ri s tia n era .

2 Th e Targum s o r Aramaic pa raph ra s e s o f th e O T Th e

. .

s y n agogue p ractice o f expou n di n g th e H eb rew text o f the O T by

- .

a n Ar a m a ic p araph ra s e i s u n doubtedly very a n cie n t Both th e .

Baby lo n i a n a nd J eru s alem Talm ud s u n ders ta nd t h e term

i n N eh 8 — R V A n d th ey read i n th e bo o k i n th e l a w o f God
.
8
. .
‘
,

d zls tznctb/ ( marg wi th a n i nterpr eta ti on) ; a n d th ey gave th e s e n s e

.
,

so that they u n der s too d th e read i n g a s re ferri n g t o th e u s e of —

On t hi s su bje
d rd w r k i D G D l m G m m ti k d jfi d i h
ct th e s ta n a o s r. . a an s
’
ra a es sc

p l a ti i h
a A
'

s m ai h
n s c en Cf e p e i lly p p 5 4 T h i m y ef lly be p
ra sc . . s c a .
— 0 . s a us u su

pl m t d by t h di i i th m e w ri t e r Th W d f j
’

p p 79 88
—
e en e e s c u ss o n n e sa s e or s o es u s , . .

1 E th gh i e rt ed i t e t i w h i h re l t e t h e ff rt f t h
'
z r. ou ns n o a s c on c a s e o s o e

S m rit t h w r Z e r bb be l reb il d i g f t h T m pl i t h l t t e r p rt ’
a t a a ns o a t u a s u n o e e e n e a a

o f h i h e t ry
t e s xtre lly re l t e t t h i t e rr p t i
c n u ed by t h
B . c. ,
a a s o e n u ons cau s e

S m ri
a d a he r e e m i e f h Je w t t h p r je f t h reb il di g f t h
ta ns an ot n s o t e s o e o ct o e u n o e

ci Q w l l p r b b ly h rt ly bef r e h t w e t i e t h ye r f A rt
- a s, o a s er e ( 444
o whe o t e n a o ax x s B . n

Nehe m i h i t e r e ed d e red t h
a n pp v r t f h Pne r i ki g Cf D
anri e r s cu e su o o t e s an n . . v ,

I n t r od to Li t . . o f Q T ” p 54 7 . . .

1 Cf Dri e r
. v ,
I n tro d . to Li t . o f OT .
Q
p p 5 03 fi
.
'

.
 I NTRODUCTION 2 1

an Ara m a ic p a r a ph ra s e ; a n d thi s view though di s puted h as , ,

s o m ethi n g t o be s a id i n i t s fa vo u m I f ho wever the pra ctice o f “

, ,

Cf Megi ll 3 N d i m 3 7 b ; Je r Megill 7 4 d Th m e e pl
. B a b. a a ; e ar us . a . e sa x a na

ti oni gi e i M id r h B e re h i h R bb
s v n n p i as s t a a, a r. x x x v . 1 2 .

1Cf B e rli e r T g m O k l i i p 7 4 w h m p re h
. n ,
ar u f n i h
e os ,
, ,
o co a s t e use o n t e

w rd o f th P er i
s o ki g re rip i E 4 (ME D RJ SV nnn§w 1
e s an n
’
s sc t n z r .
1 8
,
1 ’
‘

i27 0 1 p i e m r lly Th l e t te r wh i h ye e t t h h bee re d

” “ ‘
t ,
. . os n at u a , e c s n un o us at n a
I? 7 1 :

bef re m i t l i
o e i e t r l t ed fr m A r m i i P e r i
n r a ns a t on . Th p ri i p l
. a ns a o a a c nto s an . e nc a

ri l e p l
va i ( ffered by D B t h l t ) i d i i ded ( i t e i )
x a na t o n o r . er o e s
‘
v
’
se . n o s c t o ns ,

i e . . i by e i
se c t o n d t hi e pl s i h f ll wi g w rd
ct on an B i? )
on s x a na t o n t e o o n o s

‘
d gi i g t h
an e e m y refe r t
v n e Ar m i s p r phr e
ns
’
Th a y gg e o an a a c a a as . e s na o u

c ust o m k w as w t re d no e r e f t h L w i t h H ebrew d f ll w
n to us as o a a v s o e a n e an o o

i t by h Ar m i t p r phr e
e I a h P r p he t
a c t h reea ae r e m igh t be re das . n t e o s v s s a

t ge he r
o d f ll w ed by t h A r m i re de ri g
t an o o e a a c n n .

E e i v
p en ili t i mne ( f K
re -
g 8 ) x A r m ci w t h l i gs f c f
. 2 s . 1
25
a a c as e n ua ra nca o

i te r i l m m i i
n na t o na I m co h e b e w idely ed l g w i h
u n ca t o n . t us t av e n us ,
a on t

B by l a i i th
o n an, N B by l i k gd m C e i f rm t b l e t f h l t e
n e eo- a on an i n o . un o a s o t e a

A yri ss N B by l
an, i d A h e me i
e o- a p e ri d be r A r
o n a n, a n m i d ke ; d c a n an o s a a a c oc ts an

sc ri be e re t rie w e re e m p l yed f h p rp e f w ri t i g Ar m i p
s or s c a s o or t e u os o n a a c U on

p r hme t
a c l g wi h h e w h e b i e i w t w ri e B by l i i
n a on t t os os us n ss t as o t a on an n

cun eif rm p l y t b l e t ( f h w ri e r j dg p p 55
o u on c a a sP r b bly c . t e t
’

s u es , . 2 ,
o a

Ar m i w a h
a c e l i e m ed i m f i er
as t e be t w ee t h e il ed Je w d
x c us v u o nt c o u rs e n e x s an

t he ir p r cad w ed
to s , by he m i
an m m e r i l deasli g wus i h f re i g e r t n co c a a n s t o n s.

Th h Je w w h
us t e r ed fr m e il e m h e m e b k w i h k wl edge
e s o r tu n o x us t av co ac t a no

o f Ar m i a le th r
a c gh w hei r k wl edge f H eb re w d m t
at ast as o ou as as t no o ,
an us

h e f pd t h t i P l e i e A r m i h d e t b li hed i t e l f d g i ed gr d
av ou a n a st n a a c a s a s s an a n oun

o wi g t t h m i t r e f r e
n o ed t h de y x u f i l fee l i g m g h Je w
o ac s an e ca o na t o na n a on t e s

w h h d re m i ed i P l e i e
o a a n n a st n .

T h f t h t H eb re w f
e ac m re
t a l e l i l h r e r re m i ed t h li e r ry o a o or s s c a ss c a c a ac t a n e t a

l g ge f t h Je w
an ua w i t hi
o le t e e ry bef re h Ch ri i
s to de n at as a c n tu o t e s t a n e ra o s

no t f r e i m p ly h i w w i de ly d ge er ll y p k by h Je w p
o c ou s t at t as an n a s o en t e s u to

t h t p eri d Th i t w
a o de r t d d p ke i t h e rl ie r p e i li pe ri d
. at as un s oo an s o n n e a ost -
x c o

i i m pli ed by t h f t h t e g h p r p he i e
s e f H ac gg i Z e h i h d M l h i
t a . . t e o c s o a a , c ar a ,
an a ac ,

w hi h w e re i t e ded f
c p p l r n d ie e n w ri t e i H eb re w ;
or a od by t h u a au nc ,
a re t n n an e

a ll i i N h
us o n wh i h h w
n h we e r t h m e t i m e h w e y t h
e . c s o s, o v ,
a t e sa , o as e

co n d i t i f ff ir m de i f t h l e pre i e Je w d r p H ebre w d d p
on o a a s a t or e ss c s s to o an a o t

a no t he r l g ge an ua .

Al l h t w t y t he
a wi t h y e rt i t y i
e c a n sa h t f e r h re t r fr m e il e
,
n, an c a n , s t a a t t e u n o x

H eb re w d Ar m i m t f an i m e h e bee ed
a a c rre ly by t h Je w
us or a t av n us c o nc u nt e s .

R e l igi i l d lit e r ry fee li g r e f h re e t i f H ebre w ; b t

o us
,
n a t o na , an a n st o v or t e t n on o u

e t e r l i fl e e m ki g i t e l f fe l t i h e ige e f d ily l ife f red t h

x na n u nc a n s n t e x nc s o a a vo u e

a d e f Ar m i
va n c d gr d
o ll y l d a i ge e r l d p i
a c, an Li t e r ry a d ua e to ts n a a o t on . a an

cu l t i t ed Je w re d H eb re w
va d s d b t p ke i t t m e e e m g
a ,
an no ou s o o so xt nt a on

t he m e l e t l e t f m e t i m e f e r t h r t r Th m
s v s a as o r so f t h p e pl e w h a t e e u n. e ass o e o o

d i d r e d b k m e m r e d m re S p e k A r m i e l i e l y d l e
no t a oo s ca o an o to a a a c x c us v an to os

t h k e wl edge f H eb re w
no o .
22 I NTRODUCTION
u s i ng a Targum i s n o t t o be c a rried s o fa r b a c k as the d ay s o f
E zra th e fa ct th a t i t becam e cu s tomary lo ng befo re th e Chri s tia n
,

era i s a t a ny rate n o t i n di s pute .

Th e d a te a t wh ich writte n Targum s fi r s t c a m e i n to exi s te nce

c a n no t certai n ly be d etermi n ed I t i s rel a ted that i n th e fourth .
*

ce n tu ry A D S a muel b e n I s aac o n ce e ntered a syn a gogue a n d

. .
,

s eei n g a s c ribe readi ng th e Targum fr o m a book a dmo n i s hed him ,

thu s : Th i s i s fo rbidde n thee ; fo r t h a t wh ich i s re c eived or a l ly

‘

m u s t o nly be del ivered orally a n d o n ly th at wh i ch i s received i n ,

’
writi n g m ay be re a d from th e book (J eru s M egill a iv Th ere . .

i s h owever co ns iderably O lder evide n ce fo r th e exi s te n ce o f

, ,

writte n T a rgum s — fo r p rivate readi ng a nd no t fo r publ ic wor s h ip .

Th e Mi s h na T s t a te s th at portio n s of th e text o f the Bi ble were

’
‘
writte n as a T a rg u m ( Y a d a i m iv a nd there exi s t s a .

Ta nn a i t i c i tr a diti o n th at a T a rgu m o f th e B o o k of J o b exi s ted

i n th e day s o f G a m a liel th e E lder ( the gra n d s o n of H illel a n d
a n d after bei ng with
3‘ff
i ns tru c tor of St Paul ; c f Act s 5 . .
~

dr a w n from u se by h i s ord e rs reappeared i n the d ays o f h i s g ra n d ,

s o n Ga m a l iel I I § Th e Targum o f Onk e l o s o n the Pe n t a teuch

.
,

wh i c h became the O ffici a l Targum of the B abylo n ia n s c ho o l s mu s t ,

h a ve bee n committed t o writi ng a nd fi n ally redacted a t lea s t as

e a rly a s th e th i rd ce n tu ry A D s i nce i t s M a s ora d a te s from th e . .
,

fi rs t hal f of th a t ce n tu ry T wo Pale s ti ni a n Am o r a im o f the th ird .

ce n tu ry a dvi s ed thei r c o ngrega tio n t o re a d th e H ebrew text o f

th e F a ra s h a ( s e c tio n o f the Pe ntateu ch read a s le s s o n) t wice i n
p riv a te a nd th e Targu m o nce accord i ng t o th e p ractice of pu bl ic ,

wo rs h i p J o s hu a b e n Levi c o mme n d ed th i s p r a ctice to h i s s o ns

.

( B e rakh o th wh ile Amm i a pup il o f J o h a na n made it a rule , ,

S ee on t hi
bje t B e rli e r T g m O k l
s su p p 8 8 iii
c d thn d mir b l e
,
ar u n e os , I I , .
,
an e a a

arti l e T rg m by D W B he r i t h j wi h E y l p d a
c a u
’
r. . ac n e e s nc c o a e i .

1 Th Mi h e
( i e Rse p e t i t i
na f t h L .w .i w i de r e e i t E p oni t i ) o e a ,
or n a s ns s x os on

w m p i l ed t w r d t h
as co d f th o e d e t ry
a s e en o e s co n c n u A D . .

1 Th T im
e a n na w e re t h R bb i i t h ri t i e f th fir t tw e a n c au o s o e s o

ce t ri e f t h C h ri t i
n u s o w h e w r k i e m b d i ed i t h M i h
e s a n e ra T hey w e re os o s o n e s na .

eeded by h A m r i m S p e ke r
s uc c t e o a t hi rd t fi f h e t ri e a s or o t c n u s

A . wh
D .
,
h i efly o c e r ed t he m e l e w i t h t h e p i ti f t h M i h
conc n Th s v s e x os on o e s na . e

me f h i w rk w G em r S p pl e me t C m pl e m e ‘ ’ ‘ ’
t
o u co o t h s o as t e f h a a, u n or o nt o t e

Mi h w h i h t ge t he r w i h t h l t e r f rm t h T l m d
s na, c ,
o t e at ,
o s e a u .

5 Cf t h p . ge fr m T f S h bb h h i q t ed by B e rli e r p i t
e as s a o os e t a a at ,
c . x v, uo n ,
o . c .

p 89. .
 I NTRODUCTI ON 23

ge n er a lly bi ndi ng ( i h 8 a ) The s e t wo dict a were e s peci a lly . .

‘

i ns t rume nt a l i n au thorizi ng th e cu s tom o f re c iti ng the

Thu s we m ay g a ther h ow th e pr a ctice o f i nte rpreti ng th e H ebrew
Scriptu re s i n Ara maic at o ne time p re s um ably depe n de n t upo n ,

th e extemp o re s k ill of th e i n d ividual M th u rg m an gradu a lly e e

,

a s s umed a fixed form ; fi rs t n o doubt orally the n i n w ri tte n , , ,

s h a pe .

Th e p ri n c ip a l T a rgu m s wh ich co ncer n u s are a s follows

Th e s o cal led Ta rgum o f O n k e l o s T o n th e Pe n tateu c h Th i s i s
-
.

s ometime s c a lled th e B a bylo n ia n T a rgu m a s adopted a n d s ta n ,

d ard i z e d i n B a bylo n i a n o t later a s we h a ve s ee n th a n th e third , ,

c e n tury A D W h ile exh ibiti ng c ert a i n B a byl o n i a n pecul i a ritie s

. .

i n dicti o n it i s compo s ed i n a d i a le c t fu n dame n tally P a le s ti n ia n

,
‘

I t s co n te n t s p ro ve th a t it mu s t have bee n d ra wn u p i n P a le s ti n e
i n the s eco n d ce n tu ry s i nc e both i t s H a l a khi c a nd H a gg a di c ,

eleme nt s § exh ibit th e i nflue n ce of th e s chool o f Ak iba ( who

peri s h ed i n th e rebellio n of Bar Co kh b a A D 1 35) a nd other , . .

prom i n e n t Ta nn a im " .

Th e Pale s ti n i a n Targum o f the Pe n tateuch i s as it h as come ,

down t o u s mu c h later i n date Th e T a rgum of P s eu do J o nath a n

,
.
-

i s wro n gly a s s ig n ed t o J o n ath a n ( t h e reputed au thor o f th e Targu m

o f th e Prophet s) po ss ibly th rough m i s take n i n terpretati o n of th e
,

abbrevi a tio n ~ n Ta rg a m Yem sh al m i J eru s alem T a rgum a s

’
, ,

Ta rg a m Yeh ona th a n A s fi n ally redacted it i s n o t e a rlier tha n t h e .

s eve n th c e n tu ry A D bu t it i s th o ugh t t o c o n t a i n m a ny elem e n t s

. .
,

wh i c h a r e o lde r th an th e Targum of O n k e l o s fi l Comp a ri s o n

o f th e s e two T a rgu m s yield s evid e n ce that th ey were origi n ally

ide n ti c a l their agreeme n t bei ng o fte n ver ba ti m

,
.

Cfhe r p i t p 58
. B ac ,
o . c . . .

l Th
‘ '
m e Ds e
m Ona k l p p e r t h e ri e t h r gh f i m de i n e os a a s o av a s n ou c o n us o n a n

B b Megi ll i ii
a . f refe e e i Jer Meg ill i
a . 1 o t th G reek t r l ti
a r nc n us . a . 1 1 o e a ns a on

o f A q il DS PV A ky l
u a Cf B erl i e r p i t pp 9 fi
’ as . . n ,
o . c . . 2
'

1 N l d k M d d i h G m m ti k p
o e e, ii q ed by B her p i t p 59
an sc e ra a ,
. xxv ,
uo t ac , o . c . . a .

5 H d l d kh i w l ki g w y
c m ) i h e p it i
a n d pp li t i
’
or a so c us t o
’
s t e x os o n an a ca on

o f t h l eg l e l e m e t
e f S ri p re ; H gg ad a (
a r ti
n s th el b r t i f i
o c tu a
‘
n a ra on e a o a on o ts

h i t ri l d d i d t i p rt i
s o ca an ac c o o ns .

Cf B e rl i e r p t p 7
. n ,
o . a . . 1 0 .

fil D l m G m m pp
a an,if d W] p p 8 4 f d i p t e t h i i fe r e e h l di g
ra . . 21 ,
a n . . .
,
s u s s n nc ,
o n

th e m t p ri m i i e e l e m e t t
os be e t ly t h p rt t ke fr m th O k l
t v n s o
‘
xa c e a s a n o e n e os

T rg m
a u
24 INTRODUCTION
In d ditio n to th e complete T a rgu m of P s eu d o J o n ath a n th ere
a -

s u rvive fr a gm e n t s o f a J e ru s a lem T a rgum a pp a re n t ly no t all ,

co ntempora n eou s I n th e view o f Dr B ach er B oth the P s eudo . .

,
‘

J o natha n a n d th e fragm e nt s co n tai n m u c h th at h a s s u rvived from

a ve ry early period i ndeed th e n u c leu s of th e Pale s ti n ia n Targu m
i s older th a n the B abylo n ia n wh i c h wa s reda c ted from it ( op ci t
’
. .

p 6 1 a)
. .

The Targu m o f J o natha n o n th e P rophet s i s a s s ig n ed by *

tr a ditio n to J o n ath a n b e n U z z iel wh o was H illel s m o s t famou s ,

’

pupil The h i s to ry o f i ts tra ns mi s s io n appear s to follow th e s am e

.

li n e s as th a t o f th e Ta rgu m o f O n ke l o s Pale s ti n ia n i n o rigi n .

( a s i s expre s s ly s t a ted i n th e B a b Talmud ) i t gai n e d o fi

f ci a l .
,

rec o g n iti o n i n Babylo n i a i n th e thi rd ce n tu ry A D I t i s freque n tly . .

quoted by J o s eph th e head o f th e Academy of P u m be d i t h a i n ,

Babylo n i a i n th e early p a rt o f the fou rth c e n tu ry A D wh o i n . .

, ,

referr i ng t o I sa 8 a nd Z ech
6
remark s th a t i f the re were
. .
‘

n o T a rgum t o it w e s hou ld n o t k n ow th e me a n i ng o f th e s e ver s e s

,

( S a n h ed r i n 94 ;b M oed Ka to n 2 8 b ; M egil l a 3 )a Such re fere n ce .

impl ie s th e recog n itio n o f th e Proph eti c Ta rgu m as a n a ncie n t

authority .

Th e s e T a rgu m s a nd e s pecially th e T a rgum s o f O n ke l o s a nd

—

o f J o n ath a n o n th e Proph et s are o f g re a t value t o u s a s i llu s —

t ra t i n g the P a le s ti n ia n Aramaic o f th e e a rly ce n tu rie s o f th e

C h ri s tia n era Th ough i n th e form i n wh i c h we k now them th ey
.
, ,

ar e l a ter th a n th e fi r s t ce n tu ry they emb ody m a teri a l wh ich ,

wh eth er i n writte n o r o ral fo rm mu s t h ave com e dow n fr o m th a t —

period ; a nd from th e li n gu i s tic poi n t o f view it i s cle a r that th ey

‘

are fa ithful wit n e ss e s Th ei r di a lect i s clo s ely a l lied t o the dialect

.

o f the B o o k of D a n iel s uch s l igh t d i ffere n ce s as exi s t bei n g mai n ly

,

o rt h o g rap h i c a l n Th e o n ly d rawback t o th eir u s e i s th a t bei ng

L
,

tra ns latio ns o f H ebrew they te n d at time s t o H ebra ize th ei r ,

Aramaic but i ns t a nce s o f thi s te n de ncy are n o t di ffi cul t t o d etect ,

a n d a re u n likely th ere fore t o lead u s as t ray i , , .

Th e t e rm ‘
P ro p he ts ’
is o f cou s r e used i t h Je wi h e e i l d i g
n e s s ns , nc u n th e

f r h i t ri l b k k
ou s o ca oo s no wn as
‘
the Fo rm e r P r p he i J h J dg S
o ts ’
, v z . os .
,
u ,
am ,
.

a nd Kg s .

1
‘
Cf D ri e r I
. v ,
n t r od . t o Li t . o f O T.
9
p 5 03
. . Nol d e k e i n E n cy cl B i bi . . 2 83 .

1 Cf e g t h
. . . e p as sa ge it ed
s c o n pp 6 1 E . . On H ebr ia s ms i n t h e Ta rg um s c f.

Dal ma n , W] .
p 83. .
 I NT RO D UCTION
co n ti nued i n u se at E de s s a till th e fi fth c e n tu ry whe n R abbu l a , ,

bi s hop o f E de s s a ( A D 4 1 1 prep a red a revi s io n o f th e tex t o f. .

th e s epara te Go s pel s ( c a lled a ng el i on d a Go s pel ‘

o f th e Separ a te a n d o rdered i t s s ub s titutio n fo r the D i a te s s aro n

( a n g el i on d a Go s pel o f th e M ixed a n d th e c ollectio n

‘

a n d co n fi s c a tio n o f th e cop i e s o f th e l atter Th i s was carried o u t .

with s uch thorough ne ss that n o copy o f the Syriac D iate ss ar o n

h as s u rvived a nd we o n ly k n ow the work through a n Arme n ia n
,

’
t ra ns latio n of S t Eph rem s Comme n tary upo n it a nd a l a te Ar a bic .
,

tra n s l a tio n i n wh ich the text h as bee n accommodated t o that o f th e

P es h i t t a .

D r Burk itt h a s s how n that Syria n write r s p rior t o R abbu l a

.

u s ed th e E va ng el i on d a wh i c h h as s urvived t o u s i n
th e fragm e n tary rem a i ns o f a rece ns io n o f the Fou r Go s pel s
d i s covered a n d edited by D r Cu ret o n i n 1 858 a nd i n the ( nearly .
,

complete ) palimp s e s t of th e G o s pel s di s cove r ed by Mrs Lewi s

'

at th e co n ve n t o n M ou n t S i n ai i n 1 89 2 ; a n d furth e r th a t R a bbu l a , ,

wh e n h e forb a d the u s e of th e D i a te s s aro n made a revi s io n o f ,

thi s s epara te vers io n o f th e Go s pel s i n c o n form ity with th e G ree k

text curre n t at A n tio c h a t th e begi nn i n g o f th e fi fth c e n tu ry Th i s .

appe a rs t o h ave bee n the origi n o f th e N T Pe s h i t t a H e h as . . .

al s o s how n th a t th e a ng el i on d a u s ed th e O T .

Pe s h i t t a a nd mu s t therefore be later th a n i t l H i s co n c lu s io n i s
, .
' '

th at th e Di a te s s aro n wa s th e e a rlie s t form of th e N T po ss e s s ed . .

by th e Syria n C hu r c h the a ng el i on d a bei ng d a ted ,

by hi m c A D Accordi ng t o th i s view the early Ch ri s tia n

. . .

Chu r c h a t E de ss a h ad n o N T p rior to th e D iate ss aro n i n . .

A D 1 70 . .F o r th e fir s t ge n eratio n o f Syriac s peaki n g Ch ri s ti a ns

.
-

th e Law a nd th e Prophet s s u ffi c e d i Th i s i s a co n c lu s io n wh ich .

’

i s ope n t o que s tio n a n d it m ay b e th a t th e old vers i o n repre s e n ted

,

by th e Si n aitic a nd Cu re t o n i a n s hould be pl a ced at an earlier date .

Th e O l d Syriac a nd Pe s h i t t a ver s i o ns o f th e N T a s wel l as . .

,

G reek a nd he t r l t ed i t S y ri p p e r t be m re pr b b l e t h
t n a ns a n o ac a a s o o o a an t h at

i t wa s ori g i lly mp ed i S yri

na Cf B rk i t E g l i d M ph
co os n ac . . u t, va n e on a -
e a rres h e,

ii 6 F t h l t t er iew f J F S te i g i H t i g DB '

p 20 or e v c nn n n v
, . . a
p 45 . . . as n s s .
, , . 2.

B u rk itt a g l i d M ph
, h ii pp
n e ff on a- e a rres e, , . 1 01 .

I op
“ “
. a t .
pp . 201 ff .

1 : op . ci t . p . 2 1 2 .
 I NT R O D U C T If
f
oN = ~
~

th e P a le s ti n ia n Syriac Lectio nary a re o f gr e a t v a lu e t o o u r ,

i nqu i ry a s ill u s tra ti ng Ar a m a ic co n s tru ctio ns i n rel a tio n to th e

G reek o f th e Go s pel s W h e n fo r ex a mple we get a varyi ng.
, ,

G reek c o n s tru ctio n o n e fo rm o f wh i c h we s u s pect o f bei n g a n

,

Ar a m a i s m a nd th e Syri a c ver s io n s re nde r b o th a lik e i n a cc o rda n ce

,

with o u r s u s pe c ted Ar a m a i s m o u r p rim ary i n fere n c e receive s ,

s tro n g c o n fi rm a ti o n There are m any i ns t a n ce s of th i s i n th e

.

F o urth G o spel ( cf e g pp 7 2 if ) . . . . .

Th e A cto Th am a e a n origi na l Syriac work o f fai rly early date

,

( e a rly th i rd c e n tu ry A i s s o metime s u s ed i n th e fo l lo wi ng page s

.

for pu rpo s e s o f illu s tr a ti o n .

Th e evide n ce wh i c h i s bro u gh t fo rw a rd i n th i s v o lume i n proof

th at th e G reek t ext of th e F o u rth G o spel i s a tr a ns l a tio n from
Ar a m a i c i s c o nc er n ed with the br o ad g e n e ral c h ara cteri s tic s of th e
Ar am a ic l angu a ge an d d o e s n o t depe n d up o n d iale c tal detail s
, .

Th o ugh diale c t s o f the l a ngu age may be di s ti n gu i s h ed belo ngi ng ,

t o di ffere n t pl a c e s a n d di ffere n t peri o d s th ei r d i s ti n ctive ch a r a c ter ,

i s t i c s ( if we except th e e a rl ie s t mo n ume nt s o f th e l a n gu a ge of the ,

9 t h —
8 t h ce n tu rie s B C ) a r e bu t.s ligh t i n
. c omp a ri s o n with the com
m o n fe a tu re s wh i c h u n ite all bra n ch e s of th e l a nguage Th u s th e .

ex a c t d i a lect a l fo rm o f the o rigi na l wh i c h we p re s upp o s e i s a

m a t ter o f m i n or import a n c e W e m ay h a ve doubt s a s t o th e .

preci s e word o r verb a l term i na t i o n o r s u ffi x whi c h we should

s ele c t we ca n h ave n o re a s o n a ble d o ubt as to co ns tructio ns wh ich
p r o perly ch a racterize the l a ngu age as a whole .

Th ef t th thi
ac at s w or kw as o ri g i n lly w ri t t e n
a in S y ri ac h as bee l i ely
n c o nc u s v

p r
ov ed by D B r
r ki u tt i n j o u rn a l o f Th eol S tu d i es , i , p p 2 80 if ii , p 429
. iii p 9 4
1 Cf R D
. . . . .
, .

'
. . l L u va , a Li t tera t u re sy ri a q
'

ue , p p 9 8 ff . .
 CH A P TE R I

P R E L I M I NA R Y T E ST I N G O F T H E T H E O R Y B Y
EXA M I N AT I O N O F T H E P R O L O G U E

As a prelim i n a ry to th e cl a ss ified d i s c u s s i o n of particular u s age s ,

it i s i n s tructive to take th e Prologu e of the G o s pel a n d exam i ne

it vers e by ver s e Thu s we m ay g a i n at th e ou t s et a c learer.

’
co n ceptio n o f th e textu re o f th e writer s l a ngu a ge a s a wh ole ;
a n d wh e n we c om e t o c l a s s ify m ay re a lize th a t we a re n o t deali n g
, ,

merely with i s o lated ph e n ome na bu t wi th illu s tra tio n s of a c o n ,

t i n u o u s c h a racteri s tic wh ich a dm it s o f but o n e e x pl a na ti o n th e —

theory o f a n Aram a ic origi n al .

’
on .
L2
Th e ph r as e mobs 7 6V O év i n the s e n s e wi th G od i s
. e
‘

rem a rk a ble a s W e s t c o tt Ob s erve s H e c ite s th e parallel u s age

,
.

i n Mt 1 3 1 Jn 1 Th e l a s t o f th e s e
2
56
. Mk 6 ,
1 4
9
Lk 9 4
.
3
,
4
,
.
1
,
. .

p a s s a ge s i s a n echo of th e Go s pel pr o l o gu e p re s umably by th e -

,

sa m e author — {j
u g vyv p b s 7 6V r r
p W ith reg ’
a rd t o the7rSy n opti c 7 a
'
'
e a .

i ns t a n ce s we n otice ( 1 ) th a t they a re a l l fr o m th e M a rc a n s ou r c e ,
’
Lk 2 2 a lter M a rk s wpbs {w as t o the m o re 53
a n d ( 2 ) th a t M t . .

n atu r a l p e G wh ile M t 2 6 o m it s th e ph ra s e al t o gethe r Th e

’
55
. .

par a l lel pa ss a ge s are a s fo ll o w s

Mk . 6 mi l
3
o bx e o i iv a i d bek cpa i
.
’
a i rr o ii (i336 7r b
p s find s ;
Mt . I
3
56
Ka i
. a i d beKa i
. . f
a f ro i} o bxi wao a t 7r b
p s e o i fv

Mk w z
1 9
.
9 go) ; m i r e m b { a
o ss O O La L ;
f
'

Mt . Ems 71 67 6
” 9 6
p W zo Op a L;

Lk 9 .
”
gm? m i r e 300mm np s b

Mk ws e f B t bd o xwv
49 '
? fip fil m b { i
? pp
’
.
4 I 1m e
p av v 7r
p s a cv f t ) .

v St boi o wwv
? pq
55
Mt e Ka GeZd
/ m
'
26 9 iy i epa v
’ ’
i
'

. Ka cv f t e i ) .

Lk
’ ’
53
9 i bV ro s y ou p e fi bp é w v 7 T? i epfp
' ' ’

mp
’

. 22 Ka e av
‘
c ) .

C learly the n we a re de a li ng with a ph ra s e co n fi n ed i n th e

, ,

G o spel s to th e M arca n s ou rce a nd to J n wh ich was s o far s tra nge .

 T H E PRO LOG U E 29

to the other Sy n o p ti s t s that they were m oved o n occ as io n s t o alte r

o r expu nge it Th e view th a t it m ay repre s e n t a n Ar a m a ic ph r a s e
.

i s at o n c e s ugge s ted by th e fa ct that it o c cu r s th ree time s i n M k

for wh ich o n oth er gr o u n d s a n Ara mai c o rigi n a l o r a t a ny r a te ,

Aramaic i n flue n ce h as bee n po s tu l a ted I n Aram a i c the commo n , .

prepo s itio n 1 1 1 5 ( p o s s ibly a k i n t o th e verb de n ote s

( )
1 c o nn exi o n with a p nd 7r p ( )
2 m o ti o n towa r d s
,
a d 7069 I t ,
a a, , ,
1 1
-
.

may be s ugge s ted th a t feeli ng for the s e c o n d m ea n i ng s o comm o n ly

born e by m)i h a s moved th e tr a ns l a to r o f a n Ar a m a ic o ri g i na l
t o repre s e n t the prepo s itio n by p d s eve n wh e n u s ed I n th e fo rm er 7r

s e ns e
*
.

The u s age of 7rpds with i s frequ e n t i n St Pau l ; cf 1 Th e s s ‘

. . .

3
4
2 ,
The s s 2 1 Cor . 2 C 5
,
o r 5 1 1
9
G al 2 4
”
. .
8
, ,
.
5
,
‘s
,

Ph il .Ph ilem Th ere a re however m a ny o th er i nd icatio n s

.
, ,
’
th at thi s Apo s tle s la n gu age i s ti nged with Aram a i c i n flue n ce .

8 y ey ovev év a rm B C
’
ori)
fl y Th i s readi n g h a s the ’
co n s e n s u s .

o f early atte s tatio n th e pu n ctuatio n wh ich c o nn e c t S o vev with

’
O
o e
, y y
t h e p recedi ng s e nte n ce s eemi n g t o be littl e i f a t all earl ier tha n ‘

C e nt I V . Y e t a s i s well k n ow n co n s iderabl e d i fficulty , ,

h a s ari s e n i n co nn exi o n with th e i n te rp retatio n That which hath ,

bee n made i n H im wa s l ife Th e Aram a ic equ iv a le n t would be

( l !) i
’'
TJ W 9 3 771 3 H ere th e o p e n i ng 1 a ns we ri n g to that .
“

,
‘

wh ich m igh t equal ly well bear the m e a n i n g i n as mu ch a s s i n ce ‘

, ,
’
becau s e ; cf the us e of I i n Dan 2 “
. A n d i na s m uch a s .
41 ‘

thou s awe s t ; 2 N’
J “ s ? “ 6
’
1 33 33 2°
“
I beca us e wi sdom a n d
‘
i
a
" ‘

migh t belo ngeth u nt o H i m Th e H eb relative MN o fte n bears ’

. .
"

th e s ame s e ns e Adopti ng thi s i n terpret a ti o n we obt a i n the .

,

mean i ng B ec au s e i n H im was l ife ; a nd th i s adm ira bly s u it s

,
‘ ’

th e co ex i
nn o n — H e wa s th e s ou rce o f al l creatio n becau s e H e
H i m s elf was Life .

A A
p s v Ty O o ri n ( p i n t
5 '
i i] o o n a vr o o K a r ék flev
’
at 7 0 ( K x a
' ' ' '
. ut e k a , Ka a u .

Th e di ffi c ulty o f a r éMB ev i s fa m il i a r D r B a ll i n h i s a rticle K . .

,

I t was on ly
ft er fi i hi g h i h p er h t h w ri e r ti ed t h t t h f t
a n s n t s c a t t at e t no c a e ac s

t h t pé he re
a n A r m ms
s d h t h he r G p e l rre e e m
a . e fr m ,
an t a t e ot os -
oc c u nc s ana t o

th M r
e r e w i h i A r m b kgr d h d bee
a ca n so u c t i i p t ed by D
t R e de l ts a . ac oun , a n an c a r . n

H rri a th fi r t f e ri e f r i l
s In e Th rig i f t h P r l g e S t J h
s o a s s o a t c e s on e o n o e o o u to . o
’
n s

G p l i th E p i t
os e
’
n ii pp 5e6 f T h xi i de
os e i l
or , i x . 1 . e c o nc nc n co nc u s o n

s e r e t p r e t h i t i mi k b l e f
v s o ov Ar m i hlrat s un s ta a or an a a c sc o a .
3 0 A PRELI M I NARY TEST
m e ntio n ed i n th e I n troductio n h a s made th e bril li a nt s ugge s tio n ,

that co n fu s io n may have ari s e n i n Ara m a ic b et wee n the Aph el ‘

fo rm 9 39 8 a kbel darke n a n d th e Pa el fo rm ’
ka bbél fr o m a n
‘ '
'

’
outwardly ide n tical root me a n i n g re c eive t a ke I t m ay b e ,
‘
, .

fu rth er n oted that i n Syriac the latte r root a ctu a lly occu r s i n th e
Aph el i n th e s e n s e receive cf Lk 1 5 l il S i n a n d Pe s h ‘
'
— 7 2
. . . .

m i , 9 ; becau s e h e h ath received h i m W h ole ( cf o th e‘

r ’
.

i ns t a n ce s cited by Pay n e S m ith The di ffere n ce betwee n ,

msnpx N5 ob s cu re d it n o t a n d n snp NS a frrb o f xa r ek fi v i s s l igh t ; ’ ‘

)
’
a e

a n d if the co n s tructio n wa s th e com mo n o n e o f the participl e with

th e s ub s ta ntive verb FWD: N? wa s n o t ob s c u ri n g i t ,

‘ ’
,

there wou ld i n a n u nvoc a li z ed text be n o d i s ti nctio n betwee n

, ,

b Pp
’B
ob s cu ri n g a n d 5 9
‘
9 ? receivi ng Th e s e n s e d a rke n
‘ ’ ‘ ’
.
’

l s equally s u it a ble to J n 1 2
Q '
5 3
wo t ? cr xo n a a r a k dfl “
y . . K
,

N2? t n b apz that d ark n e ss s h roud o u no t

3 i g t ‘ ’

y .

éy eve ro d vfi pwfros 6q a i rr f Tw i n 7 9 i e
' ' ’
3 5
p 1 1
‘
a /
7 0
. .
o
, ,

i20 9 W9 ? W ho s e n am e was i s o n ly el s e wh ere s o exp re s s ed i n

‘ ’

NT . . in Ch .
3
’
i Opti ma ?
o l/ ex
’
7 63V (P a
p w a i wv N t x db
'

np os (1 1 1 13 2
3,

Apoc i m ro s xl wpd s K a i 6 Ka fi fim o s e 7roi vw o bi o i}, Oy o/La 01 e

8 ’ 1
6
’
° -
. o .

’
Gi a t/ a r c s
,
Apoc 9 7 5V dy y ek ov 7 739 d fi i i o o o v ii i / om (1 e E ,8p a t o ri
1 1
.
’ ~

A fla bbofw .

E l s ewhere in N T . . the ord i n a ry expre s s io n i s Ovd/xa r t ‘

( cla s s ic a l ) ;
cf
9
M att
. . Mk . Lk . 1
5
, 5
27
,
1 0
38
,
24
18
,
Act s 8 ,

1 0
1
,
1 1
28
,
1 2
13
,
1 7
34
,
1 8 2
1 9
24
,
20
9
,
21
10
,
2 7
1
,
28
7
( 3 0
k o ép evo s, Lk
2
occur r e n ce s) . O ther expre s s i o ns are : 6V6/La n ‘
xa . 1 9 ;
Ka i . T b bvop a a bn js, Lk
‘
'

. I
5
( 73) }
6VO La , Lk . 1
26 27
,
25
2 , 2
4
13
,
Act s I 3 6

o ) 7f Mk 1 4
5 dvop a , .
32

P a l S y r r e n der s the G o s p el o c cu rre n ce s o f avéj n by om

. .
-
ua

W
’
‘
h i s n am e on e : wh o h i s
,
n ame ( i e who s e “
‘
e . .
‘

Pe s h re n der s é véj a n by m y (m wh o
’ ‘
a n d h i s n am e y)
‘
. . a

’
h i s ( her) n am e l w ame w d o ce ( A t
’
o o ; e m : h o h i s n a s ,
a n n c s u
‘
,

I 6 ) 1 0 0» em h e r n am e was k o uj evo s Lk 1 9
” ‘ ’ 2
i t» Ka u .
.
,

w
’
Pal Syr w he n m
.
y . wh o h i s n a me a s c alled Pe s h ‘
,
.

L k 5
’
w
’

l
’

m w ame 6 i
'

o o . y h o h i s n a s m ‘
i 7 6 vo
/ a m s 1 . 1 at
, .
:

P al S y r W Pe s h l o c o 6a m ’ ‘
a n d h e r na m e her n am e
‘
. e .
,
. »

was 4 i
f
’
no
w. L k
3
1
7
P al Syr
/ caret Pe sh
,
m y .w h o h is
2
: . .
, .
‘

’
n am e Lk 2 Pal S y r one .l :
o c i w h
25
o w a s h i s n am e .
i
( e . .“
‘
. .

’
‘
wh o s e n ame Pe s h 1 0 09 on e h i s n a me was ; Lk . “
‘
.
 OF PROLOGUE 3 1

’
y wh o h i s n a m e ; Act s 1 3
‘
Pal . Syr . Pe s h m
“ m y, . Pe s h 6
.

l o o, a m ; wh o hi s n a me wa s 5 L l
3
‘
6 m m k 24 P a Syr ,
.
1
. .

( 1
2
6
c a ret ) m y Pe s h om ? which ,
i t s n a me . of } T o 6vo a
‘ ’
.
’
u
, ,

Mk 1 4 .
32
Pa ] Syr c a ret Pe sh l t 0M : l y l th at whi c h was
: . .
,
. a -
‘

’
w
’
c alled . aq u im J n 1 a P aal Syr m y h
. o h i6
s n a me . .
‘
,
’ ’
h i s na m e ; J n
‘
Pe s h cam .
‘
Pa ] Syr m h i s n am e . . .
,

Pe s h l o c i om
. h i s n ame was Rev 6
‘
Pe s h r} Ln . n am e .
8
. o .
‘

L ? wh i c h n a me to it
’ ‘ ’
t o it ; Rev ao. a
-
, .

I n the Ar a m a i c parts o f the O T we fi n d E z r 5 fl aw s 1 mm .

, .
“

ne w a n d they were give n to She s h ba z z a r h i s n ame i e to

‘ ‘
( o n e . .

whos e n ame was Da n IYNWDE J ne w I who h i s ‘ " ‘

' .

n am e B elte s h a zzar

Th e H ebrew mode s of expre s s i n g wh o s e n am e was N are ‘

.
’

two vi z ( 1 ) an d h i s n a m e
,
.
‘
Ge n J udg 1 3 . .
2
,

212 5 25
Ru . 1 Sam 9 2 1 . 2 Sam 9 1
3 1 6 1 7
8
, .
,
3
, , ,

1 Ch r E st 2 5
. J er 3 7 ( 22 oc c u rre nce s) or ( 2 ) N h i s
3
.
, .
1
,
‘
.

’
n ame 1 Sam 1 7 2 Ch r 2 8 J ob
2 9
2 Sam 1 Kg s 1 3
23 4-
.
, .
, . .
, ,

Z e c h 6 ( 7 occu rre n ce s)
.
2 1
B e s ide s the s e two phras e s we o n ce fi n d .
,

( D a n .1 0 ) a m o
1
k t o w N Ip J w e r e 5 s ” Da n iel w h o
‘
h i s n a me t ‘
,

was called Belte s h a zzar

’
I n a l l th e s e c a s e s th e re n deri ng of .

Ta rg g exactly c o rre s po n d s with th e H eb rew except th a t i n Targ

.
,
.

o f E st 2 .
5
we fi nd H pnx D l l D mo m a n d h i s n ame wa s ca l l ed ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘

’ ’
M ordecai for a nd h i s n a me M ordecai o f H eb Th e re n deri n g
‘
.

2
of Pe s h ex a ctly corre spo n d s with H eb except i n Ru
. 1 Sam 9 . . .
,
’
i
’
2 Sam 9 .
2
wh ere we , fi n d ‘
w h o h i s n a m e for a n d h s n a me ;
‘

i n 1 Sam 1 3 wh ere th e ph ra s e i s omitted ; a nd i n Zech

.
3
,
.

where i n pl a c e o f B r a n c h h i s n ame we h ave a n d h i s nam e

,
‘ ’
,
‘

I n LX X H eb 1 mm a n d h i s n am e i s re n dered K a i
’ ’
S u n ri s e . .
‘

avoja a i n g except i n G e n
cl
,
wh ere we have 5 ( 35) al Op a . ( / .

H eb tow h i s n a me i s repre s e n ted by ii i 01 1 0 0 e except i n J o b

. /
,
. .

where we h ave 5bvojua ( .

Out s ide O T we fi nd th a t who s e n ame was i s re n dered i n

. .
‘ ’

’
h i s n a m e wa s wh o h i s n a m e
’ ’
Syri ac h i s n ame,
‘
,
‘
who h i s ,
‘
,
‘

was C f i n W righ t s A pocry ph a l A cts l ) ( so 9

’ ’
n ame . .
,
a . 4»

m a gm a s ? u m a
w l : o n e of th e ch ief m e n of A n tioch
“
‘
,

h i s n a me Alex a n der ( p a me ) ; l o o . o n e ny ] l ‘
’

g c oo A
-
. A
N (4 » n

’
‘
N ow a c ert a i n m a n O n e s iph o ru s h i s na m e was ( p ge m ) ; , .

m og m m y LA : l &a \ a bath keepe r wh o h i s name ‘ -

,
3 2 A PRELI M I NAR Y TEST
S ecu ndu s ( p ll -Lao l o o, L
’

); .
Q c o on u s ; u s o ol g:
‘
a p ro cu r a t o r s
s o n wh o h i s n a m e wa s M e n elau s
, ( p lo
) . .

Thu s it appears that ova/La d i ? l wd vms Nt K oSn/ ws ovomx rt) ,

'

exactly repre s e n t a S e m iti c co n s tructio n comm o n to Aramaic a n d

H ebrew a nd th at the G reek rep re s e n t s th e regul a r re n d eri ng o f
,

the H eb rew ph r a s e I t i s a l s o n oteworthy that the o n ly othe r . .

occu rre n ce s o f 6m m a i n g are fou n d i n Ap o c wh ich i s s tro n gly ’

.
,

Semitic l n colou ri n g .

w w s m m v wo w a 37 0 r a 5 3-
e fl : l l J Q’T ’
L e o (1 1 11
” ”

wh i c h i s mo s t n atur a lly take n t o m ea n th at al l migh t believe ,

‘

’ ’
i n 27 ( th e light ) rath er tha n th rough h i m (J oh n) Cf for th e ‘
. .
,

s e n s e p o s tu lated
36
vi a l
'
we 7 2 ( li bs zX T m o r i n e i s 7 6 4x3 9 i v
C
1 2 , > G G, a s , a

o a nd
’

p s y e mo fi e, £7 61 5V oo g ov k vft 39 6
’
( wr
‘

l
cubs ( is 7 K
-
e a
,
71 1

’ ’
fi wv ( i s fi iy p a vy
’
wm e cv r o x on
g a
,
.

m m $ 71 ,
’
Th e emphatic p ro nou ’
a
’
e K efvo s
’

e xe vo s i SO T n h

ch a racteri s tic of the Ii o u rt h G o sp el h as i t s cou nterpart i n th e —

A ram mm) Syri a c 061 that o n e o r i n th e Pers o na l Pro n ou n

.
,
‘ ’
,

S ee bel o w ( p .

MN Zva p a pr vpno y m p2 7 0 ¢o f os The di ffi culty o f th e s uppo s e d

(
’
1) .

’
ellip s e ( u s u a lly s upplied by th e word s h e c a m e ) i s fam iliar ,
‘
.

'
The whol e ver s e woul d r u n i n Aramaic 1 3 t m i n: N) “ N5
,

m i n; 5g 1 1 13 231 c f Pal
( S y r
"

m a
g m
1 1
” m y ”2 h o w c o, l o.o. ll . .

l i o ou g) I t i s p r o bable that 1 i s h ere wr o ngly re n dered a nd

" ”
.

wh o
’
s hou ld h a ve i t s rel a tive fo rce Th e s e ns e th e n i s .
,

‘
Th at o n e was n ot th e l ight but one wh o was t o be a r wit n e s s o f ,

the l ight C f for s uch a u s e of I o r “

I wi th out expre ss ed
.
,
"

N?
’
a ntecede n t ( o n e wh o he Ez r 7 ‘
v ? "
l ! a n d .
25
,
" ‘

h i m wh o k n oweth n o t ye s h al l te a c h ; Da n 2 23
” WE I" ? lQ Z fi .
-

a nd n o w Th o u ha s t made k n ow n to me th a t wh i ch we a s ked
‘

o f Thee C f the s imilar u se o f fi rm: i n H ebre w i n G e n 44

. .
0
.
9 1

5 1 mc mm» W s mp u 1 7 3 5719 i ns i rm
’

1 7 1 51 1
H g with 1

wh om i t i s fou n d o f thy s erva n t s s hal l die H e w ith wh om it i s .

fou n d s hall be my s lave wh ere th e re n d eri ng of Targ On k ’

,
. .

i s FW ? D”
Other i n s ta nc e s of 1 relative m i s tra ns l a ted by
0
.
Q
‘

Zva a re give n below ( pp 7 5 f

’
. .

In f r f t h rdi ry i e w h t
a vo u o e o na v t a t h e c o ns t r uct o n i i m p li e s an e lli p e s s ta n d
t he r p ge it ed by \
N fi,
3 ’

t wo o tt
a ss a
9 s c e stc o - 3
0171 6 01 7 09 flp a pr e v a fi r e oi a tn o

’ ’
d Ak i va (pa vep f ) 7 d ép ya
'
'
7 01 7 9 6 01? i v w he re bef re o i va we
'

h e av t o sup p y l
34 A PRELI M I NARY TEST
with Ca s a s pend ens i s very frequ e n t i n Sem iti c P a l Syr \ o o —
. .

a c» a t» ofi s m z ( A 61 Pe s h s o» mo m , 4 A ? o “
( (
. .
,

Fo r th e o c cu rre n ce s o f the co ns tructi o n i n J n s e e p 64 . . .

0 9 m or
7 1 v w is TO v rov i e fi myW i J D flDS Th e S trik i ng
e vo o e o
'

, . .
l -
‘ ‘

ph r as e L0 w i s i s s tr o ngly re m i n i s c e n t o f the H ebrew a n d

71
' '

r ev e e

Ar a m a i c c o ns tru c ti o n ( H eb 3 i P SfD Ar a m Th i s i s .
‘
,
.

a d m itted by M o ult o n ( N TG p wh o s e w o rd s a r e I t woul d 3 -

‘
. .

s eem the refore th a t th e s ub s tituti o n o f e i s o r m fo r t h e s i m ple e

’ ’

d a tive m a y h a ve o bt a i n ed c u rre n cy m a i n ly i n Ch ri s ti a n c ircle s ,

wh ere the imp o rt a n c e o f th e di ffere n c e betwee n s im ple bel ief

’
P9 )
7 5 9 a n d per s o n a l tr u s t G ) H w a s kee n ly re a l ized Th e .

prepo s iti o na l co n s tru c ti o n wa s s ugge s ted n o d o ubt by i t s bei ng

a m o re literal tr a n s l a tio n o f the H eb rew ph r a s e with Th e
oc c u rre n c e s of m o r vw i s a re a s fo ll o ws : ( e i s f ay 1 70 061 i s T oy e e e 7 4
e

29 35 4 0
) Jn
1 1 1 6 1 8 36
v i ov 7 01 3 ® e o f1 , G gi a jr i ov, 81 C . . 2 , 3 ,
6 ,

20 1 0
J
35 3 6 48 46 1 12 9
9 ,
1
42
0 , , ,
I 4 ,
1 6 ,
1 7 ,
I n .
5 ; el s ewh ere ,

R om G al Ph il 1
4
M a tt . 1 8 6
: Mk . Act s 1 9 , . .
29
.
,

) J
36
I Pet ( j
8 12 23
. 1 ; ( i
f g 7 0
d uos n . 1 2 ; e s i TO
) n
o vo u a I l
a rro v i .
”
2

I J n .
( i
e s ”
IV ua
, p f vp i a v
’

) J n
I .
5 J o h a nn i n e c a s e s i n a l l ,
9 o th er
cas es) .

v .
1 3
. oi o vK
’
e f a ip a r wv
‘
c
y a n/ 1 07 0 01 1
7 7 5
i . e .
i?
i N ) S NU
"

! ii? NS !
"

11 6mm g mSx m 11 1 3 1
5 A i h
poi
n ‘
xnmt of
g ; may n
o N5}
7
.

gre a t i ntere s t i s t h e fac t th a t th e L a ti n v a ri a nt 8; ey V 5 9) e / 7 .

be c o m e s c o n s ider a bly m o re pl a u s ible up o n the a s s umptio n o f a n

Ar a maic origi n a l S i n c e t h e parti c le l i s i n vari abl e it m ight
"

,
.

’
fo rm the rel a tive ei t h er t o a s m a ny a s re c eive d H i m or t
o
‘
,

’
‘
H e g a ve Th e que s ti o n o f re a di n g i n A r a m a i c depe n d s the n
.
, ,

u p o n the d i ffere nc e bet wee n th e plu r a l W SN N th ey were bo r n ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ’

,

th e s i ngul a r P 7 m H e wa s b o r n
f
a nd a d i ffere n c e wh i c h
"
/
” ‘ -

i n vo lve s s olely th e i n s erti o n o r o m i s s i o n o f th e l ette r 1 M o re .

o ve r s i nc e,
th e fo l l o wi ng v begi n s with K t 1 it i s quite
—
.
“
a a
,

p o s s ible th a t th e plu r a l fo rm W W W: m ay h a ve a ri s e n t h r ough '

d itt o gr a phy of th i s 1 Very p rob ably 1 m ay n o t h a ve h a d t h e

"

rel a tive s e n s e a t a l l bu t ( a s i n i n ) m ay h a ve bee n i nte n ded t o ,

“

expre s s the s e ns e i n as mu c h a s th u s givi ng t h e re as o n wh y th e ’

fac t p revi o u s ly m e n ti o n ed be c a m e p o s s ible i n a s m u c h as H e — ‘

wa s b o r n n o t o f bl o o d n o r o f the will of the fl e s h n o r of th e

, , ,
 o r PROLOGU E 35

will of m a n, b u t H e b ei ng b o r n n o t a ft er th e m a nn e r
of G od i . e .
,

o f fle s h but o f G o d was t hu s a ble t o give t o th o s e wh o re c eived

, ,

H i m p o wer t o be co m e s o n s o f G od .

Th i s i nterpret a t i o n i s o f a piece wi t h t h a t wh ich i s give n a b o ve

fo r w ju s t as
. t
3 ‘ —
h e L o g o s w a s th e S o u r c e o f a l l phy s i c a l l i fe
‘
be ca u se i n H i m wa s l i fe so H e i s th e S o u r c e o f s p i rit u a l
l ife ( t h e n e w birth ) beca u s e H e wa s b o r n i nt o th e wo rld no t by t h e ,

o rdi n a ry p r o c e s s o f h u m a n ge n er a ti o n but o f G od C f Lk ,
. .

A '

H ve vp a d y t o v éwek efi or e r a c 371 1 (re,

cY I
.

Suva /1
1 sm m r
1 9
l 0 01
‘
Ka l i u a ro v aa o e t
'

. . e .

81 6 Ka t T o y ew ui p evov ( 1 ) / 1 0V
vi os ® co ii .

We no t e a c o nn ex i o n bet wee n v l os (9 5 0 8 and

'
T e K va 696 013 of J n . I
wh i c h m ay n o t be a c c ide n t a l ( c f l Lk
l
. a so 37r d a l/ Sp a y w é o ww, .

m
wi t h o é 8é e x I f th i expl ti f J
’

J d y Spo c,
’ "
s a n a o n o n 1 n . .

be c o rre c t th e writer i s d r a wi n g o u t the my s t i c a l i m p o rt o f t h e

,

Vi rgi n Birth fo r believers o n pre c i s ely th e l i ne s o n wh i c h h e

-

el s e where (S 1 1 d ra ws ou t the m y s ti c a l i m p o rt fo r
H -
29
,
25 26
,

t he m o f t h e R e s urre c ti o n .

O n t h e o th e r h a n d th e ge n er a lly a c cepted re a d i ng 0? ,

’
e
ye w O
fin r v s u rely i n v
a a o l ve s a very s tr a n ge s eque n c e Th e s piritu a l .

bi rth o f bel iever s i s c le a rly t h e r es u l t o f th e grac e de s c ribed by

38 f vm v bu t a s ph r a s ed s ee m s
’
im of;
’
11 1 e a
-
(9 03 e o a 6

t o i m ply t h a t it was a n a n tecede n t c o n ditio n Th e a uth o r woul d .

’
s u rely h a ve wri t te n a n d s o th ey were bor n s o th a t they
‘ ‘
or ,

h a d th i s re s ul t bee n the fa c t wh i c h h e wa s
’
s h o uld be b o r n ,

i n te n di ng t o c o n vey .

v .
1 4
i . mfvwo ev Kay
fi . EV The
’
ea ve rb fi vwo v ve ry cl
e
i
e a rly l/
l
.
’
eo x e

s u gge s t s the J e wi s h d o c tri n e o f th e S is mi

'

S h /271 1 1 51 o r vi s ible d wel l i ng o f Y a hweh a m o n g H i s pe o pl e

e
“

typified by the pill a r of c l o ud s t an di ng ab o ve t h e Te n t of M eeti n g ,

’
a s s ub s eque nt ly i n S o l o m o n s Temple ( Ex fr o m th e old .

d o c ume n t E ; I K g s C f a l s o fo r th e u s e o f th e verb 79 ? . .
,

i ii /ea n o f Y a h weh s d i ve/[ mg i n th e m id s t o f I s r a el Lev 2 6 H

’

( )
2 1 1 1
.
, ,

Ex 2 5 2 9 Nu m 5
.
8
,
P1 5
( ) I,
K g s Eze k .
43 ; of H3
i s
, ,
. .
9

ca u s i ng H i s N a m e to d wel l t here Deut 1 2 2

26 , .
,

I n H ebre w p a s s a ge s i n wh i c h Y a hweh i s s a i d t o dwell o r to c a u s e ,

D 2
36 A PR ELI M I NARY TEST
H is N am e to d well th e m id s t o f I s r a el th e T a rgumic ph ras e
,
in , i s,
e ca u sed H Sh bi u td to d wel l there
'
e
H zs Ex a m ple s a r e .

H eb .

Lev . 2 6
" ‘
A nd I wil l w a l k ‘
A nd I wil l c a u s e M y S b lai n /a
m o ng y o u a t o d well a m o n g y o u

Ex 2 5 Th a t I m ay d wel l
.
" ‘
in ‘
Th a t I m ay c a u s e M y S h /afi el d e

y o u r m id s t t o dwell a mo ng y o u

Ex 2 9 A nd I wil l d well “ ‘
in ‘
A n d I will c a u s e M y S b /ei n tci
”

th e m id s t o f th e ch ild re n o f t o d well i n t h e m id s t o f th e
’ ’
I s r a el c h ild re n o f I s r a el .

’
S o, of th e withd r a w a l of Y ahweh s Pre s e n c e ,

Is a 57 .
17 ‘
I h id My s el f ’ ‘
I c a u s e d M y S h /8771 1 5 t o depart e

( as c e n d ) fr o m them
Ps .
44 Th
9
o u goe
‘
sA nd
t no t
‘
A n d Th ou d o s t n o t c a u s e Thy
’ ’
forth with ou r h o s t s . S h lei nl a t o dwel l with ou r
’
h o st s .

Ps . 88 they6 ‘
A nd a re cu t o ff
‘
A nd they are s ep a r a ted fro m
fr o m Thy h a n d th e fa ce o f Thy S h bi u ta
'

e
.

Th u s we m ay
a ss u m e with s o me c o n fide n ce th a t i é mi vwcr ev Ka cr

re re e t th e Ar m i N ? WN W? a nd au ed ‘
7v
° “
22
’
ev 7
p s n s a a c c s
’
H i s S h bal td to d wel l a mo ng u s The c h o i c e o f t he verb m 03V
e
/
. a t/ 1

wa s d o ubtle ss l a rgely d i c t a ted by i t s c l o s e re s embl a n ce t o th e

S em iti c r o o t E b u Th e s a m e u s a ge i s t o be s ee n i n Apo c
- -
. .

3 3
Ka i b Ka dfi p e vo s 877 2 7 013 dpdvo v -
a m p/ ( bo a 371 a br o vs, ‘
2 1 1 301 5, m o p / i) 7 01 3
’
© 6 017 7 61 V d vdp ui n mv, -
Ka i O
'

a bcr el )u e r. a e n
'
.

Ka i é eea a dp e ea
. r vl
‘
y Sdf
H ere we h a ve a c le a r refe re n c e av a br o ii .

’
to a s e c o n d term u s ed i n th e T a rgu m s t o d e s c ri b e G o d s Sel f
’
t h e Gl o ry o f th e Lord Th e ‘
m a n i fe s t a tio n t o m a n ki n d KT ?
,
.

co nc epti o n o f th e Y bar d g o e s b a c k l i k e th a t o f th e S h ki ntd ‘

,
a
,

to O T p a ss a ge s I n th e s e th e H e b term i s 1 53 ? K abh bdk

"

. . . . .

Thu s Ex ,
B eh o ld th e Gl o ry o f th e L o rd a pp e a red i n th e
.
‘
,

cl o ud A nd th e Gl o ry o f the L o r d a b o d e u p o n m o u n t S i n a i
‘
,

’
a n d t h e c l o ud c o vered i t s i x d a y s ; &c Th e T a rgu m s e m p l o y .

Y led r a l i k e 5 1 1 7 321 1 1 6 i n p a r a ph r a s i ng p a s s a ge s wh i c h m igh t a s

'
e
, , ,

they s t a n d i n th e H eb be t a k e n t o d e s cribe th e a c tu a l a p pe a r a n c e
.
,

o f G o d i n b o dily fo r m Th u s .
 o r PROLOGU E 37

H e b.

Ex .
3
‘ ‘
A nd h e c am e to th e ‘
A nd h e c a m e t o th e m o u n t a i n
o n whi c h the Y bar d o f th e
'

’
mou n t a i n of G od u n to ,

I I o re b
’
.
Lord wa s revealed eve n t o ,

’
H oreb .

Ex 6 ‘
Fo r h e wa s a fr a id to
‘
F o r h e wa s a fr a id t o l o o k
.
3
l oo k u pon G od u o n th e m a n ife s t a t i o n of th e
p
e
Y bar a o f t h e L o rd
' '

Ex .
‘
A nd th ey sa w the God ‘
A nd t h ey s a w t h e Y b ar a o f
’

of I s r ael ’
t h e G o d of I s r a el .

13 0 25
We
’
a nd Y bar d u p led ; N 1
1 ? “
'

S h lez nta
‘

s o m eti m e s fi nd
‘
co
’
th e D well i ng of th e Gl o ry
‘

Th a t c a u s e t h th e S h ki nta of
‘ ‘

Isa .
4H e th a t s i tteth u p
0
22 ‘
on

H is c d well in l o fty
'

th e circl e o f the e a rth ar a t o

’
tre ngth
s .

P s 44 .
"
W herefore h ide s t Th o u
‘
‘
Wh erefo re u s e s t Th o u th e
ca
’
S h k i nl a o f Thy Y ear a t o
' '

Thy fac e
’
dep a r t ?
O r wi t h i nver s i o n
,
of o rder
I sa . 6 5 ‘
F o r m i ne
eye s h a ve ‘
Fo r m i n e eye h a th s ee n the
a
see n th e K i ng t h e L o rd o f , Y Kar a o f the S h ki nta o f
h o s ts the K i ng of th e a ge s
Th i s l a s t p a s s age fr o m I s a i a h s vi s i o n ; le a d s us to a p o i n t
,
’

wh i c h pr o ve s bey o n d t h e s h a d o w o f a d o ubt th a t wh e n J n .

’
d e s c ribe s o u r L o rd s Sel f m a n ife s t a t i o n a s 865 h e h as i n m i n d -
11

t h e Wav e o f th e T a rg u m s In Jn 1 2 0
t h e writer a ft er quoti ng
* 4 “
. .
,

a dd s the s t a t e m e n t i r y H 0 g fin i b v r i bdf v ’

I sa
'
T ii o
'

,
a ra c 7 e a1 a e e ll

Th e o pe n i ng o f th e vi s io n ( I s a ru ns i n H eb I sa w . .
,
‘

’
t h e L o rd s itti ng upo n a th r o n e a n d th i s i s re n dered i n T a rg , .
,

‘
I s a w th e T eam o f th e L o rd re s ti ng o n H i s thr o n e O t her ’
“

i n s t a nce s i n J n of 865 i n th i s s e ns e a re 2
’
“
v n u b f u
3 '

.
a pv w 11 ,
e e cre
,
o a

ijv 80§ a v
40 2’ ’
d ewp dxr w
'

3 7
( 1 1 7 01 , 1 1 7r t 0 T e v0
' '

ys f T OU (9 6 09, 1 7
‘
nl v

97V 7u
'
So fa v 7 ( .

W e are no w in a p o s iti o n to mai nta n i th t th ea )t éy o s-co n cepti o n

e e e rily h w i tt
No t o f co u s r n c ss a t e r en Ta rg m u s . bu t a t a ny r at e th e c o nc ep i
t o ns

w hi h e t e red i t
c h rle p ii
n n o t e o a x os t o n of Sc ri p t re u ca ll ed Ta rg um.
3 8 A PRELI M I NARY TEST
of the Pr o l o gue m u s t u nd o ubtedly be derived fro m th e th ird a n d
m os t freque n t T a rgu m i c c o nc epti o n rep re s e n ti n g G o d i n m a n i
fe s t a t i o n ; th a t of the 7 NW QD the Wor d o f th e Lo rd “
We 7
‘ ‘ ’
.

s h ould n o d o ubt tr a ce th e o rigi n o f th e c o n c epti o n o f th e N ID D

'
‘

Mi nIr a t o O T pa s s a ge s i n wh ich H eb 1 9 3 d ab/t ar W o rd i s "

‘ ’
”

/
. . .

e m ployed i n a co n n exi o n wh i c h a lm o s t s ugge s t s hypo s t a tiz a ti o n ,

e g . PS . H e s e n t fo rth H i s W o rd a n d healed them ;

.
‘ ’

Is 33 . By t h e W ord o f th e Lord we re th e h eave ns m a de

6
,
‘ ’
.

Th i s l a tte r pa s s ag e wi t h i t s re fe re nc e t o the W o rd s a cti o n i n

,
’

C re a ti o n re c a ll s th e repe a ted D USfi

'

’
A nd G o d s a i d i n G e n I
‘ ‘
.
, ,
’
where th e H eb verb am a r i s ide n ti c a l with the Aram r o ot
. .

fro m whi c h Mew ra i s derived Mem r a o c c u r s repeated ly i n th e

'

T a rg g i n pa ss age s wh ere th e H eb 1 e p r e s e n t s G od a s s pe a k i ng
. .
,

a c ti ng o r ma n ife s ti ng H im s el f i n a m a n ner wh ich s eem ed t o o

,
-

a nth ropomorph ic t o J ewi s h th o ugh t of l a ter tim e s Th i s m ay b e .

i llu s tra ted from th e occu rre n c e s o f th e term i n th e fi rs t few

c h apter s o f G e n e s i s .

H eb .

Gen .
3
8
t h ey he a rd
‘
the
A nd
‘
A nd they h e a rd th e voice o f
v o i c e of th e L o rd G od wa l k the Mam a of th e L o rd G o d
’ ’
i ng, & c . w a l ki ng & c , .

’
‘
I h eard Thy voi c e .
‘
I h eard th e v o i c e of Thy

6 " ‘
it repe n ted th e L o rd
A nd
‘
A nd th e L o rd repe n ted i n H i s
that H e h a d m ad e m a n Mew ra becau s e H e h ad made
'

m an
6 7
Fo r it repe n teth M e B e c au s e I h ave repe n ted i n M y
Me wra ’
' '

8 1 ‘
th e Lord s a id i n H i s
A nd ‘
A n d th e L o rd s a id i n ( or by )
he a rt I wil l n o t a g a i n c u r s e H i s Mew r a I will n o more
'

, , ,
’ ’
&c . c ur s e & c ,
.

9
1 2
Th i s i s th e t o ke n o f th e
‘ ‘
Th i s i s th e t o k e n o f th e c o ve
c o ve n a n t wh i c h I m a ke b e n a n t wh i c h I a m m a k i n g b e

twee n M e a n d you twee n My and y o u

SO in 00
13 15 16 1 7

W e c a nnot fa il t o n o ti c e th a t i n J n I th e writer n o doubt .

” —

with i nte n tio n bri ngs togethe r all th ree o f th e s e Targumic c o n

-
 o r PROLOGU E 39

c e p t i ons
*
In l 6 M57 09 ap f
’ ’
we h a ve th e Mew r a ; in
'

. m (r e
y e v er o

the i B S li k in i d e a o d p e da
’

fi fip i v d f
’

i b i) 1 67 ;
’ c
v wa e v c v yv v 71 Ka e
“
Ka . ea x . r a a ro

e
th e Y bar a Th i s i s evide n c e th a t s o fa r fr o m h i s o wi ng h i s
’

.
,

My e s do c t ri n e t o a n Alex a n dri n e s o u rce h e i s s o a k ed th ro ugh

l -
,

a n d thr o ugh with the P a le s t i n i a n J e wi s h th o ugh t wh i c h i s re p re

s e n ted by the T a rgum s No r w o uld th e te ac h i ng o f the Pr o l o gue .

n eed time fo r i t s d evel o p m e n t A ny d i s c iple o f o u r L o rd wh o .

h a d he a rd th e T a rgu m i c re n deri n g o f t h e O T i n the sy n ag o g ue . .

,

a n d wh o wa s c a p a ble o f re c o g n izi n g a s uperhu m a n po wer s h i n i n g

’
th ro ugh the M a st er s Per s o na l i t y i n H i s m igh ty a c t s o f dete c ti n g ,

the D ivi ne v o i c e i n H i s te a c h i ng a nd a t le n g t h o f a pprehe n d i ng ,

th a t i n H i s Pre s e n c e o n earth G o d h a d come t o dwell am o ng

m e n c o uld h a rdly fa il t o d r a w the i n fere n c e th a t here wa s th e
,

gra n d fulfil m e n t o f O T co n cepti o n s s o fa mili a r t o h im th ro ugh . .

th e A ram a ic p a r a p h ras e .

wh i ms Xdp r o s i w nfi a c Th e refere n c e o f th i s s tateme n t

i Ka
’
ot a
’
.

b a c k t o th e m a i n s ubj ect of th e s e n te n c e 6 Aéy o s wh i c h m a ke s i ,

—
Ka

éH m i p H
ea fi t a p a re n the s i s
e a « i s c ert a i n l y a wkw a rd
. I t would be —
.

po s s ible t o a s s u me th a t wh ims i s a m i s re a di ng fo r wk fipmt refe rr i n g

t o T 97V 86§ a v vro v I f h o wever v a wh i c h s pe a k s o f the wit n e s s
‘
.
, ,
.
15
,

o f J o h n a n d s o m ewh a t h a r s h ly b re a k s th e c o n n exi o n o f th o ught

, ,

m ay be s upp o s ed t o be mi s pl a c ed a n d pro perly to fo ll o w af ter ,

t h e Prol o gu e befo re ( J o h n be a r w it n e s s A n d thi s i s the ‘

‘
wit n e ss o f J o h n th e n a no ther t h eory lie s Op e n I n
,
57 E .
6
1 x

7 0? 1 n 03
b fs d r s k i flp a1i
’
e
'
N P QJ
'

1 uf
l
? i p
i b
’
e
’
e a o af, . .
1
“

’ ’
I m ay me a n no t be c a u s e but H e wh o ( th e a ss u m ed m i s t ra n s
” ‘ ‘
, ,

l a tio n i s a c o n vers e o n e t o th a t n oted i n Thu s we get

th e s t a te m e n t F u l l o f gr a c e a n d tru t h was H e of wh o s e fu ll n e s s
,

we h a ve a l l re c eived Ar a m a i c liter a l ly re n dered w o u ld expre s s , ,

thi s by Ful l o f gr a c e a n d truth ( was) H e wh o o f H i s full n e s s we

,

have a l l received
a , vo
.
1s
y fiv .s ( O k
uo Th i s re ae di n g h a s s tro n ger
a a tte .s t a tio n th a n

t h e varia n t y b
o vo e l s v i ds wh iu
,
c h l o ok s like a c o
f rre
‘

c ti o n I t mu s
, t .

hi h bee t ed by D l m
T s as n no a a n, W] p . . 231 .

I Thi i h re di g f C d D t De i s s m a n n defe d wh i m ( LA E ff )
“ "

s s e a n o o . . .
pp . 1 25 . n s s

as an i de l i b l e dje t i e
n c h na a c v ,
on t ere f p p l r
s co ge ; d i f ll wed by o o u a u sa an s o o

M lt ou on N
( TG .
3
p .
so ) . Th e sa me ie w w e rli e r p f w rd by B l
v as a ut or a as s ,

G ra m m a r ( E n g t r . .
5 31 ,
6, an d by C H T r e r i j g l f T h ] S. d i . u n n o u rr a o eo . tu es

i pp 1 20 5 . .
4 0 A PRELI MINAR Y T EST
be a dmitted however th at th e ex p re s s i o n ( t hough fu lly i n a c c o rd
, ,

with the te a c h i n g o f the Pr o l o gue ) i s h a rd ly t o b e expe c ted a ft er

th e pre c edi ng No m a n h a th s ee n G o d a t a ny ti m e
,
‘
I t m ay ’
.

be s ugge s ted that th e Ar a m ai c $ 1955 PO2 the o n ly beg o tte n of

"
‘ -
,

God h as bee n m i s u n ders t o od a s “ Cbii W3: ( Ab s o lute fo r Co n s tru ct

"

S tate ) a n d so re n d ered the o n ly beg o tte n G o d

, ,
‘ -

I t th u s appears th a t n e a rly every ver s e o f th e Pr o logu e yield s

evide n c e p o i nti n g t o a n Ar a m a ic origi na l Be s ide s ho wever th e .
, ,

s pe c ial poi n t s wh ich have bee n d i s c u ss ed we n oti c e ge n er a lly ,

I ) th e s impli c ity of c o n s tru c ti o n with i t s fo n d n e s s fo r c o o rdi n ati o n

(
-
,

o f s e n te n c e s l i n ked by f e pe ially w a n d ( 2 ) th e
’
a
( c s c x e . .

ma ny c as e s o f p a ra ll eli s m i n th o ught a nd expre ss i o n a m a rked —

trait o f H ebrew poeti c c ompo s itio n C l o s e s tudy o f th i s l a tter .

ch ara c teri s ti c bri ng s t o l igh t a m o s t i n tere s ti n g fa c t Th e Pr o l o gue .

s eem s to t a k e th e fo rm o f a hy m n writte n i n el eve n p a ra llel ,

couplet s wi t h c omm e n t s i n tr o du c ed h ere a nd there by th e writer

,
.

Th i s m ay b e cle a rly s ee n i n th e Aramai c tra n s l a ti o n wh i c h fo llows ,

together with a n E ngl i s h re nderi n g of it I n m a ki n g th e tra ns l a ti o n .

th e J u d a ea n di a le c t h as bee n u s ed as fa r a s po s s ibl e On th e .

d i s ti ncti o n betwee n th e J udaea n a n d Galil a ea n di a le c t s o f Ar a m a i c ,

s e e Dalma n Gr a mm pp 33 ,
. .

“ 5 P I P?
1! “
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gg 1 ? 11

w e re 1 1 11
. Ng i 1
m 1 1 ? tap K n si n
l
Te xa We N?
i
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31
is m 1
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w as m i n; 3‘s
11 59 2;
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1 1 1 1 1 1 31

ews N? s»
a N .

Th d i ffe re e
e l igh t W h e h e NIH
nc s a re s r t he r t h mph pj . e av c os n se e a an s

‘
k w r t he r t h DD” ;ny x b t i p refere e t N13}; d t h m i l
no
’
a
‘
an ,
‘
u
’
n nc o an e no na

xst pl r lu a fli N; r he r h L
su x e rb l t p l r l ffi Ng r he r t h
7
at t an
T ,
v a [ s u a su x __ at an

P ib ly h R e l t i e h l d be I i B i bh l A r m i ; b t I i t h
o ss t e a v s ou " as n ca a a c u
'
-
s e

T rg m i
a u f rm Ch i e f t h J d e di l e t i b d p wi h t h ie w f
c o . o c o e u a an a c s o un u t e v o

au t h r h i p p t f r w rd
o s pp
u 3 3 ff o a on . 1 .
4 2 A PRELI MINAR Y TEST
al l m igh t believe i n it Th a t o n e was n o t th e light but o ne wh o
.
,

s h o ul d be a r wit n e s s o f the light I t was th e true light th a t l ighteth .

every m a n c o m i ng i n t o th e wo rld H e wa s i n th e wo rld .

,

6 . And th e w o rld by H im wa s m a d e .

A nd th e world k n ew H i m n o t .

7 . U n to H is o wn H e cam e ,

A nd H i s o wn re c eived H im no t .

As ma ny as re c eived H im to them g ave H e po we r t o be co m e ,

th e s o n s o f G o d t o th o s e th a t bel ieve i n H i s n ame ; be c a u s e H e

~

was b o r n n o t of blood n o r of th e wil l of th e fl e s h n o r o f th e

, , ,

wi ll o f a m a n but of G od , .

8 . A nd th e W o rd wa s m a de fl esh ,
e
A nd set H i s S h /221 1 1 5 a m o ng u s .

9 . A nd we behel d H i s G lory ,

G lory a s o f th e o n ly beg o tte n of the F a th e r -

.

1 0 . H e was full o f gra ce a nd truth ,

O f W ho s e full n e s s we al l h a ve received ,

A nd gra c e for grace .

1 1 . Fo r th e l aw wa s give n th ro u gh M o s e s ,

G race a nd truth th rough the M e s s i a h .

No m a n h ath eve r s ee n G o d ; th e o nly begotte n-

of G od , Who is i n
of th e
’
the bo s om Fath er — H e h a th reve a led .

A triki n g featu re o f th e hym n i s th at it co n tai n s s ever a l

s

ex a m ple s of th e s om ewh a t rare but well marked fo rm o f p a ralleli s m -

wh i c h i s k n ow n a s Cl zm a cl zc I n th i s fo rm s ti c ho s b o f a c o u p let
° '

d o e s n o t o ffe r a more or le s s complete e c h o o f s ti c h o s a but add s ,

s o meth i n g more wh i c h complete s th e s e n s e o f th e di s tich thu s ,

fo rmi ng a s it were i t s c lim a x D r D river ( Lzl er a l ur e of th e O T 9

'

. . . .
, ,

p 3 63) rem a rk s th a t th i s ki n d of rhy t h m i s a l l bu t pe c ul i a r t o th e

.
‘

’ 3
m o s t elev a ted p o etry ; a nd quote s a s i ns t a nc e s P s 2 9 9 2 9 3 .
5
,
2
, ,

3
94 , T h ere i s s om ethi ng a n a l o gou s to it th o ugh much
‘
,

le s s fo r c ible a nd d i s ti nc t i n s o m e o f the S o n g s o f A s c e nt s
,
“

( P s s 1 2.1 wh ere a s o m ewh a t emph a ti c w o rd i s repe a ted fr o m

3b
(
o ne ver s e o r li n e i n th e n ex t a s P s help “
) ( ); v ; v ,
. . .

2 b 3° ’
1 22 &c C lim ac ti c p a r a llel i s m i s very ch a ra c teri s ti c
, .
 o r PROLOGU E 43
’
of th e S o ng o f Deb o r a h ; s e e n o te i n t h e writer s C o mm e nt a ry o n
J udge s p p 1 69 f Th e fo ll o wi n g ex a mple s m ay b e n o ted i n th e
,
. .

p o em o f th e Pro l o gue

4 . B e cau se in H im was l ife

A n d th e l i fe wa s the light of m a nk i n d .

5 . A nd th e lig h t i n d a r k n e s s wa s s h i ni ng ,

A n d th e d a rk n e s s I b s c ured it
o no t .

7 . U nto H is o wn He c am e ,

A nd H i s o wn received H im not .

9 . A nd we beh eld H is gl o ry ,

Glory as of the o n ly bego tte n -

of th e
Fath er .

I O . H e wa s fu l l o f grac e a nd tru th ,

Of W h o s e full n e s s we all h ave re c eived .

Of the rem a i n i n g coup let s I 2 a nd 8 m ay be re c ko n ed a s , , ,

sy n o nym o u s wh ile 3 6 a n d I I are a n tith etic a l

, , , .

I t s h o uld be n o ted th a t th e couplet s be s ide s bei ng p a rallel , ,

’

a ppe a r a l s o to b e rhythmi c a l e a ch li n e co n t a i n i n g three s tre s s e s

,
.

In 17
i n pl a c e of 81 5 1 70 03 X p w r o i} the tra n s l a ti o n o ffer s th rough
, 1 7 1
'
‘

th e M e s s i a h s i m ply m etr i g r a tza 1 70 08 may very n a tu ra lly h ave

, . 7

c o m e i n a s a l a ter a dditi o n .

A d d i ti on a l No te on th e i n terpr e ta ti on fj
o n . 1 as r e er r i ng
f to
th e Vi rg i n B i r th -
(f p
c . .

There 1 8 a n e ss e n ti a l u n ity i n th e te a ch i ng o f St Luke St P a ul .

,
.
,

a nd S t J oh n a s t o th e m o de a n d me a n i n g o f th e I nca r n a tio n
.

wh ich o ught n o t t o be o verlo o k ed All go b ac k i n though t t o the .

a pp e a r a n ce o f J e s u s Ch ri s t o n e a rth a s a n e w C re a ti o n t o be ,

c o mp a red a n d c o n tr a s ted wi t h th e fi r s t C re at io n of th e world a n d

o f m a n k i n d ; a n d a l l therefo re dr a w up o n G e n I 2 i n work i ng ou t .
,

thei r the m e J u s t as God s fi r s t c re a tive a c t wa s th e fo r m a ti o n o f

.
’

l i gh t bre a k i n g i n u p o n the phy s i c a l d a rk n e s s wh i c h h a d previou s ly

,

c o vered primev a l c h a o s so wa s the birth of Ch ri s t the d awn

,

o f Ligh t i n th e m id s t o f th e s pi ritu a l d a rk n e s s of th e wo rld .

Th a t th i s ide a wa s i n St P a ul s m i n d i s defi n itely s t a ted .

’

by h im i n 2 C o r 4 o f y ap vr i s 071 1 50 0 0p d M a X pw rov I 1 ) 0 o il v
.
5 6
,
)
'

ea
'
o i 1 1
‘
’
'
44 A PRELI M INAR Y TEST

K up t ov, 31 -
1
. 6 (9 6 59 5 e i m fi v B
’
1< OK
'

d r o v s 4) c Ad m/J e t 39 2
'
71 , 11
v
’
cv T a ts

p dt a t g 71 05;
po fi 3651 79 émp
’

fi fi
'

Ka
1 cpwn o
-
t v
‘
r s y m a e ws T s 7 01 3 (9 co i) ev n
p oo

X p w r o i) -
l I Co r 4 2 Co r. Eph Cf Col
. a so Allu s i o n .
5
, . . .

to G e n I wh i c h i s c le a rly s ee n i n th e o p e n i ng wo rd s o f J n r
.
,
.
,

’
‘
I n th e begi n n i n g s eem s a l s o t o be beh i n d wh ere i t i s ,

s t a ted th a t th e L o g o s a s the Age n t i n C re a ti o n rep re s e n ted th e , ,

i n tr o du c tio n o f L ight i n to th e wo rld a n d by a n a lm o s t i m pe rceptible , ,

t r a n s iti o n th e writer s th o ught p a s s e s fr o m th e i n tro du c ti o n o f l ife

,
’

a n d l igh t at C re a tio n t o i t s s piritual i n trodu c ti o n a t th e I nc a r n a

ti o n M o re o ve r j u s t a s th e i n trod ucti o n o f light i n t o the wo rld a t

.
,

C re a ti o n d i d n o t i mmed i a tely a b o li s h phy s i ca l d a rk n e s s bu t led to ,

th e s et t i ng by G o d o f a d i vi s i on (53 3 31 G e n 1 ) bet wee n ligh t a nd

' '
4
.
,

d a rk n e s s s o (J n 1 ) i n the I n c a r n a ti o n th e Ligh t was s h i n i n g i n

,
.
5

d a rk n e s s a n d the d a r k n e s s d id n o t o b sc u re i t i t s i n tr o ducti o n i n t o
th e world pr o duci ng a p m s whereby Ligh t a n d d ar k n e s s were K
’
c

s harply d i s t i n gui s h ed a n d m e n h a d t o r a n ge th e m s elve s u n de r th e

1 —
o n e or the other ( n
J 3
9 2
; cf 9 Tu r n i n g t o th e .
1
.
39
,

B i rth na rr a tive of St Lu k e it i s s u rely n o t fa nc ifu l t o fi nd i n th e

-
.
,

w o rd s of th e a ngel i n 1 II I 5 01 ii y ov éw A u er L £ 2 0 6 K i B ur n s
35
,
/ 6 11
,
( t e e a a 71 ,
a / a t

wh ere th e
‘
Ytptcrr o v ém crm d o a O a n i m pl ied refere n c e t o G e n 1
'

O L, .
2
,

Sp iri t o f God i s pictu red as br ood i ng o r h over i ng o ver th e

fa c e o f th e w a ter s i n th e i n itial pro c e s s o f C re a ti o n wh ich i s s ue s i n

th e p roducti o n o f l i g h t i S o fo r S t Luk e th e D ivi n e B irth ‘

m e a ns th e d aw n i n g O f i n rm U] i f fi th vs qSoil a 1 7 02; a a l ai ( f o / o
,
’
e7 / . k
-
re , K

m a gi H a l / ( i 7 01 ) fi n/Le vo w and
'
Ka
966 g ( i s d W OK d Avl/I LV
A g a i n, th e c o nn ex i o n in th o ugh t betwee n th e Old C reati o n and

A s imi l r
y t i l i t e rp re i f h Ge e i p ge i gi e i Mid r h
a m s ca n tat o n o t e n s s assa s v n n as

B e re hi h R bb s
p iii ; R bbi Y i id W he H beg
t a a, re t e h
ar . . 1 0 a anna sa n e an to c a t e
,

vxo r l d th H ly O , bl e ed be H ) b e r ed t h w rk f t h righ e
e o ne d \ ss e o s v e o s o e t o us an

th w k
e f th w i k ed
or A d h s o e r h w w e i h w rk f h e c .
“
n t e a t as a a st
”
,
. e . t e o s o t e

w i ked c A d G d id L here be l igh t i h w rk f h righ e

.
“
n o sa et t
”
, . e . t e o s o t e t o us .

“
A d G d d i ided be t w ee
n h l igh t d be w ee h d rk
o v be t w ee h n t e an t n t e a n e ss
"
n t e

w rk o f h ri g h t e
s o d h w rk f h w i ked
t e A d G d l l ed h l igh
o u s an t e o s o t e c . n o ca t e t,

d y a i th ”
w rk
, f h .righ e e . A d h d k e he lled igh
e o s o t e t o us .
“
n t e ar n ss ca ,
n t
”
,

i . eh w rk
. t f t h w i ked
e A d he re w
o m r g i e th w k f h
s o e c .
“
n t as o ni n
”
,
. e or s o t e

ri gh e A d t he re w
t ous e e i g i h W rk f t h wi ked
.
“
n O as v n n
”
,
. e . t e o s o e c .
“
ne

d y a i m h t h H ly O bl e ed be H ) g e he m d y A d wh t
”
,
nas uc as e o ne \
ss e av t o ne a . n a

i shi ? Th D y f A e m e t
t s e a o ton n .
’

1 Th i Ge e i p ge i p p l ied i Mid r h B ere hi h R bb t h e d w m e

s n s s a s sa s a n as s t a a o t e n o nt

of h M e i h wi h h D i e S p i ;
t e Thi i
ss a h Sp f h K i g Me i h
t t e i v n l l t s s t e u l t o t e n -
ss a ,
as

i i t id A d h S p ir f h L rd h l l re p
s sa ,
“
n t e i t o t e o s a st u on
 o r PROLOGUE 45

the Ne w i s ex p li c it i n St . P a ul ’
s t e a c h i ng as to the fi rs t Ad a m a nd

t h e s e c o n d Ad a m i n I Co r ”
i y e y p a n r a t E y éver o 5
'
. 1 5 01 e 7 Ka .
'

71 63
1 7 1 09

r 6 zo xa r o s
’
d vfi pun r o s A 3ap i t
h CB ‘ O QV s s i a ve fi /La {wo n o co fi m
' '
e g f
. v
xp
Th i s i s wo r k ed
th e frequ e n t a nt i t he s i s b et wee n a d p f a n d
out in
w fip ea n d i n t h e re
a,
p re s e n t a ti o n o f b a p t i s m a s a b u ri a l wi t h Ch ri s t

i n wh i c h 6 w l t bg 31 63 i vOp w g i s p u t o ff a n d th e b a ptized ri s e s
’

a at 1 1 1; o rro ,

with Ch ri s t t o n e wn e s s o f l ife ( R o m W e fi n d the s am e .

a n tith e s i s bet wee n 0 d a nd m fin i n J n th e wh o le o f t h e '

e a .

di s c u s s i o n with N i c o de m u s i n ch 3 tur n i n g o n th e n e w birth wh i c h .

I n 6 i t i s s t a ted i n c o n tr a s t to (f i pf th a t
63
is e 03 m x i 7os 1 f et u a r
l
.
, o
,

ov v i / i o rw oC o i w a th o ught o f whi c h the c o n n exi o n W ith

’ ’ ’

T r e J u wo e
'

T r oc ,

’
St P a ul s y ve o z x o s 1 851 wm o w f v c a n h a rdly
’
i s wvefi p a C
’
(
‘

. e e ro o a r 1 1 r i

be a c c ide n t a l Th i s c o n n exi o n wo uld it m ay be p re s u med be

.
, ,

ge nera lly expl a i ned by th e th e o ry o f the i n flue n c e o f P a u li n e

The o l o gy u p o n t h e write r o f th e Fou rth Go s p el ; a nd th i s m ay
be s o A fac t h owever wh i c h i s s u rely beyo n d que s ti o n i s th a t
.
, ,

S t P a ul s refer s n o t s i m p ly t o t h e qu o t a t i o n fr o m
’
m i y yp n r
'
a at
‘ '

. e

Gen 2 7
H e b r e a thed i n t o h i s n o s tril s the bre ath o f l ife a nd
.
,
‘
,

bu t to th e wh ol e pa s sag e rel a ti ng to th e
’
m a n be c a m e a livi n g s o ul ,

fi A d d d A d m fr m d w to ’
m h
’
r s t a a n t e s e co n a o
y v o n C w o ro fi u ,
e e er o o .

{w n w ii v depe n d s up o n y v ro i ntrodu c i ng
’ ’
6z x s A 8a
’
a is v v
aro
‘

u,
,
( a e ua
l
o
-
o e e e
‘

th e qu o t a ti o n equ a l ly with wh a t go e s before from which i t s h o uld ,

be d ivided by a c o m m a m erely a n d n ot by a c o l o n ( W H ) o r ful l ,

.

’
s top H a d it bee n St P a ul s o wn a dd i t io n c ould h e .
,

p o s s ibly h a ve ph r a s ed the s e n te n c e t h u s a n d n o t h a ve writte n at ,

le as t 6 82 zo x ro s A Sap y v o g i n v fip C
a w '
o w o w fi v ? i

.
’
e e
’
er
‘
e e a

I f h o wever th e wh o le p a s s age i s a qu o t a ti o n whe nc e wa s it

, , ,

d erived Th ere c a n be n o d o ubt th a t t h e fo rm i n wh i c h S t P a u l s .

’

a rgu m e n t i s c a s t i s i n flue n c ed by R a bbi n i c s pe c ul a ti o n a n d th a t ,

the R a bbi n i s m o f P a le s ti ne Th o u gh b o r n a t T a rs u s h e c l a i m s .
*
,

Th e e x
pr e i ss o n
i i f x ti
j Dj §
'
‘
the fi r Ad mst a
’
is w e ll k no w n in e rly
a

Mid r hi l i e r re 1 1 1 11 31 1 Dj ft h
as c t i
a tu h Me i h i .
‘
t e s e d Ad m
co n a
’

, . e . t e ss a , s no t

k w i Mid h bef re h N w h al om h w r k f S p i h J w i h ‘
e
no n to u s n ra s o t e e s t e o o a an s e n t e

f S P l t C t mp
,

1s h e t ry
t ( f Th k e r y t h R l i
c n u A . D y j wi h c ac a ,
e e a t on o t . au o on e o ra r e s

Th g h t p p 4
ou b h ,
Mid r h B e re hi h R bb ( r bed by r di i
. 0 ut t e as s t a a a sc i t a t on to

R H . h i h g d e ryos a a ) b g h Me i h i
,
rr w i h h fir c n tu A . D . ri n s t e ss a nto c o nt ast t ‘
t e st

A d m w he
a i m me i g G The e
n, h ge e r i
n co f h he e nt n on en . 2
4
,
‘
s a re t e n a t o ns o t e av n

an d h e r h i q
t tee e rl ie r R bbi l e l i
a t h re
t wh y h uo s a a ni ca sp cu at o n as to t e aso n t e

w rd f
o ge e r i i w ri e p l
or
‘
wi h 1 nly i hi p ge d i R h 4
at o ns s tt n e ne t on n t s assa an n ut
1 8
,
4 6 A PREL I M I NARY TE ST
be E flp s f E fi p v ( Phi l i e no t a E t t o r n s ( C f A c ts
‘ '’ c ’ t
’ ’
to a to e o uoo . . . / .

a n d he o bt a i n ed h i s edu c a ti o n a t J eru s alem u n de r G a m a l iel wh o ,

was o n e o f th e m o s t p ro m i n e n t R a bbi n i c te acher s o f th e ti m e

’

( A c t s But pri o r t o St P a ul s c o n ver s io n the e a rl ie s t c ir c le of .

C hri s ti a n bel iever s a t J e ru s a l e m wa s d raw n n o t m e rely fr o m th e

pe a s a n t c l a ss but e mbr a ced ( a c c o rd i n g t o A c t s 6 ) a gre a t c o m p a ny
-
,
7 ‘

o f the prie s t s wh o w o u ld s c a r c ely h ave bee n u n ve rs ed i n R a bbi n i c

t e a ch i ng but m ay be s upp o s ed to h a ve a ppl ie d s uch l e a r n i ng a s
,

they h a d a c qu ired t o th e s ervice o f the n e w Faith .

I t i s by n o me a n s im probabl e therefo re th a t th e p a s s age a s , ,

a wh o le m ay h a ve bee n d r a wn fr o m a c o lle c ti o n o f O T Tes ti m on i a . .

,

c o m p o s ed with the o bj e c t o f m eeti ng Rabbi n ic J u d a i s m up o n i t s

o wn grou n d I f it be o bj ected t o th i s s ugge s ti o n th a t el s e wh e re

*
.

th r o ugh o u t th e N T y yp m i ntr o du c e s a defi n ite c it a ti o n from . . e

’
a ar

the O T a n d th a t th i s i s a l s o the c a s e with a l lu s io ns t o y p cpwi

. a

‘T
he e sh ge e r t i
a re f P e rezt ( 1 1 1 1 31 1 1 b t e l e w he re l w y
e n a o ns o d u s a a s an

c i t e t h i fe re e t h t l w h i h m e ri ll y 6 m pl ie h t h i t hi g w h i h
s e n nc a
‘
,
c nu ca , i s t at e s x n s c

A d m l t t h r gh h F ll h l l be re t red t h
a os ou mi g t f he f P e rez
a s a s o a t e co n o
‘
t e so n o

i
. e .th D i d i Me i h
e Th Me i h p p e
av c li fe gi e r ( f
ss a s/ .
( 0) e ss a a a rs a s a -
v c . fi ve 1 a 00071 01 0 1 1

in h t Mid r h h g g d l t Ge e i ( m p il ed by Y e m e i e J w f t h 4 h
e as a -
a o o n s s co a n t e o e 1 t

c e ry ) w hi h m m e i g G
nt u c ,
e t h t he re
co i p er nt n wh e on e n. st a t s a t a re s x so n s os

na m e w e r gi e t
s he m bef re he ir bi rt h i I h m el I
e v n o tM e S l m o t ,
v z . s a
,
saa c , os s, o o on
,

J i h d h K i g Me i h O h l t i y Th K i g Me i h be e
os a ,
an t e n ss a . n t e as t sa s,
‘
e n -
ss a ,
ca u s

i t i w ri e
s B ef re t h
tt n, hi m “
h l l be a o A d w hy i h i e me
sun s na e s a n on n s s na

ca ll ed Yi be e he i de i ed t qi h h e w h l ee p i h d t
nn o n ca u s s st n o u c e) : t os o s n t e us .
’

H e re h S ri p r l p
t e ge q t ed i P 7 i 73 2? i B Wit t? 35 5 B ef re t h
c tu a a s sa uo s s . 2
1 7 ‘
‘ ” ‘
o e

sun s h ll h i m e p p g t ( p d l i
a s na d h e rb l f rm ly here
i o a a e
’
or
‘
ro u e
’

an t e v a o
,
on i n

O T . re ed
.
,
is Me i i i l e H w h q i ke
t at as a T hi Mid r h q ted by
ss a n c t t e o u c ns
’
. s as l s uo

R ym a d M r i i h i P g i F i d i h p i i w h refe r i t M e h d D r h
un a t n n s u o e ,
c a .
,
I I ,
o s to os s a -
a s an ,

br tN b e b
o n a h m i dd l e f h
ar o nn h e rya L te
o ut hi i w t e o t e 1 1 t c nt u A . D . a as t s s, e

h e h e i de e f h T lm d ( S h d 9 8 b) h t Yi o w e rl y reg rded
av t e v nc o t e a u an e n n,
'

t a nn n as a a

as Me i i i tl e f i h p ge i q e i t h p p l f R Y i (
a ss a n c t ,
or n t e a ssa n u st o n e u i s o . a n na an

Am r f t h fi r t ge e r i
o a o d t g d e
e s ry ) m i i n m p l i me t
a t on— an o r c ntu A . D . a n t a n , as a co n

to the ir t e he r h t t h M e i h ac me i ,
be Yi o Th P l m p ge i
t a e ss a
’
s na s to nn n . e sa -
a s sa s

q t ed i M i d r h B e re h i t h R bb p i 5 e i de e h h m e f t h
uo n as s a a, ar. .
,
as v nc t at t e na o e

Me i h e i ed p ri r t t h re i f h w rl d t h gh i i t he re t ed
ss a x st o o e c at o n o t e o ,
ou t s no t s at

th Ym i be t ke h i m e
’

at no n s to a n as s na .

Th gh ou p r f hi Mid r h i p e l i
no a t be t r ed b k t h
o t s as c s cu at o n can ac ac o t e

rs t c e y it e
nt u r e t i ll r t e t h k i d f R bbi i e hi g w hi h m y
A D , . s rv s o us t a e n o a n c t ac n c a

w e ll h e f rm ed p r f S P l e rly t r i i g '

av o a t o t au s a a n n

Cf S d y Th G p l i th S d C y p 7 ; W k w h y pe
. .

‘
. an a ,
e os e s n e econ en tu r ,
. 2 2 e no t at t s

an d p r p he ie w e r e e ge rl y
o ghc s by h e rly Ch ri i d w e re
a sou t o ut t e a s t a ns , a n soo n

co ll e t ed i c k i d f m m t k fr m wh i h e e ry
n a n o d re w t h i p l e re
co on s o c o c v one a s asu
 o r P ROL OG U E 47

( wi t h I T i m 5 where o u r L o rd s wo rd s
th e p o ss ibl e ex c e p ti o n of .
1 8
,
’

A g e e 6 py d r ns f o l} [n o 9 08 a frro ii s ee m t o b e i n c lu ded u nder the ter m )

” ’
-
r e ,

’
i t m ay be re p lied th a t S t P a ul s quot a tio n d oes c o n s i s t o f s u c h .

a cit a t i o n fr o m the O T p l u s a ded u c ti o n therefro m a n d woul d

. .
,

ex hy poth es z be derived fro m a c o llectio n o f p r o o fs b a s ed o n t h e

'

O T a nd t herefo re d r aw n
. . T am ac f
yp p bv W e m ay fu rther d r a w
’
eK .

a tte n ti o n t o th e u s e o f th i s fo rmul a o f c i t a t i o n i n th e Epi s tle o f

’
B a rn aba s where o u r L o rd s wo rd s i n M t 2 2 “
a re qu o t ed .

wpo a éxw/z ev
p i
-
a n or e , i
( ) ; y yp
’
e a n r a t,
'

r o M oi K Aqr o f, 6h
'

y o t 33
’ ’
eK Xe m o i -
e fi pé

p Si m
ey il a rly th
. e fo rmul a k y y p
a a yp cp i s u s ed i n Bar n a ba s
, ;
’
e a r

1 6 t o i n trodu c e a qu o t a t i o n fr o m E n o c h
5

I f the n th i s i n terpret a tio n o f I Co r 1 5 a s wh o l ly a quot ati o n

, , .
45

be c o rre c t th e i m pl ic a ti o n i s th at s o m e time befo re S t P a ul wr o te

,
.

h i s Epi s tl e i n A D 55 6 th e a n tithe s i s bet wee n th e fir s t Ad a m

. .
-

a n d Ch ri s t a s th e s ec o n d Ad a m h ad bee n wor k ed o u t i n Ch ri s ti a n

R abbi n ic c ir c le s a nd wa s u s ed i n argu me n t Th i s c o n clu s i o n .

s u rely m o difie s th e que s tio n o f t h e depe n d e n c e of th e F o u rth

G o s pel upo n St P a ul i n reg a rd t o th e te ac h i ng here i nv o lved
.
,

s ugge s ti n g a s i t d o e s th e alter n a tive th e o ry th a t b o th m a h a ve

y
bee n depe n de n t upo n a c o m m o n earlier meth o d o f th eol ogi c a l
expre s s io n o f t h e truth s o f the I n c a r n a ti o n .

St Luk e s upplie s u s wi t h further fo o d fo r thought i n th i s c o n

.

ne x i on H i s Bir t h n a rr a tive i s cert a i n ly fr o m a J ewi s h Ch ri s ti a n

.
- -

s o urce a n d i s ge n er a lly a c k n owledged to be early

, I f a ny portio n s .

o f it a r e e a rl ier th a n th e re s t th e s e a r e the p o em s wh ich it c o n tai n s ,

’
a n d th e a n gel s w o rd s a t the A nn u n c 1 a t i o n a r e n o le s s a poe m

c as t i n rhyth m i c a l r lleli th are the M g fi d

'

B
'

p a a s m a n a m c a t en e z e t u s , ,

a n d Nu n c W e h a ve h ad o c ca s io n to c ite p as s a ge s fr o m
al l th e s e except th e Mag mfi ca l i n a rgu i n g the u n i ty o f their
, ,

th o ught with th a t o f St P a ul a n d St J oh n W e may no w n o te . . .

the fa ct th a t St Luke c a rrie s b ac k o u r L o rd s ge n e a l o gy t o Ad a m

.
’

who wa s th e s o n o f G o d
‘
W h a t i s the re a s o n fo r th i s ?
’

Doubtle s s o n e re as o n i s t o be fo u n d i n the fac t th a t h i s Go s pel

i s pre e m i n e n tly a u n iver s a l Go s pel n o t fo r th e J ews o n ly but
- —

fo r t h e wh o le G e n ti le w o rld a l s o May n o t h o wever a no ther .

, ,

( n d perh ap s t h e prime ) re a s o n h e th a t th e fa c t th a t the firs t Adam

a

was bor n n o t by n a tur a l ge n er a ti o n but by a n ac t o f G o d i n i ts el f ,

s ugge s t s the re a s o n able ne ss th a t the s eco n d Adam s h o uld like wi s e

48 A PRELIMINAR Y TEST
'

so be b o r n I f th i s i s s o i t i s o f c o urs e l ikely that S t Lu ke m ay

, .

’
h a ve o wed h i s c o n c e p tio n t o St P a ul s do c tri n e o f Ch ri s t a s th e
.

s e c o n d Ad a m ; but i f o u r a rgume n t h a s bee n s o u n d St P a u l

, , .

h i m s el f o wed it t o a n e a rlie r s o u r c e e m b o d ied i n a c ol le c ti o n o f

,

Tes l z m o n i a fo r ge ner a l u s e I f the n St Lu k e s o t)

.
, , m) ® i3 .
’
r 7
“

eo

l i nk s i t s elf o n t o vi a; (Dem? i n th e wo rd s of th e A nn u nc i a ti o n a nd if ,

h i s th o ugh t s h o ws c o nn exi o n wi t h S t P a u l s d o c tri n e of th e t wo

’
.

Ad am s i s it l i k ely th a t St P a ul i n e n u n c i a t i ng th i s doctri n e wa s
,
.
, ,

ig no ra n t o f the tra ditio n o f the Virgi n B irth -

T hi s i
p o n t h as a lre a dy bee b r gh t
n ou out by Dr . B ox , Th e Vi rgi n B i rth o f
j es u s , p p 3 8 f , 1 50
. . .
 ’

50 TH E S E TENCE
of
”
S te m MN Th e n D n iel ‘
a
’
. 5 m
N : a H e revealeth‘ ’
.

wax { IN The n Ari o c h

W v .
”
mnnu n5t< 1 5 To thee th e ~
" ‘

mm A nd I ‘
G od o f my fa ther s
1 p:
“

m u: Th e n were mm 53 p 53 Be c a u s e o f ‘

’
bro ke n th i s .

m N3 5 my A n s wered th e
’
A n d a fter thee
‘ ‘
"

h i . »:

v .
40
wm w1 3 5m A n d th e fourth
‘
ki ng ’

k i ngdom my An s wered ‘

nm n “ 1 1
’
v .
“
A n d wh erea s ‘
D a n iel .

1 3 5n Thy d ream
‘
thou s awe s t 1

ah a unpnm N3 5?) nmx Th o u O k i n g

42 - ’ ’
v . A n d th e toe s
' ‘
.
‘
,

m m 1 1 1 A nd wh e r ea s thou
‘
v .
31 “
ia
'
.

s awe s t
’
. v
3 ‘b
(3 1 103 s 5
Th i s im a ge
' ‘

mx um Th at i m age
.

mm m
’
A n d i n th ei r d ay s
‘ 32 ‘
; v
. .

aah: r l NJ nun nm Thou s a we s t

” ’ ‘ ’
v . Th e n th e ki ng
' ‘
. .

v .
48
w ho me: The n th e ki ng ‘ ’
v
.
36 ’
NnDn r m Th i s i s the
A n d Da n iel ‘ ’
d re a m
w ho nm x Thou 0 k i ng ‘ ’
,

nm n I 5w 5:
“ W h ere a s ‘

th ou s awe s t
N3 5): my A n s wered th e ‘

k i ng ’

Th i s great frequ e n cy o f u n c o nn e c ted s e n te n c e s i s equ a lly

ch a racteri s ti c o f th e re s t o f the Ar a maic p o rtio n of th e B o ok
o f D a n iel I n ch 8 th e H eb rew begi ns ag a i n a n d h ere we h ave
. .
,

27 s e nte n c e s ( c o rre s p o n d i n g wi t h th e ver s e divi s io n ) O f th e s e -

.
,

N
’ ’ ’
24 begi n wi t h A n d ( s o metime s re‘
n dered Th e n ow S o
,
‘
, ,
‘
,

‘
Ye a a n d 3 o n ly with o u t a ny co n n e c tive p a rti c le It .

will thu s be s ee n h o w c lear i s th e d i s ti n c t i o n i n s tyle betwee n

Aramai c a n d H ebrew eve n o f s o l a te a d a te ( c 1 6 7 B Q ) W h e n . . .

we come down to th e H ebrew o f th e M i s h na we d o fi nd a p a u c ity ,

o f co n nective particle s e n ti rely owi n g t o th e i n flue n c e o f Ar a m a ic

,
.

N ow great freque nc y of s e n te n c e s O p e n i ng w ith o u t a c o n n e c tive

p a rti c le i s a marked char a cteri s ti c o f the Fourth G o s pel I f we .

M
t a ke ch I n eglecti n g ope ni ng s i n speech es (w
— . where .
,

a sy n deto n i s na tu r a l i n G reek a s i n E ngl i s h we fi nd 3 4 a sy ndet o n —

 TH E SENTENCE 5 1

o pe n i n g s as ag a i ns t 28 with c o n n e c tive p a r t i c le l n th e 28 s e n
,
.

te n oe s wh i c h h a ve c o n n e c tive p a rti c le s the s e a re m i 1 9 ti m e s , ,

wh i c h i s thu s m o re t h a n
’
S 4 ti m e s {in twi c e O5V 3 time s
e
,
A nd , .
‘

d o ubly as freque n t a s al l th e other s take n togeth er i s the o rdi na ry ,

S emiti c c o n n ective parti c le wh ich bears vari o u s for c e s ac c o rd i n g ,

t o th e c o n text ( c f p Th e o pe n i ng s a re a s fo l lows : . .

Wi th ou t connecti ve pa rti cl e .

’ “
9
cv o i pxg 77V '
.

9
o v r o s 7 V.
‘

7
7r a vr a 3L
3
u vr o u e
3 A Q I e ve ro .
y
‘

Con)
3 A 1 ‘

W a v rt
‘

p 1
7V
A I
.

p 9p w7ro s
9
Ka t TO ( ens. e t/ ( T o a v
(
y
9
o vr o s
nk d a x .

3 Q Q Aw 5
A
Gun 1 ] V e x e o s TO ( 1
‘
01 9 .

9
7 V 7 0
1 q A ‘
s TO dAnGn/ o v
I
A I
.

a
€V f t Koo 7 V.
p p p 7 t

1 2 I ( is T o {St a
. fixe s.

8
er

OO OL
'

6.

C
Ka t o Ao y os .

1 4 b
Ka i EGea o dp e Ga
. . 7)
15
Twai n / 71 9
1 6 ‘7

on ( K r ov
A

wh np y a r o s
Iw ‘

c I
.

1 7a 0!
7b I
}X
1
on o ro
p es . 1 a
p t s Ka t i] dk nd a a .

1 8“
(9 6 6V 32
' '
7} 01 3 6 9 e oi a K e.
p
l
® eo s
V Iw [ LOVO
Y f VflS .

m
3
Ka t av
'
e crr .

C
wuo k
I
Ka t o
yn o ev .

’
Ka t
fip m ur o a v.

Ka i Key s !
, "

1
9
3
Ka t a 7r e x 7
p 7 t .

9 Q 23
e a ra v o w . v .

3
Ka t a a eo r a k pt e vm .

Ka t
fip n
wr o a v.

3
Ti B ( fa r
fi
’ r A

w a frr o w
-
01 V ar r g o re x
p n c .

26 b
v . fi p av af
fi x“ .

23 ’
v . ra ii r a EV B nea m g

f;
'
5p i ov ,B Ae a e t
’
f e 7ra 1 .

i fi r ov
’ ’
K ot
y t o O IJ K a .

i i
’
Ka
p pn
n ev
'
e a o
p .
5 2 TH SENTENCE
'
I
a ur o r .

T
A e
WQ UP LOV
I 7 T( 1 1 ALV
c
t O T Y K GL.
'
r

I
‘
(
”

’ ’

Aey a f
a fr o s. i
wpa
cI

7 1’ ms
Q
Sex a r rj
I
7 .

’ '

3
7 V A v8p ea s .

e vp i o k a 5
0 1 09 .
-

3
a v r o v.
I
ny y a er

q
’

pfi f
’

i
’
e k h
et a g a rr

I I
.

A
d
3
k
3

7
7
2 e vr a v
p t ov
n n e o e v.

Ka t efi p fo x et

3
7 V 32 6 e fi p fo K e t ‘

( DO
9 ’
i 6
9
Key er
'

) t mvro s
A

v Ka t e wre v a v r t a n
‘
.
p t
.
.

e i SeV 1 1 1 0 0139 .

f éi Na fi a va rfi t
’
Ae y e t a rr .

3 I9 I
A

a 7r e l<
p tt 7
7 n o o vs .

d we xp t Gr] N a ea va h
fi
’
a n t) i '

? .

d wexpi fi n l no o ii s
I A .

q
3
Ka t A e
y et a vr )
'
.

Inorder t o prove th at th i s c h a r a cteri s ti c i s fo u n d th roughout

the F o urth G o s pel we m ay t a k e t wo o the r c h a pter s fr o m t h e
,
—

m iddl e a nd e nd c o n s i s ti ng m a i nly o f n a rr a t ive Ch I I c o n t a i n s

—
. .

59 s e n te nc e s o f whi c h 1 7 h a ve n o c o nn e c t ive p a rti c le ( vv W Wm

.
“ - "
,

ch 1 8 c o n t a i n s 5 2 s e n te nc e s
. a nd 20 o f the s e ,

a re withou t c o nn e c t i ve p a rti c le
Th i s i s a s m a lle r p roporti o n t ha n i n ch 1 ; yet a s c o m p a red with .
,

the Sy no p t i s t s i t i s a ve ry h igh o n e To t a k e t h ree ch a pter s a t

,
.

r a n d o m fr o m th e l a t ter Mt 3 c o nt a i n s 1 3 s e n te n c e s no ne with o ut
—
.
,

c o nn e c tive p a rti c le ; M k 1 c o n t a i n s 3 8 s e n te n c e s 2 o n ly wi t h o u t
.
,

c o n n ective p a rt i c le Lk 8 c o n t a i n s 60 s e n te n c e s 2 o nly .
,
b w
with o ut co n n e c tive p a rticle (vv ) .
8
.

A sy nd eton
’
an r e x fi
p n
t
,
’
( i n e x te a a v
p n a sy n d e to n ”2 .

In
th e o pe n i ng s o f u n c o n ne c ted s e n te n c e s give n a b o ve fr o m th e
Ar a m a i c o f Da n 2 it wil l be n o ti c ed th a t 9 o u t o f th e 22 t a k e
.
,

th e fo rm A n s wered ( s o a nd
,
‘
Th i s i s very c h a r a c teri s ti c ,
 TH E SENTENCE 53

28 ex a mple s o c c urri ng i n th e s i x Ar a m a i c ch a pter s wh ile there ,

’
ar e o n ly 2 ca s e s o f a n d n o n e a t a l l of
7 ‘
The n a ns wered ( 5 1
,

I n c o ntr a st the wh o l e H eb re w O T o fi e rs
’
A n d a n s wered
'
‘
. . .
,

o nly 2 s u c h u n c o nn ected o pe n i ng s A n s wered ( S o ng re n dered ,

‘

sp ak e i n R V ; Ps wh ile there a re 1 4 5 ca s e s o f A nd
‘ ’ ’
‘
. . .

a ns we red ( s o a n d so) um m m & C - -

, ,
.

Th e o d o t i o n s vers i o n o f Da n doe s n o t a l way s repre s e n t th i s

’
.

’
Ar a m a i c A n s wered ; but wh ere i t d o e s it regul a rly re n ders
‘
,

i m / 56 7 d w p dncr v ( 1 1 t i m e s ; o nce d wo p d s) p re s e rvi n g th e

’ ’
r e 1 1 ex r a x t a ,
,

as y n det o n i n 4 c a s e s ( 2
7 0
bu t el s e wh ere p re fi x i n g t The s e 5 4
,
Ka .

1 2 p a s s ag e s i n all o f wh i c h th e Ar a m a i c phra s e i s regul a rly

,

fo ll o wed by a n d s a id befo re s tateme n t o f th e w o rd s s p o k e n

‘ ’
, ,

a re a s fo ll o w s

5
mm
'
2
"
da p )gr ex t .

I
7
mm
9
2 u a n ex t d o a v
p n Ka t
‘

6 t 7I a V.

2
8
ne w Ka t
3
a 7r e l<
I9
p 7 t 7 Ka t ca r er .

Ien I
2
”
mum a we xp t o av Ka t A e
y o vo w
I9 7
.

2 ne xt Ka t
a
a 7r e r<
p c 7 Ka t c a
9
r er
I
.

2
”
we ui S Id A
. Ka t a n ex
p t
n Ka t e
y et.

ne w 0a s
47
2 Ka t
3
a n ox
p t ca r er .

ne w
3 Ifi 9
r
3 Ka t a r ex
p n c Ka t ca er .

Ifi I
rw
3

3 nN1 . Ka t a n ex
p n r o av A e
y w ss o .

Id
.

mm r
‘
" 3 9
Ka t a n ex
p n c Ka t ca er .

ne w
3 Id 9

4 Ka t a n ex
p c
n Ka t e u r ev.

p er]
3 I 9

4 ne ui a a ek t Ka t e wrev.

In
th e F o u rth G o s pel d w p fi n o r d n p i fi no v o c cu r s a s a sy n deto n ex
’
r ex a

o pe n i ng s 65 ti m e s s e e bel o w O the the r ’

( )
’
m o
p ver t o nce n o ,
o x t a
,

h a n d we h a ve d c / 507 O1 V 7 9 1 2 ; d n e pi fi no v 013V 2 7 9 ;
u k 1
7 0
1
3 1 6 25 34
x a
18 4 2

I
, , , , , , ,

89 33 owr exp i fi n,
’
d we xp fva ro 5V, 5 6 SE our expi va r o,
’ o
‘
O a r ox t ve ra t
p
‘

T 26 Q
as e s of th i s verb 23
i
’
I no o vs d a o xp cver a r, 1 1
as

1 3
.

01 1 V 1 2 e c
,
o e
; . .

a s a n o e n i n g with c o n n e c tive p a rti c le a s a g a i n s t 66 ca s e s with out

p ,
.

El s e wh ere i n the wh o le N T p dn as a n a s y n det o n o pe n i ng . .

’
au r e x
’
t

o c c urs o n ly i n M k I n the Sy n o p t i s t s th e c omm o n ph r as e 29

1 2 . .

i s 6 SE d wo p t d i s ( o p d i q fin a
x whi c h rather re s e m ble s th e
e
’
au r x i e l
,

c o m m o n H ebrew ph r a s e mm m m A nd he a ns wered a nd s a id “ ‘ ’
,

o f wh i c h it i s freque n tly th e re n deri ng i n LXX .

O f t h e 65 c as e s o f asy n deto n o pe n i ng d w pt dq d w prOqo v i n ex

’

,
ex
’
a
54 T H E SENTENCE

J n .
,
38 i ntroduce th e word s s pok e n wi t hout fu rth er verb vi z , .

1 9 33 34 4 9 54 25 32 33 34
1
49
, 3
5
,
8 , 9
3 1 1 27
,
1 0 ,
1 1
9
,
1 3
8 36
1 6 3l
’
5
we once h ave 2 1 ,
a 7re x 9
p 7) 1
'
Ae yo w, ’
1
26
;
wh ile 1 n th e 26 o th e r ca s e s th e O pe n i n g i s m a x td
p n( i
« n
-
e x té o a v
p n )
V IZ
19
Ka i ca r er
( em uv ,
) . 1 , 4 I
6 7
21 52
,
8

3 1 2 I t i s ,
1
7
di ffi cul t to re s i s t th e c o nclu s i o n
,

t hat m p l d ; e w ev i s a l iter a l re n de ri n g of th e Ar a m 1 p m my
‘ "

1 a x r xa r .

a nd d w p nO o v x v o f Pi
e t
23
3
1 } 53? fo r wh ich
a a s we h ave a1 s ee n e u ra t-
, ,
’
they s ta nd l n Th e o d o t i o n 5 D a n iel .

’ '
sy nd e to n a r ti ci l
’ "

A Asy a , Aey o vo w -
a sy na e ton 17
91
5 (p p ),
e P7
9
7 8 .

S imil a rly we c o n s ta n tly fi nd th a t J n u s e s ope n i n g

’

,
. Aey a as an

7 -" 1 f ‘6 -1 7 -1 9
with o ut co n n e c tive parti c l e Th e c a s e s a re 4
3 4
~

.
,

50 bi s
"

21 20 26 34 4 9 50 8 39 I2 23 24 21 39 8 9 22
.

5
8
'
6 , 7 8 9 I I I
3 I 4
1 3
to tal Of
.

I 8 20
.

a 63 .

with o ut e c tive parti c l e o c c u rs in 3 34 3

’
Aey ovcr w c o nn 1 1 ,
21 ;
( Ka i/ 7
7 Aey et , 20
1 5
a M OL 3Aey o v i n 1 0
21
,
1 2
29
On th e othe r h a nd ,

we h ave th e pe n i n g in 4 8
Aey ovm v i n
’ ’ “
o m 1 Asy a 2 ,
m 1 20

Aey e v i n 6 ov i n 6 in 4
65 93 42 9 6
i 8
’ 3
Ka t (
, ; e y ; Ae et
y Ka 01 V , 7 ,

m
Ae y o vo w o u r i n Aey ev o u r i n in 4
’ ” 33
1 g ,
e Aey ov o ur
,

25
,
1 1
36
,
1 6 18
, 1 9 m A
Ay ve
y e t 86 m 1 2
4
e Aey ev 36 ( e o

7
Se i n i r A ya in 1 9 20 ; i e a total of 3 1 ope n i ng s with
’ 27 ‘
’ 2
e a e ,
. .

c o n n e c tive p a rti c l e a s a gai ns t 7 0 with o u t s u ch p a rti c le ,

.

I n M t A y a a s a n a sy n det o n o pe n i n g o c c u rs 1 6 t i m e s v i z
’
. e ,
.

1 5 25 22 8 1 820 7 21 23 3 1 42 41 9 5 35 64 22 ’
1 6 ,
1 7 ,
1 8 ,
1 9 ,
20 ,
21 ,
22 ,
26 ,
2 7 ; Aey o vcr w

1 0 time s , viz 7 3 23 3 “
In Mk thu s
’

1
42
. 20 2 1 2 . Asy a
Aey o vo w i n I n Lk in
’ ’
never ; . Ae y a n ever .

In
A c t s th ere a r e n o occu r r e n ces o f A y a A y vm v a s asyn det o n ’ ’
s e o
,

o pe n i ng s .

Th a t th e h i s t o ric a l pre s e nt i n J n o f wh ich A y t i s th e m o s t .

,
’
e e

frequ e n t ex a m pl e repre s e nt s th e s im ilar u s age o f th e p art i c ipl e ,

i n Ar a m a i c i s a rgued late r o n ( p ,Th ere are n o i n s t a nc e s .

o f th e a sy ndet o n ope n i ng ( p a rti c ipl e ) i n D a n bec a u s e th e .

,

b e e f h i y de t
Th e ge Mk i p i t g i t t h i ew h t
a s nc o t s as n on usa in s a o n a a ns e v t a

thi G p e l i l i t l t l i f A r m i d m e The re
s os s a e ry m y
e ra ra n s a t on o an a a c oc u nt. a re v an

w he re Mk e i 67 6 62 A y pe i g w he r e J w l d e r i ly
’
c a se s . us s xa A 0, e et a s o n n s, n . ou c ta n

h e ed y de
av
yusCf e g f h di f
f e re e
asi y l e
n t h di l g e f
t o n Ae
’
u . . . .
,
or t e nc n st ,
e a o u o

M K .
 TH E SENTENCE 55
’
writer of th i s b o o k p refer s the formul a A n s wered a nd s aid ‘

wh i c h we h a ve a l re a dy n o ti c ed Th i s latte r ph ra s e howeve r .
, ,

s o mu c h fa v o ured i n Da n s ee m s to h a ve bee n pr a ctic a l ly co n fi n ed

.
,

t o Wes ter n Ar a m a i c bei n g u n u s ed i n Syri a c ex c ept i n tr a ns l a ti on

, , ,

a s i n the P e s h i t t fi o f t h e O T O rdi n a rily i n Ar a m ai c e s pe c i a lly *

. .
,

i n i t s E a s ter n b r a n c h th e a sy n det o n o pe n i n g “ DIS aa l ( participle )

p

,
é ,

i s o n e o f th e m o s t c h a rac t eri s tic fe a tu re s o f the l a nguage i n

d e s cri p t i o n of a di a l o gue ; a n d thi s n atu r a lly le nd s it s elf i n G reek
t o a re n deri n g by t h e a s y n det o n h i s t o ri c a l p re s e n t Asy a Fo r ’
.

ex a mple the Syri a c A cta Th om a e i n th e fi rs t fo u r p a ge s ( ed W right )

, .

o fi e r s t welve ex a mple s of the u s age

f
T h e fo llowi ng i s a l itera l .

re nderi ng o f a d i a l o gu e p a s s age from th i s w o rk ( p -

.

‘
A nd th ey h a d emb a rked a nd s at do wn H a bba n th e
whe n ,

mer c h a n t s ay s t o J ud a s W h a t i s the craft th a t thou art abl e ,

“

t o prac ti s e ? J ud a s s ays to h im C a rpe ntry a n d a r c h itecture ‘

,

the w o r k o f a c a rpe n ter H abb a n th e m er c ha n t s ay s to h im ”

.
,

“
W h a t a r t th o u s killed t o m a k e i n wood a n d what i n hew n ,

t
s on e ? J ud a s s ay s t o h im I n wo o d I h a ve learn ed to m ak e ,
“

pl o ugh s a n d y o k e s an d o x goad s a n d o a r s fo r ferry boat s and -

,
-

m as t s fo r s h ip s a nd i n s to n e tomb s t o n e s a nd s h ri ne s a n d temple s ,
”
and p alace s fo r ki ngs H abb a n th e m erch a n t s ay s to h im .
,

“
I was s eeki ng j u s t s u c h a wo rk m a n
With th i s we m ay c o mp a re the s tru c tu re of th e d i a logu e in
1 5— 1 7
Jn . 2 1

S o wh e n they
br o ke n their fas t J e s u s s ays t o Simo n Peter
h ad , ,

Si m o n s o n o f J oh n love s t thou M e m o re th an the s e ?

, ,
He
Y e a L o rd ; Thou k nowe s t that I love Thee
”
s ay s t o H i m
“
.
, ,
”
H e s ays to h i m Feed My l a m b s ,
H e s ay s t o him agai n
“
.

”
a s ec on d ti m e Simo n s o n of J oh n
“
l o ve s t th o u M e ? H e s ays
, , ,

Y e a Lord Thou k n o we s t th at I l o ve Thee

”
to H i m ,
“
, ,
He .

s ay s t o h im Te n d M y s heep H e s ay s t o h im th e th i rd time
“
, ,

“
Sim o n s o n of J o h n l o ve s t th o u M e ?
,
Peter was grieved
,
”

be c au s e H e s a i d t o h i m the third ti m e L o ve s t thou M e ? ,

“ ”

A n d h e s a id t o H i m Lord Th o u k no we s t a l l th i ng s ; Thou “
, ,

k no we s t th a t I l o ve Thee J e s u s s ay s to h im Feed M y ”
.
,
“

U ) 0
s hee p
.

A cco rdi ng to l
Da m a n ( Wj .
p . 25
) th e f rm l
o u a is un k no wn in l at e r Je wi h
s

A r
ama c. i
5 6 THE SENTENCE
Th i s very s t r iki ng re s em bl a nc e i n s t ru ctu re betwee n th e t wo
p a s s a ge s both a s reg a rd s pi c t o ri a l u a l = Aéy 1 a nd asy n det o n
’

—
e

u s age i s n o mere c h a n ce a n d i s ol a ted ph e n om e n o n Dialogue s

—
.

s o fr a med a re freque n t i n th e Fourth G o s pel ( c f e s peci a lly th e .

refere n c e s t o A y a i n ch s 4 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 8 a nd i n n u m er a bl e
’
e , ,
,
.
, ,

parallel s from Aram a i c m igh t be c o lle c ted .

*

P a r a t a xi s .

Pecul i a rly S em iti c i s th e s impl icity o f co n s tructio n empl oyed

th r o ugh out th e F ou rth Go s pel Se nte nc e s are regu l a rly c o ordi .
-

n at e d a n d l i n ked by
,
S ubord i nate s e n te n c e s a re few a n d
fa r betwee n In 6 wh ere th e write r e m b a rk s excepti o n a lly
.

u p o n a s ome what c omplex s e n te n c e h e s peedily bec o m e s i nvolved ,

i n d i fficulty 1 3 i s more s u c c e s s fu l a s G reek ; bu t thi s p as s age

.
1“
,

i n poi n t o f s tyle practi c a lly s t a n d s a l o n e i Such S l m p l i c i ty o f

, .
'

c o n s tructi o n c a n of c o u r s e t o s o me exte n t be par a lleled fr o m th e

Sy n o pti c s o u r c e s parti c ul a rly fr o m M k But n o t eve n i n M k

,
. .

doe s it a tt a i n a nythi n g l ike th e v o gue wh i c h it h a s i n J n .

Co mpa r a ti ve ra r i ty o
f A or i s t P a r ti ci p e d escr i bi ng
l a cti o n

a n ter i or to fini te ver b .

’
In pe a ki n g a b o ve o f J n s ph r as e d n p tdn t ei ev we n otice d
s . ex Ka r ,

th a t t h e Sy n o p t i c equ iv a le n t s ub o rdi n a te s th e pri o r acti o n by u s e

o f th e A o ri s t Parti c iple e g 6 SE w o p 9 29 ci r r i e th e n a tu r a l ,
. . a r
’
x 1 e 7 e
, . .

G reek c o n s tru c tio n Th o ugh we oc c as i o n ally fi n d th i s l atter c o n

.

s tru c ti o n i n J n e g 1
3
nfi A w A — it i s fa r le s s com mo n 6 9 ’ ’ '

— m s .
y a . . 1 e e a s

th a n i n the Sy n o pti s t s A n appr o xi m a te c o u n t yie l d s th e fo llowi n g .

figu re s th e pr o p o rti o n s of wh ic h a re worked ou t a ccordi n g t o th e

,

p a ge s o f W H .

Th e as y de t
i i l freq e t i R bbi i H ebre w ( de r t h
n on c o n st r uc t o n s a so u n n a n c un e

i fl e e f A r m i ) t h gh he re i de ri p t i
n u nc o a f p t e ea c th P e rfe t i
,
ou n sc on o as v n ts e c s

no rm lly ed S e e r l e m p l e
a us i ed by S h l t e r ( Sp h p p 5
. v a xa s a re c t c a t ra c e, . 2

Cf e g M i d r h R bb
. . . E d p as 8 (M e d A ra bef re P h r h )
a on xo us , a r. v . 1 os s an a on o a ao ,
‘
H id he m W h
e sa ye They id h i m W
to t ,
h m e e ge ro a re f h sa to ,
e a re t e ss n s o t e

H ly O
o b le ed be H Wh t
ne , ye eeki g They i d h i m Th
ss ih
e . a a re s n ? sa to ,
us sa t

th e L rd & o ,
C.
’

1 W m y te h i w f h l y e e t ee t
t at
2
co nta ns t o ut t
‘
e a no v . o o e on s v n n o c u rre n c e s

o f t h Ge i i e b l e w h i h
e n f di J
t v a s o ut c a re oun n n.
5 8 TH E SENTENCE
I
"S ’
Aey e t Na d a va i jA dwre xp t dn 1 770 0139
'
Ka i
. s nei w ( o n
c tra s t
Mt . 1 7
26
e a i dvr o s 86
’ i

Am)
’
7 63V d AAo r p t wV,
'
6 1 770 0179 -
. Lk . Z I
5

46 3
Ka i 1 1 v Aey dvr wv f i n cv) -
.
4 fi Afi ev O1 V Ka i ,
7
7 V 7 1; B
,
ao t At x os .

45 T
H AGOV 6 i i i
3 '

i fi m yp é rm 6 i
’
-
7 01 V 71 0 9 7 0 9 px te e g Ka Ka
'
o
7 ot
p . e 7r o v

(1 61 -
0 9 2
’
e x e vo c
’

i (
c o n tr as t M t . 8 28
Ka i .
’
e Afi ovr o s a br o i)
’

ba rj
w no a u ‘

01 61 1 3
-
.

Mt . 1 7
1 4 24
,
6 "
Ka i c or t a
'
i737)
’
e e
y y d ve t , K a i o ii 7r w e A Av ge t
n
’ ’
71 6
7 ;
1

(1 67 069 6 Tmr o vs ( co n tr a s t M t . 8 1 6
i /i
( t f at ;
’
B E YGVO/LGVflS a p o o i jvey x a v
i 6 1 1 70 0139 ? pq
i i AwO a v ii v
’
f f ov
’ '

Ka . 7r e
p 1 € 7ro r e t ev T
o e i em K
'

o a fr o i
1 ( o tr t E aV be dw V fi p éop vwv ijp f r o A y e v) 29 ’
81 1 201 k
’ '
01 1 n a s I I T c . l ea a oc e a e t .

Th e pla c e o f th e G e n itive a b s olute i s a l s o take n i n J n by .

a temp o ra l c l a u s e i n tr o du c ed by 37 6 a c o ns tructi o n fo r wh i c h as , ,

c o m p a red with the Sy no pti s t s th i s write r S h o ws a rel at ive fo n d ,

n ess N eglecti ng c a s e s i n wh i c h 37 6 h a s a n a n te c ede n t ( e g J n 4

.
2
. . .
1

3px r t Zp 37 6
e a So 4 5 9
( a there are 1 6 c a s e s o f fir i n t ro
.
23
,
25
,
4
,
e

d u c i ng a tempor a l c lau s e i a a s a g a i n s t 1 3 i n Mt 1 0 i n Mk .
,
.
,
.
,

1 0 i n Lk I f J n were a s l o n g a s Mt t h ere would be pr o por

. . .
,

t i o n a t e l y 21 c a s e s ; i f as l o n g a s Lk 22 c as e s ; i f a s s h ort a s M k .

1 3 c as es Th e o c c u rre nce s o f 1 9
. whe n i n tr o du c i n g a te m p o r a l 1 1 :

c l a u s e i n J n a re 1 6
; Lk 1 6 ; M t a n d M k none
. . . . .

I n c as e s wh ere th e s ubj e c t o f the fi r e o r I ; c l a u s e i s th e s a me ( )

a s th a t o f th e pri n c i a l c l a u s e the te m por a l c l a u s e s o i n tr o d u ced

p ,

o f c o u r s e t a ke s th e pl a c e o f a n Aori s t P arti c iple i n th e n o m i n a tive .

Th e s e i n J n are E 6 1
3 1 7 1 9
.
3 0
2 1 —
; b e 2 re
,
24
,
12
,
1 2
,
6 8 9 3
,
1 8
(
,
9
,

33
1 9 21
9
There remai n 8 c a s e s i n wh ich the s ubj e c t
, .
,

o f th e 37 s c l a u s e bei n g d i ffere n t from th a t o f th e pri n ci a l c l a u s e

p
'

t h e G e n itive a b s olute m igh t h a ve bee n u s ed ; a n d 5 s imil a r c a s e s

o f th e he cl a u s e Th e s e a r e ar e 1 — 19 92
t 2 .
, , ,

1 5
2 1 ; b e 2 (
,1 8 S imil a r23
c
, a s e s i n L k a r e — { e 6 1 9 8 ; 6
. . h
,
1 1

M t fir 7 ; M k 8 9 Thu s c a s e s i n wh i c h a {fir e o r I ; c l a u s e t a k e s

. e . 7 s . ( )

th e pl ac e of a G e n itive a b s o l u t e a re i n J n 1 3 a s a g a i ns t Lk 1 4 .
,
.
,

M t 7 M k 9 Though th e figu re s i n J n a nd Lk a re thu s s im il a r

.
,
. . . .
,

it s h o u ld be bor n e i n m i n d th a t Lk i s c o ns ider a bly l o nge r ( 7 2 p p . .

W H as a ga i n s t 53 pp ) a n d a l s o c o nt a i n s m u c h m o re na rr a ti ve
.
, ,

t o whi c h i n d i s t i n c ti o n fr o m s pee c he s by fa r th e gre a ter n u mbe r

, ,

o f s u c h te m o r a l c l a u s e s belo n g Thu s we ar e j u s tified i n fi n di ng

p .

in Jn a s c o m p a red wi t h
.
,
th e Sy n o p t i s t s a prep o n der a n c e o f ,

t e m por a l c l a u s e s i n tr o du c ed by (i n or 6 9 wh i c h s erve t o expl a i n ,

 T H E SENTENCE 59

(
a on l g with p a r a t a xi s) th e c o m p a rative r a rity o f the G e n itive
a b s o l u te i n thi s G o s pel .

No w the u s e o f Q 7 3 Syr 5 wh e n t o i n tr o duce a t e m

" ‘ ’
. .
, ,

p o ra l c l a u s e i s very c o m m o n i n Ar a m a i c Th i s i s t h e o rd i n a ry .

c o n s tr u c ti o n e m ployed i n th e Syri a c ver s i o n s t o re n der a t e m p o r a l

c l a u s e wh i c h G reek expre s s e s by th e Ge n itive a b s olute The fi rs t .

fe w c a s e s o f t h e Ge n i t ive a b s o lute i n Lk will s e rve t o illu s tr a t e .

’
th i s ( t h e re n deri n g whe n fo ll o wed by the fi n ite ve rb give s t h e ‘

l i tera l repre s e n t a ti o n o f the Syri ac c o n s tru c ti o n) .

Lk . 2
2
fiy e Lo ve
/ uo vr o s 77 9 21 05
7 4 11 9 K vp rjvi o v .

P al . Syr . Li a m : m u s s»
.
l ee . , s
‘
wh e n Qu i ri ni u s was in
’
Syri a .

Pe s h Li a m : m a n . i ac ? ”m .
‘
in th e h egem o ny of Q .

’
in S .

S i n Li a m ? LN . G, m u m ‘
in th e ye a rs of Q .
,

’
go ve r n o r o f S .

Lk b Sé de x a , d va
’
t ar e fi wdw wv 61 t o T o 39 09
’ ’ ’

2 Ka ev e ro
‘
er c v
'

. e
y a 11 Kar .

i ); p jg , i Ae t wo d vr wv fi p ép a s
'
T eo i r Ka Te 7 1 93 ,

Pal Syr g fi sm t; m i di l oot

. .

P a n e
(
a “ . e: .9 0

]M & .
,
m l i A n
. d wh e n H e
9 0wa s t welve ci l ‘

ye a rs o l d they we n t up t o J eru s a le m ac c o rd i ng t o th e c u s t o m
,

’
o f the fe a s t ; a nd whe n they h a d fulfilled the d ay s &c Co n , .

s t ru c t i o n of S i n a n d Pe s h ide n t i c a l . . .

Lk 3 fi y q 1
u o vei i o w o s H o vr t o v H To vba i a s,
'
. t Ad T o v 77 97 Kr
‘
A .

Pal Syr Lyn ; . m § 01 .

\ «n e
w mo w l ee . , 9
‘
whe n
P o n tiu s Pil a te was g o vern o r in J ud a e a
S i n l ac e : mo w . » «n e
w ; JLW OD
‘
in th e h ege m o ny of
’
P o n tiu s Pil a te i n J ud a h . So Pe s h .

Lk 3 a po o do xtiw ro s 82 7 013 Aa o ii , i B M OYLCO él / ( DV m i l / r a w

’
f
'

cv ra s
Ka p
‘
. .

K a dt a t s a irr f
'

p b v .

Syr ( e m : \
P al . o &§ a o .
e
i n fi s o l am » l ee , ) , 9 fl . u

‘
No w whe n th e multitud e wa s expe c t a n t a nd al l of them we re ,

deb a ti ng i n t hei r h e a rt s
S i n C u r Q u e t : 0 9 01 ( A i m 0A c o o
.
, . Lu la
s A nd .
‘

’
th e m e n th a t were he a ri n g h i m were refl e c ti ng i n thei r m i n d s
Pe s h e m u . s
t
u n M Ln ) l o ot sa m e
( ? 99 . . a
60 TH E SENTENCE

e on s; o o oo N ow wh e n t h e people we r e s pecul a ti n g co n cer n i ng

’
J oh n ,
a nd a l l o f them were d e ba ti n g i n th eir h e a rt .

Lk 1 770 013
’

6V Aa ov i
'
E y eve r o SE Gfi
21
B di n a ur a
’
a WT LU
-

3 ev Ka
‘
. I/ at 7 .
,
'
i we tpxdfi va l 6V
'

fl
' ’
a m w fi e vr o s
'

Ka r
p oo ev
xp o e vo v o , 7 o fi p a vo v .

P al . Syr .
, o m o no . $ 0 0 1 H ow v o “
832 J 9
2 m l?
Loo m »2 E go m u gs] No w it c a m e t o p as s wh e n a l l th e
“ L9 1 “
‘
,

multitude h a d bee n b a ptized an d a l s o th e L o rd J e s u s h a d bee n ,

baptized a n d h a d pr ayed th a t th e he a ve ns were o pe n ed ,

S i n l o o 1 L» .
, a o
an » w o ; o f
, Lao ) o x :
.
l o o, n s ,
a o . n . , .

La o ; “ M L? A n d wh e n a l l the pe o pl e h a d bee n b aptized J e s u s

‘
,

al s o wa s baptized A nd wh e n H e wa s pr ayi ng the h e a ve n s were .

,

’
o pe n ed .

Pe s h ”oo ,o o a g o) o o . s io J u n) wh o g o» . h . .

l
La o “ L9 1 2 N ow it c a m e to p as s wh e n a l l th e pe o ple were
.
‘
,

b a pti z ed J e s u s a l s o was b a pti z ed A n d whe n H e wa s pr ayi n g

, . ,

the h e a ve ns were o pe n ed

Lk 4 K a i .
2
o vvr e k eo fi e w fbv a im Cw
-

P a l Syr . . ca ret .

s o d 5L:
S in ( l b l a nd a f te r fo rty d ay s
‘
. 9 : o o,
P ? L so o
(
. “
(
z oo

o n wh i c h H e fa s t ed , H e wa s hu ngry
Pe s h {a s IL“ ; \o 4 2yak , o o
. s
‘
an d whe n H e h ad co m pleted
th e m a fter ward s H e wa s hu n gry
,

T wo e s occ u r i n wh i c h Mk s 37 6 with fi n ite verb ( s u iti n g th e

c as .
’

th e o ry o f a n Ar a m ai c b ac kgr o u n d ) i s a ltered i nto t h e G e n itive

a b s o lute i n th e o the r Sy n opti s t s .

Mk . I
32
37 6 381 ; 6 fi k t o s .

40
Lk 4
’
. 52 7 013 fi k co v .

Mt . 8 16
il[
( l/ as B E y evoy e vns
’
‘
f

Mk we r e ck e v 6 ii /Mo s
6 ’
i d7
’ i

4 Ka
'

. e o .

Mt . 1 3 fi k fo v SE d va r e fk a vr o s
6
.

Lk 8 .
6
o m its .

Mk l . a so h a s 6¢Za s B E y e r/ a p e vq s bef re 25 56 6 fi m I f hi i p r f h
'
o 1 5 v A s. t s s a t o t e

o ri gi l Mk na . a n d n o t a c o n fla t i o n , a n d if Mk w e i A r m i h t e t m h e . ro t n a a c, t e x ust av

r un NWDI?
"
ID p
'

l m A d i‘
h e e i g w
n he t h w n Itt e v n n ,
n e su n as sct
’
.

l d b em re n t r l t w ri t e {fi / D? 3 2m bi /b ] N p 7 9 ! A d w he i t w
‘
wou o a u a o
g g l n n as

e v e n i g nd t h s n w as s
n ,
a e u t e b t w l d hi h
’
ue bee t r l ted w h e i
ou t s av n an s a as e av t ?
 TH E SENTENCE 61

’
It is i n tere s t i ng t o n o te t h a t th i s c o n s tru c ti o n o f whe n wi t h ‘

a fi n i t e verb a n d th e a b s e n c e o f a n a lter n a tive c o n s tru c tio n re s em

bli ng the G e n itive a b s o l ute i n G ree k i s n o t c o m m o n t o Se m iti c , ,

b u t i s sp ecifica l ly A r a m a i c H ebrew u s e s Rf/ 5 2 whe n with a fi n ite

"

. .

verb s o m e wh a t r a rely b u t fa r m o re frequ e n t ly em ploy s th e I n fi n i ,

’ ’
tive c o n s tru c t with pr o n o m i n a l s u ffix a n d prefixed 3 i n o r D as ; ,
‘ ‘

e g
.
i ni m ;
. whe n h e s a w lit i n h i s s eei n g
‘
Furthe r i t h a s ’
,
.
‘ ’
.
,

a u s a ge o f th e P a r ti ci l e a bsol u te ( c f D river Te ns es 1 6 5) c lo s ely

p .
, ,

re s embli ng the G reek Ge n i t ive a b s olute a n d regularly re ndered ,

by it i n LXX I n th e p as s age s wh ere t h i s c o n s tru c ti o n oc c u rs i n

.

O T i t will be fou n d th a t T a rg H ebr a i z e s i t s Ar a m a i c t o a l a rge

. . .

exte n t wh ile exh i bi t i ng a te n de ncy t o u s e th e true Ar a m a i c c o n

,

s tru c tio n Pe s h o n t h e o the r ha n d regul a rly b re a k s away fr o m

. .
,
,

th e H ebrew co n s tru c tio n a nd re n ders by , 9 whe n with a fi n ite ,

‘

verb Th e E ngl i s h re n deri ng s aim a t ex a c tly reproduci ng th e

.

Se m i t i c c o n s tructi o n s .

G e n 4 2 apex: mo: m y rm : mm nmpw D P WD an nn A nd i t

45 ‘
"
' ‘ i
.

’
c am e t o as th ey e m pt i n g th eir s ck a n d behold e a ch ma n s
p s y a, s , ,

bu n dle o f m o n ey i n h i s s ac k
LX X
’
SE i ;fi /
’
3 3 bs d x x ov s
’ ’ ’

e
y e ver o cv 7 c)
? K a T a K a / o nf f (1 1 7 01 9 ro a az n é w, Ka

éx d or ro v 6
'
d x xtp
’
‘

7 01 3 d py vp i o v cv 7
9
5 a (1 1 1 3 631 1 .

T rg mpa n noon my as: um nn pw rpwn pm mm ex a c t ly

a .
~ “ ~
,

foll o ws H ebrew .

Pe s h l ea sg z “ 91 m g 1 65 l oo o q2m m an g o og loo m
3 \ ( ,
.

M r oe : A n d it c a m e t o p a s s th a t wh e n t hey were emp tyi n g

‘

their s a c k s beh o ld e a ch m a n s bu n dle of m o ney i n the m o uth of

, ,
’

h i s b al e

1
3 Kg s .
w he n 15 1 : o
20
u »
r on mm m
W 1 A n d it“
c a m e t o i
nn
‘

p as s they s i t ti n g at the t a ble a n d t h ere c a m e t h e w o rd o f Y a hweh

, ,

LX X K i éy e ve r i f rfbv fi n/Aévwv [ n i 7 39 Tpa wééns] i y v ro A67 0;

a
’
‘
o a
’
Ka
’
e
'

1 , Ka e
’ ’
e e
’

T a rg mm m p in m m: nuns mm m m; 53: i flnnon fi r m u: mm

.
'
"

A n d i t c a m e t o p a s s wh il s t th ey were s itti n g r o u n d the t a ble a n d

, ,
’
the n) there c a m e a word of pr o ph e cy from befo re Y .

Pe s h La o ? m k s l o o, bo w M
. g o A nd ‘

whe n they were s itti ng a t t h e t a ble there c am e the wo rd o f th e ,

’
Lord .
62 TH E SENTENCE
‘
2 Kgs . 2
“ '
1 1 w an mm "
137 1 m m mm ‘
A nd it ca me
t o p a s s t h ey g o i n g
,
ou— g o i n g a n d t a lki ng a nd ta lki ng as they
’
we n t) a nd beh o l d
, , ,
a ch a ri o t o f fi re & c ,
.

wv, éwop efi o vr o i ék d k o vv i 230i)

'

LX X
’
i fi r fbv
’ ‘

r o evo ev Ka Ka
e ve r o a
p p
‘
Ka e
y
.

dipp a m p bs AT A .

T a rg s nwm rn m m 1 1 55
. 5m 1 e N W mm A n d it i 1
13 13 1 : 1
J ‘N I
‘ " ‘

c a me t o p a s s wh il s t they were goi n g o n ,

g o i ng an d t a l k i ng a nd e
—
,

th e n) behol d c h ariot s o f fi re ,

Pe s h l i o n l hx a o »
.
l oi o ( a fi om o ( A M —ao \ o : o1 l o ooo. .

‘
A n d it cam e to p a ss th a t wh e n th ey were talk i n g a n d goi n g o n ,

a nd the n) behold a c h a riot o f fi re ,

2 Kgs 8 .
"
nwm 1 513 5 no o n ma W
mm mm m1 r p
m am: 11 1:

5x npw ms nu mm was
A n d it c am e t o p as s h e t ell i n g
‘
,

th e k i ng h o w h e ( El i s h a) h a d r a i s ed th e d ead a n d b eh o ld th e , ,

w o m a n wh o s e s o n h e h ad rai s ed cryi n g u n t o th e ki n g
LX X i y ev o ffi rm? ét q
’ '
B O A E d s éC n ti v vi o
’ ’

? w -

n v
’
Ka v er a a e
y pv v 7
'

e e o o G L G
p te c)
,
i

9vnxdr a , i i 801) ) 5 Cwm ipnO ev r ov i ov 3 3 3 5 6V

’
7 6 Ka um 7 9 9 06
301 1 77 0 9 1
y v (1 1 7 1
7
'

Targ . r m 11 1
mm tenn s i
m1 am : n' 1
ri m NJ SDB 1
3mm mm mm
mp N53 p, as in H ebrew .

Pe s h k w .
i ? l l hu l l l l h o o l g la m
o l L S “
e: ,a o u n n x “ .

l a s s o pp A n d whe n h e was rel a ti n g to th e k i n g th a t h e h a d

‘

r a i s ed th e de a d h e s a w th e wo m an wh o s e s o n h e h a d rai s ed m a ki ng
,

s upplic a tio n before th e k i n g

’
.

2 Kgs 8 . 53: m on an s nu nan n55 op ma m

21
urn om 1 1 ~ 1

1 5nte5 A n d it cam e to p a s s h e a ri s i n g ( or a r o s e ) by n ight a n d

‘
~
,

s m ote E d o m wh o s urr o u n ded h i m a n d th e people fled t o th e ir

’
h om e
\ a \ s
LX X
/ o n : / I ,
Ka t e e ve ro a v ro v a va a r a vr o s, K a t e wa r a f l: Aw
‘ '

y
‘ ‘ ‘

af T OV T OV K U K
p
(u .

’ ’ ’ ’ '
O a vr a
'

e 7r a tm w Ka i Ec/m y ev 6 Aa os
.

T rg m y jama . n~
5 rp
o m om : r
p m: 1 1 1
mm 10 55: 1
op ma mm
mumps co n s tru c ti o n, as in H ebrew .

Pe s h w akL 350) ” c o s u ? m
e D 99 0 ) Ah ab ?
P a
: -n
(
.

G M h o) A n d wh e n he a r o s e by n igh t th a t h e m igh t
.
‘

de s troy th e E d o mite s wh o we re s u rr o u ndi n g h i m a nd the n )

th e pe o ple fl ed t o their ho m e s
 T H E SENTENCE 63

2 Kgs . 1
3
21 ”
m an me 1 m mm (MN DWnp Dn ’
it c a m e t o W1 ‘
A nd

p a s s, th ey bu ryi ng a m a n, a nd , beh o ld th ey s aw th e r o bber h a n d

,
-

LX X ii Spa , 530i) i So v
'
i 6V i ov
’
H a r r dw wv
’
Ka . e
y e ver o (1 1 7 3 61 1 1
-
7 ( i/ Ka . T

p ov déwvo v .

T a rg W l WD n 1 m xm N1 3 : map Mm 1 31 mm A n d it c a m e t o
.
‘
~
" ‘

’
pa s s wh il s t th ey were bu ryi ng a m a n a nd
,
the n) they s a w & c , ,
.

Pe s h l a i N o h ‘ l ‘3 \ ( “ s o \
. QJ 1 , o o
9 A n d whe n t h ey were .
‘

bu ryi ng a m a n they s aw & c , ,

.
’

2 Kg s wsw 1 513 1 1 1 0
. 1 9
37
no: 1 1 3 1 1:1 - “
1
mnnwo m m
m 1

man A n d it c a m e t o p as s h e w o r s h ippi ng i n the hou s e o f N i s ro c h

‘
,

h i s god a nd Adr a m m ele c h a n d Sharezer h i s s o n s s m o te h im

,

LX X i mp 1 30 3d 9 6 013 i
'
i
'
3 8
’
f
’
Ka e
y e ve r o
‘
a i ro
'
i} r p oa v o fi l / ro s
‘
eV o
-
(1 1 7 0 , K a

i 2 f dv
’
i i l f
’
A . Ka . . o v o aln o
'

i) er a r a a v a rr .

Targ n1 5up .
~
wy s 1 cm i sm - " -
1 x1 rm o w no: "
no w e mm mm ,

a s i n H ebrew .

Pe s h owl : l g m i zl ma l l am M l i
‘

o oo
s
u o . “
7 Q g o

oq oL go A n d wh e n he wa s wor s h ippi n g i n th e hou s e of N

‘
‘
. h is
god A a n d S h i s s o n s k illed h i m
, . .

Ca s u s p e nd e ns .

It is
h a racteri s t ic o f H ebrew a n d Aram a ic t o s i m pl ify th e
c

c o n s tructi o n o f a s e n te n c e a nd at th e s am e tim e t o g a i n emph as i s , ,

by rei n forci ng th e s ubj ect by a Per s o n a l Pr o no u n Su c h rei n .

fo r c e m e n t i s s pe c i a lly fa vou red i f th e s ubje c t h appe n s to be fu rther

d efi n ed by a rel ative cl a u s e s i n c e oth erwi s e th e s e n te n ce w o uld ,

to the Sem iti c e a r a ppe a r i nv o lved a n d overweighted Th e s a m e —

.

p ri n c ipl e i s a l s o a d o pted with th e o bject whe n th i s fo r th e s ake of , ,

e m p h a s i s i s brough t t o th e b egi n n i n g o f th e s e n te n ce ; a n d other

,

o blique c a s e s m a be s i m il rly treated Ex m ple s i n H ebrew are

y a a .

Gen .Th e w o m a n whom Th o u g a ve s t t o b e with m e s h e g a ve ,

m e (1 5 a N1 7 of th e tree a n d I did e a t
) G B u t ’
'
4 ‘
; e n 1 5 o n e .
,
’
th a t s h a l l c o m e out o f th i n e o wn bowe l s he s h a ll be th i n e hei r ,

R1 1
) ; Gen 1
‘
Y a h weh th e G o d o f h e a ve n wh o t o ok m e
.
, ,

fr o m m y fa the r s h o u s e & c H e s hal l s e n d ’

m”) H i s a ngel ,
.
,

befo re th ee D eut All th e w o rd th a t I com m a n d y o u i t s h a ll

.
‘
,

ye o b s erve t o do ( NW/ 25 “ DWI ! i nk) ; E zek 1 8 ’

I n h i s tre s p a s s th a t .
“

.
24
,

h e h a th tre s p as s ed and i n h i s s i n th a t h e h a th s i nned i n them , ,

’
s h a ll h e d ie ( ;
1 1 1 13 See fu rth er Driver Tens es 1 2 3 y Obs .
, , ,
64 TH E SENTE NCE
S i m il a rly i n Ar a mai c Da n 2 Th o u 0 k i ng th e k i ng of k i ng s —
.
3 7 33
, , ,

t o whom the G o d o f h e a ve n g a ve & c th o u a rt th a t h e a d o f gold ,

.
,

”W “in Da n
.
Th o s e m e n th a t to o k u p .
‘

Sh adrach M e s h ac h a n d Abed n ego th e fl a m e o f th e fi re s lew

, ,
-
,

them ( fi N J “ 1 ’
“ 7
1 Da n 4 7
Th e t ree th a t th ou 1 4 9 ‘
'

3 .
,

& c i t i s thou 0 ki n g 1 5? Ni ” ri 1 315

’
s awe s t ( N E A d ‘
g )
-
,
.
,
z r n ,
.

m o re o ver the ve s s el s o f th e h ou s e o f G o d & c them di d Cyru s

, ,
.
,

th e k i n g take out (Wl l D 573 ” P5530) o f the temple of B abylo n ; ’

Ez r . Al l prie s t s a nd Levite s & c it s h all n o t be l a wfu l t o

‘
,
.
,
’
i m po s e tribute & c upo n them Ez r Every o n e
,
.
,
.
‘

th a t will n o t perfo rm th e law of thy G od a nd th e l aw o f the ki n g ,

l et j udgeme n t d ilige n tly b e executed upo n h i m ( F1 27? was)

Th i s re i n fo rcem e n t o f a Ca s u s pend ens by the Pr o n o u n i s a
m a rked c haracteri s ti c o f th e Fou rth Go s p el We m ay n o te th e .

followi ng i llu s tr a tio n s

lg ’ ’

fo vm a v © 6 053 y eve o fi a t
o '
32 3Aa fi o v f dv, 33mm f
’
T 00 01 . a rr ]! a f ro s e f r e Kva
‘
.

I u ovo m s (9 6 09
C
0
i
my a s T OV K o
IM r o v T OU 7ra r
A ‘
os e
3 A
x e wo s e
3

fny no a ro
I ' '

, y j e
p .

” A 9
58a m wds p a t
'
6 wep t/f a g [L e ,B Z
’ ’
I ann ew e v eK e e m ev
'
.

26
69 7 36 3 fl féa f
"

3 1 V
p er
-
6 (To ) ? 01 7 09 a wr

d twI
.

32 A
TOUTO A ’I

3 q rv
‘
o e
p p p p
a x ev K a t x o va e v a a

I
.

1 ] (

O w m
A Q A I c 1 ‘

5 a ym w o a n; s v ( Ke o s u o c e u re v.

19 d Q A A T c \
,
c \ c Iw A
m
s a

5 a
y p w m a m a v e xe os 7 ,
a vr a Ka t 0 os o
p oz s 7 mm “

35 x I
88
I c w w
w
r
cf

A w
I sr I a at a

5 n 7
py 7 6 a n) a, av
‘
7 a 0) e a av a a
y p py p
'
a e a a 6 u oc o ar . a c a
,

7ro u 1
'

2 p p rvp e?
, p i ao f 61 1 6
a r
jp '
e d wéa r a l t ev
( we s h ou ld s
r eu rely e
’
) 7ra
‘
r u
,
x

o m it th e c o mm a a fter w ub a n d m a k e th e s ubj e c t o f ’
m i T a épy
’ ’
o , az a

a
p p pw el
‘
rei n fo rci n g 7 6 a
’

f
y p py aft e r ii B édw é v
[ OL r l
) a x L K t

Ipn
,
.

37 c I wa mp
9 Aw a
w
A
5 ¢ x e v 7T€
‘
K a t o 7T€ L os eaa rv L e
I GS
j ut e xe
p j p p / v

d Im I
.

38 3 I k ev
a A c A 3
m
5 ov ( K a i / 09 T o a s ou a r ev er e.
‘
a r e a ra v
p
39 ’
fva 81 / 6 666mm? [1 f
'
6
’
3 5
’
71
-
. 0L m
; j ou r o l ke cr w e (1 1 7 0 .

6 46 e
o (W
\
9
7r a 7 01 )
A A O
o uf o s e
c wI a x e v T OV wa r epa
I
p a
p .

18 3
365m, 6v d k nfi vj
’
6 82 {mam ? wép glz a vr os
’

7 7 01 a 1 rr 01 1 09
-
s ea r w
d
.

8 26
K ym n 9 ’l
x o va a
3
a v ro v
AT A
l ka Aw
A

a s T O V K OO LOV .
a vr a
/
‘
a a 7 ra
p
j
1 ‘
d a evo s B a) Aéfl T flS i i Ano
’

6 ,m ) fi up a s
’ ’

IO e a e i px j . 7 1
7 9 e x e vo s K l ' ’
ea r v Ka
‘
n s
‘
.

h l t ter ( S p
Sc a ra c z e , l pp 49 f ) q e . . uot s a n um be r f i o n sta nc e frs om Ra bbi i n c

H eb re w i w h i h 1 an beh l d hi
’
rei f r e A o m zn a fi
’

pe n d en s
’

n c 1 7 " o ,
t s o ne , &c . n o c s a vu s .

Th use g M hil . . ec ta on Ex .
73 D) ‘1'
l SDN ND 1 5 W? ” ”
D 53
W h o so e v e r h a t h h he m ith
'

i l J DN w
'

a n d sa
‘
l Dl l l D FIT in ‘
t o d ay ,
‘
" ‘

l l lb P
'
at ay e a t -
,

Wh a t s h ll a I ea t to -mo rr ‘

o w beh l d h i o ,
t s o ne l ke h f i t h
ac t a .
’
 CH A P TE R III

C O NJ U N CT I O N S
0
Ka t , ow .

As mpared with the Sy nopti s t s m l i n J n i s i n freque n t i n

co , .

n a rr a tive Th e occu rre nce s a s give n by Abbott ( 1 0 2 1 33 ; c f

.
, . .

’
B ruder s Concor d a nce fi pp 4 56 ff ) a re M t a bout 25 0 ti me s M k . .
, .
, .

m o re th a n 4 00 time s Lk about 380 time s J n le s s tha n 1 00 t ime s

, .
,
. .

Th i s c omp a rative i n frequ e n cy s eem s t o be due partly t o th e

’
wri ter s u s e of a sy n deto n ( c f p p a rtly t o h i s fo n d nes s fo r . .

O6V wh i c h h e u s e s s ome 200 time s as ag a i ns t M t 5 7 time s

, , .
,

M k 6 t ime s Lk 3 1 time s m l i s freque n t i n J n i n s p eech e s

.
, . . .
,

li n ki ng c o ord i na te c lau s e s as i n a Sem itic l a ngu age A s triki ng

-
,
.

S emi tic u s age m ay be s ee n i n i t s employme nt t o l i n k co ntr a s ted

’
s t a tem e n t s where i n E n gli s h we s h ou ld n atu ra lly employ
,
a n d y et

o r ba t Th i s i s mo s t frequ e n t i n S peeche s th o ugh o cca s i o n a lly

’
.
,

we fi nd it al s o i n th e r efl ectio ns o f th e author upo n h i s n arr a tive .

30 30 34 34
SO 2
20
, 3
1 0 1 1 1 9 41 2
, 4
20
, 5
39 401 3 44
,
6 70
, ,
57
, 9 ,
1 1
8
,
1 2 ,

1 6
5
,
29
20 , H eb re w G e n 2 O f every tree o f th e
Cf , i n
.
, .
1 64 7
,
‘

g a rde n thou may es t eat ; a n d ( = ba t) of the tree o f k no w ledge of

O f th e fru i t o f th e
’
go o d a nd evil thou s h a l t n o t e a t of it ;
,
‘

tree s o f th e garde n we m ay e at a nd ( = bu t ) o f th e frui t of the tree

wh i c h i s i n the mid s t of th e garde n G od h a th s aid Y e s h a l l ,

mm ’
n o t e at & c 1 7
, A n d a s regard s I s h m a el I h a ve heard th ee ;
.
,
‘

behold I h a ve ble ss ed h im & c A n d ( B a t) m y c o ve n a n t wi ll ,

.
z

G
’
I e s t a bli s h with I s aa c ; ( H eb I h a ve s e e n o d fa ce .
‘

’
t o fa ce a nd ( ,
a n d y et) my l ife i s p re s erved
z
( o ther i ns ta n ce s o f
thi s c omm o n u s a ge i n Oxf or d H eb Lex p 2 52 b) Th e s a me . . . .

u s age i n Ar a m a ic wh ere it i s equal ly c o mmo n m ay be illu s tra ted

— —

fr o m Da n I f ye make n o t k n o w n t o m e the d ream a nd i t s

.
‘

i nterpret a ti o n ye s h a ll be c u t i n piece s & C ; a n d ( bu t ) i f ye

, , .
z

s hew th e d ream a nd the i n terpretatio n thereof ye s h a ll re c e i ve ,

o f me gift s 3 At wh
,
a t t ime ye h e a r ye
5 6
s
,
hal
‘
l fa ll dow n
 CONJ UNCTI O N S 67

a nd wors h ip image & c ; a nd ( bu t) wh o s o fa lleth no t

th e gol d e n
'

z
, .

7
dow n , 3 I f o u r God 1
wh 18
o m ,
we ‘
s erve be a ble to d eliver
, ,

us ,
H e wil l del ive r & c ; a nd ( = bu t) if n o t be it k no wn ,
.
, ,

4 (
7
Ar a m A n. d I t o ld the ‘
d re a m be fore the m a nd ( y e t) i t s ,
z

i nterpret a tio n they did n o t make k n o wn to m e

I n H ebrew a nd Ar a m a i c a nd m ay very id iom atic a l ly i n tr o du c e ‘

a c o n tra s ted ide a i n s uch a way a s to s ugge s t a q u es t i o n th i s ,

bei ng implied by the c o ntr a s t with o ut th e u se of a n i n terr o g a tive

p a rti c le S o i n H ebrew J udg
. Behold to my fa ther a nd , .
‘
,

’
my m o the r I have no t t o ld it a nd s h a ll I tell it u to n th e e ?
( lit ,
.

a nd t o thee I s hall tell 2 S am The a rk a nd I s ra el

‘ ‘
.
, ,

a n d J ud a h a re a bid i n g i n te n t s ; a nd my l o rd J o ab a nd t h e ,

s erva n t s o f my l o rd are e n camped i n th e o p e n field ; a nd s h a l l

,

I g o i n t o my hou s e t o eat a n d to dri n k , ( l it a n d I s h a l l ,

.
‘

g o, s e e fu rther i n s ta n ce s i n O x f H e b Le x p Th e . . . .

s a me u s a ge m ay be i llu s trated i n Aram a ic fr o m p a s s a ge s i n A cta

Tbom a e ( ed W right ) . .

( m ) N 2 h s 1 a m ; M o t u a k ao c oo 1 M ; h a s
p . . .

‘
Al l bui ld i ng s a re bu ilt i n s u mmer ; a nd th ou bu ilde s t i n wi n ter
( W 5) J m
p .

{
3 0 0 la b ao wh o
(
39 & l k ‘ f O
W - “

m M M 3 ll ho l e On thy acc o u n t I ex c u s ed
“ “ .
‘

mys elf from my l o rd k i ng Ma z d ai a nd from the s upper ; a n d , ,

th ou do s t n o t c hoo s e to s u p with me 1
’

p
( g )
. n u l l o .
LN
J W M U .
G { f
o; as e w » N ? .

we , A A h a ? tu t Thou thy s elf h a s t n o t dep a rted fr o m

‘
-
(
A u
(
s .

us , ex c ept fo r a m o me nt ; a nd thou k nowe s t n o t h o w we we re

s hut up

W i t h i nverted o rde r ( p p i ) t x gs W e N 2Q M N 2 , . s

04 ; L b ab wh e e T h ou s i t te s t a nd h e a rk e n e s t
‘
s s c u o a> l
7
9
\ . .

t o v a i n word s ; a n d k i n g Ma z d a i i n h i s wr a th i s s eeki ng t o
’
de s troy thee l
I n a p reci s ely s imil a r way t i n tr o du c e s a p a ra d o x i n s everal Ka

pass age s i n J n a nd the p a radox bei n g hypoth etic a l i s treated

.
, , ,

a s a que s tio n
I
.

2
20 -
w
Tea o ep ow a a t ef r m v o c o SO/ m
l
ax
c
dn o va o s ou ro s
K .
a
f i O cv r pw w
e
a
x
9
‘

, Ka
'

u
9
e

fip p
é a cs e e efs a br dv ;
’

y p
3
1 0
t i 6 SLSd o Ka Ao s 7 01 3 To p a i flk Ka i T a n a f '

o
’
b y t vum x et s
57 ’ '
8 fi 37 1 ] i A fi p a &,u éui pa xa s
3
H evr x o vr a 01 71 1 0 Exc t s Ka

F 2
 68 CONJU NCTIO NS
9
34 ’
E V ( i l La PT ‘a ‘g
I
01 ) fl og,
( Ka
’
i m J SLSd o x eLs nd s ; fi
I
.

A
8
M9d cra t
C ’
PaB B eL éfi ro vv
’
o i I o v 3a w t , K a i wai k w in t
’ 0
I I ’ A
vvv e 0s
‘ '

, e xe t

’
Th e u s e o f and with th e ‘
s e ns e ‘
a nd very freque n t i n
so
’
is
Semiti c Some few ca s e s of . Ka t so u s ed are to be fou nd i n J n .
,

E éflfla rdv i i m 356 07 6

’
e .
g .
‘
ea r w, Ka o 1 0 01 . dpa c T ov Kp dflB a rov, 6 - 57
« (1 9c
c ni em a / W V
p m 6 {63V wa rfi p K d y tb rov 1 ra re a , K a i o
‘
' C I w
p p y v L6
[
’’
33 e p e , 48
’

C5 w ti c/J am i ro
’

d f
e vo s 7 0“ .
I I ec ey a
-
il o il r ws, m i x/ re s m o r efi o ovcn v
‘

s s i a fr f dv, Ka i éKefi o o v ra L o i P un
it a if
m '
t
Ka i &p ofi cn v fla b
b y Ka i
. 7 0V
'
1 07ro v K a
'

i
. 7 6
U s ual ly howeve r th i s co ns ecu tive co nn e x io n i s expre s s ed
, ,

i n J n by 01 V wh ich a s we h ave s ee n i s extr a o r di na rily freque n t

3
.
, , ,
'

( 20 0 o ccu re e ) I i h igh ly p rob a ble that 01 V repre s e nt s a n 3

r n c s t s .

origi nal a n d ( a nd so ) i n Aramaic i n m a ny c a s e s

‘ ’ * ‘
i n other s
’

it m ay h ave be en i ns erted by th e tra ns lato r to i ntrodu c e a s e n te n ce —

wh ich s tood a sy n det o n i n th e o rigi nal Th e ca s e s cited by Abbott .

i
3

( j G 2 1 9 1 a ) . n wh i c h M k omi t s 0 V wh ile M
,
t o r Lk h a s i t . 1 . .

i n p a rallel pa s s age s s ugge s t s th a t the p a rti c le i n J n i s due t o th e , .

tr a ns lator O w i s u s u a lly re n dered i n Pal Syr by e a n d s imply ;

.
’
z . .
‘

but s om etime s by 86 .

p ev
,
86, y d p .

wh ich 1 5 very r a re i n J n i s i n fr eque n t al s o i n th e Sy n opti s t s

'
e v,
p .
, .

The oc cu rre n ce s a re M t 20 M k 6 Lk 1 0 J n 8 ,
.
,
.
,
.
, . .

Th e w ri t e r s c o n l i n a s t i w g i ve n b ve s t nd s a s he h a d w o rked i t o t
'
’
c us o o o _
a o a u

bef re re di n g t h w rd s o f P r f B rk it t i n E v ng l i n a M ph e k i i p 89
o a e o o . u a e o
'
a- e a rr s e, , .

I n t h e co u rs e o f w o rki n g t t h S y iac eq uiv l e n ts f r S M rk 59 5 nd S J h n s a e r a o . a

’
s 61 1 9 a . o
’

o c c rred t o m t h t f n d a m e n t ll y t hey m e a n t h e sa m e t h i n g nd t h t
’
o i wi t h as u e a u a a a

t hey re a l l y c rre s p n d t o t h H eb re w wd w c ns e c u t i v e N t o f c rs e “ ”
o o e o . o , ou ,

t h a t e i t he r f t he e G o s p e l s i s a t r n s l t i n fro m t h e H eb r e w ; b t i f th
o s a t h o rs a a o u e u

o f t he s e G s p e l s w e re f m ili r w i t h t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t t he r w i s e t h n t h r gh t h e
o a a o a ou

a w k w r d m edi m a f t h LX X t hey m i gh t w e ll h v e fe lt t he m s e l ve i n n eed

u o e , f a s o

so m e t h i n g t o c rre s p o n d t o t h e H eb r e w i d i o m
o Th e e s e n c e o f t h e m e n i n g o f . s a

“
wd w c o n se t i ve i s t h t t h e e ve n t rel t ed i s reg ar ded as h p p en i n g i n d u
cu
”
a a a e

s eq e n c e t u w h t h as g n e befo re
o aT e p re s s t h i s i i s t o o i n deq t e
o l i nk . o x ua a ua a
,

w h il e 52 i m p l ie c n t r s t w h i h i s w h lly w n t i n g i n t h e H eb re w
s a o a th t rn c o a : e u

o f t h u gh t i m re o l e ss o
o s E ng l i h
o nd r B t t h is i s e c t ly w h t S M r k
ur s
“
a so
”
. u xa a . a

m e ns by h i s a t 39 5 n d i t i s w h t i s ge n e rall y m e n t i n t h
fra ( 1 1 53 a F ur t h G pe l a a e o os

by 05 S i mo n s w i fe s m t her w s c k f fe e r nd t hey t e ll Je s f her

V.
’ ’
o as i o a v a so su o

( ual 6 0 5 M k 1 1 ;S M r k d . e n t me n t e m p h s i ze t h e h
. t
a e t hey w e r
oe i n t s o a o a as o

t e ll t h e n e ws S i m i l rl y n S J o h n t he re a
. li t e r lly s re f ve rs e s begi n ni n g
a i . re a co s o

wi t h T ii w he re he i d t he ref re bri ngs o t t p rom i ne n tly

’ ’
iwo
( f
r ev o r c fl ov a u
“
sa o
”
u oo

t h i
e de f
o c sa tai o n l
A l t h
au i
t s m e n t i WON )" . nd he id a nd a s
“
a so sa
”
,
or
“
a so

t hey sa i d e m y be T h t 03 c rre sp n d t th H ebre w wd w c n

” ’
as t h c ,
e as a . a 1: o o s o e o

s e c t i ve w as n t i c ed by E w a l d D j l n S h nf t n
’

u o p 45 n ,
ze o za u. c e .
, . 2 .
 CONJ U N CTIONS 69

86 i s
u n com mo n i n J n a nd M k as c omp a red with M t a nd Lk . . . .
*

Th e n u mber s a re M t 4 9 6 M k 1 56 Lk 508 J n 1 7 6 r , .
,
.
,
.
,
. .
’

Th u s wh il e th e aver a ge n umber o f occurre nc e s pe r p a ge ( WH )

,
.

are i n M t a nd 7 i n Lk i n M k they are o n ly 3 3 a nd i n J n 335

.
1
. . .

N ow W Ar am a i c like H ebrew h as n o equ ivale n t o f S both

’
. e,
, ,

la ngu age s empl o yi ng a nd i n i t s place o r ( Ar a m a i c ) a n a sy n deto n ,

ope n i n g Th e comparative avoid a nce o f Se i n M k a n d J n i s th ere

.
’
. .

fore s tro ngly s ugge s tive o f t ra n s l a ti o n fr o m Ara maic i n wh i c h th e

Semi t ic u s e of a n d o r o f n o c o n ne c tiv e parti c le at all was ‘
,

u s ually c o pied I n Syri a c th e n eed fo r s uch a p a rticle a s Se wa s

.
’

u n der G reek i n flue n ce s o m u c h felt th a t th e G reek pa rticle wa s ,

i n troduced i n th e fo rm t " d én i n P a l Syr ? d z

’

. . 9 .
,

d
y p i s le s s frequ e n t i n J n th a n i n th e Sy n o pti s t s Th e occ ur . .

re nc e s a r e M t 1 25 M k 67 Lk 1 01 J .n 6 6 I f J,
n were as .l o n g ,
.
,
. . .

a s Mt th ere would be p roportio n a tely 8 6 occurre n ce s ; if a s l o ng

.
,

a s Lk 9 2 occu rre nc e s ; i f as s h o rt a s Mk 5 3 occu rr e nce s

.
,
If Mk .
, . .

were as l o n g as Mt th ere would b e 9 6 oc c urre nc e s ; if a s l o n g .

,

a s Lk 1 09 occ u rre n ce s ; i f as lo ng as J n 82 occu rre nc e s

.
,
.
,
.

I n W Aramaic s uch p a r t i c l e s a n d ph r a s e s a s c o rre s po nd m ore

.
‘

o r le s s to B iblica l Aram are eally

7 “
y d p , l , & c r . .
,

mu c h m o re weighty beari n g rather th e s e ns e beca u s e s i n ce I n , , .

ma ny c a s e s i n wh ich G reek wou ld u s e y dp Aram a ic wou ld be ,

’
c o n te n t with a nd s imply ; a nd th i s m a accou t f th e
‘
n o r c om
y
p a r a t i v e i n freque n c y o f d
y p i n J n Syr i a c feeli n g th e n eed f o r .
,

a l ight p a rti c le l i k e
“

a
y p i n trodu c ed it i n the form m g g é r ,
.

Th e freque nc y o f Zva i n J n i s o n e o f th e mo s t remark a bl e phe n o ’

.

m e n a i n th i s G o s pel The appr o xi m a te number o f o cc urre nc e s i s .

1 27 ; wh ere a s i n M t we fi nd 33 i n M k 60 i n Lk 4 0 I f J n were .
,
.
,
. .

as l o n g a s Mt there would b e pr o por t i o n a tely 1 63 o c c u rre nc e s ;

.
,

i f a s lo n g a s Lk 1 7 8 occu rre n c e s ; i f as s h o rt a s Mk 1 01 o c cu r
.
, .
,

re n c e s iv oc c ur s i n J n 1 8 t i m e s i n M t 8 time s i n M k
.
’
a .
, .
,
.

5 ti m e s i n Lk 8 ti m e s , O n th e o t her h an d p én o r e i n the s e n s e
. .
,
‘ ' '

‘ ’ ’
th a t no t le s t n eve r o c c u rs i n J n i wherea s it i s fou nd i n
,
‘
, .
,

M t .8 time s i n M k twi ce i n Lk 6 time s ,

.
, . .

I n A p c B i s e c e i v e l y r re rri g s m e 5 t i m e s nly
’
o . e x ss a o cc u n o o
, .

1 Th n m be rs f t h e S y no p t i s ts e th e gi ve n by S i J h H w k i ns H S 2
'
e u or ar os r o n a ,

p . 1 51 .

I S m i i l rly a i n A po c we fi . nd
’ ’
i ua p r) 1 1 t m i e s, wh o r e ne ve r.
'
7 0 CONJ U N CTION S

No w th e re ex i s t s i n Aram a ic p rticle i n o rigi n a d emo n a a —

s t ra t i ve wh i c h i s u s ed with pecul iar freque n cy t o de no te variou s

—

s h a de s o f c o n n exio n Th i s particle a ppe a r s i n W Aramaic a s d i

.
"3
.

or ; d e i n Syri a c a s g d é A s a p a r t i c l e o f r e l a t i o n it d e n ote s
" '
”
.
,

wh o wh i ch th a t ( properly a c o nn e c ti ng l i n k bet wee n the rel a tive

, ,

s e n te n ce a n d i t s a n tecede n t th a t one u s u a lly c o m pleted by a p ro —

,

n o u n o r p r o n o mi n al s u ffix i n th e rel a tive c l a u s e ; e g W5 nmt W . .

wh o h e s aid t o h i m i e to wh o m h e s a i d a nd al s o th e rel a tive . .

‘

wh en . I t m ay be u s ed as a m a r k o f t h e g e n i t i v e e g , . .

’
th e ki n g s capt a i n ( lit th e capt a i n th a t of the
‘
.
‘
,

Fu rth er it i s e s pecial ly freque n t a s a c o nju n c t i o n th a t i n th e

, , ,

s e n s e i n th a t i na s m u ch a s beca u s e a n d i n a fi n a l s e n s e i n or d er
, , , ,

th a t . O u r pu rpo s e i s t o s how th at i va o ccu r s i n J n i n all th e .

s e ns e s of
”I
or e x cep t th a t wh ich m ar k s th e ge n itive
rel atio n .

Th e frequ e n t occu rre n ce o f Zv i n a tel i c s e n s e call s fo r n o ’

a

comme nt bey o n d n ote o f th e fact that th e u s e o f Zva t“ ? t o the

,

exclu s io n of min or favou r s th e th e o ry o f l iter a l tra n s lati o n of th e

s

’
Ara m a ic ph ra s e NQ! that no t Fu rther the u s e o f Zva
'
‘
con ,
’

j u n c t i ve th a t fo ll o wed by a fi n ite verb wh ere i n c l a s s i c al G reek we

, ,

s h o u ld expect a n I n fi n itive i s a w el l a s certai n ed c h a racte ri s tic o f ,

-

K e n 75 G ree k a n d h as c ome th rough th e K e n 5 i nt o mode rn G reek

/
,
/ 7

i n th e fo rm V W h at i s remark a ble h oweve r i n J n s u s age o f

'
a .
, , .
’

th i s i di o m as comp a red with M t a nd Lk i s i t s extrem e freque n cy

, . .
, .

Th i s i s al s o though t o a le ss exte nt tru e of M k

—
an d i t i s —
.

i n s tru c tive t o n o tice how ma ny d i ffere n t expedie nt s M t o r Lk o r . .

,

b o th o f th em freque n tly employ i n orde r t o get rid of Mk s i va

,
.
’ '

wheth er u sed i n a fi n al s e n s e o r otherwi s e 1 .

‘

Mk . K a i 3) “ e a im oi ; dr t
-
M751 1 3pxe ra i 5 Mi xvo s i va 1 571 6 7 0V
‘ -
u
,
ddt o v
7 6 916 i )
Q
ur o r r iy y K
'
ALvnv
Mt 5 .
15
01 38? K a i o v cr w Mixvov Ka i. 7 1 96 t
'
a br bv { mo 7 6V p dbt ov .

Lk 8 01 336 29 83
16
. Mixvov bill/ a s Ka th i m '
et a rri bv a n ema i i) inro x ci r w «A i ms
r i dno w .

C r o n t as t th e t r l i
a ns a t o n o f H ebre w (a l est
‘ ’
,
Isa . by mi n or s
( as i n LX X )
in Mt . 1 3
1 5
,
Mk . w it h J n . 1 2 4°
'
i va m) i bwa w ro s i b¢0a p i s KT A.
( cf .
p .

T Th ef ll wi g S y o o n no p t c i co mp a ri so n s w e re k i d ly n su pp l ied to t h e W te ri r by
S ir J h H wki
o n a ns .
 CONJU NCTIONS fl

Mk . o ) f y ap za T w v e
7 V 36V p i) i va ( pa vepwfi fj .

Mt I O
26
06 621 y dp /
’
eO T
'
w Ke K a AvWLé / o v 6 06K d r o xa k vcfi afi o w a i
Ip
. .

Lk 8 7 3 9 d S I
ou
y GO T LV
v a n
’
a 71 T O V o ou ve ov ev o er a i
p y
'

Mk 5 Ka i
’
e
pfl i a vo w os
’
ii is 6 i
Tr t o o v i wa p e x d k e t
’
c w 6 6a i y on
qw
. a i JT o ( T a

a dei s a
Q a
u vr o u
A 9

Mt . om .

Lk 8 37 38
brbs 62 EFL/369 Se i T o 62 a bT o ii 6 d viyp
' ’
i s wk oi ov inr e a
'

. a
'
s a
bw . e

feAnMi H a
,
i d) 6 b Sa i p dwa i im
’
a 0 e T . c t/ a t (r

23
Mk w TroAXct Aey wv (i n T6 Ov ya p t
’ ’
i wa p a x a k ei
’
f i
’
o T ws
5 Ka a rr c o v e cr
x
'
.
p
3xe i , i va 51 96 1 1 ém efis
'
Ti
ts i
x p as e a br fi i va 01 9 95 K a i-

’ "
Mt i 601 )
18
.
9 a
pxwv ( L9 7r o o e
p
'

K9wV 7T OO GKv l / GL a vT
p
’
G, Aey wv on H 9vy a T77p

p tov a
t eT e Kevmo c v, '

M AO . e k ew
’
y 671 1 96 9 T m !
X p ft a a ou
'

( Tr

av
m v, K a i Cmr en u .

Lk 8 3 wdSa g T770 0?) fk e i bT i w e i a ek dei v ( i s

’
. Ka i 71 6
-
d Tr a
p cx T O1 9 Tra
p e xa a

A fi vy a mp
I O s
m
9 a <7 A a

T o v o m o v a uTo v , on V a vr t Ka i
1
1 p a

I
9vntr x ev
3
a 7r e .

Mk 5 Ka i Si e a T ei Aa T o a bT oi s woM a i va ,wrfi e i s yvoi ‘

T o rro . f
Mt .
9
26
om .

Lk 8 56
6 63 wa pvfyy e i k ev bT oi s a i i J 6 y ey o vds
'
-
ev s n V T
‘
. a .

p Mp
s
Mk . 6 25
Oe Aw i va éfa v rfi s 66
'
39 [1
'
‘
. 0L e 7r
’
i m va x i
’
T iyv Kec a / Twofw ov To ) ?
B
,
a WT i a To f) .

Mt . 1
4
8
A ds a o r,
, ( i
fi n v, a ( 566
’
e 7r i m
’
va m Tiy u Ke
gba k i v Touch/ y ou
y
1

To i}

3
,
a 7rT i c o ) f .

Lk . om .

Mk . 6 n
‘

Ka i 365601 ) 7 0 9
M mg 2 a i s i va wa a n dém w a bT o i s
a
p
’
'

Mt . I
4
1 9 "
w ey
[ mam a ’s 1 o a T ovs , o i 86
p p ae rai
n
'

. T igo o
xh ow .

Lk . Ka i T OLQ
y afi
m a i s Tra a ee wa i T 6} o
p k .

Mk .
9
9
Ka i K a Ta
fi aiv dI/ v a bT CW 5K 7 0 3 6po us, B LGO T GLAQT O '
’
f
a f ro s i i va

ySew
d
m a 6ov Smy na ww a i
ei

A Aw 6
.

A
,

Mt
9
9
Ka i fi a i vo vr wv a v
'
6pous bT o
’
. 1 7 xa r a 3K T ov e veT e t Ka To a I na o vs

Aey wv
’
MnSevi e i 7n rre
Lk . om .

C as e s i n wh i c h Mk .
’
s Zva i s
’
ret a i n ed by o ne o r bo t h of the other
Sy n o pti s t s a r e M k . Mt 1 4 ; Mk .
36
. M t 1 6 ( c o ntra s t
.
2°
7 2 CONJ U N CTI O N S
Lk . Mk . Lk 9 .
4°
( c o n tra s t M t . Mk . 1 0
37
Mt .

Mk . 1 0
48
Mt . 20
”
Lk . Mk . 1 2
1 9
Lk . 20
28
( c o n tra s t
Mt .

In fa ce of th i s evid e n ce it c an hardly b e m a i n tai ned that th e

d eviatio ns o f M t a n d Lk from M k re s u l ti n g i n el imi natio n o f
. . .
‘

th e c o n s tructio n with i va are m erely a cc ide n tal Mk s u s e o f i v ’

. .
’ ’
a
,

wh i c h i n proportio n to th e le ngth o f h i s G o spel i s 3 tim e s as

freque n t a s that o f Mt a n d time s a s frequ e n t a s that o f Lk .
,

m u s t h a ve appeared to the s e l a tter Eva ngel i s t s t o s om e exte n t

o ffe ns ive to n o rm a l s tyle Si n c e it i s ge n erally a c k no wl edged th a t .

i n other re s pe c t s M k exh ibit s Ar a m a ic i n flue n ce it i s re a s o n abl e

.
,

t o s u s p e c t th a t th i s i n flue n ce m ay a cc o u n t fo r th e c haracteri s tic

un der d i s c u s s io n ; a n d s u c h a n i n fe re n c e i s s upported by th e fac t ,

alre a dy no ted th a t th e Ar a m a ic l o r “
, wh ich i s th e na t u r a l r e p re
s e n t a t i ve of i v with a tel i c fo rce h as a m uch wider ra nge of u s age
’
a
, ,

s ta n d i n g fo r ex a m ple fo r th e co nj u n c tive th a t wh ich Zva i n M k s o

’
, , .

freque n tly repre s e n t s .

I f h owever th e th eory of Aramaic i n flu e n ce m ay be t a ke n a s

, ,

ac c o u n ti ng for th e ex c e s s ive u s e o f Zv i n Mk th e ca s e fo r s u c h ’
a .
,

i n flue nce i n J n mu s t be reg a rded a s much s tr o n ger s ti ll for Zva i s

.
,
'

th ere prop o rtio n a tely n e a rly twice as freque n t wh il e it i s so m e ,

time freque t a s i n Mt a n d s o m e 4 % time s a s freque n t as

5 s a s n .
,

i n Lk .

I t i s i ns tructive to n oti c e th a t th ere a re cert a i n phra s e s i n wh ich

th e Greek o f th e G o s pel s va rie s betwee n th e c o ns tructio n of i n
with fi n ite verb a n d th e I n fi n itive c o n s tru c tio n a n d that i n th e s e ,

th e Syri ac ver s io n s n or m a lly repre s e n t both co ns tru c ti o ns by 2 d e

'

followed by th e fi n ite verb i e th e c o ns tru c tio n wh i c h o n ou r ,

. .
,

th eo ry i s l iterally re n dered by the Zv c o n s tru c ti o n

,
’
a .

On e s uch i s i n trodu c ed by mi t/i i ( o r { n69

) x «
s Ka /

J
I A A
[ y ] aft os
2‘ ft of

ip ) i nni t/ T a
'
06K b A br o u
’
n . I ou t . e c i va va w a T ov T ov

Pal S yr on c e-au z In » .
l en t le i » WM : a
S in . n or m : L b bua ll ; c oo

Pe s h . 0 mm , L
ox) .
Ju l y l e i ll » M2 0 6.

Th a t o ne wh o i am n o t worthy th a t I s hou ld loo s e th e l a tch et of

’
H i s s a n d a l ( Pe s h th e latch et s of H i s s a n dal s .
‘
fl CONJ U NCTI O NS
Ag a i n O v d mp i s fo ll o wed both by th e i v c o ns tructi o n a n d by
,
'

u
l
'
ei a

th e I n fi n itive a n d both c o n s tru cti o n s a re repre s e n ted i n the Syriac

,

ver s io n s by 2 fo l l o wed by th e fi n ite verb .

J
5°
i va i s ( iii / 91 1 1 1 1 7 d r o ed m
'
n 1 1 Ov c e pp a ( 09
'

.
p .

P al . Syr . Lu ; u p on ? (3 fi
g
S in . a nd Pe s h . l l us §
oa m
t
; as “

It is go o d ( S i n .
,
Pe s h p r o fit a ble) to u s that
. o ne m an s h o uld di e
J
14
8 av9pw7rov an o ea vei v
' '
n . 1 ( rv
p b
g e ei
p .

P al . Syr . Lu g . a t: 0 01 “
6
S in 1 m m JR s h ) li e
. a nd Pe s h .
( Pe “ a s .

It is g o od ( S i n . fitti ng Pe s h profitable ) th at o n e m a n s hould die

, .

10
Mt I 9 . O v/u p a
p y a
p fi a ac
'
'
e .

Pal S y r u ? a t “ : Q ; ll
. .

I t i s no t good th a t a m an s h ould m a rry

But S i n Cu r Pe s h Ji m] w a s } .
, . . -a s ll
I t i s n o t p rofit a ble t o t a k e a wife
i 29 30
’ ’
av c
app ei i v s a l
e s o fou n d i n J n 1 6 7
a Mt .
,
.
5 ,
1 8 6
.

Th e co ns tru ctio n O vVT i

'
Oela a i h a i n
'

J 9 , 37 y p 61 a o vveT e G e wT o o i n .
22
1
'

’
I o v6a i o c i va 6ao i t o y 1 §o77 X p w r dv, an oa vvoi y wy o s y e myr a i , i s
’ ’
6V
' ’
i
’
ea v Ti s a 1 JT

repro duced i n th e Syri a c ver s io n s by with th e fi n ite ve rb ; s o 2

u p “ ; 1 6 0.
Pal Syr 9 01 2.
9 1 : h e
32 . n o .

lw t
” a ; l o» 1 M I n t h e o ther t wo o c cu rre n c e s .

of t od pa i it i s fo ll o wed by th e n orm a l c o n s tru ctio n o f th e I n fi ni

-
e ,

tive a n d thi s ag a i n i s repre s e n ted i n Syria c by g with th e fi n ite

,

verb : Lk 2 2 a vv d vr a im ? i t ip OV 8061 1 P a l Syr e s k z ° f°

.
5 ’
e e o ) ( t x1 1
, . .

w 20 ’
0A they a greed that th ey s h o uld give h im mo n ey ; A c t s 2 3
‘

l e
’
o i I o v6 20i 0 v v 9 61 T 0 T o i3
a
p fi a 0 Pe s h
e
’
/ m e
’
cr
'
i
'

s
,
. u

‘
the J e ws h a ve pl a n n ed togeth e r th a t th ey s h o u l d as k o f thee
Sim ilarly i n t h e v a ria nt s £ 65 ou , i va p a T 1 9630w Mk e 6i 60v 7 ra
'

.
’

w pa b i v i Lk Pe s h read s \ mn m g g a ve th a t ‘
’

a e a . g ot . .. .

’
they m ight s e t i n b o th pl a ce s ( P al Syr a nd S i n d e s u nt i n . . .

i n Lk 8 58657 0
38
i v i m m mi n ; i s r e n dered by P a l Syr L
‘
. s s; a . .

on u s l og y by S i n a nd Pe s h Je e p c i t e s ;
.
, l o co b e . .

beggi ng th a t h e m igh t be with H im as i n

.
p fA € 7ra € Ka L

f i L k
,

f;
’
M k 6 S pfiy y b
1 8
6 i
'

rr0 3 o n E d t i i i
“ T G a1
5 ; 1 n a e ev a T o
. s p 7 €v e v . 1 r e

i s re n dered by P a l Syr ei w l ll u li g m s c o m by S i n
’

\ (
. . . .
, .
,
 CONJ U NCTI O N S 75

Cu r \ cl ll u ll ? \ QJ 2 , n s c o m by Pe s h g n ”? \ m 2 501 ! ? 0 01 a a
(
.
.
,

a o l : ll H e c om m a n ded ( Pe s h w a r n ed ) them th a t th ey s h o uld

‘
G .

’
tell n o m a n as i n a i S O T A T broi s ,
A of M k 5
K LE
'

GL
I
G O a KT . .
43
.

Such illu s tr a ti o n s co uld be a l m o s t i n defi ni tely mu ltipl ied .

wh o
’
r el a ti ve, wh i ch
‘
in as f a m i s tr a nsl a ti on o ,
‘

So fa r t h e m o s t th a t we h a ve a c c o mpli s hed i s t o e s t a bli s h

,

a good ca s e fo r th e hypothe s i s th a t th e ex c e s s ive u s e o f i va i n

’

Mk a nd s till m o re i n J n m ay be due t o the fa c t th a t th e

.
,
.
,

writers o f th e s e Go s pel s were a c c u s t o med to th i nk i n A r a m a i c .

Th e freque n t u s e o f th e i v c o n s tructi o n i n pl ac e of a n I n fi n i t ive ’

a

i s n o t i n it s elf s u ffi cie n t to prove tr a ns l a ti o n f r om A r a m a i c ; fo r

a n Ar a m aic s pe a k i ng J e w i n writi ng Greek would n a tu rally te n d
-
, ,

t o ex a gger a te the u s e o f a K o m } c o n s tru ctio n wh ich re s e m bled h i s

o wn n a t ive idiom No w h o wever we have t o n oti c e a u s a ge o f

.
, ,

8m i n J n wh ich c a n h a rdly be expl a i n ed except by the hypothe s i s

.

o f a ctu al m i s tr a ns l a ti o n o f a n o rigi n a l Ar a m a ic d o cume n t Th ere .

are s ever a l pas s age s i n wh i c h Zv s eem s c le a rly t o repre s e n t a

a m i s tra n s latio n o f l empl oyed i n a relat ive s e n s e Tra ns l at e

”
.

them i n to Aramai c i n the o n ly po s s ible way repre s e nti n g Zva ’

q
,

by 3 a nd a n Aram a i c s c h o l a r w o uld without ue s ti o n give to

, , ,

th a t 1 the s e n s e wh o or whi c h ‘ ’ ‘ ’
"

00 i vos 7 6 41 639 6M i v p a pT vpfi O y Tr p i T o ?) 911 0 7 69 Th i s

, '
S ’
I
'
e K xe , a e 1 .

pa s s age h as a l re a dy bee n d i s cu s s ed i n o u r n o te s o n th e Prol o gue

( p. The a ccepted i n ter p ret a ti o n o f i v with a telic fo r c e ’
a

i n volve s th e a s s umptio n o f a n ellip s e but ( h e c a m e ) that h e — ‘

’ ’
m igh t b ear wit n e s s & c I f Zv i s a mi s tra n s l a tio n of 7 relative
,
. a

n o s uch ellip s e i s requ ired th e p as s age m e a nl ng H e was n o t , ,

the l ight but one wh o was t o bear wit n e ss o f th e light

,
’
.

7
5 avep wn o v 013 3 w i v
'

x
'

t
fl V)/ iKs T i p tt v
'
d
pfi fi p v
aa Pal Syr a ( / Ko . . .
,

qu ite literally m m is Lao s

, 2 ; M u p Th e“ . . a .

o bviou s me a n i n g o f th i s i n Aramai c i s I have n o t a m a n wh o ‘

,
’
sh all pu t m e i n to th e pool
0 ’
6 Ti 06V a i d s on) a nn l o v i va i 6w v ; P a l Syr quite literal ly
3 ’

r e , ue . . .
, , ,

h )? as l ) LJ L ao Th e s e n s e i n te n ded m ay wel l be W hat

. .
,
‘

s ig n the n d o e s t thou whi ch we m ay s e e ?

’
though s i n c e th e fi na l ,

s e n s e of wo uld h ere be a ppr o pri a te i n Ar a m a i c a s i n th e G reek

i v th e evide n c e o f th i s pa s s age i s n o t pre s s ed
a
, .
7 6 CONJ U NCTION S

w if
’

B fi / wv i va
'

iir ds $ 07 ? bp a vo ii 3
Q
o 1 1! 6 os 0 i n To ) o K a Ta a Tts a 1 1 T 01

a fy y Ka Pal Syr qu ite literally 6 02 M

i p i) d o d vy . 0 0)
\2 01 . .
, ,

Loa n li e . m l \ e a l g KN Lam Th i s i s n atu rally t o be . . » .

re n dered Th i s i s th e bre a d wh ich cam e dow n from heave n

,
‘
,

’
wh i ch if a m a n e a t there o f h e s hal l n o t die ( e x pre s s ed i n
, ,

Ar a m aic wh i ch a m a n s h a ll eat thereof a n d s h al l n o t d ie

,

9
6
K ai
3
T i s o T w v p i e i va w Te 5 0w e i
’
s i m (i v ;,
Pal KSyr qu i t e , 7r
'
1
'

s a
-
. .
,

literally m w , z n e 0 01 s iz e Th i s mea n s without a

( (
o o .
, ,
’
doubt A nd wh o i s h e L o rd o n wh om I s h o uld believe ? ( th e
,
‘
, ,

Aram a i c co n structio n i s wh o I s h ou ld b elieve o n Th i s ,

‘

mea n i ng i s s u rely much m o re n a tu ral a nd appr o pri a te tha n i s

th e fi nal s e ns e give n t o i v by A V R V th a t I m ay believe ’
a . .
,
. .
,
‘

’
on h i m wh ich c a n h a rdly fai l t o m a ke u s d i s cou n t the qu al ity
,
’
o f th e m a n s fa ith s ugge s ti n g a s it doe s that h i s gratitud e to
, , ,

o u r Lord m ade h im willi ng t o believe o n a ny o n e wh om H e

n amed .

1 4 6Ao
1 6
7r
p \
of z
) T o v 6 60 5 1 b t} i va
u f)
a
” 60 r< e i s T 6v a i iwa
1 Pal 1 ,
, '

c . .

Syr qu ite litera l ly a nd

.
,
M , c ot ; c oo .

M e m s Th e n atu r a l m ea n i ng i s . H e s hall give you

m9
,
‘

a n oth e r Com forte r wh o s hal l abide with you fo r ever ,

S o 2 ( vt )
’
. .

‘ ’
qu i .

I f th e fact th at i va i n th e s e p a s s age s i s a mi s tra n s lati o n o t

“

4 rel a tive be thought to n eed fu rthe r evide n ce to c li n ch it th i s

,

m ay be fo u n d i n th e variati o n betwee n M k 4 a n d th e parallel ”

.

pa s s age s M t 1 0 Lk 8 al re a dy n oted H ere Mk s saw )u ) i va

7
.
26
, .
1
. .
’ ‘

( pa v p
wj ies reproduced i n M t by 8 0 3K d wo a l t v c ev o e r t
p f a n d i n . 1 x
‘
a ,

Lk by 6 0 3 ¢a v p6v y evi i tr eT a i
. 1 Thu s av ) i) i va ( p v pwdfi s eem s
e . e
’
i
'
a e

c learly to repre s e n t a n o rigi n a l 702’

9 s? except th a t wh i c h ‘

’
s h al l be r e vealed i e wh i c h s h a l l n o t be reve a led a nd th i s ‘
. .
,

i s th e r e n deri ng of Pe s h ll s tu ll ? ( P a l Syr S i n . .
,
.
g
.

61 -
1 s i m il ar ly a m i s tr a ns l a ti on o
f W r el a ti ve .

In Jn ev O OU T o bs 6 9a k
7
r i 1
i f
’
i o is ;
’ ’ ’
‘

fi p Aey et s
'

1 T0 i Ti
9 n v o )
¢
'

7 e
.
p a J 1 , ( ec
l
u 1

’
th e u s e of 67 1 i s ve ry awkward a nd the i n th at of R V u n ,
‘
. .

co n vi n c i n g Th e pa s s a ge however at o nc e bec o me s cle a r whe n

.
, ,

we recog ni z e that 37 1 i s s imply a m i s tr a ns l a tio n of rel a tive

Wh a t s aye s t thou of h i m wh o h ath ope n ed th i n e eye s ? Th i s
‘ ’

T h t T i he r e m i t ra n s l t i n o f l re l t i ve h s bee n n o t ed by W l l h
a ea s a en s a o -
a a e au s ,
z
E i nl ei t u ng , p . 1 5
 CONJ U NCTIONS 77

s e ns e wh ich i s n atur a lly to be ded uced from the Ara m a ic i s give n

, ,

by the Ar a bic D i a te s s ar o n a g i ll ; a nd th e be s t atte s ted readi n g -

(
o f 5 ( v t vg ) i s
3
qu i ap e ru i t
. . S imilarly i n 8 ey w SE {in n 7v dk vi bew w ,
45 9 ‘

A67 0) i s re n dered by P a l Syr L ‘ a o m l b i ! L i l wh ich wou ld

g ? . . t a
,
’
n a tur a lly be a r the s e n s e I wh o s peak t h e truth Th i s mea n i ng ,
‘
.
,

wh ich o ffe rs a s uperi o r a n tithe s i s to h e i s a liar of the p recedi ng ‘

ver s e i s o fle re d by the D i a te ss a r o n g i ll who a nd by two M S S

,
‘
.

o f 5 (v
3 ’
g ) qu i I n ou
. r n o te
‘
s o n th e Prologu e
. a s im ilar cas e
o f m i s tra ns l ati o n i s s ugge s ted i n I (i n x m i} n Anp i p a T o s Gui rot}
“ ’
e u
-

’
w k (c f p
. a n d c o n vers ely 7
. . be c au s e i na s much as s eem s , ,
:
‘
,

t o h a ve bee n wro ngly t reated a s th e relative i n ( cf pp 2 9 . .

,

A c as e i n M k where 31 1 s eem s to be a mi s tra ns l a tio n o f 1 relat ive

"
-
.

3 i
( 5) s iir ds i i ) Od k a a o a br
'
6m i 6 d y e/m s
'
Ti s apa
’
1 o ec iv Ka Ka a /( 01 6 1 5
‘
Wh o th e n th i s wh om ( f
is 01 1 37
6) eve n t h e wi n d a nd
i :

the s ea A nother m ay very po s s ibly be s ee n i n

6p é3 wep m T o m T s Where the
'
B Aé rw TO J S i i ep ui rr
t v o vs i n é1 s 6 1 6p
« 6 '
a a / a ,

d i ffi c ul t 67 1 m ay repre s e nt a wro ng r e nderi ng of l In ”

Mt . 6s ) i a xai p w t o i
. 6m ,B l t err ovm v, K a i
'
T a (B r a
6T i &K o vo vm v, the word s 61 1 ,B Aén ovm v 6T 1 axo vo va w
are re n dered
by S i n Cu r Pe s h ( m .
, y .
,
wh i c h m ay me a n becau s e.

’
they s e e & c or wh i ch s e e & c
,
Th e latter s e n s e i s give n by th e
‘
, .

Di a te s s aro n l jl al l a nd by s eve r a l M S S o f $ 3
'

,
L5
.

Ls
’
qu i vide n t ‘
qu a e au d i u nt H e g e s i p p u s quote s th e .

p ass age i n the fo rm > 9 l t oi {

i p c o i 6cj p 4 631 o i B Aé o vr e s a i 7 6 (in c
u a xo
,
io a 1 /
,
r , K . .

7 6 d o vOVT I . Si n c e H e ge s i p p u s ( a cc o rd i n g t o Eu s ebiu s
K a
,

H E iv 2 2 ) wa s a H ebrew by bi rth a n d m a de qu o t a ti o ns fr o m
. .

Syri a c a n d H eb rew we m ay i nfer th a t i n th i s c a s e h i s quot a ti o n i s ,

bas ed u po n a Syriac tr a ns l a tio n of M t Th e re n deri ng of 5 vt 3

. .

here a nd i n th e p a s s a ge s previou s ly n o ticed s how s th e i n flue n ce o f

a Syri a c ver s i o n up o n th i s tr a n s l a ti o n a nd i llu s trate s the n a tu r a l ,

s e ns e which a reader o f Aram a ic wo uld attach t o the particl e g i n

the c o ntext s i n que s ti o n C o nver s ely the s am e i nfl ue n ce upo n the .

,

s o c a lled W e s ter n text i s s ee n i n J n 8 D ) u ) m ) ) e t v ct To ii

53 ‘ ‘
- a
.
,

6T i i 9 v v Where W H rightly h as i o n s d vey

' '

c 7re a e . ( 7r e a .
,

ed by W l l h
No t E i l it g p 5 e aus e n , n e un
’
, . I . Cf A lle. n, St . Ma rk, ad l oc .

1 Cf G r be . S p i l g i ma5 5 P t m, ; ed t cz e u . a ru i . al t . ii , p . 2 1 3
— a refe re n c e w hi h c th e

p re se w rinte r w e D C tre di o i s to r . u to n s
’
s c uss o n o f t h e p a ss a ge i n R e m a i ns o f a ve ry

a n ti e n t recens i o n o f th e F ou r Go spe l s i n S y r i a c , p . xxv .

fl C O NJ U N CT I O N S
wh en
‘ ’
i va as a m i s tr a nsl a ti on f
o
”I
: .

We have n oti c ed pe a k i n g of th e u s age o f 5 that it c a n ,

whe n s
”
,

bear th e m ea n i n g wh e n 6T e Strictly s pe a ki ng i n s uch a u s age ‘

.

’ ’ ’
it i s relativa l wh ich with ellip s e o f i n i t wh ich i n it
‘
,
‘ ‘

’
i n wh ich ; c f J n 5
‘ 28
where épXem i di p a Ev 5 a pp ear s i n P a l ’
. . .
,

Syr as on ? i 201 LN Li l Th e fo ll o wi ng ca s e s occu r i n J n o f

’

. » . .

i v s t a n di n g fo r ar e
’
a

1 2 Mjk v eev 1 ?&pa i va

23
G
’
6 v i 6s To ) ? oi v
’
un r o v .

P a l Syr L u i s ? on :
. . “ a “ ! lM u NJ .

1 G
AG V svT o v a c er er

wa ) LE T a B y
a A I I
I3 7
) ( a 1
7 6 K T o v K OO LOU T o u T o v
/ .

P al . Syr h a s ; .
( 4 6,
(
so “ M ac il l .

1 6 2 2

px er a i
CI

wp a
f!

wa r A 3 I
a 7rO KT e i 1 / a s
e a I
6 5 0 K
I
ei a v 7r o cr < e
p
I et v
e T as o vaas
) .
g a p p

1 6 32
3pxeT a 1 di p a i va o no
p m o flfrr e .

P al . Syr .
(
ai
r
-
a ll? LN » Li l .

Th at i n a l l th e s e c a s e s i v s imply s t a n d s by mi s tra ns l a ti o n fo r 37 s a
,

a n d that n o my s tic fi n a l s e ns e i s to be tr a ced i n the u s a ge s u c h a s i s

po s tulated by W e s t c ott i s proved by the u s e of th e n orm a l ph ra s e ,

in 4 ii i
25
a nd
2’23
Epxer a t di pa 61
25
6 i pxer a t cii p a
' ’

5 1 ev n
'

s
, , ,

wh en
’
s i mi l arl y m i s tr a nsl a ti o n f
‘
81
"

1 a o 4 : .

I n 9 o i Oewpo fi vr e s a bT6V T 6 7rp6rep ov

8
r
p m ai
m n
s i f we h ave a ve ry ‘ -

a wkward (in , a n d R v s h a lti n g re n deri ng, th ey that s aw h i m

’ ‘
. .

’
a fo retime that he wa s a begg a r i s th e be s t th a t c a n b e m a d e
, ,

o f th e s e nte n ce Cle a rly th e s e ns e dema n ded i s wh en ( ar e) h e

.
‘

’
was a begg a r
’
a n d the n a tu r a l i n fere n ce i s that “
‘
,
wh e n h as z

’
bee n wro ngly i nterpreted a s co nj u n c tive th at A noth e r clea r ‘
.

i ns t a n ce o f the s a me m i s tra ns l a tio n i s s ee n i n T a iiT a ei 7rev .

’ ’
H <r a 1 s 67 1 i 6€V n p 865 1
a ff rm) ( R V
e be c a u s e h e s aw h i s
‘
/ 11 ; a
’

. .
‘

where th e s e n s e dema nded i s wh en ( 61 ) he s aw H i s gl o ry ‘

1

Free l y quo t ed i n t h l e t t e r fr m t h e c h rc h a t Ly o ns ( E s eb i s H E v I ) w i t h
e o u u u , . .

t h e c o rre c t i n i 3 b i
'
i i
7
f o 65g ) v (
p 9 wa 6 a n or va 1 Ka t s v s no r e va s

{was 6656 1 Aa e i a u
'
n p o a c e e w “r t !
pp ?
1 I t i s jus t p os s
‘
i bl e t h at 61 1 may he re be a m sti r ans at o n l i of
“

1 r e l t i ve
a T he e s

t hi g n s sa id Isa i a h wh w H i o sa s gl ry d o an s pa ke c o nc er i g n n H i in ,
’
b ut t h e s e ens

wh en s ee ms t o be prefe r b l e a .
 CH A P TE R IV

P RO N O U N S

fip i
e s,
m i ,
Gus ts .

TH great freque n cy o f the Pr o n o u ns o f th e fi rs t a n d

E s eco n d
per s o ns i s a m a rke d fe a ture i n J n Th e o c c urre n c e s . i n th i s
Go s p el a nd th e Sy no pti s t s a re as fo llow s :
Mt . Mk .

29 I 7
9
S
1 8

3 1

92

To l a rge exte n t thi s phe no me n o n fi nd s i t s expl a n a ti o n i n th e

a
’
fa ct th a t th e Fou rth G o s p el i s de s ig ned t o pr o ve o u r L o rd s
M e s s i a h s hip a n d H i s D ivi n ity Thu s a t the ope n i n g St J o h n .

th e B ap t i s t emph s ize s the c h a ra ter o f h i s m i s s i n éy

a c o i — in —
u

c o n tra s t t o th a t o f Chri s t O ur L o rd l ay s s tre s s

7 9
up o n H i s c l a i m s (4 5
0 36 1 4 26
,
8 3
1 0 ,
1 2 42
,
1 1 1 1 18
,

m m
1 1
25
,
1 4 1
5
6
1 6
,
1
o r
,
33
H i,s a c t s ( 5
1 1 7
4
,

b ri ngi ng H im s elf i nt o a nt i t he s i s with o t hers th e d i s ci p le s t h e —

,

6i 0
J e ws the wo rld & C (4 5 7
32
8 6 34 4 5
,
8 29 34 36
1 0 1 2
6 7 1 5 21
. 22 23 8 38 4 5 55
’
1 18
,
2 4

0
1 9 20 2
1 4,
7
3 1 21 1
1
5 ’
5a 1
o r H e1 6
defi n e s H i s rel a ti o n t o

G o d the F a t h er 1 0
0
1 6 Emph a tic 4 29
3 8
,
26
,
1 1 5

i s freque n tly a n titheti c a l t o a n d i m pl ied o r ex p re s s ed a nti t he s i s

’

o fte n a c c o u n t s for the u s e o f i t n d 0 5

-

n s a l e 1 .

W he n a l l s uch c a s e s h a ve bee n t a ke n i n t o c o ns id er a tio n there ,

re m a i n h o wever a l a rge n u m ber i n which th e Pr o no u n a ppe a rs

, ,

t o be u s ed with n o S pe c i a l e m ph as i s Thu s £ 7 6 i n 38
.
4 1
,
8o PRONOUNS
63 70 7
6 ,
1
,
8 21 0. 50 54
,
1 0 ,
1 1
7 1 8 26
,
1 4
4 28

1 4 20 25 4 7 bi s 9 1 4 1 1 22 2obi s 21 37 1 6 42 69
1 5 ,
1 6 ‘

,
1 7 ,
I 8 . .

, b uf s f in 1 ,
6 , 7
1 5
,
8 48
, 9
7
1 9 ; in 3 26
, 4 1 0
24
,
1
4
9
,
1 8 34 37 11
, in 1
26
, 4
35
,
1 9 30 49 13 200
9 ,
1 1 ,
1 3 ,
1
4 ,

N ow while i n Semiti c th e u s e o f the Per s o nal Pro n ou ns with

gre a ter or le s s emph a s i s I S extremely c o m m o n we a l s o fi nd th em ,

empl oyed withou t s peci a l emph as i s i n o rde r to ma r /e th e s u bject

of th e P a r t i cip l e I n H ebre w a n d s till m o re i n Ara m aic
. th e , ,

Participle i s u s ed with great freedom to de s cribe a n eve nt a s

i n proce ss o f co n ti n ua n c e whether i n the p as t o r pre s e nt o r as , ,

i n proce s s o f comi ng i n to bei ng ( F u tu r u m i ns ta ns ) I n s u c h ca s e s .

,

the s ubj ect bei ng u n expre s s ed i n th e verb a l fo rm i t i s of cou rs e ,

n ece s s a ry to m a rk it wh e n i t i s p ro nomi na l by the Pro no u n , ,

.

Th i s Semiti c u s age of the P a rti c iple bei ng fo reig n to G reek th e ,

LX X i n t ra ns lati ng th e H eb rew of th e O T n a tu rally repre s e n t s . .

it by a Pre s e nt a Perfe c t a Futu re & c a nd s o doi ng migh t , , ,

.
, , ,

well h a ve d i s pe ns ed with the Per s o nal Pro n ou n A s a m a tter .

o f fact however th e tr a n s l a tio n n early al wa y s ret a i n s the P ro n ou n

, , ,

a nd that a lm o s t i n vari a bly i n th e po s itio n which i t o ccupie s i n th e

, ,

origi n al befo re o r a fter the verbal fo r m

, .

Ca s e s o f 3 m I with the Participle expre ss ed by 67 6

1
,
‘ ’

,
1

i n G e n e s i s are a s follo ws ‘
8 i b e 2 l
’

7 87 0 m y w v 9 . e ,

“3 5 "9 3 67 61 6 5 6 mm 5
,
I i ?
p ib £ 7 03 3 0 $ 3 5 ” 7
379 T ek evfl i o w
“
,
1

i ; So al s o 1 6 1 8 17 8
37 6 1
,
fi g; ”
n i 606 67 1 211 mm 1 1 .
, ,

25
2 3
27 , 3 1
5 3
4 2
‘
, 49 Th e o n ly ca s e s without
,
s
,
29
.

a re

in
’
Ca s e s of 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,
‘
we ,
with the Pa rti c iple expre s s ed by wi nd ;
Ge n e s i s— K i ng s Ge n “
”3D Di P U n 3302? 9 3m
Q EF
'

a re : . 1 9
da rd p sv i nt ei s T 6 1/ T d7r o 1 /
'

T o 1 T o v, 3 43
18
Dn ‘
33m“ 0 0 7 33
-
59
A1 6 . T 6 d p yfi p i o v fiy i e s
y y Oai
e o a
,
N um '

o
'
e . I O
29
Stf W333 ” 332
Di PY
Q D 35
'

’
E fa i p o)a ev h ae s i e s i T 6V T d7r o v S o Deut 1 . .
28
, 5 1 2
22
J,
udg 1 9
8
,
.
’
s
,

1 S am . 1 4
8
,
1 Kgs . 22
3
,
2 Kg s . 1 8 26
. No c a s e s with o m i ss io n
O f in t e s. i

S imil a rly i n Ge n e i K i ng s there are 4 0 ca s e s o f ”E N th o u

,
s s — ‘

with the P a rti c iple exp re s s ed by 01 5 ( e g G e n 1 3 ”DS fi QN 71 1153 6 3 . . .

15

m9 " wao v Ti7v y fi v 3V 0 ) 6p dfs) a s ag a i n s t 1 4 withou t m i : a nd 3 5

a 1 1 ,

c a s e s o f OH S ye with th e P a rticiple expre ss ed by was ( e g ‘ ’

. .

'
DE N “ W“ umni pn nx T 6V
.

Ex 1 6 8
6 6 fi
'

.
y yy
o va
p v 5c 1 1 nd s 1 1 / 1 1
82 PRONOUN S
PJ P Ag a i n i n I m i s i VT s A i B oy sv the
“2
3
,
“ mi : ”3“ .
,
us Tr o s s
’
o ,

tur lly repr duce th e u ffix f 32 all o f u s

‘
fip ts en a a o s s o 1 3

P a rticu larly n o te wo rthy i s th e th ro wi ng o f m i t o the e n d o f th e

s e n te n ce whether i n a que s tio n as i n
‘
7 3
, O p <f> jms i m i 1 8 ,
7r o 1 s

O b ii v B m k bs i 0 5; 1 9 H 69 v i 0 1 5; or i n a s tatem e n t as i n 4
xo a s s 1
9
s s ,

G wp i 6T wp ocfi fi ms i m i 8 E p p i T ns i 01 5 Th i s i s n eve r fo u n d 48
’

s
‘
c) i s , a a s s .

el s ewh ere th roughou t th e N T except i n A c t s 1 3 H eb 1 Y i ds . .

33
, .
5

7
uo
,
v i m i a quot a tio n o f P s 2 wi th accurate rep r oductio n o f th e
s
, .

H ebrew o rde r 38 7 3 "9 3

H ebrew a nd Aramai c c a n i n s uch a
1 .
,

s tatem e n t or query place th e Pro n ou n afte r th e p redicate o r ,

’9? n ’
before it ( as e g i n G e n 2 7 ) . a n d J u s u s e o f both
. .
24
.

orders ( c f m i i n 1 .
7
‘
& c ) lo o k s much lik e a clo s e rep ro
i s
4 24 9
,
52
,
.

ductio n o f an Ar a m aic origi n al .

a ur
3
é s,
Q
o ur o s, és
A os .

To ex pre s s th e 3 r d per s o n br ds i s fa irly freque n t a in J n Th e .

figu re s fo r mi n i ; as s ubj ect i n the fo u r Go s pel s are as follow s

Mt . 1 2, Mk . 1 7, Lk 5 1 .
, Jn . 1 8 .

M uch mo re o fte n however J n prefer s t o u se a n emphatic , , .

’ ’
demo n s trative o iir o s th i s o n e i vos t hat o n e a n d h e employ s
‘
,
’
s Ks
‘
,

t he s e Pro n o u ns s ub s ta ntival ly with far g reater freedom tha n do th e

Sy n opti st s Th e figu re s fo r 01 7 09 ( mi my) as s ubj ect are
.
3
-

Mt . 35, Mk . 1 4, Lk 36, .

For xsi vo s ( m o) u s ed
’
s ,
-
s ub s ta n tivally wheth er ,
as s ubject or

obliquely the figure s are ,

Mt . 4, Mk . 3, Lk 4 , .
Jn . 51 .

is u s ed dj e c tivally
’ ’‘

e x s i vo s a

Mt . 51 ,
Mk . 1 6, Lk . 29 , J n . 1 8 .

extraordi ary f d e for demo n s trative s i n prefere n ce t o

’

J n . s n o n n s s

the Pe r s o n a l Pro n ou n fi n d s ad equ a te expla n ati o n i n the h e o ry

th at h i s Go s pel i s a clo s e rep roductio n o f a n Ar a m a ic origi n al .

I n th e Ar a m aic of Da n th e 3r d Pe r s o n a l Pro n o u n ma h i t a s .

subj ect i s re n dered 01137 6; by T h e o d o t i o n except where it fo rm s th e ,

s ubj ect o f a p r ed icative s tateme n t i n whi c h th e c o pula i s u n der

s tood i h wh ich ca s e th e G reek repre s e n t s it by the s ub s t a ntive

,
 PRONOUNS m
verb : e g 6 Ni ” pp m)? fa ith ful ( was ) h e 6 W“ ? Ni ”
’ 1
7rt 0 1 6s i n
5 ‘
f
’ ‘

. .
,

h e (was ) k n eeli ng 3 V Kafp m wv

’
1 .

Ara m a i c i s richly supplied with demo ns trative Pro n ou n s The .

followi ng with th ei r Greek re nd eri ng s may be n oticed

, ,
.

d na th i s
‘
fem Ni l d a plur c Pi?“ i l l en Da n a n d E z r
‘ ’ ’
'

. .

, .
,
. .
,

p a ss i m T
. a rgum s d e n fem N 3 dd s tre n gthe n ed by dem ,
on .
,
’
s t ra t i ve prefix D h a i f} ? h ad e n fem Ni ? h a d a Syriac l i e o h and ‘

,
.

( co n tracted from M il n a ) fem l i e o h a d e ; plu r c

e
I S N T
} h a,
i l l e h .
’
. .
‘ ’

Syriac ( S ci, h ai l /en both as pro nom i n a l s ub s a nd adj i s

. . .

regularly re n dered 0 1 09 i n Dan a nd E z r ( i n a few c a s e s of adj u s e 3

1 . . .

it i s rep re s e nted by the defi n ite ar t i c le o n ly) .

if ! d zhh en th i s that c
‘
Da n NU S} ; 1 ) s i mh v K s W) ( LX X
’
s
’
t
, , .
, .

Da n 7 T6 K Tit
0
a nd
2 21
( LX X Plu r » ; ’
c
‘
as s vo sK
.
p e t ,
. .

’
i l l eleh D a n 3 2 23
6 2 6
( al s o fou n d i n
12 1 1
'

, ,

T o th i s corre s po n d s i n E z r
d l h d l N E
’
l
’
fem T h ‘
th i O
T} i 3 3 1 454 6 1 9 1
‘

T1
'

z
! e e ,
1 a e s . ? m J us é si m
) z r 4 ; x , .

Tra
’
i ns E pfl y p
a a a éK si vo s i ] ? “ E T QX T 6 spy o v ,

N 7s
(
8
i 5 ; T! D ”
}? ,3 6V) oi x ov ii 9s o 1 i 6 i eso fi , 6 12
’
i
’ ’ ’

s x s vo , T To s K s vov, ,
o x ov .

In additio n we fi n d i n Talmudic Aram a i c Ni “ ? h ah u ’

,
th a t or ‘

’
‘
th at o n e ( i e 3rd per s o nal pro n ou n h u + d e m o n s t ra t i ve parti c le
. .

h a) c o n tracted m Syriac i n to 0; h a u ( Pal Syr al s o fem NW )

“

.
, . .

h h ( al s o un) co n tr a cted i n Syri a c i n to h ai ( P a l Syr a l s o l oi )

' ’

i
'

t
a ,
. . e
,

plu r i 71 3? h a nh o Syri a c 1 1 1
. h an nu n fem h a nnen
,
Th i s u s age .
,
. .

i s n o t fou n d i n the Aramai c of Da n a nd E z r though we m ay . .

,

n otice th e u s e o f the Per s o n al Pro n ou n i n Da n 2 N) ” th a t .

32 ‘

image ( expl a i n ed as Nom pend ens — i t the

’
Th i s i s .
‘ —

remark a bly like é si vo s T b H vsfi aa i n J n 1 6 a n expre s 13

’

s io n wh i c h amou n t s to
th a t Spirit of truth
x .
,
’ ’
o r th e Spi rit & c ‘ ‘
, .

( Pal Syr L L oh Th i ver io at ti me s u s e s o l d, to

.
a en) ei . s ss s n .

expre s s th e defi n ite article e g h a s: o l é 6 avfi pwwo s ) , . .

'
.

There c an be n o que s tio n that where si vos i s u s ed a dj ectiv a lly ’

sK

it w o uld n a tur a lly be repre s e n ted by man Thu s 4 8 51 7) Zi p ? .

53
x5

Wo uld appear i n the J eru s T a lmud as o 1 m: ( Cu r Pe s h o}: .

1 .
, . y

but Pal Syr 1 M 6k ) W h e n u s ed s ub s t a n tiv a lly a s

. . .» 1 .

s ubj e c t e s pe c ially whe n rei n fo rci n g a Nom pend ens ( c f p 64 )

—
. . .

i t i s pr o b a ble th a t é si vo s repre s e n t s the Per s o n a l Pro n ou n N1 ! x

‘
"
1

bu t there are other c as e s i n wh ich i t loo k s mu c h l i k e a re p ro d u c

m
ti o n o f man P a l Syr repre s e n t s it by 06 ( o l o ) i n l 1 1
’

. .
7 9 . 1 i ,

G 2
84 PRONOUNS
Pe s h by 06, i n 3
.
7 9 1 0 1 3 1
4 W30
e m a
y
,
1 1
,
28 36
,
25 26
,
21
.

n ote e s pe c i a l ly th e re nderi n g of obl ique c a s e s by Pe s h i n th e .

fo llowi n g pa s s age s
3° ’
86 ? a fi foi ve w lo g o) ”o ot } ( Cu r )
'’

3 e x e t vo v . 001 G . c oo wk
43 ’

my 96 i 0 01 3 ( Cu r )
'

E Ar e k a .o
5 e K e vo v / £ 0
\ . . SO .

T f f 061 maa m ( Cur

’

5 t
o s e K e vo v tuam v
yp p l o 2 u .

28
"? ma s s ) N 2( S i n om
’
ei éx a vov
emfi 0 0.
-

9 po g co . . .

06 01 59 l e t} ? a n } J
35
f i (S in
’
IO 6 1 e x e vo vs e n ev
‘ '

In ca s e s s uch as the s e the id iom atic fo rce o f th e Aram aic demo n

s t r a t i ve s ati s fa ctorily accou n t s fo r th e Greek u s age Agai n the .
,

ph r a s e l véc sa w re n dere d c oo o ch l it th at o n e ( i s ) h e — i n
’
‘
‘
—
e xe , .

i s o n e i n wh i c h man would n atu r a l ly be empl o yed .

W e thu s rea c h th e fol l o wi n g c o n clu s io ns as t o the pro nou ns

wh i c h we h a ve bee n c o n s ideri ng
Sub s ta n tival u se

ds hit
’
a t rr 2: .

Em i t/ 09 fi t ? a n d h d h tt
’ ’

h fi dé fl
3
01 7 09
“
22 .

Adj e c tiva l u se
’ '‘
i
o rro s a e n, d e
n a, or h ad é n .

a é hh ,
'
’
or h ah zt
‘

e x e vo s l .

Th e R e l a t i v e c o m pl et ed by a P r on o u n .

Th e Aram a i c relative p a r ti c le T L l o rigi n ally a s we have ”

,
”—
,
’
a lready remarked ( p a demo n s tr a tive th a t one is in
.
‘

v a ri able a n d l ik e th e H ebrew relative V01 3 p roperly fo rm s a li n k

"

, , ,

c o n n ecti n g t wo c o ord i n a te s e n te n ce s Fo r expre s s io n o f th e

-
.

impl ied rel a tio n it i s th erefore n ece s s a ry t o c omplete th e s e ns e of

the R elative particl e by a Pr o n ou n o r Pro n o m i na l s u ffi x i n th e
c l a u s e wh i c h it i n troduce s Th u s e g s uch a s tateme n t a s I s aw . . .
,

the m a n to wh om I gave th e boo k h as to be expre s s ed i n S emitic

i n the fo rm I s aw th e m an wh o I g a ve th e b o ok to h zm There ’
'
‘
.
,

a re s eve r a l i n s ta n c e s i n J n i n wh ich th e G reek c opie s thi s S emitic .

c o n s tru c ti o n .

q
’
6
I E y ver o d v9p w o ;
e
’
afi r ) T w i n 79 H ere
7rth e relative '
a / 7 .
 PRONOU NS 85

c o nn exi o n i s implied a nd n o t d ire c tly exp re ss ed So On the .

th o r o ughly Semitic ch a r ac te r of th i s p a rti c ul a r id iom c f p 3 0 . . .

n T o ? 1 5 03 ip a ro s
2 ’
of i f rro i} 7 6V i y vr
’ ’
t os iv
’
01 3K i i K ow
7
i
-
1
‘
a a ) 71 1
y p ) e co c r a a .

’
33
E d; 31 } av
'

fi i
’
6 II I/ 6 131 1 4 1
’

I T Ka r a i
a vo v Ka u e vo v
,
e7r

P al Syr m . l i k a s o o l im b L c i b e ) i t; \
. u
201 l i t o . .
‘
H e wh o
th ou s ee s t th e Spirit de s ce ndi ng a nd a bidi ng upo n h im
9
36
K i n s o n v K up ce i a
va 1 0 7
. 50 0 ( i
’

s a f
f rdv ;
’
cH ere fv , , 71 61 ) a is a mis
t r a n s l a tio n o f the rel a tive cf p 76 . . .

i
26
d 6 ( hwp ao v K a i 31 1 301 1 1 1 1 137 1 16 Peculi a rly
'’ '

fl /
’
b i
’
1 3 E xet V s em w e
y t a l f a) 7 .

Aram a ic W5 s p ofi —
2 0
71 15 3 9 3 7 M ?! N
:
an a ‘
That i s h e t? I s h al l
a

d i p the s o p a nd give it to h im i . e .
‘
to wh o m I s h a ll give th e s o p
’
whe n I h a ve dipped it .

9
Oil s Se SwK oi s ; LOL OIJ K d r é h eo a f a frrdi v
'
8 851 4 1
’
01 3
’
1 e .

We l l h au s e n p . 1 5) ite s two icn s t a n ce s of thi s co n

s tru c tio n from Mk Vi Z I

7
01
3
o im (
Lt iax a v6s K ugha s Aflo a t 1
'
6v {It ch/ T a
I
.
, .

Wv a o
t
fiq wv
3 A a nd
25 9 9 l
H vy a r p
A 3
m
A 3 I
e p ro v,
7
‘
T0 t ov a v n a a Ka
‘
/ ev
);
‘
a r e t ev T O a
p p
‘
u vr o u 9
,
1
7 x
90
be s ide s th ree c a s e s from the text of D in Mt . 1 8 ,
Lk .

P r o n o m i n al c o n s t ru c ti o n s pe c ul i a r t o A ra m ai c .

It is
pe c u li a rly idiom a tic i n Ara m a ic t o a n ti c ip a te a ge n itive by
u s e o f a p o s s e s s ive pr o n o mi n a l s u ffix att ac hed to th e a n tecede n t .

Thu s the Aram a ic o f Da n write s H i s n ame o f God i n th ei r .

‘

’
day s of tho s e ate th e i r p ie ce s of th e J ews ( i e s l a n ‘
. .

dered the m h zs a ppe a r a n c e o f the fo urth & c ; Pal Syr ‘

'

. . .
,
’
i n J n I write s th ezr ligh t of m a n k i n d ( v
'

t ts n ew s of th e ligh t
'
‘ ‘
. .

i n H i s bo s om o f the Father ( v ‘
h zs wit ne ss o f J oh n ‘
’

(v . &c .

Th ere appe a rs to be bu t o ne i ns t a n ce of th i s i n th e G reek of J n .

,

but th i s i s s o s trik i ng th at it s hould s urely cou n t fo r m uch i n

e s timati ng th e theory o f tran s la tio n from A ra m a i c I n we read .

7 069 ovefs a ffi x03 T o ? d v B Aé J a w o s h i pare of h im th at h d ‘

y / s nt s
-
1 a ) a
l ,

received s igh t Th i s appe a rs n a tu rally i n P a] Syr a s 9.l ’

. . .

L n ? C f M k 6 ei o ek Ooum ys Tfi s 91 1 7 1 7 69 31 0?
“
22
af
fi )
fr s . . 11 1 (1 1 1
‘

n} ; H PmSLd SOQ wh i c h i s cle a rly a n a ttempt to rep rodu ce th e Ar a m a i c

,

H e a so c l i t e s Mt 3 .
1 2
Lk 01
3
1 r1 1 0v 5
i v 1 7? xa pl a ti r ofz ,
’
u po n th e a s su m
p
A ‘
t i on t h at o ; f i s re i n f rc ed o by iv xa pl a é r o v , I n w o s an h eh d i s t h e fa n
’

( not
Wh o s e fa n, bu t t hi s is v ery d b t f l ou u .
86 PRONOUN S
’
co ns tru c tio n “ 7 22
3 ? h e r d a ugh ter o f H ero di as i e th e ‘
,
. .
‘

d a ugh te r o f H ( n oted by Alle n S t Ma r/e a a 1 0a )

.
’
,
.
,
’
.

A n othe r pecul i a rly Ar a maic id i o m i s th e a n ticip a ti o n of th e

d ire c t o bj ect of a verb by a pro n om i nal s u ffi x Thu s i n J n . .

P a l Syr re nder s m o m
. .
1 m ) 9 k ; t ) h e b rought H im ( viz ) . a “
‘
.

th e Lo rd J e s u s 1 9 m e an 1 m ) oi ls 0 3 3 2 they led H im th e
6 ’
,
1
.
‘ “

’ ’
Lord J e s u s 1 9 a k
, op h e pier c ed it H i s s id e
34
a at
‘

A n ex a mple o f th i s id iom i s s ee n i n t h e G ree k o f J n 9 13 ”

A y ovcn v

a1 1 7 6v 7r 6s
’

p r o bs (P
p w t o vs 7 61 71 07 6 r v c h dv
p a P a l Syr a01 k
'
0 M} ;
-
. .

fi b s
er
w as
(
so c ork (h a s Le k .

No cas e s of th e d ire ct o bje ct of a v e rb so a nt ci ip at ed a re fo un d ibli l

in B ca

A r m ic W fi nd the
a a . e a nt c i ip ato ry pr o n o un , h we e r
o v ,
in s uc h p hr e as s as

S wan: n: nnz nwn w ‘

as f ou n di n h i m i n Da n iel ( D
’
a n. 10 553
1 n: ‘
in

i t in the n igh t ’
,
i . e .
‘
in the sa m e i gh t
n
’
( Dan . xnwwnm s 51 1 i nhw
hey e t t h i m t
t s n o o A tax r er e x s
’
( Ez r. A fe w c as e s of th e i
c o n s t ru c t o n a r e

f d i H eb re w
ou n n : c f. B ro c k e l m a nn , Ve rg l e z ch G ra m m d e r
'

. . se m z t.
'

S pr a ch en, ii . 22 7 .
 CH A P TE R V

TH E VE R B

T h e H i s t o ri c P r e s e n t Ara m a i c use of t h e P a r ti c i p l e .

TH E H i s toric Pre s e nt is extremely frequ e nt in J n Th e. o ccu r

r e n ce s a re a s fol low s :

1 3 28
d y o vo w, 9 '

,
1 8 .

’ 23
d wo xp t ver a t , ‘
1 2 ,
I 3
B dM et , 1 3
5
.

’ 29 1 5 20 ’
B, k em t
,
1 ,
20 21 B Aewovo w, -
21
9
.

26
[ 801 0 0 5 1 3 ,
2 1

f
’
e
y p er a r,
e

épX e—
’ 38 6 3
ra t , 1 1 ,
1 3 ,
1 8 ,
20 21

s ep i a K e r, -
5
1 4
.

fi ewp ei , aewpo ixr w, 6 1 9

’ ’

Ka p fi ai vet , 1 3
26
,
21
1 3
.

r 51 34 5 9 21 25 49 50 68
Key a , l ,
2
4
“

2 5 :
20 Sg bi s
6 1 7 1
8 39
1 9
1 2
1
I I I
1 2 1
I
3 1

I 8 6
4 5 1 7 1 6 26 se bi s 9
20
2 bi s 1 74 022 27 29
’ ,

1 2 1 5 t er 1 6 t er l 7 bi s 1 9 ' 1 7 S 34 29 13 3
h ey ovo w, 9 I I 1 6 2 0 , 21
. . . .

, , ,

p a r v
p p ,et I

24
va e c
,
i 1 3
4
1 3 .

' 2
7
p exet , 2 0 .

5
I

5
07
7 0 01 , 1 8 29
.

9
( p un/ 6 2, 2 .

Th i s l i s t give s a t o tal o f 1 64 oc c u rre nc e s The figu re s for th e .

*

Sy n opti s t s a s give n by S i r J oh n H awki ns ( H S pp 1 4 3 ff ) a re

,
.
2
.
, ,

S irJ h H wk i g i
o n a ns ve s the fig re 1 62 ( be i de t w
u as e p re e r ed i s s o c as s s v n

T i he d rf i
sc n H o n e h as , h w e e r ki d ly l e t h i MS li t t t h p re e t
o v ,
n n s . s o e s n

w ri t e r wh h
,
dded p i o as a ( a r/ a 1
5
( w h i h m ycbe O p e t d iap t e ) d B i awm n o s u an v 2 1 1 3
.
88 TH E VERB
Mt .
( 78 21 derived fr of
o m M k wh ich
: i n a d di t io n
a re there are .

1 5 P r e s e n t s i n P a r a ble s) ; M k 1 51 Lk o n ly 4 [ or A c ts 1 3 . . .

I t thu s a ppe a r s th a t J n clo s ely re s embl e s M k i n fo n d n e s s fo r . .

th i s u s age I f M k were a s l o n g a s J n th e form er w o uld s h o w

. . .
,

propo rtio n ately 1 9 5 occu rre nce s Th e h ighe r p roport i o na te figu re .

i n M k i s expl a i n ed by the h igh e r p ropo rti o n of n arrative t o d i s

.

c o u rs e i n thi s G o s pel Th ere a re comp a ratively few c as e s o f th e .

H i s tori c Pre s e n t i n J n 5 1 0 a n d 1 4 .
—

The u s e o f th e H i s tori c P r e s e n t i n M k a nd J n s tro ngly . .

re s emble s a commo n Ara maic idiom i n wh ich i n a de s cri p tio n of

p as t eve n t s th e P a rticipl e i s empl o yed t o rep re s e n t the a c ti o n
de s cribed as i n p roce s s o f taki ng pl a ce Th e fol lowi ng i ns t a n ce s .

o f th i s participi a l u s age are fou n d i n th e A r a m a i c chapte rs o f th e

Book of D a n iel T h e o d o t i o n s o m etime s re n ders it by a n H i s toric

.

Pre s e n t or ( more freque n tly ) by a n I m p erfect ; a nd wh e n th i s i s

th e ca s e h i s re n deri ng i s a dded I n oth er ca s e s h e e m pl o y s an .

Aori s t .

’
n
y (
‘
w ) a weri g ( alway f l lowed by 51 d ( was)
‘
“
1
a a s n s n s o 7
9
2 a n
5 5 7 7 7 3 2 1 6
i
8 2 13 1 1
2 4 5 6 7 ( th i s ve r b s , ,
’
freque n tly om itted i n T h e o d o t i o n s ( were )
‘

2 4
a ns weri n g 3 .

flp g
( w ) yi g( 1 1 1 6b 027 58 2 5 4 1 18 2 1
7 ‘

a s s a n 2 4
.

N
( were ) y g l
6 T h d
5
2 l

7 s a i n 2 3 7 e o o t l o n ) t e
y a
’
,

gh ey o v i n 7
5
in 2
27
,
)xé yo vm v i n
‘
.

( were ) g a th eri n g togeth er 3 M ( were ) s ta n d i n g 3

3
PP ? ‘ 3

m ?l ‘
( was ) c ryi n g ( we re )
’
h eari n g ( fi o vo v
) 3
7 ‘ ’
x
,

P5 were ) fall i n g dow n a n d ( were ) w o r s h ippi n g

‘
5
33 (
’

( wfm o w es 7r o o e K1 5
p v o vv
) 3 ;
7
i
’
PE ”
( Were ) com
-
i n g f o rth 3 , ,
‘
,
26

‘
were gath eri g togethe r ( 0
( ) o vv i o vr a t ) 3 ( we re ‘
n
y 1 1 ) c

Cf . f H S .
2
pp . 1 43 .

T I t i r em rk b l e t h
O
s th gh w a t a ly fi d my ( p rt i i pl e )
at, p l ed w i t h
ou e c o ns a n t n a c co u

( p rt i i p l e ) i t h g
a l ch ( w ) w e ri ng d ( w
e s zn
)
'

y i g w d
u a r—
‘
e as a ns n an as sa n
’
, e o

t (w i h t h i gl e e e p t i fi d t h p r t i i p l e pl l m l ed wit h t h
no t e s n xc
y p on n e a c u ra co u e

p r i i p l e p l r l PW
a t c D L I t h p l r l t h reg l r
§ u a ge i h p li gn f th e u a e u a u sa s t e co u n o e

p f te r ec w i t h t h p ri i p l e i j p m t hey w e r ed
e d ( w e re )
a t c y i g Th i ‘ — ‘
a ns an sa n
’
. s

f gget t h p ib ili t y t h t th i g l r f rm h l d be li zed t my

.

ac t su s s e o ss a e s n u a o s ou voca no
,
T

a i ( P rt i i pl e ) b t h ( P e r fe )
‘ ‘
a
'

n a
e
}! d c t ,
u n c .
9 0 T H E V E R B

th e whole n umber i s co ns i derably h igh er vi z 1 20 o r n early th ree , .

,

fou rth s .

Th a t the frequ e n t u s e o f th e H i s toric Pre s e nt i n M k i s du e .

t o Aram a i c i n fl ue n ce i s m a i n tai n ed by Alle n ( E xpos i to r 1 9 00 , ,

pp 436 if ; E xpos i tmy Ti mes xiii p 3 2 9 ; Oxfo rd S tu d i es i n th e

.
, ,
.

S y nopti c P r obl em p 2 9 5) a n d by W e l l h au s e n ( E i nl ei tu ng i n d i e d re i
, .

ers ten E va ng el i en
‘
i
p I t c a n h ard ly b e doubted th at i n J n
,
. .

al s o th e s ame theory o ffer s an a d equa t e expla n atio n o f the s ame

phe no me n o n .

T h e I m p e rfe c t A ra mai c use of t h e P a r ti c i p l e c o u pl e d w i t h

th e S ub st a nti ve v erb .

I n s ta nce s o f th e I mp e r fect in J n .
( e x cludi n g th e Sub s t a n tive
ve rb ) are as follow s
18
St ey e ip er o, 6 .

3Lér p cfi
' 22
ev,
3 .

2
St nx dvet , I 2 .

22
fi m
d fev, 3 ,
’ ’

B
’
e t e C
a m c o vr o ,
3
6
éB d O T a Cev, I 2
‘

zflk ei rov, 1 3
22
.

f
25
e
y wwo x ev, 2

y w
é wz
’
e o v.

7
é85 a ,
1 9
3
.

' 16
ScwKOV, 5
’
e

29
ed
’
o vV, 1
3 .

12
1 9 ; 5 D 1 0 1
I I

18
21 .

27 1 5
Oa ti/La fov, 4
’
e
, 7 .

’ 18
é depp a cvom o, ‘

1 8 .

2
Oe ui p ovv, 6
’
e .

5
e i xov, 1 7 ; s i xe s, 1 9 e i xev, 2 1 3
29
; e i xe re, 9
'
"l
e i xoo a v,
'

’ 20
a CeT o,
’
c c 1 1 .

3
ferrro, 6
’
e xa
'
.

' 29
EK a ‘
ro, 1 9 , 20
 THE VERB 9 1

-
9 29 33 33 4 2 10 1 4 42
,

2 1 22 66 23 2 31
, 5 ,
.
e Aey o v, 4
.

1 2b1 8 bzs 1 0bz s i s bz s 2021 24 4 1 18

o
36 4 1 56
7
1 1 . n sl 4 0 4 1 ,

,
8 1 9 22 20
9
8 9
1 0
0

,
I 1 ,
1 6 ,

i
’
n
‘
et 1 2
e
p a
p p ,
6
gna w , 1 2 .

47 6 71 32
8
'
zy d u t ‘e
v ( ig ) , 4
f ,
6 ,
I I 1 E
; p xkk o v,
7
z/LGV GV
24 ’ 5
i
’
2 ; Em -
a r el ef s, e m a r e vo v
, 7 ,
1 2

38
éwéx et r o , 1 1 .

16 2
57 mi n , 5 ,
6

i
’
et e ro,
‘
e 7r o
p
1 2
fp
’
efl o vv, 1 7 .

12
i A/L a ,
’
er c 2 1 .

23 38
1 , 9 °

2
q
’ ’ 36
si Aa 20
e , 1 1 ,
1
5 .

5 23 26 42 28
ind u ct, 1 1 ,
1
3 ,
1 9 , fiy aw r e a ,
8 ,
1 4 .

’ 36
fiy ww éo vr o , 1 8 .

33 37
3
7315
1 1 017 0
9 ,
1 1 ; du
fi va vr o, 1 2
39
.

1 8 1 ll m
fleck s ,
21 ; fi es/k w, 7 ; fi eek o v, 6 ,
1 6
15
fi xo k ou9a , 6
2
,
1 8 .

29 30 3
fi px ,
e ro
‘
1 1 i
; l pxo vr o ,
4 ,
20

47 1 5 21
4 ; fi Pé T O’V; 9 9 1 2

46 2
3
7 0 961 1 6 1 , 4 ,
1 1 .

' 6
i crxv ov, 21 .

' 3
5
‘
K a r e K eLro, .

’ ”
wa pey cvo vr o , 3
66
wep t efl afr ow , 6
9 23 5”
7re
p t e7ro r e t s, i '
2 1 7 re
p f
t e7r a r e t ,
‘

5 ,
1 0 ,
1 1 .

21
é wfi yov, 6 ‘

42
é p ok éy ovv, 1 2 .
9 2 T H E VERB
Th e t o t a l i s 1 67 I n M t th e I m perfe c t o c c u rs 9 4 time s ; i n M k
. . .

228 time s ; i n Lk 25 9 t i m e s ; i n Act s 3 29 ti me s . I f J n we re a s .

*
.

l o ng a s Mt th ere w o u ld be pr o porti o n a tely 21 2 o c c u rre nce s ; if

.
,

225 ; if a s s h ort a s Mk 1 38
’
a s l o n g as Lk .
,
Thu s J n s u s e o f .
,
.
.

the te ns e th ough more th a n t wice a s frequ e n t a s th a t o f Mt i s

,
.
,

co ns ider a bly le s s th a n Lk s a nd very m uch l e s s tha n Mk s Th e .

’

, .
’
.

large a mou nt of di s c our s e i n J n a ffo rd s l ittle opportu n ity for th e .

u s e o f th e I m perfect Th e l a s t d i s cou r s e s ch s 1 4 1 7 o ffer o n ly

.
, .
—
,

8 c a s e s wh ile the bu l k o f th e e x ample s occu r i n ch s 4 1 2 where .

—
,

there are 1 1 8 cas e s .

’
Amo ng J n s I mperfect s the great freque ncy o f éAey ev éA y o v
.
,
’
,
’
e

attract s n o tice a n d form s a bo n d of co n n exio n wi th Mk s u sa ge

,
.
’
.

J n h
. a s 4 6 o c cu rre n ce s a n d M k 50; wh ile i n M t there are ,
. .

o n ly 1 0 i n Lk ,
28 a n d i n Act s 1 1 st . I t m ay b e rem a rked t h at
,

éA y v EMy ov are very r a re i n LXX Sir J oh n H a wki ns e num erati n g

’ ’
e e ,
,

but 4 0 c a s e s .

A freque nt Ar a m a ic u s age cl o sely a k i n t o t h e s i ngle u s e o f th e ,

Parti c iple above n o ticed i s the c o upli ng o f a P a rti c ipl e with ,

the S ub s t a n tive verb i n de s criptio n of pa s t eve n t s Thu s i n pl a c e .

,
’
of s ayi ng h e d id s o me a c ti o n Ar a m a ic frequ e n tly s ay s h e
‘
,
‘

’
wa s d o i ng it thu s pi c t o ri a l ly repre s e n ti ng the actio n a s i n pro c e s s
, .

Th e i ns ta n ce s of th i s u s a ge i n th e Ar a m a i c o f Da n are comm o n ly .

re ndered both by LXX a n d T h e o d o t i o n by a G reek I mperf ect ;

though occa s io na lly the re n deri n g ex a ctly c o pie s th e Ar a maic by
employi ng th e Parti c iple a nd Sub s t a ntive verb Th e followi ng .

a re th e i ns t a n ce s of th e u s a ge i n de s c rip t i o n of p a s t eve n t s

L i ter a l r e n d er i n
g .

Th o u wa s t s eei ng éui pa xa s .

I wa s eei n g i d evSo u d e ui p ovv

’ ’ '
s cxc . e .

‘
They were trembli ng fi a av
'
r pe p o w e s

a n d fe a ri ng i
Ka . ( poflo u/Levm .

Cf H S p . .
2
.
51 , w he re the fi g re u 1 63 fo r Jn . req i re s c rre c t i
u o o n, as a sol th e

p ri t e r e rr r rre e w h i c h s h o l d be
’
n s o 1 2 fo r t h e o c cu nc s of u 2.

1 Cf
'
.
p . 1 2.
94 T H E VERB

T h e P r e s e nt s o m et i m e s t h e A ra m a i c P a rt i ci p l e as

F u t ur u m i n s t a n s
‘ ’
.

Th e u se of a
Pre s e n t to d e n ote t h e F u tu m m i ns ta ns i s parti
c u l a rl y frequ e n t i n J n with th e verb s Op a L W e may n ote th e . .

fo llowi n g i n s ta nce s
I
c a
0 07 1 1 01 1 )
I ou e
a I
o u ev o s
y px
In
.

s07mI m
l

30 at 3
1 ou e e ra t a v
‘

y px p .

x v

4 .
5 1 6 e
px er a t mp a .

06 11 31
9
1 . Mco m a s 3pxer a t '
'
.

35 I Gep w / ws epxer a r
m
9 c y

4 . r er pa
f vo s ca n Ka t o .

2’ I w
3
3pxe ra t
5 a s
p OU K
'
‘
.

”
6 6 r p m/” 57 779 6 e d
px p evo s s i s ov é /
’
T K G L OV.

27
6 B e X p t crr os gr a v Epxw
'

7 rra t .

7
4’
Mi) a
y p EK 7 7 ;
7 P a l uk a fa s 6 X p w r os épxer a c ‘
'

i
am ) a mép 3pxe ra t 5 X p w fl i s
' '

55, 37 6
4
e o da t
'
épxer a l 31 31 51 / a 1 i i
’

9 V1 01 3 6 9 at e
py
'

Ip
. .

1 1
27 c X p t cr r o s,
I c s I a
evo s
px
‘
o o a s T OV K O O /ADV e o

3
I 4 . m i l t w EpXOM L.

3pxo,u a t . r
p os Q i t
u l s.

30 a! c A I ’I
w
I 4 px 0 r e v Ko o t ov a
px
‘
e ra t a v
. e
y p y .

21
3
T pxdp e ea Ka i fund s i
O JV ( 1 05
‘

fi r ov 96m p eve w gws s

22 23 ’ ’
2 1 E &V a O
fl at.

Th i s use o f ZpXOM t i s fou n d al s o i n th e Sy n opti s t s th ough with ,

n o t n early s uch freque n cy — Mt 3 ( M k 1 Lk 7

Mt 1 1 .
“
.
,
. .
3

( Lk M t 1 7 ( El e w M k
. M t 2 1 ( qu o t a tio n) M t
.
“
t u
'
. .
5
,
.

( M k M t. 2 4
2
( Lk M t 2 7 L k 2 3
29
A s
.
44
. .
49
,
. .

m ight b e expected it i s parti c u l a rly freque n t i n th e Ap o c a lyp s e ,

1 1 8 1 2 I -l 15 7
3 , 4 , 9 ,
I I ,
1 6 ,
22

I n s t a n ce s of other Pre s e n t s so u s ed in Jn . a re

29
H eo u
A w c I I
I 86 m
‘
f 3 A t a

1 o a
p wos To v o ac
p wv y aua
l p n a v T OU K oo
p o v.

d n o M ti e t
25
1 2
25
5 l
c t uf w T
p h
'
V i
I xp
t /v f i
a n o
'
ii ' '

a fi f n iv ( c o n tra s t M t . 1 6 ,

Mk 8 35
Lk d r ol t eo e t
'
a rn v f f)
I
. .
, .

I
20 A

w m o r evovr wv 3m
A K
I 9 Aw a a I
7 v a s
‘
7 T€ ou a v r
p t ra . T ov o
y g a s.

In Ar am a ic ( a s l o i n H eb re w) the P a r t ici p le i s u s ed a s a
a s

F u tu r u m i ns ta ns with g re a t freque n c y I n a l l ca s e s cited a bo ve .

 TH E VERB 95

in wh ich 3pxo t h as the s e n s e o f a F u tu r u m i ns ta h s Pe s h r e p re

,
ua
,
.

s e n t s it by the Parti c iple except i n 1 4 1 6 where th e futu re ,

3
,
2
,
.

s e n s e i s expre ss ed by the I mperfect M o reover i n th e o n ly c as e s .

,

i n J n where th e G reek u s e s th e Future e Ae i a ol

. we fi nd th at ’
t t a t,

8 4 ’ ‘

Pe s h repre s e n t s th i s by th e Partici p le 1 1 xe o o w t o i P wl a t o e
’ ’‘

. e u r a t

ai L i l l it a n d the R o m a n s c o mi n g
‘
’

d pmi m v kn
“

K an c e t )
z e .
V
x
t ,
.
,

o L a nd
’ ‘
taki ng aw ay ; d fi ra v k evo d
p e a 71
'

QA O a lit e
’
e : o ,
.

’
m ] EKG?) ( T R O1 3 Ek e i cr r a t )
‘
7
to h im we c o mi ng ; 1 6 5 w p k mo s a a
'

,
. K i e

Il
l 1 1 M
’
9 9 lit th e P a r a c le t e n o t c omi n g
» .
‘
Cf el s ewhere . .
,

.
1 5
M t 9 ék eé vm t SE fi p épa o o
( a (
l l lit but dayt s c o mi n g
z a
, .

31
r w 8s v i bs T ? d v9 03r o v = l- i 2 on : l i t, be lit
c' ‘
2
5 O 6 a 0
p ? o ) 7 o
t
.
,

‘
W h e n th e S o n of m a n c o m i n g ; M k 8 d v év 7 1 7 865g m i)
’
.
38
ra

r a np }
-
; ti mo i} b oua t? La w
-
a li l y b e lit Wh e n H e c om i n g i n , .
‘

’
t h e gl o ry of H i s Fath er ( s o L k I n s t a n ce s of th e u s a ge .

i n th e Aramaic of Da n a re 2 T1 122) ND? )

. S o th e 13 ‘
, ,

decree we n t forth a nd th e wi s e m e n bei ng k i lled ( i e were a bo ut . .

‘

teem m m g a »
?
-
to be 4
22
A n d they T
drivi n g thee from ‘

m e n (i e
’
th ey s hal l d rive
. .
‘
so
22
T 2 they
‘

wetti ng th ee ( i e they s hall wet th ee . .

‘

Verb al se q uen e s c .

” ’
1
p
39
eo de Ka i
. im ilar
all/ £ 0 96 ‘
Come ,
and ye s hal l se e . A s

s eque n ce i s idiomatic i n C f G en Ma he thee H ebrew . . .

‘

a n ark a nd th ou s h a l t pi tch i t with i n a n d Without with

W 2
’
pitch ; s o T a rg O nk F D
: 3 . 1 Sam 1 5
3
.
,
.

5
P 9 1 ” ” if Go a n d th ou s h a l t s m i te Am a lek ; s o T a rg
‘
,
’
.

J o n P5 1.
9}? N D”! n t
mm m S ee fo r fu rther i n sta nce s i n
~

H ebrew D river Tenses 1 1 2 C f furth er i n Aramaic E z r

, , , . .
,
.

‘
A n d the ve s s e l s th at are give n thee fo r th e s e rv i c e o f th e h ou s e
o f thy G od d el i ver th ou ,befo re th e God of J er us a lem ; a nd
what s oever more i s n eedfu l th ou s h a l t bes tow ou t of th e
’
k i ng s tre a s ure h o u s e A cta Th am a e ( p But cond u ct ’
. .

y ou rs el ves -l c gi z l l ) i n al l h umil ity a n d tempera nc e a n d

purity a nd i n hope i n God a nd y e sh al l becom e
, ,

H i s h o u s eh old s ervan t s Th i s form o f s eque n ce i s n o t ( apa rt

-
’
.

from tr ans lati o ns from the H ebrew ) s o ch a r a c teri s tic of Aram a ic

a s it i s of H ebrew ex c ept where th e s eque n c e i s c le a rly t o be
,
9 6 TH E VE R B
regarded ( as i n th e la s t i ns t an ce ) a s th e r es ul t of th e precedi ng
I mpe rative Th i s h o wever i s cle a rly i mpli ed i n th e ex pre ss io n
.
, ,
”

p co de Ka i 5511 6 0 96
. . So i
a r e r e Ka i i Mint/1 6 0 9 6 .

Ch a nge of c o ns t ruc t io n a ft er a P a rt iciple is s ee n i n two pa ss a ge s

3 61 1 ,
’ i

in J
32
Te d ea p a c a o W efi p a fl i
’
n. — 1 T Ka r a i
a vo v Ka n s wer e vr 01 1 7

a nd )t a p fi d vow es K a i 01 3 {
m tr e The s e are exa c
,
tly a n alogou s e

t o a freque n tly u s ed H ebrew idiom ; e g -

E z ek 2 2 ”3 2W . . .
3

Dfi I fi w m
’

‘ g nn 7
l it a city s heddi ng blood
3 11 3
a n d m ake s .
‘

’ ’

idol s ( i e that s hed s an d make s o r s hedd i ng a nd

‘ ‘
. .
,

9 71 291 : a b ; 52 1 1 1 5 3 ; 631 me
Ps 1 8 i n, lit M ki g
“ t ‘
1 1 3
”
. a n .

’
my feet like th e h art s an d o n my h eigh t s H e s et s me (i e ’

,
. .

‘
Wh o ma k e s and Ge n 2 7 3
3
9 1 1 23 1 33
5 lit ‘
the .
“ “ “
1
, .

’
o n e h u n ti n g ve n i s o n a n d brought it ( i e wh o h u n ted a n d . .
‘

See othe r ca s e s i n D river Tenses 1 1 7 I n a c co rd , ,

.

a n ce with th i s u s age we s h o uld re n der xa m fi i vo u K a t E e wev

’‘

, p a

’
n o t as R V de s ce n di ng a n d it abode but
32
in Jn 1
‘
.
.
,
.
,

a n d a bi d i n
’
de s ce n di n g a n d K p fi afI OVT GS Ka i 06 {metr e i n
g
‘
a /
,
’ ’
receivi ng a n d s eeki ng n ot o r wh o receive a n d s eek n o t
‘ ‘
. .
,

Th i s u s age i s rem a r k a bly freque n t i n th e Apocal yp s e a nd the ,

ca s e s have bee n colle c ted a nd d i s cu ss e d by D r C h arle s i n h i s .

Com me n t a ry i p CX l V ; Cf I 7 33 d y m bvn find s ,

. K i 7r0 1 cr ev f l fi s
1 u .
5
4 a
’

a . e
’
1
'
l

V
’
U n to H im that loved u s a n d h ath made u s & c ( n o t a s R ,
. . .

A ’
‘
an d H e made u s a fter s em i c olo n) ; 1 5 « f r m ; ,
Exow s -
“ Q
o a

’
Ka i
éS ta di ng h avi g h arp d i ‘
i
’
nt i a s o vo w
-
p s n n s a n s n g g n
’
R V A n d they s i ng a fte r full s top a re i n cor r ect)
‘
. . O th er , ,
.

c a s e s may be s ee n i n 3
9
,

Th e co nst ructio n i s r a ther H ebrew tha n Aramai c, though we

3 1 2: 3? m i e m 5 -
may n ote Da n 1 9 9 n : .
te t t n t; 3
r ) i 1 .

h we e r
No t , Ch rl e )
o 6 {&
v l Ey i mp
, po
( w i t h Dr . a s V
'
it a ck/ ( , r en s, or 2 0
‘

( w i h r eje
t i f i w edi ri l gl ) d fi xd 9
c t on o o r A ‘
/ é w i
es a s a n to a os s 7 ; t v s 1 4 V
‘
fl ea e e nt a A va Ka

f wp
o ) é n aq
o a en A v e e i l e l em e t i h H eb re w
a av T tr ti i
'
i o u. n ss nt a n n t e c o ns uc on s

t h t h fi i e erb e p re e th p p q
a t e n t v f th P t i ip l w h i h m y be
x ss s e ro er se u en ce o e ar c e, c a

t
a c ua lly eq e e i t i m e
a h th 1
s ue t i g t h fi i t e e rb w i t h i t
nc n ,
so t at e co nn c n e n v s

t e ede t e p re e e e d th i r d i g t h di re t re lt ‘ ’
an c th
n x ss s e s ns an en , or as nt o uc n e c su ,

‘
d
an ; so eq e e i de r p
’
or a w h h h gh t h f t de r bed m y
s u nc n sc i t i on i n ic
,
t ou e ac sc i a

p r p e rl y p e ki g be
o e l wi h i
s a e ede t i f l l w t r lly i h gr d l
n co va t ts a nt c n , t o o s na u a n t e a ua

f l di g f t h p i re ( e p e i lly freq e t i de ri p i f y p e f h r er)

un o n o e ctu s c a u n n sc t on o t s o c a ac t .

W d e t fi d o e i w h i h h eq e e de ribe
no n e e t t l ly p i
c as s n c t e s u nc sc s an v n ac ua r or

i ti m t t
n e d t w l d be h
o i s a n tece e i th w p ge q e i en F
,
as ou t e c as n e t o a ssa s in u st on . or

t he e q i t e
s di ffereu r i w l d be e m p l yed i H ebre w
a n t c o n s t uc t o n ou o n .
 CH A P TE R VI

N E GAT I V E S

TH Se m iti c l a ngu age s do n o t fo r th e m o s t p a rt po s s e s s n eg a tive

E

expre s s i o ns s uch a s none never but ex p re s s th em by u s i ng the , ,

c o rre s po n d i n g p o s itive s c o upled wi t h th e s i m p le n egative not .

Thu s e g H eb re w N5 . . 53 Ara m a i c N5 55 ll \9 , ,

‘
an
y n o t n o n e ; o r s
’
i n ce H eb ‘
W ‘
s Ar a m W ’
9 1
5 u l ,
.
, .
,
.
,

a m an i s c o mm o n ly u s ed i n th e s e n s e a ny o ne n o ne m ay be ‘ ‘

expre s s ed by th i s ter m with p re c ed i ng n eg a tive S o i n H eb . .

,

Gen 2 m .
}
s; 5
m t H IV
? / E l C W?) 53 lit a n y pl a n t o f th e field w a s , .
‘

n ot yet i n th e e a rth i pl t w G ‘ 1 53 5 ”
( e n o a n a s
y e t . . e n
1 ,
.

i Néb SQ l nk fl i fl
’
lit for th e n ot s m iti ng h im o f a l l fi n d i ng h i m
' ' ‘
‘
-
.
,

( i .e th .a t n
‘
o n e fi n d i n g h im s h ould s mite Ex 1 2
6
nax
hfi g .
1

’
l it a l l w o rk s hall not be d o n e ( i e no w o rk s h all be
.
‘
. .
‘

1 37 1) WN PS
0 ’
Gen 31 9 . lit 5
the re i s n o t a m a n
‘
with u s ,
.
‘

i l l nt W ” i de ‘
‘
( i with G l f ?
' '

.e n o. o n e s u s e n n .

p e n de n tly o f thee a m a n s h a ll n o t lift u p h i s h a n d ( i e n o n e s h a l l . .

lift up ,
I n Ar a m Da n 2 m o r e a? p i e5; a ny pl a c e ,
.
35 “ -
‘

Da n 4 n S;
-
wa s not fo u n d fo r them ( i e no pl a ce was fo u n d . .
‘
.
6

R 13 l it
’
every s e c ret d o e s n ot trouble thee ( i e s ecret
‘
, . n o . .

&3 53 W Wn} W ?
o

trouble s thee Da n 7 ”
.
? V “ .
"

” 5 05 l it the re i s n ot a m a n o n earth th a t c a n s ho w th e ki n g s ’
21
‘
.
,
’
m a tter ( i e n o one o n e a rth c a n s h ow
. .
‘

W e fi n d th e Sem iti s m n ae ( n ay ) p 7 n o n e n o th i n g i n J n 7
’
, .

i n t wo p a ss a ge s : 6 6w v p 0 p ) w o l e w 36 0 137 03
39 '
6V 6
' ' ’
71 e xe 1
. a o r x o 1 1 ,

o f ( m ) i s al s o fou n d
i
‘
6i; 6 07 6 i 1 9 ne v r fi m m l g w ) e vy
i ’ '
71 77 1 . 1 6 t as c (
-
.
,
u
,
t . 7r )
,

in Mt M k 1 3 O K 61 V 301 69 7 71 60 01 O pf Lk 1 06 d v a r fi G t
.
2°
.
7’
IJ 7
'
'
a
,
.
3
K e

w p i m i} o m ? wai
a rt
pap ; Rom
) G a lf 2
6
( b o t h a qu o t a ti o n s o f . .
1

6 m”
Ps . E ph 4 5
5
2 Pet . I j
29
u
(
, cf , 3 4 .where . .
,
3
,

t h e re n deri n g s every o n e
‘ ’
no t n o o ne are equally legitim a te ) ,
‘
,

Ap o c 7 1 8 2 1 2 2 .
1 6
7
,
22
,
2
,
3
.
 N EG AT IV ES w
NO expre s s ed by d vdp tm r o s i n J
27
’
‘
o ne is 06 n .
3 06 Sui / a r m
7
l k , 5 d vdpctm o v
’
d vfi pwn o s Ka p fi d ve w ‘ '

0 13 831 / 361 V u.
,
i) ta
'

O IJ K zxw 3 0 3 3)

q e Aoi M e v d *
In
’

m
46
O s o ii r ws d
fi p
’

i i p/ 7 O h v w ‘
'

rr o r e zr o s
'

) t e e s r a v, Ko p .

Mk I we fi nd éd) 61 / o fi Se i s 0671 0) d vdp é wwv e x d d w ev , 1 2

’ H ’

. I
2
a
y p
-

( bu t h ere there i s a s e ns e of a n tith e s i s to T i p

’
i
e s 7r
p 60 w7r ov d vdp u mwv
'
!

686V 7 06 o e f followi ng) but el s ewhere i n th e Sy n o pti s t s the re s eem s

o i ,

‘
to be n o c a s e o f o f &vdp m o s ) r .

Never i s expre s s ed i n H eb a n d Ar a m n o t
’
fo r ever ; cf
‘ ’ ‘
.
. . .

’
i n H eb P s 3 0
7 D
l sE
‘
E .
W S D I s
. h a ll n e ve r be m o ved P s 3 1 7 1
‘
.
2
,
1

S flWi J N sN let m e n ever be put t o s hame ; P s 1 1 9 N) 051 31 5

’‘ "
DQW
'
'
‘ ’ 93
.
3

1 1 3n I will n ever fo rget Thy com m a ndme nt s ; I s a 2 5

‘ ’ 2
.

5
1 1 33 hi s D 1 1 ) ? it s h a ll n ever be rebu i lt ;
’
? ‘
i n Ar a m D a n 1 .
, .
"

N; 7295 5 wh i c h s hall n ever be de s tr o yed ; A cta Th o m a c

’ ‘ ’

3 2

( p . h a s ll
(
m a fi a
P 3 5 3 2 J i m . :
\o ow o a nd th ey .

’
s h a ll b e with H im i n th e k i n gd o m wh i c h n eve r p a s s e s a w a y ;
i d (p . ll . l l o tk s o ( ? h but th i s b a n qu et s h a ll a a ot
‘

n eve r p a s s a way

S im il a rly f i s 7 6V i w o c c u r s s ever a l time s i n J n i n th e

‘‘

o ) e a ti a
, .

51
s e ns e n ever 4 p i‘
) S ri fl a n i s T 6V i 8 d i v r ov
”
p )i H e wpj cr )
y a/ e a a , o a i

a t H a vdr o v e i s r 6u a l ibi / a ,
52 28
i tiwa , 8 i e ti a
p i) dl t wvr a t
’
i 6V
'

e s 7 a
p ) y nr IO onr

8
( i s 7 6V a l ibi / a , 1 i /q
?6
e s 7i 6V Ot tawa , I I i
p ) d v o d oi v
y) 3 p i) V i ); a ov r o z s
, i
iw
32
7r 66a s s i s Cf l 9 7vo s 0 3K
6 V a l ibi / a . . a so 5K 7 0 17 a 1 Th e ph ra s e
i s o n ly fou n d el s e wh ere i n N T i n M t 2 1
19 ’
O . . . t) Ex 0 08 Ka
p lr s
‘
d
” 29
y vn t
e
’
i s 7 6V i iwra M k I I M k
e 3 e t a t
'

a .
,
. OIJ K
’
d <pe o w ( is 7 6V a t i i wa ,
6V
'
1 3
I Co r . 8 i ( oi w
p ) p y e u i
e s 7 a l ibi / a .

’
expre s s l es t H ebre w h as t h e s i ngle term l §
To
‘
T o th i s i n .

Ar a m a i c c o rre s p o n d s th e c o m pou n d term ( Syr L 3 63 ? fo rmed

) .

fr o m (” Qs T a rg fr o m
’
i e lit s i n ce why Th i s . . . .
‘

p ro perly i n tr o du c e s a rh et o ri c a l que s tio n dep re c ati ng th e t a k i ng o f

a c ert a i n c o u r s e ( c f Oxf ord H eb Lex p ss4 a “ 73 ?“ W5 Dan . . .
, . .

S o ng 1 a re i ns t a n c e s o f th e equ iv a le n t H eb ph r a s e i n l a te
7
, .

s tyle ) Th i s ex p re s s i o n o c c u r s o n ce i n B ibli ca l Aram E z r

. .
, .

a n d i s th e regul a r equ iv a le n t o f H eb i n th e T a rg g N5 “
I th a t . .
7
‘

no t le s t i n th e Ar a m o f Da n
’ ‘
6 ; a n d i n
’
Pe s h lb . .
9 18
.

i s u s ed i n di ffere nt ly wi t h h as ; s i nc e why
’
th at i n th e
‘ ‘
no t .

’
s e ns e l es t as th e eq u iv a l e n t o f H eb $ 5
‘
. .

d u o/m m ; 1 1 9
,
l ike i ndefi n i t e WJ N ,
is a sol f o un di n Jn .

H 2
I OO N EG ATI VE S

W e h a ve al ready remarked th at J regul a rly is

’

p ) in n . Zva ?

e m pl o yed t o th e ex c lu s i o n of p fi wor e Th e o c c urre nce s 1 8 i n a l l .

,

6 0 1 2 39 5
a re a s follo ws : 3
0 1 2 1 5
( a s a g a i n s t M t 8 M k 5 L k .
4 ,
6 .
,
.
, , ,

‘
7
23
1 1,
7 0 3
1 8
5 3
,
The s e o c c u rre n c e s of th at
33 6
,

no t d o n o t al l c a rry th e s e ns e l es t
’ ‘
but thi s force i s c le a r i n th e ’

foll o wi ng
0
cm
3 fl

p
A qw 3
A y x0n ra
A
‘
,I

py a
3
a vr ov
A
3 e ra L 7r
p os 7 0 < a
p ) i e e e
‘

e
.
,
’
i p d p r a ve, i va p i) xei pov 5 n y evnr a t
’ ’

5 pn x en 00
‘
o

qw
.

s I sv I A 6
A r

q
s
epwn o s fifi
v c
wep LT Op nv Aa p fla vet
23
7 11 0 vo o s
p
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av o a ar ) a i
a c
p ) );
'
v tf e ws .

A cw A qw I A I
,w
M Q

fiy
35
1 2 7T€
p L7Ta T € t T € e TO ( e
x er e , a
p ) i o k on a v
p a s Ka r a A , a .

40
d 2 dgbfi a k p oi s
ff 2!

1 2 wa LLV t wo w 7 0 9
‘

, ) .

'

ANx Suit 3 f mi x ( ii p o k oy o vv i va i d o o v voi w m

42 ’
( Da
’
1 2 ct 7 01 9 p t o a o vs
'

p ) w y y
’
e vwvr a t .
y
I 6 l
Ta fi ra Aek d k nx a 1 3i
'
i
p ) O Ka v
'

da k t cr efi n .

5 wp a Lr ui p t o v, i va p i) p u t/ 9 66m l !
e
’

fi
38
1 8 a fro f i O IJ K e a i k ov ( is 7

7ra a 809f
'
vfi go vr o di v, i va i
’ ’
ol I o vB a co w
fiy
36
8 er a cm i e b
’
1 oi fir w
np p p ) p .

1
31
i va p i) p e fvy
’
i
A A I
wp a r a
9
‘
en ro v ( T ra v o v Ta U
p
' ‘
.

p r v
j
ro r e , wh i c h n eve r o c cu rs in Jn .
,
is fou nd in Mt . 8 t i me s, Mk .

twi ce, Lk 6 time s . .

’ ’
A s triki ng p ro of th a t J n s Zv p r} le s t rep re s e nt s the Ar a m a ic .
’
a
‘

R5I i s t o be s ee n i n th e quotatio n fr o m I s a which o c cu rs i n

”
.

J n .I n th i s qu ot a ti o n the H eb u s e s 7? le st a n d th i s i s .
‘
,

rep re s e nted i n LX X by but i n Pe s h by ”2 th a t no t .

‘ ’

v2
3}; .

p i
j
‘
lror e
-
i dwa w T t 6<I> 9a k p o i s
o s
"

co m ”2 .

The qu o t a ti o n i s give n i n M t 1 3 i n the {ps i s s z m a ver ba o f LX X

'

while M k qu o ti ng m o re freely yet h as th e m ivror o f LX X

.
, ,
-
e
,

p f or e
vfl m p j
-
i w w i d ¢
e 9fi
’
a i roi s ( l e
o r i s N23? !
'
e f LB
) J n
o Ka 6 j
‘
.
o o . .
,

h o weve r re nd eri ng Zv p i ) 723m ,

m i ; 6¢9 > p i s dep a rt s fr o m th e
’
a a t o

H eb a nd LXX p h r a s e s i n o rder to u s e a n Ar a m a i c ph ras e wh i c h

.

i s a c tu a lly e m pl o yed i n th e re n deri n g o f Pe s h Wh a t evide n c e .

c o uld pr o ve m o re coge n tly th a t h i s G reek tr a n s l a t e s a n Ar a m a ic

origi na l ?
 '

I oz i
" '
ffl
M rsrrl o
NS LA T I O Ns
'

O F TH E

WH I t c a n o nly b e re n dere d A s fo r My F a the r th a t wh i c h

.
,
‘
,
’
H e h a th give n M e i s gre a ter th a n a l l Th i s i s ex p l a i n ed by .

W e s t co tt t o m e a n th a t th e fa ith ful reg a rded i n th ei r u n ity a s ‘

,

a c omplete b o dy a r e s tr o nger th a n every o ppo s i n g p o we r

,
Th i s .

i s thei r e ss e n ti a l c h a r a c te r a n d n o o n e i s a ble Cf I J n
,
“
. .

Th e wh o le c o n text c rie s ou t ag a i n s t th e fa l s i ty o f th i s exege s i s .

Stre s s h as bee n l a id i n th e p a r a bl e up o n th e we a k n e s s o f th e
s h eep thei r li a bility t o be s c a tte red a n d i nj u red by the power s o f
,

evil a n d th e ir u tter depe nd e n c e upo n th e G o o d S h eph erd I n

, .

th e p a ra llel cl a u s e th ei r s a fegu a rd i s s t a ted to c o n s i s t i n th e fa c t

th a t n o o n e i s able to s nat c h the m out of My F a ther s h a n d But ’

i f We s tc o tt i s c o rre c t th i s w o ul d s ee m t o b e m erely s uppleme n tary

,

to th e th o ugh t o f th e p o wer o f th e flo c k reg a rde d as a u n ity

’
wh i c h i s i n credible Ag a i n t h e ph r a s e greate r th a n al l h a s
.
,
‘ ‘

‘
o n th i s text to be expl a i n ed a s s tro nge r th a n eve ry oppo s i n g
,

p o wer ; yet wh a t auth o ri ty i s a ffo rded by the c o n text fo r thu s

’

l imiti n g i t s s c o p e ? Cl early the expre s s io n a s it s t a n d s with o u t ,

l imitatio n i s appl ic a bl e to G od a l o n e Th ere c a n b e n o doubt

,
.

th a t th e s e n s e i n te nded i s th at wh i c h i s give n by th e le s s
a uth e n ti c ated read i ng a d o pted by R V 6 , )p p v 3s S w v . .
,
7ra 1 7
'

o e
’ ’
e

n v wh i c h s upplie s th e re as o n fo r th e p a r a lle l
’
fé v Wd VTwV
’

p O L
p w e
‘
ea ,

c lau s e wh i c h foll o ws Y e t there c a n be l i ttle d o ubt t h a t W H

. are .

c o rrect i n reg a rd i n g th e m ore di ffi c ul t readi n g a s o rigi n a l a nd th e ,

m ore n atural o ne a s a c o rrecti o n o f i t ; s i nc e h a d th e l a tter bee n ,

o rigi na l i t i s i nco n ceiv a ble that th e fo r m e r c o uld h a ve a ri s e n o u t

,

o f it I t s o rigi n m ay be t r a c ed to a n u n i nt e l l i g e ni re n deri n g o f th e
.

Aram a i c N ? ! { 5 ”
9 1
5 i n wh i c h N21 “ 7 ma
y be t a ke n , .

to me a n eith er 39 p w y o r 3 p i é v P o s seibly th e fi r s t dr a ft e o .

of th e tra ns l ati o n re n de red Wo n ly a s a n euter ( 8 p n N L i .

) a n d . a
’

,
f
,

th e oth er re a d i ng s are c o rre c ti o n s di c tated by reg a rd for gr a m m ar .

Th i s expl a n a tio n o f th e a n o m a ly o ffered by th e G reek m igh t

be reg a rded a s le s s th a n c o n vi n c i ng if th e p a s s age st o od a l o n e .

Th ere a re h owever other p as sage s i n wh i c h th e text i s s i m il a rly

, ,

a n d obviou s ly a t fault I n 1 7 we read n j f o be o é “

rt
’

pn .o ov v
p ,
a fr c u a

ei s fi p i s a n d s imil a rly i n
’
if 3650 d i va bo w 21 h
’
01) l ) LLO , / Ka tu e
(7 ( )
,
(
y ,
s c

e
’
rijp o vv a irro bs o v op ar 0 01)
ii o éo w d s p m I s it po s
'
s ibl
'
t e t o bel ieve
( x .

’
th a t th e s e n s e i n te n ded i s Thy name whi c h Th ou h as t give n M e ? ,
‘

We s t c o tt m ay wel l o b s erve o n IL Th e ph r as e i s very rem a rk ” “

,
‘
 O R I G I NAL ARAM AI C O F TH E GOS PE L 1 0
3

a ble ,
and h as no ex a c t p a r a ll el ex c ept i n v .
“
C le a rly t h e o bje c t
of Séowxa s i s ‘
e s t a bli s hed by i v Way 8 édw a k a s i
a xn )
g B ui o a 3 2
(1 1 7 0 9

{wip e a
'
i u wt o v, F cfi a vepwo ai
’
7 6 o p
vo a oi s d vd ui n o rs o il s 3&nd
p p
'
oc T '

8K 7 0 5 K oO p o v
'

,
H a f fi p, 8 86800d p m 06m 37 01 ) c i
p i e ib K ot K eIVOL
y ,
’ ’

B o w p er
( th e whole burde n o f th e p rayer bei ng the c om m e nd a
’ ’
e
p i},
o

tio n o f the di s c iple s t o t h e F a ther o n th e grou n d th a t it i s H e wh o

h a s give n them to the S o n Th u s o i}; B éB m d g p a th e le s s well . K t,

a tte s ted re a di ng i n both a nd cert a i n ly give s the m e a n i ng

origi n a lly i nte nded ; yet i n the G ree k i t mu s t be rega rded a s a
c o rre c ti o n o f th e m u c h more s tro n gly a t te s ted re a d i n g A KT .

( N A B C L Y \I Th e s o lu t io n i s a g a i n fou n d i n th e a mbig u ity

'
,

of th e rel a tive I There i s a n other readi ng 6 ( D U X 1 5 7

”
.
’ *

wh i c h m ay like 6 i n 1 0 be c o nj e c tu red t o be th e origi n a l re n deri n g

9
,
2
,

o f t h e ge n derle s s I by a n euter wh i c h e a s ily le n t i t s elf to c o rre c ti o n

”
,

i nt o f) c .

Th a t th e tr a ns l a tor was c ap a ble o f reprodu c i n g by a n euter ,

a n d the n co m pleti n g th e rel a tive by a m a s culi n e i s proved by ,

,

fip 3 oéowxd s p o c, Oék w fva 37r ov c i p i b n/ O L (B o w p er

’
d
' ’
H ar ,
e
y t e e i)
p , o

’
where 3, repre s e n ti n g ‘
th o s e whom ,
i s rei n fo rced by d i oc x xe y
’

S im il a rly we read i n 1 7 i v Wow 3 B éSw s mi n ? 36m m

,
i s {wi p
2

,
’
a Ka )
’
a i J To e

i Sw v H ere n ay 6 = the n eutr a l NE D wh i c h m a s t a n d i n

a u o .
y ,

’
Ar a m a i c fo r all (or every o ne ) wh o o r a l l wh i c h
‘
Th e s a m e ,
‘

ph ra s e i s to be s ee n ag a i n i n 6 mi l 8 853mm ? p 6
7
i; p p os p E 3
,
/ oa 7r a 1
‘

7r
’
e

’
a n d here the s e ns e i nte n ded i s every o ne wh o ( c f th e ‘
.

’
fo ll o wi ng i f ew pxép vo v p 69 p w k ) n o t everyth i n g wh i c h
Ka e
’
e 7r e , ,
‘
.

In th e n eutr a l c o llective c o n c epti o n i s c o n ti n ued th r o ughout

th e s e n te nc e 7m m i v 3 Séow év p t p i) d l k w f a frr ii &ANx d u r fi w
—
'

x c
'
zro e cr
'
e
’
o
’
ao o

I n H ebre w there i s a s i m il a r u s age o f 553

’
a im} f f; éa x i r g fi p p g a e .
.

with n eutra l s u ffi x l tt e wh ol e of zt a l l o f them every o n e ’ ’ ’

'

— ‘ ‘ ‘
.
,

S o Isa 1 23
Thy pri nc e s a re rebell i o u s a n d c o m p a n io ns o f thi eve s ;
‘
.
, ,

a ll of i t I o veth bribe s J er 6 F o r fr o m their l e a s t u nt o 1 3 ‘

.
, ,

thei r gre a te s t a l l of zt m a k eth u nj u s t g a i n ; c f Ex 1 4 I s a 9

7 m ’
. .
,
.
,

J er . &c .

Be s ide s th e s e i n s ta nce s of m i s tra n s latio n we m ay n otice the

fo ll o wi ng pas s a ge s
” '
d
‘
O (i m o w p ov evo s 3 7r 00 9 6 1 /
’ ' ’
e o vev, (i n ov i v
’ '
I px p 6
'
e
p p p ov
y y n os
'
.
7r
p p ) .

D r B a ll ( E xpos
. . Ti mes , xxi p , .
9 2 ) rem a rk s th a t ‘
Th i s te s tim o ny ,
1 04 M I S T R A N S L AT I O N S O F T H E
vi rtu a l ly re p e a ted i n i s m o s t n a tu r a lly u n der s t o o d a s a
refe re n c e t o the fac t t h a t o u r L o rd s i nfl ue n c e wa s t o di s pl a ce o r ’
,

was a l ready d i s pl a c i n g th a t o f H i s F o reru nn e r ( c f

,
I n s te a d .

of h a t/1 becom e we s h o uld rather h ave expe c ted wi l l beco me o r i s to

,
’
becom e H e s ugge s t s therefo re th a t th e G reek y y o v v m ay be due
.
’
e e

t o th e tr a ns lat o r s havi n g s upplied a wro n g v o wel to the A ra m a l c

’

l zawe ( a by form o f th e Perfect h awa)

'
'
”J D
“ n
i ,
re a di ng it as ,
-

i ns te a d o f ”1 0
l z awé ( t h e P a rti c iple ) wh ich wo uld bear th e s e n s e
'

’ ’ ’
‘
i s be c o m i n g o r i s abou t to becom e ‘
Fu rth e r {in wpam ; p o v 3V .
,
7

‘
bec a u s e H e wa s befo re m e m ay be du e t o a m i s re a di n g ’

’ ’ ’
k oa am ay o f a n origi n a l & a a m a y fi r s t Th u s the origi n al ,
‘
.

text m ay h a ve r u n
"
13
- m ”
e 1 1 33 ms! "

Nan i
mm 5am;

H e wh o i s c omi ng a fte r m e befo re me will be c o m e ; ,

Bec a u s e H e was the fi rs t ( o f

’
i e be c a u s e H e exi s ted i n th e Begi n n i ng
. .
‘
. Th e a s s o na n ce
betwee n th e ki nd red wo rd s 79 3 1? befo re m e a n d fi o ffer s
” ‘
”
3 1 1?
L rs t

a ch a r a cte ri s ti c Semiti c w o rd pl a y -
.

”
I
29
1 86 6 oi p vos To ) ? 5 a D r B al l
'
i p wv T i p/ oi p a p r t a v
'

To i} Kdo p o v '

. .

(po c
. i t s up r a ) wh
. ile m a k i,n g s om e valuable re m ark s a b o u t th e
Ar a m a i c o rigi na l o f the ph ra s e 6 ap t 69 T ii d f qu e s ti o n s whe t h er / o eo v
,

th e s t a teme n t wh i c h taketh a way ( or beareth ) the s i ns o f th e wo rld

i s origi n a l o n th e grou n d th a t i t a n ted a t e s th a t d o c tri n e o f the
,
‘

s u fferi ng M e s s i a h wh ich o n ly c a m e h o m e t o the Ap o s tle s th em

,

s elve s a fte r th e R e s u rre c ti o n ( Lk d o e s n o t well ‘

a nd .

’
h a rm o n i z e wi t h the ge n er a l to n e of th e B a p ti s t s te a c h i n g a b o ut
th e M e s s i ah as rep o rted by th e Sy n o pti s t s ( M t 3 )
, H e the refo re .

c o nj ectu re s that th e word s m ay be s upp o s ed t o h ave bee n added ‘

by s o m e edit o r o f the G reek text wh o re c o lle c ted I s a 53 a nd wh o 7

.
,

wrote i n the ligh t o f a l a ter s t a ge o f Ch ri s ti a n k n owl edge

’
I t m ay be a rgued o n th e c o n tra ry th a t th e wh o le of J n s
, , .

pre s e n t a tio n o f the B a p t i s t s wit n e s s i n c ludi n g t he s e wo rd s i s

’
, ,

fully i n a c c ord wi t h the Sy n opti c n a rr a t ive I t i s a greed th a t th e .

re fere n c e o f 6 i pwv rl i s to I s a 53 i e th e cul m i na ti ng p a ss a ge

a
’
K
'
x. .
, . .

referri ng t o th e m i s s i o n o f the righte o u s Serv a n t o f Y a hweh

1 06 M I S T R A N S L AT I O N S O F T H E
fr o m whom m e n h ide thei r fa c e h e was d e s pi s ed a nd we e s teemed ,
’
h im n o t ( I s a .

Fr o m the s e c o ns ider a ti o ns we dedu c e th e c o n c lu s i o n th a t the

fac t th a t o u r Lo rd was to fu l fil th e r ole o f th e ide a l Serva n t ,

th o ugh no t u nders t o od by th e A p o s t le s wa s i n s om e m ea s u re ,

r ea l i z ed by th e B ap ti s t I f th i s wa s s o s i n c e th e at o n i ng w o r k
.
,

pictured i n I s a 53 fo rmed th e cul m i n a ti o n o f th at r ole c a n it be

.
,

m ai n tai n ed th a t th e w o rd s 6 tp wv Ti) v i p p t v m i) d p o v a re a
’
o a r a K O
'

imp ro b able i n th e B a pti s t s m o u th ? I n t h e ve r s e s wh i c h fo ll o w ’

,

J
0 34 3
h e tate th t h e h d p reviou k owledge f H i m
-

n . 1 s s
, a a n o s n o

W h o s e c o m i n g h e wa s h e ra l di n g a nd d id n o t k now how t o ,

rec o g n ize H i m till it wa s D ivi n ely reve a led t o h i m that th e s ig n

w o uld be th e de s ce n t o f th e Spirit u po n H i m Th i s revelatio n .

was s u rely d educed fr o m I s a 4 2 ( t h e fi r s t gre a t p a s s age de s c r iptive .

‘

’
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,
so a so e co n s a n o

th M n e it i a id The re h ll be h df l f rn i t h e rt h
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s a a an u o co n e a

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1 f th t t e m e t t h t A br h m
a s w th d y f
e as s o L rd e s a n a a a sa e a o ou r o ,

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2 ad by My d y c sT he r e i n t h i g i t h
s o u r s oo a s o n n e

te t f Ge e i
x o el e w he re i t h O T w hi h ee m s deq t e ly t
n s s, or s w er n e . .
,
c s a ua o a ns

t he e q e t i ; y t w m pp e t h t L rd w rd fr m be i g ’
s u t s ons e f e us su os a our o s o s, so ar o n

s i m il rly b re t H i he re r w ere i n f t l l t ed t p p e l t t hei r k n w

a o scu o s a s, ac c a cu a o a a o o

l edge f re t B ibl i l e ege i P e r l f t h R bbi i i t e rp re t t i

o cur n ca f thx s s. usa o e a n c n a on o e

C e t e ne i G
ov nan 5 w-
fi d it
sc t f rt h i n th Jer l e m T rg m
en . 1 ,
as e n se o n e u sa a u
,

a p pe r t e t hed fl d f l igh t p n b t h q e t i ; d l e nd m re er
a s a o nc o s a oo o u o o u s o ns an s
,
o ov
,
1 1 2 M I S T R A N S L AT I O N S O F T H E
25
2801 , i
well be e rr r f N ms uwn m ay
9 ,
: 2, 0 a n o o r
.
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2e 1 T? 111 ) 7 1 ,

Th i s I k n o w a n d th i s 1 s a c tu a l ly th e re a d i ng o f P a l Syr be} . .

w e; b l Th e d i ffere nc e bet wee n u i n h ad a o ne a n d m m h ad a '

’ '

‘ ’ '

‘
th i s i n a n u nvo c a lized text i s m e rely th e d i ffere n c e bet wee n n a nd
n wh i c h a re very e as ily c o n fu s ed
,
I t c a n n o t be u rged h o wever .
, ,

th a t 2i 038 yield s a n u nsu it a ble s e ns e

x 11 .

Th e s tra nge u s e o f mi n o i S p ev i n the m ou th o f M ary ’

a

M agd a l e n where we s houl d expe c t o i m are m ay be d u e to a

,
’
a
,

st on gr s u p p o rt to t h e re a di g n
‘
l o ng ed t o se e My d ay ’
,
w hi h c we h e d p t ed
av a o

a b e ov .

T h e Ta rg
hi h p t e r p e by p i t ri g A br h am i de p de t fr m e
um o f t s c a o ns c u n a n s on n a

o f mi d f e r h i i ry er t h k i g
n a t s t éd i
v cto h 4 ; Th ri gh t e
ov e n s n a rr a n c . 1 e o us

A br h m p a de red i h i he r d i d W i m p e r h e I h e re e i ed
a on n s a t an sa ,
“
oe s e c anc av c v

th re m p e e f h
e co mm d m e t i hi w rl d d he re h l l be f m
ns o t e co an n n t s o
,
an t s a or e

no p r i at h w tr l d t n m e ; ep e r h h
o b re t h re d eighb r f h e
o co or c a nc e t e n an n ou s o t os

l i
s a n on e w h fe ll bef re m h l l m e d be e bl i hed i t he ir i t ie d
s o o e s a co an sta s n c s an

pr i e d he re h ll be
ov nc s, an i t ed w i h t he m m y l egi w h m t hey w ill
t s a a s so c a t an o ns o

le d t g i t m p r h e t h
a ou a a ns mm d i m p ed p m w e re b t li gh t i
e e c anc e co an s os u on e u n

th f rm e r t i m e w he hey fell bef re m

e o s d hey n p red t my p p e t ; o e , an t a re s a as o on n s

or p e r h e mc e r i w
anc f d i m i t h f r m e r i m e w he hey fe ll bef re m
t as oun n e n e o t s n t o e ,

b ut p e r h e i t h ll c anc be f d i m t h e d i m e d h m e f s a no t o un n e e s con t ,
an t e na o

H e e av h ll be p r f ed i m
n s a T he ref r e t he re o an me w r d f p r p he y n e
”
o ca a o o o c

fr m bef re t h L rd t righ t e A b r h m y i g F e r t A br h m ;
o o e o o o us a a ,
sa n
,
“
a no ,
a a

l h gh m y l egi
a t ou h l l be g he red t ge t he r d h ll m e g i t t hee
an ons s a at o an s a co
'
a a ns
,

My M m a h ll be p r t e t i g b k l e r t hee i t hi w rl d d hie l d e r
‘

e r
'

s a a o c n uc o t n s o ,
an a s ov

t hee ti lly i t h w rl d
co n n ua C mi g t
n ew f d t h f l l wi g
o to o n o v .
1 2
,
e i n e o o n

p r ph r e A d h w i li i g t w rd e i g d dee p w ee t l ee p
a a as — ‘ n t e sun as nc n n o a s s tt n a n a s s
,

f lle p uA b r h m
on A d l A br h m a w f r ki gd m w h i h w e re
a . n o, ri e a a sa ou n o s c to a s

t o e l e hi ns av V51 7 s TIDW U FIDN

so n s ,
T e rr r D r k e G re “
o a n ss at

F lli g p h im l D N Te whi h i B by l ; H DWD D / m

” ' w hi h
'
a n u on 1 r ro r , c s a on al es s , c

i M ed i
s 1 57 5 G a t whi h 1 G ee e ; 11 55 ) F l l i g w h i h E d m ( i e R m e )
rea
,
c 1 5 r c a n ,
c 1s o . . o ,

t h h f r h k i gd m w hi h i de i ed
at 1 5 t e ou t f ll d h l l t ri e g i f
n o c s st n to a ,
an s a no s a a n or

e er d e e r
v an A d 1 v h . h d t
v d " w d r k d 1 A br h m
n 0, t e s un a se an i t as a an 0, a a

behel d t i l e t w ere ged i rde r d t h r e

un s a s ; d l G ehe
ra n wh i h n o an on s se t an o, nn a c

i p re p red f
s h w i ked i t h w rl d t
a or t m e l ke
e c e w i h gl w i g p r k n e o o co i a n ov n t o n s a s

su rr di g i t d fl m e f fi re i
oun n h m i d t f w h i h h w i ked fe ll be
an a s o e ,
nt o t e s o c t e c cau s

t hey h d r ebe ll ed a g i t h L w i hei r l fe t i m e ; b t th righ e w h ke p t

a a ns t e a n t i u e t o us o

i th l l be de l i e red fr m ffl i t i
s a v o a c on

Th r efe re e i t t h f r k i gd m
e nc f D s o
( f h m e i t e rp re t t i
e ou n o s o an . c . t e sa n a on

f Te rr r & M id r h B e re hi h R bb p li wh e ree r i
‘ ’
o i o ,
c . n as s t a a, ar . x v . os ca s

t e rm i t ed by t h
na gre t w rl d j dge m e t w hi h he r i h m i g f t h S
e a o -
u n c us s n t e co n o e on

o f M an I f t he hi R bbi i e ege i h behi d J 8 My d y i

,
n, t s a n c x s s es n n .
53
,
‘
a s
‘
h d y
t e f h a S f Mo t i i f w h i h w gr ed A br h m i
e on o an
’
,
a v s on o c as ant to a a n

re p e s ons h i he r e r h i g to d l sgi g Thi i i e t ire

a t -
s rd e w i h
a c n an on n . s s n n a c co a nc t

th e h t l g i l b kgr d w h i h w fi d t h
e sc a o o ca ac ep i f t h S f M o un c e n to e co nc t on o e on o an

i n h Sy t e p t i G p el no c os s.
 CH A P TE R VI I I

O L D T E S TA M E N T QU O TAT I O N S IN TH E
F O U RT H G O S PE L

TH
qu e s ti o n wh ether th e writer o f th e F o u rth G o s pel c ited th e
E

O T fr o m th e H eb rew B i b l e o r th e L X X i s i m port a n t i n i t s
. .

beari ng o n th e qu e s ti o n o f th e o rigi n a l l a ngu age o f th e G o s pel .

I f the a uthor was a H elle n i s t h e would n a tu r a lly h ave e m pl o yed

th e LXX I f h e wa s a P a le s ti n i a n h e wo uld be m o re l ikely t o
.

m a k e h i s cit a tio ns fr o m t h e H ebrew ; a n d i f h e ac t u a lly wrote i n

Ar a m ai c h e c o uld h a rd ly h a ve do n e o therwi s e Th u s though .
,

th e qu e s ti o n o f th e J o h a n n i n e qu o t ati o n s h as freque n tly rece ived

di s cu s s i o n a fre s h ex am i n a tio n m ay p o s s ibly bri ng t o l ight c er ta i n
,

poi nt s wh ich h a ve h itherto p as s ed u n n o ti c ed Th i s s e c tio n o f o u r .

exami n a tio n give s there fo re a t a bul a ti o n o f a l l O T c it at i o ns a nd . .

refe re nc e s togethe r with th e H ebrew text o f e a c h p as s age a nd i t s

,

tra ns latio n c omp a red with th e LXX re n deri n g .

q mn K
’
23
1 E y d) i) ,3 061 1 / 7 E ba i) v 6361 / K vpi o v, ddi s
’

p fi
’
. 1 ( un/ 0s c v 7 e
pi i /a 7 a

’
( in -
el f H 0a as
'

i b Wp o cpi fr ns .

m 5p
-
Isa 4 0 3
nl11 us Th e v o ice of cryi ng
i 1 9 1 13; e
‘
. o ne ,

In th e wilder n e s s prepare ye th e way o f th e L o rd

LX X q
g
( Don/ i 3 06
3 i i ) v bdbv K vp i o v
17 p
’

) , 1/7 0s 7 e i )
,
E7 0t
po 0 on
7 e 7
‘
.

J quote
n s fr.o m m emo ry a n d s ub s titu te s th e verb o f th e p a rallel ,

cl a u s e ” V‘SNS “ 2 D? ”13 3 2? mi V
, j m a k e s tr a igh t i n th e de s ert a h igh -
"

way for ou r G od fo r t h e verb i 353 p rep a re ye

’
,
I n d o i n g th i s h e ,

s ee m s t o be thi n k i n g h o weve r o f th e H ebrew a nd n o t of th e , ,

W —
LXX s i n c e the lat t er re n der s ?! n o t by E é bfi va r bu t by é b t s e
,
e e a

Th e fa ct th a t th e word s i n the wild er n e s s pr o perly form ‘

i n th e H eb re w th e o pe n i ng o f t h e pr o c l a m a tio n ( sy n o ny m ou s with
‘
i n th e de s ert o f the p a r a llel cl a u s e ) wh ere a s LXX a n d J n a s
’

,
.
,
QU O TAT I O N S I N T H E F O U R T H G O S P E L 1 1 5

th e text o f the s e vers i o n s is pu nc tu a ted tre a t th em a s de s c ripti ve ,

’
o f the s pe a ker s s itu a t i o n ,
is u n i m p o rt a nt s i n c e th e pu n c tu a t i o n i s ,

a s eco n d a ry m a tte r .

2 51 ,
Ap i ) v
x a ,
Acy w
e A at
06
3 sv I
1 01 v tv
l
Ol i GO 7 0V ov a vo v 7 01 1 9
'

a
a p p a
py or a Ka t

a Ik o vs
A O eo v
A a
a va
fi
Iw w ,

fl
Iw o vr a s
a

m 7 0V
,
c \ A
yy e a o as Ka t Ka r a a
‘

a 7 ou e U LOV 7 o u

’
o wdp on ro v .

Ge n 28
l2 1 : 1 u o nam 5 moi r e/
T A '7
3
1 11
1
; p zeu n ny au 3 1 1 1:
-
nant n5m

in D ? 5
h e d rea m ed a nd lo ‘
A nd , ,
a l a dde r se t up on th e
e a rth a n d i t s t o p re a c h i n g t o the he a ve n
,
a nd l o, th e an gel s of
’
G o d a s c e n di n g a nd d e s c e n di n g up o n it .

LX X
’
i w m f wfa di f i i bo ij i t ip a f mp cyp evr) f
’

)
’
Ka e Ka K co iv 7
3) i s 1

p ki) i i bv fman/ ( i v i i d yy el t o t 3 (9 co i) i i l i a n/ 01 1 i
'

K e c ot ot
p i xve r o i e s 7 o
,
Ka o 7 01 c v Ka

' ’
8 br fi s
’
Ka 7 e a w0v e1 r a .
,

The qu o t a tio n take s th e form of a free rem i n i s c e nce I t s eem s .

c le a r ho weve r th a t i n th e wo rd s a s ce n di ng a n d de s ce n d i n g up o n
‘
, , ,
'

t h e S on o f m an we h ave a n i nte rpret a t i o n o f the fi n a l i n d i ffere nt

from that wh i c h i s ge n erally ac c epted i n i s regul a rly t a k e n t o .

’
me a n o n it ( th e ladder) ; but there i s al s o th e p o s s ib ility o f th e
‘

i n terpret a ti o n o n h im (J acob ) and th i s a ppe a r s to be a d o pted i n ,

’
J s cit a ti o n
n . J a c o b a s t h e a nc e s to r o f th e n ati o n o f I s r a el
.
*
, ,

s u m mari z e s i n h i s per s o n th e i d e a l I s r a el i n oss e j u s t a s o u r

p ,

L o rd a t the othe r e n d o f th e li n e s um m a rize s it i n ess e a s th e

, ,

S on o f m an The G e n e s i s pa ss age i n wh i c h the l a dder i s a n

.
-

,
‘

im age of the i n vi s ible but a c tu a l and u n c ea s i ng c o nn ex io n i n ,

wh i c h G o d by th e m i n i s t ry o f H i s a ngel s s t a n d s with th e e a rth

, , ,

i n th i s i n s ta n c e with J a cob ( Delitz s c h ) poi n t s fo r ward to th e

’ ‘
,

c o ns t a nt a nd livi ng i nterc o u rs e ever m ai n tai n ed b et wee n Ch ri s t

’
a nd the F a th er
( D river ) Th e p o i n t wh ich co n cer n s u s h ere i s .

that th e i n terp ret a ti o n put upo n the p a ss age d epe n d s o n th e

H ebrew i n wh i c h s i n c e ,
l a dder i s ma s c uli n e th e force o f
,
‘ ’
,

fl i s a mb iguou s I n LXX bTfi s c a n refer o n ly to k tp f It ’ ’

. e rr a K a .
,

m ay be a dded th a t J n s d v fla i vo w s i 7 fl a i vo v7 a s literally .
’
a a Ka Ka a

h l d f r e e p e t $ 51 } i t hi e e
We s ou i h of ll wi g er e
co u s x c n s s ns ,
as n t e o o n v s

383 t d g er h i m ( t d g p
s an t h l dde r)
in W ov t
’
no
‘
s tan In u on 1 t
’ -
e a . e a re n o ,

h we e r
o e r ed t rg e h l egi i m y f t h i t e p r t i b t m e re ly i t
v ,
c o nc n o a u t e t ac o e n r e a t o n, u s

orig i h gh i m y be re m rked h h i i t e rp re i f 3 m igh t be j ified

n t ou t a a t at t s n ta t on o ust

by t h f th
e p re p i i
u set de t e p i m i ty ( O f d H b w L i
o e os t on o no rox se e x or e re ex co n ,

n n .
1 1 6 O L D T E S T A M E N T QU O T A T I O N S
SV wh i c h
'

‘
repre s e nt s the H ebre w p a rti c ipi a l c o ns tru c ti o n B ,

i s obs c u red i n i v fi w v u o v o f LX X
*
i Té
B
'
o e a o Ka Ka a / .

{fi k o s
'
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’

E p I/ ri o dno a v
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3 . 2
'

o a11 7 0 1 .

y yp p pe a e vov

7 01 3 o i xo v a ou Ka 7 a <
'

d
py e7 a i
p e .

1 ” NJ ? Th e
"
Ps . 69 1 0 ”311
2
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’
eate n m e .

LX X 6 { l ms fi 7 01 ? o i K ov o ov K a 7 a < o
'
f
py e7 a i
p e .

H ere J n a nd L XX a re i n verbal agreeme nt ag a i ns t th e H eb

. .

h a th eate n me
b
Th ere i s a v l a r cpa y v wh ich i s fou n d i n LXX i n B u R a nd
. . x
’
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i n J n i n ( 1 3) &c 2 (
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c o nsul t t h M id r h B e re h i t h R bb f t r e f t h i t e rp re t i
e as f i 3 w hi h s a a or ac s o e n at o n o c

he h gge ed i he re t i t h J h i e refere e H
a s su st as w fi d nht h n n e o ann n nc . e no n s t a suc

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n tr ll y p t f rw rd d deb t ed i e rl y i m e i R bbi i
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cir l e ; f B e re h i h R bb p l iii 8
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a an h l r y A d m g d de e di g
a a nn a . e one sc o a sa s, sc e n an sc n n

u
p h
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t de t h tahe r y A e d i g d de e di g p J b
”
,
an e o sa s,
“
sc n n an sc n n u on a co
”
.

Th e p l e ti xA e di g ana d d e di g p t h l dder i
on,
“
sc n be p refe rred
n an e sc n n u on e a
”
, s to .

Th e p l e i xA e di g d de e d i g p
a na t o n , J b i m p l ie h t t hey w ere
“
sc n n an sc n n u on ac o s t a

ta k i g p d bri gi g d w p h i m They w e re l e p i g d ki pp i g e r
n u an n n o n u on . a n an s n ov

h im d r lly i g h i m
,
an it i a i d I r e l i w h m I g l ry ( I
n ,
as Th s sa ,
“
s a n o o
”
sa .
“
ou

a rt he w h e i mb i e gr ed os high They w ere e d i g h i gh d

e v s n av on .
”
a sc n n 01 1 an

l ki g h i i éw d he de e di g be l w d fi di g h i m l ee p i g Th
oo n at s e n
,
a n t n sc n n o an n n s n
’
. e

w rd t ro l t ed t hey w e re k i g p d bri gi g d w p h i m
s a ns a
‘
e ry ta n u an n n o n u on a re v

o b re i m e i g ; b t h f ll w i g t e by D B l l ffer
sc u n an n u el id i t e o o n no r . a o s an uc at on .

‘
I w l d k w h y h Ge e i e t d e
ou as y w mi g d w
t e d g i g n s s t x o s no t sa e re co n o n an o n

u p th I ee m r t he r tr ge h t h A ge l f G d h l d rt fr m h
er eo n t s s a s an t a t e n s o o s ou s ta o t e

e r h B t le i g h t
a t . u ide I m i l ed hi k t h t t h M i d r h i
av n t a on o ne s ,
a nc i n to t n a e as c

1 3 D WW VD) D Sl ’
‘ ‘
b i rt f ge e r l re p l y t t h
' ked q e i Why w
s a so o n a o e u n as u s t o n, e re

th eg l g i g
an p e s d mi g d w ? h
o n w e r bei g Th y
u an t ki g
co p n o n t e ans n , e u e re a n u

an d b i gi g d w r n ti g n rrie r be wee E r h d H e e
o n— ac I t hi
n e as ca s t n a t an av n. n s c as .

a pp re l y a hey w e r e
ntt ki g p ,t H
t e e t h d w f t h l ee p i g
a J b (nw hi h u o av n e a n
’
o e s n aco c
1 1 8 O L D T E S T A M E N T QU O T A T I O N S

Isa .
mi l ” " I‘
D ? A nd
‘
al l th y s o ns s h al l be taugh t of
th e L ord
LX X co n n exi o n with i d i ja w i ii t f i a o rrw ,
’
i
(n v. Ka
'
7 ct s en o
'

ets 0 ov
' '

KT A) . Ka i
. 7r d v7 a s i
7 0 1 s v 01 s 0 o v i i '

81 8a 1 < 7 0i1 s Oe o i} .

C l e a rl a tre a ti n g th e s tateme n t as a n i n depe n de n t s e nte n c e

.
,
in ,

i s d epe n d e n t up o n H eb a n d n o t o n LX X N everthele s s it i s . .
,

’
prob a bl e th a t t h e u s e o f o B t a u gh t of God i n pl a ce o f taugh t eo
— ‘ ‘

o f th e L o rd i s du e t o LX X i n flue nc e I f th i s i s s o th e n atu r a l .
,

i n fere n c e i s th a t the quot a ti o n wa s o rigi na lly m a de d i re c tly from

th e H eb a nd wa s a ft erwa rd s m o di fied by a c o pyi s t u n de r LXX
.
,

i n flu e n c e — p o s s ibly by the tr a n s l a tor fr o m Ar a m a ic i nto G reek .

6 38
a d ws m eu b
I s A I A
O A Q Q a vr o v
9 c I
vo o vm v
2 a
.
7 0
K 0 7 s e 7
) yp g ) a i , 77
p 1 . 6K i
) K L L
p e

fi da r o s {61 1 / 7 o s.

Th i s p a s s age h a s a l ready bee n d i s cu s s ed a nd h as bee n ,

s h o wn
t o i n v o lve a m i s u n d er s t a n d i n g o f a n Ar a m a 1 c o r Ig I n a l (c f p . .

i A a vei d, i oi i ro B ndk e ép
'
7 7 mi x 1 ) y p a cpi ) 57 1 i n 3
’
-
f n el f 7 01 one a r os Ka
' '

.
pp
r fi s K ui
pns 371
-
01 ) i) v A a v e i d i pxen u b X p 1 0 7 ds ,
' ‘

B as ed o n I s a J er 2 3 & c ( D a vidic d e s c e n t) Mi c 5 ( 5 . .
5
, .
,
.
2 1
in
H eb from B eth lehe m ) Th e refere nc e s a re g e ne ra l m erely
. . .

a n T a i 37 1 81 5
"
dp q wdp cbrr wv i) p a pr vp i a
’ ’
i St
5 p pqy yp
'
8 . 8 V 7 1 3 13 67 e ) e 0
'

. o

d andi j
s 30 7 W .

Deu t 1 9 P: i l WSW Sr i t: an y fli ) At th e m o uth DI t a-

1 5 ‘
.
“93 t”

of two wit n e s s e s o r a t th e m o uth of th ree s h a l l a word be e s t ab

’
l i sh e d
LX X i 6p a 7 0s 81 50 p a p7 1 5p w i i 6p a 7 0s a n i wv
’
63
’
07 v
p p p
' ‘
e 7r o7 7 1
. 1/ Ka e 7r p

)
0 7 1 o e7 a 1 mi ne p np a
"

A vagu e refere n c e .

9 I O
“ ’
O1 J K 30 7 W y eyp a p p evo v
' ’
cv
a I
vo b
Aw v
or

07 1
3
B ym
1 1

( 1 77 01 696 01
I
. 7 1
9 p p p t .

’
P s 82 6
DE N D nDu ‘ 1 n 1 13 u "
JR ‘
1 h a ve id Ye god s
'

. sa ,
a re

LX X
i ‘
E y to G nai ® e oi

H eb LX X a gree ex a c t ly a nd th e verb a l agreeme nt bet wee n

. a nd ,

J n a n d. LX X h a s theref o re n o s pe c i a l s ig n ifi c a n c e s i n c e H eb ,
.

c o u ld h a rdly be o ther wi s e re nde red .

1 0 d dvdp a n
t ’ ’
u G oo n/ vat,
’
i bk o y np e vo s
’
. 1 2 Ka . eu
p y a éo v
a e 0 e
px p a / os ev

K vp i o v .
 I N TH E FOU RTH GOSPEL 1 1 9

mm
’

Ps n vl a xi x
.
x
3 y

mm or}: x3 3 r m ;

O L o rd ve now !
‘
, sa

’
Ble ss ed be h th a t co meth in th e na m e of the Lord l
e
a} K l ip 1 e ,
0 6 0 01 / 875 ,

d
' '
e vo s 6 e
’ ’
e fi k o yw
yp px p evo s eu K vp 1 0v .

H eb . LX X a gree ex a c tly
a nd Q w i re p re s e n t s th e H eb . a a a .

1 1 657 1 34 1 71 1 2 S a ve n o w wh i c h by s ub s titutio n o f th e s h o rt fo rm of ,

th e i m p er a tive fo r th a t with the c o h o rt a tive term i na tio n be c om e s ,

[ mi d 71 a K i s verb a lly ide n ti c a l with LXX ; but th e

’
-
fi x y nu vo s
. e o e U .

H eb c o u ld h ard ly be o th e r wi s e tr a n s l a ted
. .

1 1 fi p<bv 33 6 Tna o fi s dp t o v €K d 0
’ ,
d,
’ '

. 1 2 e ov 1 o ev £77 a in Ka fi ui s 307 1 11

v mflfl f vo v

M?) q
bo flo ii evy dmp 2 1 1 61 ,
”

'

i 801) 6 ,B a m k ev s a ou
'

3p xe7 01 1 ,
efi y evo s 577 i 0V0v
'
Ka . WOAOV .

Z e ch .
9
9
; i w-
ng
“
Exp ~ ~
5a
afia firfi m ”
1 m
5 beta 33 57; “ . ru n

um Win) my
wi ng B y -
u
p
ni z h 1 3 Wy nn ,

Exul t gre a tly O d a ughter of Z io n ; ,

Sh o ut O daughter o f J eru s a le m
,
.

Beh o ld thy k i ng c o m eth u nto thee ;

,

Righte o u s a nd vi c t o ri ou s i s he ;
Lo wly a n d ridi n g up o n a n as s
, ,

’ ’
A n d up o n a c ol t a n a ss s fo a l ,

LXX X a fp e o gbddp a , 01 5y a 7 ep 26 1 1 61 "

K
fip w o e, euy a n p Tepo vo a k fi w l

u r d en
B
'
580i) 6 s a o u 3pxe7 a 1 0 01
'

31 3 mm ; Ka i o é l wv,
a v r os
‘
Km
9
e 7r 1
fl 8n e l< ws
9
m w ro
Q

é
I v
'
t ov
e
y
I
,

A
l

Ka 1 wwk ov v eo v .
1 20 O L D T E S T A M E N T QU O T A T I O N S
Th e qu o t a tio n i s a bbrevi a ted a n d s ome wh at free I t i s c le a r .
,

ho wever th a t WOA V 6vov i s derived fr o m H eb a nd n o t from LX X

,
O
’
. .

M dp o v 67 1 6 X p 1 0 7 69
' ’

6V
fi o a y ev
’

fi
'
1 2 2 H ? v u e ve 1 7
'

1 ue 9 xo eK 61 s
.
, ,

a i fbva .

1 031 375 0735 Wm ll “ ‘

A nd D avid my erv a n t
"
25
Ezek 3 7 .
s

s h a ll be th eir pri n c e for eve r

’
LX X Ka i A a vei S 6 So fi k ds
. u ov
,
d pxwv 7 6V a i Gn/ a .

Cf a l so I s a 9 ( 9 i n
. .
7 6
2 S am . P s 89 .

Th e re fere n c e i s v a gu e and ge n er a l .

1 3 1 2
38
6 A07 0;
3

B
I A 0< > 7 7 0v f
I 77 Am0w9
A d
OV c u
1 “

r y
o a 1 ou 7 o u 7r
p 7 y e

I I t A
. .

I a A 3 A

K u p 1 e, 7 1 9 a n o r evo e v 7
37 a xo
n
d we K a Auq
Sen
'
Ka i 6 B p a xfwv K vp 1 0v

I s a 553 .
1 ”
W WW?
nn533 ”7
7 47 :
533 mm mm
W h o h ath bel ieved rep o rt o ur

A nd th e arm o f th e L o rd t o wh o m h a th it bee n reve a led ,

LX X K 1 ;p LG, 7 69
I 9
6 7TLO
IT '

61 1 0 6V 7
7
2
,
a KO
n
A c A

d we x a k é cfi fi n;
'
Ka i 6 ,B p a xfwv K vp t o v

H eb a nd LX X a gree ex a c tly except th a t LX X h a s a dded th e

.
,

ope n i ng K fi p wh i c h i s a l s o fo u n d i n J n s qu o t a ti o n wh i c h a gree s
ce
,
.
’

verb a lly with LX X I t i s c le a r th a t the text o f J n i s i n flue nced . .

by L XX .

’ '
39 4 0
1 4 . 1 2 67 1 m flkw i
s n el l
-
H 0 01 1 a 9
'

Tefl i cfflwx ev fi n fw 3 dq
fi ea ky o ijs
'

a 7 01 ;

a Iw w a Aw v 7 71 V Ka S1 01 V
I

Ka 1
p o ev a v7
p
'

efl ,

i 8w0 1 v '

7 0 91 dq
bea k p ofs
A
8
f

qw A 9 , Q I
i fi wo w m pa ‘
Ka 1 au r a 1 11 1 a u ro vc .
Ka vo o 7
37 Ka 1 1
p 9 Ka 1 or , /

Isa 6 .
my) 0139 -
1
1
5
m ra w! va
rs
;
m
“

m W n n
a ta
-

'
i ) xa t
'

j m pg ; 1 3 3 57
‘
M a k e the h e a rt o f th i s pe o pl e gr o s s ,

A n d m a ke thei r e a r s h e a vy a n d bl i nd their eye s ; ,

Le s t they s e e with their eye s a nd he a r with their e a rs , ,

A n d u n der s t a n d with their h e a rt a nd repe nt a n d be h e a led , ,

1 22 OLD T E S T A M E N T QU O T A T I O N S

np
‘
1 7 . 1
3yp a cn
f] wA fi
A 1 6/1 6/1 1
’
0 01 V7 0 7 6 .
/ ou é 1 a v7 0 9 1
A
KM
9
6 77 1 7 0V
C
1 1 0
/1 7 1 0 1 0V
/
I
1
/ ou 3
N
e
,
01 o l am
/00V .

Ps .
(
19
in H eb ) .
m:
5 31 : 1 55 : 1

‘
They p a rt ( or parted ) my g a rme nt s a mo ng th e m
A n d up o n my ve s tu re d o ( or d id ) th ey c a s t l o t s
A
LXX ou
o

7 01
/ 1 éa v 7 01 9
c A
/ ou M
a I a!
T OV
Ka t £ 77 1 1 K
/po v .

H eb . LXX gree l o s ely Th e verb l agree m e n t betwee n

a nd a c . a

Jn . and LXX p i n t s t o LXX i n fl ue nce o .

1 8 28 29
M6 7 61 1 861 9 8 1
Q

3]
'
. I 9 7 01 137 01 6 0 1 1 70 0179 67 1 1 7 77 0 1 1 7 01 7 67 6 Ae0 7 1 1 1

k e t w0
’
7 e
fi 7
3 Asy a 0 K € 809 3K € 1 7 0 6501 1 9 /1 €0 7 6V °
0 77 677 01 1 O1 V3
7 01 3 6§ 0v 9 1 30 0 1 677 1 9 p § y
7r 00 1 ve f< a v 0 1 37 013 7 1
9
Ps . H eb ) w inin .
u m “ ‘
a nd fo r m y th ir s t th ey
g a ve me V i neg a r t o d ri n k

LXX Ka t
’
6 9 7 1 1 7V n /
bav 1 ou 377 67 1 0 01 / 1 / 1 6 6509 .

Th e re fere n c e is ge n er a l m e rely .

l)
’

)
36
1 9 13 wk npwefi 3
’ ’
. 1 9 e
y e ve7 0
y p tx 7 01 7 01 7
yp a fn O0 7 0131 / 01 0 v1 / 7 p1
8
, 5
1 0 67 0 1 3 3
0 1 7 01 .

Ex . 1 2
46
D3 ?! ‘
a nd ye s h al l bre a k no bo n e of it
’
.

LX X K 01 1 60 7 013 1! 0 v1 / 7 l
p g 1
'
1
/ e7 e 0 71
"
11 1 7 03 13 .

Nu m l D i DW N5 ‘ ‘
a nd th ey s h a ll bre a k bo n e of it
’
‘ ‘

. no

LXX Ka i 60 7 0131 1
. 1
0 71
"
01 1 7 013 3 .

P s 34.
20
-

0 i n
1
H eb ) .
1 1
11 13 3 1 5? flt-t w
1 5 mr
mm : 4 g/p

‘
H e k eepeth al l h is bo ne s ;
No t
’
o ne of th e m i s br o k e n .

LXX [ p ]
K 6 1 09
¢ i
v>u 0 0 5 1 7 61 60 7 61
’

f 3 p / 5
8
’
EV e 0 1 7 131 1 0 vV7 17 0 e7 01 1 .

Th e qu o tatio n is a free rem i n i s ce nce .

20 0
37 ”
éT ep a y p a dn) )t cy a 050 01 001 1 6 1 9 61 / ( f a cet/ 7 1 0 0 1 3
'
1
'
. 1 9 K 01 77 0 1 1 1 1
7
T W
W 5
'

N “N 9? 0 3 1
10
e ch 1 2 “ B
Z " 3 7 ‘
a nd th ey s h a l l look o n m e
'

.
1

wh o m they h a ve pier c ed
LXX Ka i
.
’
em
fl g
k / ow m
e I
'
7r
p6s /1 % 1 5V K01 7 to
v j 0 a 1 /7 0 .
 IN THE FOU RTH GOS PEL 1 23

S o m e fi fty H eb M S S re a d on h im a nd it i s th i s text up o n
‘
. .

wh i c h J n i s depe n de t ; o r s i n c e “ WES “ if? ( 1 55 )

. n — i s s c a r c ely
po s s ibl e a s a H ebrew c o ns tru c tio n h e m ay pre supp o s e th e m o re —

n a tu r a l re a di ng t i s l
S Th e tr ge LX X re de i ng i s ba s ed o n
‘ '

s a n n r .

’
a re a di n g “ 1 1 t hey d a n c ed a n err o n e o u s tr a ns p o s itio n o f th e
‘
3 ,

l etter s o f fi g? th ey pierced ‘

Sever a l LX X M S S repre s e nti n g th e Lu c i a n i c re c e ns i o n re a d .

, ,

6 vm0 v wh ich i s the re n deri ng of

'
i 5 /8A J 0V7 0 f
'
Ka 77 1
/
61 /2 1 9 1 E 1 1 1 6 1 exe a ,

T h e o d o t i o n Aqu il a i V 6 fe e v7 770 v Sy m m a c hu s 3/ p 00 06 1
’ ’
’
. O J 1 e x a , 1 7r /

fcx ew n0 a v
’
e vr e .

I t i s o bvi o u s t h a t J n i s i ndepe n de n t o f LX X wh o s e re nderi ng .

,

de s tr oys th e p o i n t o f the qu o t a tio n Th e c o nn exi o n with Theo .

d o t i o n i n th e re nderi n g 1 9 81 f w no v appear s t o be fo rtuit o u s

’ ’
-
6 1 e e xe a
.

me rely and d o e s n o t i m p ly th a t J n an d T h e o d o t i o n were depe nde n t

,
.

up o n a n e a rlier n o n Septu a gi n t a l re n deri n g ( a s s ugge s ted by -

S wete 1 71 1 7 01 1 to th e O T i n C r ee/e p
,
. E t< v 2v i s th e . .
,
.
’
xe re

n a tu r a l re n deri ng o f ( u ed by LX X i n J udg 9 1 Ch r
54
s .
,
.

J er 4 4 . La m 4 a n d by Aqu il a a n d Symm achu s i n I s a

.
9
, .

’
a nd t h e v a ri a ti o n be t wee n J n s é tp w
’
d ; 61 a n d T h e o d o t i o n s . o at 1

’
6 v i s de c i s ive a g a i n s t c om m o n b o rr o wi n g
’
m flA t/xo w 3 1
’
e e
9 1 9 h e at 9 7 £

fr o m a n e a rl ie r G reek s o u r c e I n th e LXX M S 2 4 0 we fi n d the . .

re n deri ng p 69 / % 1 9 6 1 55 €V7
70 01 a
7r s a d ou bl e t a n d thi
1 s no 6 1 6K 1 1 f
,

doubt i s a Ch ri s tia n m a rgi na l v a ri a n t i nflu e n c ed by J n Th e .

Ap o c a lyp s e wh i c h i s th o r o ugh ly H ebr a i c h as a n e c h o of th e O T

, , . .

p a ss a ge i n I 7
i 611 7 0 3 61 59
Ka . i O Z V S 0 3 61 fe éV7 70 V
1 6 11 1 1 7 / 77 1 Ka . TL G
‘
1 7 1
’
e K 1 a .

H ere we n o ti c e th a t th e t wo verb s a re the s a m e as tho s e empl o yed

in J n .

Thu s th e fo l l o wi ng c l as s ifi c a ti o n of J n .
’
s O T quot a tio n s
. . m ay
be m ade

( )
a Qu o t a tio n s depe n de n t on th e H ebrew ; No s . 1 ,
2, 4 , 5,

Qu o t a ti o ns a greei ng with L XX where th i s

b
( ) is c c u rate
"

an a

re n deri ng of th e H ebrew ; 9 1 0 1 7 , ,
.

Q u t i greei g with LXX wh ere thi s d i fle rs from th e

'

( ) o c a t o n s a n

H ebre w ; 3 1 3 , .

d
( ) Free re m i n i s c e n c e s ; 4 7 8 1 2 1 6 , , , , , 1 8, 1 9 .

( )
e M i s re a di n g of a n Aram a i c origi n a l 6 .
1 24 OLD T E S TA M E N T QU O T A T I O N S
U nder (a ) we n otice th at wh ile i n 4 a n d 1 1 th e p oi nt s o f agree
,

m e n t with H eb ag a i n s t LX X a r e s light all th e o ther c a s e s a r e

.
,

weigh ty a n d p reclude a ny oth e r th eo ry th a n a fi rs t h a n d k n o wledge -

o f th e H eb text . .

U n de r th e agreem e n t with L X X i n 9 a n d 1 0 m ight be a c c i

de n t a l S i n ce th e H eb c o uld s c a r c ely be tr a n s l ated i n o the r w o rd s
,
. .

Th i s h o weve r i s a p o i n t n o t to be p re s s ed s i n c e 1 7 a nd the three

, , ,

c a s e s u n der ( 6 ) S h o w a c o n n ex i o n with LXX wh ich c a nno t be

ac c ide n t a l .

U n d e r ( 6) we ob s e rve th a t th e v a ri a tio n s of J n a n d LX X fr o m .

H eb a re very s light a n d th at th e p o i n t o f th e qu o tati o ns i n n o way

.
,

d epe n d s u po n th em I n 3 th e H eb re a di ng h a th e a te n m e
. .
‘

’
i s rep re s e n ted by J n s 0 é<j>
y v wh ich
. h a s co
K 17 n s ider a ble
a e

a tte s t a t i o n I n 5 th e v a ri a ti o n fr o m H eb c o n s i s t s o n ly i n th e
. .

s ub s tituti o n o f 69 013 fo r th e L o rd a nd i n 1 3 o n ly i n th e p re fi x i ng
‘
6

of K up u .

We h a ve n o w to s eek a n expl a n atio n o f th e fac t that wh il e ,

a c o n s iderable n umber o f th e qu o t a t i o n s i n J n p re s upp o s e d ire c t .

u s e of th e H eb rew Bible cert a i n o ther s a r e a s c le a rly c o n fo rme d

,

to L X X . W e m ay rul e o u t th e p o s s ibili t ie s th a t the write r wa s

fa m iliar with both H eb a n d L XX a n d quoted fr o m b o th i n d i s
.
,

c r i m i n a t e l y ; or t h a t the G o s pel i s c o m p o s ite th e u s e o f H eb a n d , .

LX X m a r k i n g d i ffe re n t s tr a n d s o f auth o r s hip There re m a i ns th e .

the o ry th a t th e writer u s ed either H eb o r LX X s o lely a nd th a t .

,

th e v a ri a tio ns from h i s regul a r u s age ar e the w o rk o f a l a t e r h a n d .

N ow it i s o bviou s th a t th e a greeme n t s with H eb c a n n o t be du e t o .

a lter a tio n s i n c e e g 2 a n d 20exhibit p o i n t s o f c o nn exi o n vit a l to the

,
. .

quot a tio n wh ich are ab s e nt from LXX O n th e other h a n d a l l .

‘

th e quotati o n s wh i c h n o w a gree verb a l ly wi th LX X m igh t very

well h a ve bee n qu o ted fr o m H eb a n d s ub s equ e n tly mo d ified s o a s
.

t o a gree with LXX s i n ce th e v a ri a tio n betwee n H eb a n d LX X

,
.

i s i n every c a s e s l igh t a n d u n i m p o rt a nt Th i s i n fere n c e wh i c h .

,

em erge s from a c o n s idera ti o n of th e quot a tio n s a s a wh o le s ee m s ,

t o be r a i s ed t o a cert a i n ty by th e fa c t th at 5 h a s p o i n t s o f c o n

n e x i o n with both H eb a nd LX X Th e w o rd s A n d they S h a l l

. .
‘

be a l l t a ught o f God agree with H eb a s bei ng a n i n depe nde n t .

s e n te n c e a n d c a n h a rdly de e n d upo n LXX A n d I will m a k e

‘
,
p ,
’
a l l thy s o n s t o be t a ught o f G o d wh ile the p o i n t of c o n n exi o n
;
 CH A P TE R IX

E P I LO G U E

AT th e c l o s e o f th i s d i s c u s s io n th e wri t er m ay b e expected t o
o ffe r s o me rem a rk s a s t o th e i n fl ue n c e wh i ch h i s th eory s h o u ld i f ,

it g a i n s a c c epta nc e exer c i s e up o n c urre n t hi s t o ric a l c riti c i s m o f th e

,

Fou rth Go s pel Th i s i s a t a s k wh i c h fo r t wo re a s o ns h e feel s

.

s o m ewh a t l o th to e s s a y . Fi rs tly the que s tio n h a s bee n m a i n ly i f

,

n o t wholly l i n gu i s ti c a n d ought a t th e o ut s et to be pre s e n ted fo r

,

c o n s ider a ti o n u ncompl i c a ted by u lteri o r i s s ue s A n d s e c o n dly th e

.
,

writer i s c o ns c iou s th a t i n a tte m pti ng t o t o uch u p o n s u c h l a rger

i s s ue s h e i s i n d a nge r o f getti ng o ut s id e h i s p rovi n c e ; fo r wh ile t o ,

th e be s t o f h i s a bility h e h as m a de a m i nute s tudy of the G o s pel

it s el f a nd c a n c l a im s o m e k n o wledge o f th e exter n al c rite ria
,

be a ri ng upo n th e qu e s ti o n of a uth o rs h ip h e ca nn ot claim co n

,

v e rs a n c e wi t h m ore th a n a s m a ll p orti o n o f th e giga n tic ma ss o f

moder n lite ra tu re wh ich h a s bee n d ire c te d t o w a rd s th e s o l uti o n

o f t h e J o h a nn i n e pr o ble m .

S till it g o e s without s ayi n g that i n the c o u r s e o f the l i ngui s ti c

,

i n ve s tig a ti o n th e que s t io n of i ts be a ri ng upo n th e au thors hip o f th e

G o s pel h a s bee n c o n s t a ntly i n h i s m i n d I f th e theory i s s o u n dly
.

b as ed i t mu s t s u rely a ffe c t s o m eth i n g like a revolutio n i n c u rre n t

,

J o h a nn i n e c ri t i ci s m ; fo r wh ile c utti ng at the ro o t s of th e fa s h i o n

,

a bl e a s s u mptio n s o f a p a rti c ul a r s ch ool of c ri t i c s it m a be held to

,y
g o eve n farther , a nd to de m a n d a r e ex a m i n ati o n i f n o,
t a rec on

s tructi o n o f c ert a i n fu n dam e n t a l po s tu l a te s wh ich h ave h i t h e rto

,

b ee n a ccepted by all s ch o ol s of c riti c i s m Thu s i t m ay be th o ught

.

fi tti ng th a t th e a u t h or of th e the o ry s h o uld i n dicate i n bri ef th e

re s ult s to wh i c h h e bel ieve s th a t it poi nt s .

I n th e fi r s t pl a ce it S hould e s t a bl i s h b ey o n d qu e s t io n the fa ct
,

t h a t the G o s p el i s a product of P a le s ti n i a n th o ugh t Th i s i s a

.

co n clu s io n wh i c h emerge s with n o le ss cle a rn e s s eve n i f it b e h eld

th a t th e evide n ce wh ich h as bee n o ffered i s i ns u ffi c ie n t t o pro ve
 EPILOG U E 1 2 7

ac tu a l tr an s l a ti o n fr o m Ar a m a i c ; fo r a t le as t i t c a n no t be di s p uted
th a t the c a s e fo r virtu a l tr a n s l a ti o n i s i rrefra g a ble The a u t h o r s .
’

l a ngu a ge i s c a s t th ro ugh o ut i n th e Ar a m a i c m ould He is .

th o r o ughly fa mili a r with R a bbi n i c s p e c ul a ti o n H e k n o ws h i s .

Old Te s t am e nt n o t through the m ed iu m o f th e LXX bu t i n the

, ,

o rigi n a l l a ngu a ge .

I f thi s be gr a nted th e fig m e n t o f Alex a ndri ne i n flue nc e u p o n the

,

a u t h o r mu s t be h eld fi n a lly t o be d i s pr o ved H i s L o g o s d o c tri n e

\
-
.

i s th e devel o p m e n t o f c o n c ept i o ns e n s h ri n ed i n th e T a rgu m s a n d ,

i s no t derived fr o m Ph ilo Th i s c a n h a rdly be d i s puted i n fa c e

.

of the evide n ce a dduced o n p p 35 11 C o u ld Ne w Te s t a m e nt

. .

s ch o l a r s ever h a ve a rrived a t a n ther c o n c l u s i o n if t hey h a d

y o

a pp r o ac h ed th e s ubj e c t with a n a dequ a te Se m i t i c as Wel l a s a ,

G ree k equi p m e n t ? N ot i n deed th a t P a le s ti n i a n R a bbi n i s m wa s

, , ,

wh o lly u n i n flu e n c e d by G ree k th o ugh t ; th e M id ras h im pr o ve t h e

c o n t r a ry . Y e t wh e n th i s i s a d m i t ted P a le s ti n i a n J e wi s h thought s
, , ,

i s o n e thi ng Alex a n dri n e H elle n i s t i c th o u gh t a n o ther

,
I t m ay be .

true th a t th ere i s a n u lti m a te c o n n exi o n bet wee n the L o g o s c o n c e p -

ti o n o f Ph il o a nd th a t o f th e G o s p e l p ro l o g u e ; but th i s c o nn exio n
~

i s n o c lo s er th a n i s i m plied by a c o m m o n pare n t a ge
’
Ph i lo s .

d o ctri n e was i n n o s e n s e th e m o u ldi ng i n flue n ce of o u r auth o r s ’

th o ugh t
I t m ay b e o b s erved th a t th e th e o ry th a t the G o s pel was wri t te n
i n Ar a m a i c fi t s i n a d m ir a bly with o ther well a s c ert a i n ed re s ult s -

o f i n ter n a l evide n c e th e a uth o r s i n tim a te k n o wledge o f P a le s

—
’

ti n i a n t o p o gr a p hy o f J e wi s h fe s tiva l s a n d c u s t o m s a nd o f th e
, ,

c u rre n t M e s s i a n i c expe c t a t i o n s a t th e ti m e o f o u r L o rd O n al l .

the s e que s ti o n s i n wh i c h i n ti m e p as t h i s a cc u r a cy h as i n On e way

,

or a n o t h er bee n i m pug ned h e h as bee n triumph a ntly vi n di c a ted

,
.

I f i n a dd iti o n it i s pr o ved th a t he ac tu a lly wr o te i n Ara m a ic we

, , ,

h ave a dded t h e c o p i ng s t o n e wh i c h h a rm o n iou s ly c o mplete s th e

-

build i ng .

H ere ho weve r we fi nd th a t o u r t he o ry s eem s t o c a l l fo r th e

, ,

r e o p e n i n g o f a qu e s ti o n wh i c h i s ge n er a lly s upp o s ed to be s ettled

- .

I f the G o s p el wa s w ri t te n i n Ar a m a i c it mu s t s urely h a ve bee n,

wri t te n i n P a le s ti n e o r Syri a ; it c o u ld h a rdly h a ve bee n writte n a t 1

Ephe s u s Thi s c o n c lu s i o n i s by n o m e a ns n e c e s s a rily a t v a ri a nc e
.

with th e tr a ditio n th a t th e a utho r S p e n t the l a tte r p a rt of h i s l i fe a t

 1 28 EPI LOG UE
E ph e s u s ; fo r o bvi o u s ly we h a ve th e p o s s ibil ity th at h e m ay h a ve
writte n th e G o s pel a t a n e a rl ie r p eri o d I t m ay b e o b s erved th a t .
,

wh ile tra d i ti o n ge n e ra l ly a s s ig ns th e wri ti n g o f the G o s pel t o

Ephe s u s there a re tr a c e s o f a di ffere n t o pi n i o n Th e M u r a t o ri a n
, .

C a n o n s eem s t o s t a te th a t th e G o s pel was writte n befo re th e

break i ng u p o f th e Ap o s t o li c circ l e therefo re p re s u m a bly i n .
*
, ,

P a l e s ti n e .

Th e a ss ig n me n t o f a Pale s ti n i an o r Syri a n origi n t o th e Go s pe l

w o uld s eem to c a rry with i t a n e a rlie r d a te fo r i t s c o mp o s i t i o n th a n
that which i s c omm o nly a ccepted ( A D g o or s om e wh a t l a te r ) ; . .

p o s s ibly eve n a c o ns i der a b ly e a rl ier o n e But th i s i s by n o me a ns .

a t v a ri a nc e wi t h th e fac t s of i nter n a l evi de n ce Eve n ap a rt fr o m a .

full a ccept a n c e o f the the o ry p rop o u nded i n the p re s e n t volu me i t ,

mu s t s u rely be ad mitted th a t th e fa ct s whi c h h a ve bee n br o ugh t

togeth er gre a tly s tre ngth e n th e c as e for h oldi ng th a t th e G o s pel i s
s
th e work o f a n eye wit n e s s Th e view th a t it re p re s e n t s th e
-
.

m a tu re C h ri s ti a n experie n c e o f th a t wit n e s s i s doubtle s s s ou n d ;

but i f we a r e to a s s um e th a t h e wa s a m a n of eighty o r m ore whe n
h e took up h i s p e n we a re p o s tul a ti n g for h im a me n tal vig o u r
,

qu ite excepti o n a l i n o n e s o old O p i n io ns m ay di ffe r a s t o th e .

’
i m p re ss io n of the a uth o r s per s o n al ity c o n veyed by th e Go s pel ;
but th e p re s e n t writer feel s th a t wh ile th e Fir s t E pi s tl e m ight ,

fa irly be reg a rded as th e p r o d u ct o f extreme o l d a g e th e pl a nn i ng ,

a n d exe c u t i o n o f the Go s pel i s hardly c o n s i s te n t with s uch a

theo ry Th e age of s ixty fi ve o r s eve n ty w o u ld at a ny rate be

.
-

m o re n o r m al fo r th e compo s iti o n o f a wo rk wh i c h exh ibits s o

m a rk edly a matu rity wh i c h i s a s yet u n imp a ired A s s um i ng th at .

th e a u th o r was a bou t t we nty a t th e C ru c ifixi o n th i s w o uld lead u s ,

t o d a te t h e G o s pel A D 7 5 8 0 Th e que s ti o n wh e t h er i t wou ld be

. .
—
.

re a so n a ble to pl ac e it eve n e a rli er de m a n d s a n expert k no wledge

of i t s rel atio n t o th e Sy n optic G o s pel s a nd a fi rs t h a n d c o nc lu s io n -

a s t o th e d a te s o f th e s e l atter ; a n d o n th e s e p o i n t s t h e writer d o e s

Th e F o u t rh Gosp el is sa id to be the wor k of

‘
Io a nn i s ex d i s c i pu l i s
’
. Th e
occ as on i of i ts co m p o s i t i o n is gi e
v nf ll w C h t t b
as o o s :di ip li ‘
o o r a n n us co n sc u s et

e p i sco p i s s u s i di i
x t , C o ni e i u na t m i h i h die t rid
e o t q id i q f e ri t
uo l t m
e u cu ue u r e ve a u

a l t e ru t ru m no bi s e n a r re m u s . E de m
a te l t m A d
no c r e ve a u
p l i t n re a e ex a o s to s u

m e mi é e d i ib t S i e J h ’
r e c o g n o s ce n t i b u s c un c t i s Io a n s s uo no n c un ta scr e re . nc o n

hi m el f
s is nam ed ‘
one of t he di ip l e i t ee m
sc s f ll w t h t h i fe ll w
s s to o o a
‘
s o

di i p l e
sc s
’
( o ne of w h om is An d re w ) th t he r A p t l e
a re e o os s.
1 3 0 EPILOGUE
Though A n ti o ch was a G reek c ity it s tood n o t fa r fr o m th e h eart ,

o f th e d i s trict whe n c e fro m th e e a rlie s t ti m e s th e Aram a ic s peech

was di ffu s ed ea s tw a rd i n t o M e s opot a m ia a n d s outhw a rd th rough

,

Syri a a nd P a l e s ti n e Th e c ity mu s t h ave bee n b ili n gual a n d th o ugh

.
,

G reek wa s d o ubtle s s the l a ngu a ge o f th e upper cl a s s e s th ere mu s t ,

h ave bee n a l a rge s ub s tratu m o f p opul a ti o n to wh o m Ar a m a i c was

th e m o re fa m iliar la ngu a ge Th i s follow s n ece ss arily fro m th e .

ex ige n cie s o f trad e both the regularly o rg a n ized c a r a v a n trade

— -

from beyo n d th e Euph rate s a nd th e lo c a l t ra de wh ich brough t th e ,

cou ntry people i nto the metropol i s to s ell their fo o d s tu ffs a n d to -

,

add n e w blood t o th e popu l a tio n A s we le a rn fro m Acts th e .

,

n a tu ral li n e of exp a n s i o n fo r the i n fa n t C hur c h a t J eru s alem wa s -

n o rthw a rd t o A n ti o c h I f th e writer o f th e Fou rth Go s pel re a lly

.

s pe n t th e l a s t part of h i s l ife at Eph e s u s th e n we h ave i n A n tioch ,

a h alf way hou s e betwee n thi s a nd J eru s a lem a nd i f the li n e o f h i s

-

m i ss io n ary activity was J eru s a lem — A n tio c h — E p h e s u s he was

fo llowi ng i n th e foot s tep s of St Paul . .

I t i s i ntere s ti ng t o n ote that we are no t e n tirely with ou t exte r n a l

i n d ic a ti o n that S t J o h n was a t A n tio c h a n d wrote th e Go spel there
. .

M r F C Co ny be a re h as qu o ted a s t a teme n t tra n s l a ted from a

. . .

Syriac fragme n t appe n ded t o th e A rme n i an tra ns l a tio n to th e

’
c o mm e ntary o f S t Eph rem o n Tati a n s D i a te s s a ro n : I o h a nn e s
.
‘

s crip s it i l l u d [ eva n geliu m ] g ra e c e A n t i o c h i a e n a m p e rm an s i t i n ,

terra u s qu e a d tempu s T h e re e x i s ts a wid e s pre a d .

-

( though n o t very early ) tr a ditio n t hat St I g n atiu s was a d i s c iple .

of St J oh n Th e M a p t ov v a n o v ( st h o r ot h ce n tu ry A D ) s o
. . a
’ ’
. .

de s cribe s h im a t i t s o pe n i ng a nd a dd s l a ter o n th e s c a rcely c redible

,

s tateme n t th a t he a n d P o lyc a rp ( bor n A D 69 ) h a d togeth er bee n . .

di s ci p le s of the A p os t l e n L

Th e fa c t s wh i c h le a d th e pre s e n t writer to s ugge s t the the o ry th a t

th e F o urth G o s pe l m ay have bee n writte n at A n ti o ch a re a s fo ll o ws
1 Th e Ep i s tle s o f S t I g n a tiu s ( c A D 1 1 0) a re full o f J o h a nni ne
. . . . .

Th eology I t i s true th a t there i s o n ly o ne p a ss age i n th em wh i c h

.

a ppr o xim a te s to a n a ctu a l verb a l qu o t a tio n but remi n i s c e n ce s o f ,

the te a ch i ng o f th e G o s pel a re m o re n u merou s tha n i s ge n eral l y

Z NTW . 1
902 , p 1 9 3 . .

1 Cf Ligh f
'
. t o o t , A pos tol i c F a th ers , I I . 1 1 , pp .
473 f ,
wh o a rg u e
gi s a a nst th e
h i t ri l l e
s o ca va u of th e sta t eme nt a n d s eek s to e pl i
x a n h ow i t m a y h e r e
av a is n .
 EPI LO GUE 1 3 1

’
re c o g nized D r I nge s c o n clu s io n i s th a t l g natiu s u s e o f th e
. .
’

F o urth Go s p el i s h igh ly p robable but fall s s om e way s h o rt o f ,

c ert a i n ty O ne of h i s re a s o ns for th i s doubtful verdict i s ou r ‘

ig no r a nce h ow far s ome o f th e L o gi a of Ch ri s t re c o rd ed by J o h n

m ay have bee n curre n t i n A s ia M i nor befo re th e public a t io n o f the
G o s pel Th i s i s me t i f it c a n b e s ho wn th a t I g na tiu s wa s
’
.

prob a bly a l s o a c qu a i nted with the Fi r s t Epi s t le o f St J oh n ; a nd .

th i s s eem s t o be the c a s e + Th e I g natia n expre s s io ns 6 619 w 7 03 .

, 1

a wn ; 7 0 57 01 ) a nd
/o
e w e
1s 1 1 794 09 m a
y a c tu a l ly imply acqu a i n t a n ce 1 7 1

with th e origi na l Ara m a i c of th e G o s pel .

2 Drs Re n del H a rri s a nd Mi ng a n a i n thei r rece n t ed itio n o f

. .
,

th e Ode s a n d P s a l m s o f S o lomo n have m a de a c a s e fo r a

c o nn exi o n betwee n the O de s a nd the Letter s o f I g n a tiu s a n d h a ve ,

s h o w n th a t the depe n de n c e i s a lmo s t certai n ly o n I g n a tiu s s s ide

’
.

There i s a tr a diti o n re c o rded by th e h i s t o ri a n S ocrate s th a t

I g na tiu s i ns tru c ted th e A nti o ch e n e s i n th e c o mp o s itio n a nd s i ngi n g
o f hym n s ); Theoph ilu s o f A ntioch was a l s o fam iliar with the
Th e New Tes ta m e n t i n th e A pos to l i c F a th ers , by a com m i t t ee of th e Ox f rd
o

S oc y ie t i ri l he l gy
of H s to ca T o o , p
83 . .

1 Cf e p e. i ll y t hs g r p f p
c a ge refle ti g t h t e hi g f J q ted
e ou o as sa s c n e ac n o 1 n . uo

fr m t h l e tt e r t h E p he i
o e p 54 o t e s ans o n . 1 .

It W m ‘
l t e ll w he e h
e us t a so m f t h Ch r h f i g i g t ip h
nc l t e c us t o o e u c o s n n an o na

hy m h d i rigi I g i t h t h ird bi h p f e r P e t e r f t h S y ri A t i h
ns a ts o n . na t u s , e s o a t o e an n oc ,

wh l h d per
o a so l i t e r r e wi h t h A p l e t he m e l e
a so n a n w ii
co u s t e ost s s v s, sa a v s on

o f ge l p r i i g t h Tri i ty i t ip h l hy m
an s a s n e d de li e red t h f h i
n f n an on a ns , a n v e as on o

th ei i t t h h r h i A t i h fr m w he ce l t h
v s on o e c u c m e tr d i t i
n w n oc : o n a so e sa a on as

m i t t ed t he r h r he S r t e H E i 8 q t ed by H rri d ’
t ra n s o ot c u c s .
— oc a s, . v .
, uo a s an

Mi g n a na
p 43 T
,
he e edi .r l .
p t l y ll t t e t i ( p 4 7 ) t t w p ge
s to s a so a ca a n on . o o a ss a s

i n Ig i l e t e i wh i h he e h r i gi g
n at u s s
’
t rs n m et ph r f c Ch ri t i us s c o u s —s n n as a a o or s an

h m y ; E p he 4 I y
ar on rd d h rm i
s .
,
‘
l n Je Chri t i
ou r c o n co
g an a o n o us o ve su s s s sun .

A d d ye
n o h d l l f rm y r e l e i t
, ea c an h r t h be i g h rm i
a ,
o ou s v s n o a c o us , a t, n a o n o us

i n c o nc o rd d t ki g t h key t e f G d ye m y i
,
an a n e g wi h
-
i e no o o ,
a n o n en es s s z n t o n e vo c

t h r gh Je Ch i t
ou h F t he r t h t H
sus r s m y b h he r y
u nto t d k wl dg
e a ,
a e a ot a ou a n a c no e e

y ou by y r g d deed
ou t be t h m
oo e m be r f H i S ( i s e H o h il d ) R m e s o s on
’
rs c re n o 2

Je C h ri
. .
,
.

‘
F rm i g y
o r el e i t
n h
ou s i l v s i g t h F he r i
n o a c or u s , n o ve s n o t e at n su s s t.
’

T he e p s ge fi d triki g p r ll e l i O d 4 w h i h begi
as sa s n a s f ll w
n a a n e 1 , c ns a s o o s

L t ll f wh h L rd
e a b ir p r i e H i m
o us o a re t e o
’
s a ns , a s

A d l t pp r p r i t e t h t r t h f H i f i h
n e us a o a e u o s a t

A nd H IS ch i l d ren s ha ll be a ck n o wl edg ed by H i m
he ref re l t i g i H i l
T o e us s n n s ove .

L t he ref re l l f e i t t g th
us , i th t o ,
a o us un e o e er n e n am e of t h e Lo rd .
’

Th e i t li d r w t t e t i t t h p r ll e li m i t h gh t
a cs a a n on o e a a s n ou .

K 2
Q 2 EPI LO GUE
O de s . eem s c lear th at th ey were o rigi nal ly c o mpo s ed i n
*
It s

S y ri :1 c + Th e co nc lu s i o n o f the s e ed it o r s i s that they were

.

p robably writte n a t A n tioch i n th e fi r s t c e nt u ry j .

N ow the fa c t th a t th e writer o f th e O de s wa s acqu a i nted with

th e F o u rth Go s pel c a n be proved fa irly c learly ; though here
ag a i n th e evide n ce t a ke s t h e fo rm o f rem i n i sce nce o f th e te a ch i ng
rathe r th a n a ctu a l verb a l quotati o n Su rp ri s i n g a s th i s m ay s ee m .

i n V iew of th e very e a rly d ate wh ich i s a ss i g ned to th e O de s it ,

i s th e le s s s u rp ri s i ng i f a s o n o u r th eory th e d a te o f th e G o s pel
, ,

i s ea rlie r th a n i s c omm o n ly s uppo s ed ; a n d it become s qu i t e

c o mpreh e ns ible if the Go s pel was actually c o mpo s ed a t A ntio c h
a n d fi rs t c ir c ul a ted th ere i n Aramaic I t i s n o teworthy th a t a gre a t .

p a rt of the c o nnexi o ns with th e though t o f the G o s pel b oth i n ,

’
I g na tiu s s Let t er s a nd i n the Ode s are with th e La s t D i s cou rs e s , ,

J n . 1
3
-
1 7 .

Th e evi de nc e for a l l th i s appears so h ighly imp o rta n t that it

i s give n i n det a il i n a n Appe ndix .

Th e s uppo s ed i n flue n ce of Pauli n e Th eol o gy upo n th e Fou rth

Go s pel i n n o way c o n fl ict s with ou r n e w theory as t o the d a te
a n d pl a c e o f th e G o s pel A peri o d o f twe nty ye a rs o r s o a ll o ws
.

a m ple ti m e fo r th e pri n cip a l epi s tle s of St P a ul to h ave be c o m e .

wel l k n ow n a t A ntioch Th e p re s e n t wri ter h as h oweve r pu t

.
, ,

fo r wa rd s ugge s tio n s ( pp 4 5 E ) wh ich m ay i ndi c a te a s omewh a t

. .

d i fle re n t c o n clu s io n v i z th a t both S t P a u l a nd the author o f th e

, . .

G o s pel m ay h ave b ee n i n flue nced by a c ommo n e arlier s o u rce

o f teach i ng Both o f them were R a bbi n i s t s a nd th e cou rs e o f
.

the pre s e nt d i s c u ss i o n h as reve a led s everal i ns t a n c e s o f a k n o w

ledge of R a bbi n ic S pe c ul a t io n o n th e p a rt of th e Go s pel author -

wh i c h i s i n depe n de nt o f St P a ul B o th aga i n were my s ti cs ; but

. .

th ere i s n o re a s o n fo r a ss umi ng that the my s tici s m o f t h e G o s pel

was a d evelopme n t o f P a uli n e te a c h i ng My s tici s m i s o ne o f the .

c har a cteri s tic s of th e R a bbi n i c method o f treati n g Scriptu re

; a nd
the que s ti o n how fa r thi s trait i n th e t wo Ch ri s ti a n writer s i s
b as ed o n J e wi s h H a ggada i s o ne wh i c h c all s for fu rther i nve s ti
g a t i o n Th e i.n clu s i o n withi n the e a rly Ch u rch a t J eru s a l em of
a large co n ti n ge n t from th e prie s tly cla s s Act
(
7
s 6 ) mu s t a l m o s t

p
o . ci t . c h . iii .
T op . ci t . ch . x ii i .
I o p
. ci t . c h . iv .
1
34 EPI LOGU E
th e Go s pel wh ich ta ke n t o gethe r s tro ngly s ugge s t th a t th e
, ,

author had s ome co n n exio n with prie s tly ci rcle s H e ( o n th e .

a s s umptio n th a t h e i s th e u nn a med di s ciple ) wa s k now n t o th e

high pri e s t a n d ga i ned ready ad m i s s io n t o h i s h o u s e which wa s ,

de n ied to Peter u ntil he i n terve n ed H e a l o n e o f th e

’
Eva ngel i s t s m e n tio ns th e n ame of the h igh p ri e s t s s erva nt M al c hu s , ,

who s e ear Peter cut o ff a n d al s o th e fac t that o n e of th o s e

wh o que s tio n ed Peter was a k i n s m a n o f M a l c hu s H e h as

s pe c i a l k n owle dge o f p er s o n s l i ke N ic o dem us a nd J o s eph o f
Arimath a e a wh o were b o th m em ber s of th e Sa hed ri n ( 3
,
n 11 1
,

an d s eem s t o h a ve g a i n ed i n s i de i nfo rm a tio n a s t o wh a t

— 7 52
we n t o n at meeti ngs of th e S a n h ed ri n ( 7 1 1 wh i c h 5
,
4 - 53
,

m ay h a ve come to h im th rough N i c odemu s Th e fa ct th a t wh e n .

,

o u r Lord c o mme n ded H i s M o ther t o h i s c a re he took her 1 9 T a ,

( .

’
1 81 01 from that hou r s ugge s t s th at h e h a d a h ou s e a t o r n e a r
‘

J eru s alem
Th e deductio n ba s ed o n th e s e i nter n a l i n d i ca tio ns s erve s furthe r
t o expl a i n th e remarkable s tateme n t o f P o lycr a te s o f Ephe s u s that

J oh n wh o re c li ned o n th e b re as t of the L o rd wa s a prie s t weari n g

, ,

th e s acerd o t a l fro n tlet (69 ey e 79 ) i p e 9 7 6 57 01o

/ 7 7 c
‘
11 b
g po e n fis) wh i c h
77 1 a e u
,

otherwi s e i s a n i n s olubl e e n igm a M ore o ver i f Polyc ra te s s u p

.
,

po s ed t h at J o h n th e au th o r o f th e G o spel wa s th e Apo s tle St J oh n .

,

it i s i n th e h igh e s t degre e a no m a l o u s th a t h e s hou l d m e ntio n

h i m s ubs eque ntly to Ph il i p wh o m h e defi n e s as 7 07 8 68e a 01 0
,
1 x 77

( n ew a n d th e d a ughter s o f Ph ilip a nd s h ould the n de s c ribe h i m

, , ,

n o t a s a n Apo s tl e ,
but as 9 1 v 1 i 8 8 1 0 0A09 S imply th i s t o o
Ka . 1 1 K 1
—

i n S pite o f the fa c t th at he s leep s at E ph e s u s wh ere P o ly c rate s

‘ ’

’
h im s elf was bi s h o p wh ile Ph il ip s leep s a t H ier a p o li s ( Eu s ebiu s
,
‘
,

H E v . . I f o n e of the m o st fa m o u s m ember s o f th e o rigi n a l

Apo s t o l i c ba n d h ad actu a lly p receded h im i n h i s o wn s e e h e ,

w o u ld s ure l y have n a med h i m fi r s t of all .

Th e fa miliar qu ot a ti o n fr o m P a pi as ( Eu s ebiu s H E i ii 39 ) s eem s ,

. .

like wi s e t o i nd ic a te th at the celeb r a ted J oh n of Ephe s u s was n o t

the Apo s tl e P a pi as tel l s u s th a t if a ny o ne ch a nced t o come
.
‘

my way who had bee n a fo llower o f th e pre s byters I wou ld ,

i n qu ire a s to th e s ayi ng s o f th e p re s byter s wh a t A nd rew o r —

Peter s a id or Ph ilip o r Th o m a s o r J ame s o r J oh n o r

’
M a tthew o r a ny o th er of th e L o rd s d i s ciple s ; a nd a l s o wh a t
,
 EPILOGU E 1 35
’
A r i st i on J o h n the pre s byter th e L o rd s di s ciple s s ay (xéy oe e wy
a nd , , .

U n le ss we a d o p t th e vie w th a t th e Apo s tle s me nt io n ed are termed

i f
’ *
‘
the pre s byters ( a view both improb a ble n it s el an d al s o
app a re ntly excluded by th e d i s ti nc tive appli c atio n of th e ter m t o
th e s eco n d J oh n) i t i s c l ear fr o m thi s p ass age th a t P a p i a s o n ly ,
’
c l a i m s t o h a ve lear n ed the Apo s tle s s ayi ng s a t th i r d h a nd i e ,
. .

h e le a r n ed from h i s i n fo rm a nt s wh at th e p re s byter s s a id that the

Ap o s tle s s aid On th e o ther ha n d th e obviou s deductio n from .
,

th e s tate m e n t a l s o wh a t A ri s t i o n a n d J oh n th e pre s byte r the ‘

,

’ ’
L o rd s di s c i p le s s ay i s th a t P a pi as le a r n ed th e s ayi ng s o f the s e , ,

d i s c iple s a t s econd h a nd ; a nd S i n ce th e ch ange o f te ns e from

i v t o A y o vo v i s c l e a rly i n te n ti o n a l it i s n a tur a l to i n fer that
’
e 7re e t ,

A r i s t i o n a n d the s e c o n d J o h n were s till l ivi ng a n d th a t P a pi a s m ight ,

h ave heard them a t fir s t h a nd i f h e h a d h ad the o p p o rt u n i ty r .

‘

’
I f th i s c o n clu s i o n i s s o u n d a nd if th e title the Lord s d i s ciple s ,
‘

impl ie s — a s i n the fi rs t oc c u rre nc e where it i s a ppl ie d t o the ,

Ap o s tle s a c tu a l k n o wledge o f o u r Lord duri ng H i s earth ly li fe

—
,

the n the d a te at wh i c h Pa p i as c o llected h i s m a teri a l s c a nno t be

l a ter th a n A D 1 00 a c o nclu s io n wh i c h fi t s i n with th e s t a teme n t
. .
—

o f I re n aeu s th a t h e wa s a c o mp a n io n of Poly c arp

( A D 6 9 1 55) . .
-

a nd o n e o f t h e a nc ie n t s I t f llow th t
( px ip)
‘
1
’ ’
a tos m o s a c A D 1 00 ot ot .
. . .

P a pi a s k n ew o f a J o h n wh om h e ter m ed the pre s byter ( appa r ‘ ’

e ntly i n di s ti n c tio n fro m J oh n the Apo s tl e befo re me n ti o n ed ) wh o , ,

th ough a n actu a l di s ciple o f o u r Lo rd wa s stil l livi ng at that d a te , ,

a n d m u s t therefo re h ave bee n o f a very a dv a n c ed a e O n the

g .

other h a nd a l l t h a t h e cl a i m s t o h ave le a r n ed (o r to h ave

,

hi T s i s th e v ie w of E us eb i us
( se e f oo t- n o t e f ll wi g) d i t i t ke e g by
o o n , an s a n . .

Ligh t f oo t , E ss ay s on S upe r n a tu r a l R el ig i on
, p . 145 d by W e
, tt C
an
f th stco ,
a n on o e

N T . .
p .
70, n . 1 . On th e c ont r rya ,
se e Mo fi at t
'

,
I n t rod . to Li ter a tu re f NT
o . .
3

P 59 9
1 Pap i as d oes n o t s ta te in t hi s p as s a ge h t he w t t lb a a s a n a c ua e a re r o f A ri s t i o n
a nd J h o n the p re s by t e r ,
as is un wa rr t b ly
an a m ed by E ebi a ss u us us ; Ka i 6 63

qnok ovd q
'

) i z/ l Ia m a s 6 p 31 / 62W 671 6v Aé yo vs p/1 7 13 V n67 wv

'

r /1 7 0 9 007 na na
'
7 p
’ ’ ’
é y ok o y e i
’

d
’
A pt o 7 1 w1 / 09 62 2 7 08 wp e a w ov hr fi x oov éa vr é v
'
aa
pa k ryfi e va t , 11 0 re
pov a

( 9 y1
701 er/ £ 09 01 1 . W hy Dr L igh f t ( E
. t oo s s ay s on S upern R el .
p 1 4 6) s
. . h l d ep t
ou acc
’
E us e bi u s s Op n on o n i i t hi p i g i
s o nt a a nst the p l a n i s e e ns o f t h e p a s sa ge i i m s n co

p rehe ns ibl e .

I H a er V xxx iii 4 E us eb i us , H E iii 39 d p ed by D S d y

A D 1 00 is a o t r an a

C
. . . . . . . . .

( i i i r t c sm f
o th e F o u r t h Gospe l , p p . 2 50 as a g i t h e re m e d e d p ted by
a ns t e xt at a o

H a rn ac k ( c . A . D . 1 45 E us ebi us
( E
H . i ii 36 ). e h t h i ep i p e w s ta t s t a s sc o at as

co n t e m p r ry o a no t on ly w ih
t P o l y c a rp ’
s, but l wi h I g ti
a so ( d t na us s
’
. A . D .
1 3 6 E PI LOG U E
e n deavou red to learn ) by word o f mouth abou t the Apo s tol ic
s o n o f Zebedee i s what other s s a id th a t the p re s byter s s aid that

h e s aid ; a nd s o far i s h e from a tt a ch i ng a ny s pecial p ro mi n e n ce

to h im th a t h e me n tio ns h im o n ly s ixth i n a li s t of s eve n o f th e
Apo s tle s
N ow I re n aeu s tel l s us th at J oh n th e d i sci p le o f the Lo rd wh o ,
‘

*
wr o te the G o s pel s urvived at Ephe s u s u ntil the time s of Traj a n
, ,

i e u n til a fter A D 9 8
. . I f t h i s J oh n wa s th e s o n o f Z eb edee would
. . .
,

Papi a s— wh o mu s t cert a i n ly have bee n bor n lo ng befo re h i s

death an d wh o was p r o bably col lecti n g h i s i n fo rmatio n i f n o t
, ,

be fore at a ny rate n o t lo ng a fter that eve nt a n d wh o wa s bi s h op

, ,

o f a Chu rch wh i c h wa s cl o s e t o E phe s u s h av e bee n redu ced t o —

lear n i ng at third h a n d as t o h i s te a chi ng A n d s i n c e fo r o n e ma n ,

who c ou ld give h i m auth e n tic i n fo rmati o n a s to wh at A n drew o r

Peter h ad s aid th ere mu s t ( o n th i s hyp o th e s i s) h a ve b ee n t e n who
,

c o uld give h im ful ler a n d m ore rece n t i n fo rm atio n a s t o what J oh n

the s o n o f Zebedee h ad s a id i s i t at a l l l ikely th a t th e v a s tly ,
’
s uperio r i m porta n ce to Pap i a s of J oh n as a wi t n e s s to ou r L o rd s

act s a nd te a c hi n g i n v o lved i n the fac t of h i s n ear n e s s t o h im b o th

,

i n time a n d i n pl a c e s houl d be ig n ored to s uch a n exte n t that h e

,
'

o n ly m e n tio ns the A p o s t l e s i x t h i n a l i s t o f s eve n

Th e i n fere n ce i s cle a r that Pa pi a s d id no t cl a i m to h ave a ny
b ette r k nowledge of J o h n th e s o n o f Z ebedee th a n h e po s s e s s ed o f
A ndre w Pete r a n d th e re s t wh o h ad die d year s before he beg a n
, ,

t o collect h i s m a terial s Th e a b s e n ce o f s uch a c l a im fi t s i n with

.

th e s tateme n t attributed t o h im by Ph ilippu s S i d e t e s ( st h ce n t ) a nd .

Georgiu s H a m ar t o l u s (9 t h ce n t ) th at J o h n a n d J a me s h i s br o th e r .

were s l a i n by th e J ews wh ich cert a i n ly s eem s to i mply that J oh n ,

th e s o n of Zebedee did n o t s u rvive t o a ripe o l d age i n A s i a but ,

l o s t h i s life th rough J ewi s h pers e c utio n a nd therefo re pr o b a bly i n ,

Pale s ti n e and pri o r to th e de s tru c ti o n o f J eru s alem i n A D . .

Th ere exi s t s however yet a no t h e r s t a teme n t a ttributed t o P a pia s

, ,

i n a n a rgume n t p refixed to a V a tic a n M S o f th e Fou rth Go s pe l .

( 9 h c e nt )
t Eva ngel ium I o h a nn i s m a ni fe s t atu m e t datum e s t
.

e c c l e s i i s ab I o h a n n e a d h u c i n c o rp o re c o n s titut o s i cut Papi a s ,

H aer . II . x x n. 5 ; III . i . 1 ; I II . ii i .
4 .

1
'
On uf r he r e ide e
t v r yrd m
nc as t o th e m a t o cf . Mo fla t t , I n t ro d t o L i t
. .
f N
o . T .
3

p p 60 1 ff d m t re e t ly Ch rl e R i '

. . an os cl ti n , a s, e ve a on , , pp . xl v fi .
1 3 8 EPILOGU E
Our evide n ce however i s i nc omplete without ex a m i nati o n of the
, ,

te s timo ny of St I re n a eu s wh i c h i s importa n t becau s e i n the well

.
, ,

k n o wn p a s s age from h i s letter t o F l o ri n u s ( Eu s ebiu s H E v ,

. .

h e s t a te s th a t i n h i s b oyh o o d ( 01 9 21 1 im) he wa s a h e a rer of 77 t

’

P o lycarp a nd could remember h i s de s criptio n of h i s i n ter c ours e ‘

with J o h n an d with th e re s t wh o h ad s ee n the Lo rd I re n aeu s

a ppe a rs u nj u s tly to h a ve s u ff e red co n s ider a bl e m i s rep re s e n t a tio n .

Wh i le claimed o n th e o ne h a n d a s a c o n c lu s ive wit ne s s t o the

fa c t that th e J o h n o f Ephe s u s wa s th e Apo s tle S t J oh n h e i s .
,

commo n ly a ccu s ed o n th e o ther h a nd by th e o pp o n e n t s o f thi s

, ,

th eo ry o f h avi n g m i s t a ke n th e m ea n i ng of h i s te a c he r Polyc a rp ,
,

a n d s uppo s ed th a t h e wa s referri n g t o th e Ap o s tle whe n a l l th e

time h e wa s s p e a ki ng o f th e pre s byte r Simil a rly h e i s t a k e n t o .

,

ta s k by E u s eb iu s ( H E ii i 39 ) bec a u s e h e de s cribe s P a pi a s a s
. .

’ ’
6 t i 1 / 1 / 0v /1 61 / d K 0v0 7 7j
9 , H o Av Kof/n rov 66 67 01 9 09 y ey o vui g . E use bi u s s

comme nt
'
on th i s s tateme nt i s A 67 6; 7 6
M y 6 H ar te ; K at r t
-
a 7 6
Ad ywv, i71 / /1 21 / 1 601 1 7 61 /
’
001 1 1 0V 31 / 0 1 37 013 01 K 00 7 11 0
‘

p /
'
7r 7 1
p

y £ 90 1
er/ 0 31 / i c
7 1 y 61 77 00 7 6v 66 7 61 7
6 9 5
7 7 0 7 6 19 9

7ra
p 6 . 7 61 V
v
’
Th e
’
e x a vo rs e rro r o f wh i c h h e its
p / ac
t wv c u s ed .

by Eu s ebiu s i s c ited by m o d ern c ritic s a s e n h an c i n g the

p ro b a bility that h e m ade th e a dd itio n a l error o f m i s t a ki ng
’
P o l y c arp s remi n i s c e n ce s o f th e pre s byter a s re ferri n g t o t h e
Apo stle .

I n real ity it i s doubtfu l wh eth er I re n aeu s m a ke s a ny m i s t a k e a t

,

all Th e true s tate of a ffa irs m ay be s t be gathered by t a bulati n g

.

a l l h i s re fere n ce s t o th e author o f th e Fou rth Go s pel whom h e ,

a l s o regarded as author o f the Apo c alyp s e

*
.

Occu r r ences .

‘
J oh n th e d i s ciple o f the Lord
I n refere n c e s to th e G o s pel
I n refere n ce s t o th e A p o c a lyp s e
I n refere n ce s to i nc ide n t s a t Ephe s u s

To tal 1 4

T he e s i
c o m p u t a t o n s a r e a s c om p ke t he m ; b t he let e as th e w ri t er co u ld ma u

c a nno t l im t h t hey
c a m re t h ppr i m t e ly
at They a re e r t h fr g m e
o an a ox a so co v e a nts

C t H
.

as w e ll th as U de r J h
e f w G p e l refe re
o n ra a ere refe rri g
. n
‘
o n a e os nc s n to

t h e so n o f Z eb dee h e t bee re k ed
e av no n c on .
 EPI LOGUE 1 39
‘
The d i s ciple o f the Lord
H i s di s ciple J oh n
’
‘
J oh n
I n refe re n ce s to th e G o s pe l
I n refere n c e s to th e Apo c a lyp s e
I n refere n ce s to i n c ide nt s at Ephe s u s

To t al 3 1

Th e Ap o stl e
W i th th e s e refere nc e s we may co
’
mp a re I re n aeu s s refere n ce s to
other E va ngeli s t s a nd Apo s tle s
M a tth ew th e Ap o s tle
M atthew el s ewh e re .

M a rk the i n te rpreter a n d di s cipl e of Peter

M ark t he d i s ciple an d i nter p reter o f Peter
M a r k el s e wh ere .

Lu k e th e fo ll o we r a n d d i s ci p le o f th e Apo s tle s
Lu k e th e d i sc iple a nd atte n d a n t of th e Apo s tle s
Luk e th e a tte n d a nt of P a u l
Lu ke el s ewhere .

Pete r the Ap o s tle

Peter el s ewhere .

Pa ul th e Ap o s tle 1 7
Paul bei ng th e Apo s tle o f th e G e n tile s
,
I

Paul H i s Apo s tle I

P au l 64
Th e Apo s tle 74

H ere we noti c e th e extr a o rd i na ry c a re wh ich I re naeu s t a ke s

a c cu rately to defi n e the p o s itio n a n d a uthority of h i s wit n e s s e s .

Th i s co m e s o u t e s p e c i a l ly i n h i s d es criptio n o f M a r k a nd Luke ;
wh ile M atthew al o n e o f th e Sy n opti s t s i s corre c tly give n th e title
o f Apo s tl e .

W e n oti c e a g a i n th at wh il e M atthew Peter a nd Paul are

, , ,

defi ned a s Ap o s tle s J oh n i s never s o d efined by na m e I t i s true

, .

th a t i n two p a s s age s wh i c h c o me n e a r together ( H a er I ix 2 3) h e . . .

,

i s m e nti o n ed a s the Ap o s tl e s i m ply h a vi n g ju s t previou s ly bee n

‘
,

cited as J oh n b ut th i s i s d i ff ere nt fro m the dire c t a tta c hme n t o f

‘
1 4 0 EPILOG UE
th e title to h i s n a me I re n aeu s wh e n n o t s pe c ially defi n i n g th e
.
,
’
ra n k of h i s wit ne ss es u s e s the term Apo s tle i n a wide r s e ns e
,
‘
.

Th u s i n H a er I I I xi 9 after a s u mmary of th e teach i ng a nd

. . .
,

s c o pe of th e fo u r G o s pel s h e rem a rk s H a vi ng th u s a s certai n ed ‘

, ,

th e opi n io n of th o s e wh o delivered th e Go s pel to u s l et u s

’
p roceed t o th e rem a i n i ng Apo s tle s ; a nd ag a i n i n I V pr ef 1 . .
,
‘
Ac c o rd i ngly i n the b o o k before thi s we h ave s e t fo rth the
,
’
s e n te n ce of th e Apo s tle s upo n th em all The re are s everal .

pa s s age s i n wh i c h J oh n i s i n c l ud ed by i nfere nce amo ng th e

Ap o s tle s ; I I x x ii 5 A n d a l l th e elder s te s tify who i n A s i a
. .
,
‘
,

c o n ferred with J oh n the d i s c ipl e o f th e Lo rd th a t J o h n had ,

h a n ded d o w n the s e fa ct s ; fo r h e a b o de with them u ntil th e time s

of Tr aj a n A n d s ome of them s a w n o t o n ly J oh n bu t al s o o t h er
.
,
’
Ap o s tle s ; I I I i ii 4 A n d Polyc a rp too wh o h a d n o t o nly bee n
. .
,
‘
,

tra i n ed by th e Ap o s tle s a n d h a d co n vers ed with m a ny of tho s e

,

who h ad s ee n C h ri s t but al s o had bee n c o n s tituted by th e Ap o s tle s

,

b i s h o p over A s i a i n th e c h u r c h o f S m yr n a h a vi ng always taught

the s e th i ng s wh i c h he h a d learn ed from th e Ap o s tle s
,
A n d there ‘

are s ome wh o have bee n told by h im ( Polycarp ) th a t J oh n th e

d i s c ipl e of th e Lord whe n he had go n e to h a ve a b a th a t Ephe s u s
,

a n d P o lyc a rp too h im s el f Su c h p i o u s c a re h ad th e Apo s tle s

.

’
a n d th ei r d i s ciple s & c
,
Y e a a n d the c hu r c h at Ephe s u s havi n g
.
, ,

h a d both Pau l fo r i t s fo u n der a nd J o h n t o abide amo n g them ,

u n til th e time s of Tr aj a n i s a tru e wit n e s s o f th e tra d itio n o f th e

,

Apo s tle s ; Lette r t o Victor ( E u s ebiu s H E v

’
Fo r n eith er ,
. .
‘

cou ld A n icetu s pers u a de P o ly c arp n o t t o o b s erve ( t h e Qu a rto

d e c i m an practi c e ) i n a s mu c h a s h e h a d alway s ob s erved it with
,

J o h n the di s c ip le o f ou r Lord a nd th e re s t o f th e A p o s tle s with

wh o m h e had a ss o ci ated
Le t u s a tta c h fu l l weight to th e s e pa ss age s ( wh i c h the writer
bel ieve s are a l l wh i c h c ome i n to qu e s tio n) a n d we a re s til l b ro ugh t ,

t o a s t a n d s till by th e fa ct th at if I re n aeu s bel ieved J o h n o f Ephe s u s

,

t o h a ve bee n one of th e Twel ve A pos tl es it i s m o s t rem a rk a ble th a t h e ,

’
n ever s tyle s h im J oh n the Ap o s tle but a lway s J o h n th e d i s cipl e
‘ ‘
,

of th e L o rd We n ote s peci a lly th e fa c t th a t eve n where the fou r

Eva ngeli s t s are mo s t c a refully de s cribed i n I I I ix I x I 6 ; xi I . . .
, .
,
’
a n d th e fi r s t of th e m figure s a s M atth ew the Ap o s tle J o h n i s ‘
,

s till s imply
‘
J oh n the di sc iple o f the Lord H a d l re n a e u s t a ke n ,
1 4 2 E PILOG UE
a nd d i s c ipl e of th e Lord wh o s u rvived to old age a t Eph e s u s wa s
, ,

n o t the s o n o f Zebedee but th e p re s byter ,

.

Th u s all th e e a rly A s iati c evide n ce i e al l th e exter n al evide n ce ,

. .

that matter s u n ite s i n i n d i ca ti n g th a t the o n ly J oh n o f Ephe su s

,

wa s J o h n the p re s byter a n d th a t h e wrote th e F o u rt h Go s pel

, .

Th i s as we h a ve s ee n fi t s i n wo n derfully wel l with th e i nter n al

, ,

evide nc e whi c h fa vou rs th e view th a t th e a uth o r wa s n o t J oh n th e

s o n o f Zebedee but a J eru s alemite of p rie s tly fa mily
, Th ere are .
,

however other i n ter n a l c o ns ider a tio n s wh i c h m ay s eem t o tell

,

ag a i n s t th i s V iew I f there were n o t th e n s u rely there would be

.
,

n o problem o f author s hip rem a i n i n g .

Th e fi r s t d i ffi culty i s th e fi n di ng o f a pl a ce a mo n g the com

pa n i o n s of o u r Lord fo r a you ng m a n o f p rie s tly fa mi ly wh o was
n o t o ne o f th e t wel ve Ap o s tle s Th i s i s largely bas ed i t s eem s
.
, ,
’
up o n th e pre s uppo s iti o n th a t t h e Apo s tle s were ou r Lord s o n ly
o pe n ly co n fe s s ed
-
a dh e re n t s a nd regu l a r compa n i o ns Th i s o f .

cours e i s no t the ca s e Th ere were others from whom th e s eve nty

.

( o r ,accordi n g to th e alter n ative readi n g o f W H s eve n ty two ) .

,
—

m i ss io n ers were d r a w n wh o mu s t we may co nj ectu re h ave com

, , ,

p a n i e d with H i m n o t a l ittle before th ey were fit to be e n tru s ted

with thei r m i ss i o n Y e t of the s e we s hou ld k n o w n oth i ng ap a rt
.

from Lk 1 0 5 There were ag a i n th e wome n wh o accomp a n ied

.
1
.
, ,

H im duri ng a part at l e as t o f H i s eva n geli s tic tou r s a n d m i n i s'

t e re d to H im a n d H i s Ap o s tle s o u t of thei r s u b s t a n ce O f th i s .

fa ct t o o we s h ould h ave bee n ig no ra n t but fo r Lk Accord i ng .

’
t o St P a u l i n I Co r 1 5 o n e o f ou r Lord s Re s urrectio n appear
6 -
. .
,
’
a n ce s was
‘
to ab ove five h u nd red breth re n at o n ce Afte r .

’
the A s ce ns io n th e n umber of th e breth re n at J eru s alem i s ‘

give n i n Acts 1 a s a bout o ne h u n dred a n d t we n ty all o f whom

1 5
, ,

appare n tly ( perh ap s with th e a dditi o n o f oth er d i s ciple s wh o h ad

c o me u p t o J eru s alem for th e Fea s t ) re c e ived th e outp o u ri ng ,

o f th e S piri t at Pe n teco s t .

Thu s if it were n ece ssary t o s uppo s e th at th e you ng prie s tly

,

di s ciple regularly accompa nied o u r Lo rd upo n H i s travel s th i s ,

would n o t co ns titute an i ns uperable di ffi culty But it i s n o t s o .

n ece ss a ry ; a n d i n deed th e probability i s ag a i n s t s uch a theory .

Let u s as k ou rs elve s H o w i s i t p robabl e that o u r Lord woul d

—

h a ve de a lt with a you n g m an o f good family a nd prie s tly co n

 EPILOGUE 1 43

n e x i o ns whom
we m ay a s s ume to have bee n a mere youth ( perhap s
n o t more th a n s ixtee n) wh o wa s k ee n ly de s irou s o f jo i n i n g H im ,

a n d be c o m i ng H i s d i s c iple ? I s i t n o t likely that wh ile readi n g h i s ,

heart a n d re c o g n izi ng the gre a t s i n c erity o f h i s de s ire H e w o uld ,

j u s t be c au s e o f h i s youth a n d the gre a t re n u nc i a tio n o f home a n d

p ro s pe c t s wh i c h H e k ew th t the s tep w o uld e n t a il h a ve refu s ed
n a —

with a l l te n der ne s s t o a ll o w h i m a t o n c e t o th r o w i n h i s lot with

the Ap o s t o li c b a nd a nd c o mm a nded h im fo r the ti m e to remai n a t
,

h o m e a t J eru s a le m M e a n wh ile whe n ever o u r Lord c a m e up t o ,

J eru s a le m a n d e n g a ged i n di s c u s s i o n with th e R a bbi n i s t s th e ,

y o u n g di s c iple wou ld be there m a k i n g as m u c h a s he c o uld o f th e ,

’
gre a t Te ac her s temp o rary pre s e n c e kee n ly fo ll o wi n g th e deb a te s ,

whi c h h i s s ch o l as ti c tr a i n i ng s o well e na bled h im t o a ppre c i a te ,

dri n k i n g i n eve ry w o rd o f th e s ubtle a rgum e n t s of wh ich th e

G a l il a e a n Ap o s tle s co uld mak e n oth i n g *
.

Thu s m ay wel l be expl a i n ed the fa ct th a t th e great bulk o f the

G o s pel h as t o d o with s ce n e s a n d di s c o ur s e s a t or n e a r J eru s a lem ,

the G a lil a ea n epi s o de s t ak i ng a c o mp a r a tively s ub o rd i n a te p a rt .

A n d i n a s s e s s i n g the qu a l itie s i n th e you ng d i s c iple wh i c h m a de

,
’
h im pre emi n e n tly th e d i s c iple wh o m J e s u s l o ved s h a ll we be
-
‘
,

wr o ng i n a tt a c h i n g fu ll weigh t to th e i ntel l ectu a l bond th e fa c t th a t —

’
the youth s u pbri ngi ng e na bled h i m i n a fa r fuller mea s ure tha n ,

the u n tra i ned a nd m o re s lo w witted Galil a ea n Apo s tle s ( a t le as t -

’
befo re Pe n tec o s t) t o e nter i n t o o u r L o rd s p o i n t o f V iew to fo ll o w
, ,

i r no ti e
It i s m p o t a nt t o h t t h p i i f Je wi h h l r di ti tly f r
c t a e o n on o s sc o a s s nc a vo u s

th e ge n e r l h i t ri l c h r
a t er f h
s o ca di r e i t h F rt h G p e l
a ac o p t e scou s s n e ou os ,
as re re

se i g nt n pe one f L rd t e h i g
as ct o Cf t h w rd f D A br h m i h i
o ur o
’
s ac n . . e o s o r. a a s n s

e y R bb i i id t e ege i C m b i dg s l l E y p 8
ss a
‘
a n c a s o x s s O f th a r e
'

z ca ss a s, . 1 1 . ne o e

m r e m rk b l e f
os t a b t h w r t i g f re e t Je w i h ri t i f t h N w
a a c ts a ou t e i n s o c n s c cs o e e

Te t m es a h bee t h hey h e t e ded t h w h l e

nt as n at t firm t h G p e lav n on e o to con e os

p i r e
ctu f e t e r l
o Je w i h l
x ife d w
na he r e t he e i di
s r e p y he e ri
, t i
an t e d r s sc anc
,
t s c cs n

to p r e h t
ov h b l mte l ie
a tt we i t h a h N w T e m e t sr ig i l b
no t w i t h t e e sta n o na s u

thei r i t e rp re e r D G d m
n t s D B r.h le r D S he h er D Ch w l
u e a nn, r. ac ,
r. c c t ,
r . o so n,

D M mr . t i ar h e l l h w t h t t h T l m d m ke redibl e de t il w h i h
o rs e n , av a s o n a e a u a s c a s c

m y Ch ri t i e p i t r h e bee r he r i li ed di p t e M t rem rk b l e
an s an x os o s av n at nc n to s u . os a a

o f ll h a bee t h m l i e tre g h f h rg m e t dd ed by Je w i h
as n e cu u at v s n t o t e a u n s a uc s

w ri e r f t r ble
s th
a vo u a he t i i y f t h di r e i t h F rt h G p e l
to e aut n c t o e sc o u s s n e ou os ,

e p e i lly i re l i
s c a th n ir m t e at o n to de r w hi h hey
e c re p rt ed t h e
cu s an c s un c t a re o o av

bee p ke M h m re m y be e p e t ed i t hi d ire t i f Je w i h h l
n s o n. uc o a x c n s c o n, or s sc o a rs

h e ly f l e t r ed t he m el e t t h l e i e t ig t i f t h N w
av on o at u n s v s o e c os nv s a on o e e

me
’
T e st a nt.
1 44 EPILOG U E
H is expo s i t io n s of th e i nn e r m e a n i ng of th e O ld Te s t a me n t a nd t o ,

gra s p the fa ct th at H e wa s i n th e h ighe s t s e ns e the embod im e n t

o f i t s ideal s

I t i s o n ly n atural th at s u c h a d i s c iple s h ou l d have bee n p re s e n t

a t th e La s t Supper a n d that th e Apo s tle s s h ou ld n o t have grudge d ,

h im a pl a ce n ext h i s L o rd t o wh ich h i s deep a ffectio n a nd h igh

gi ft s e ntitled h im No r i s it s u rpri s i ng eve n a p a rt from h i s .
*
,

I t wo u h we er ld be t r ge i f t h p it i f p ri i l ege gr t ed by
,
o v ,
no t s an e os on o v an o ur

L rd t t h y
o o g d i i p l e h l d h e e i ed h d i p pr l f m e m e m be r
e o un sc s ou av xc t t e sa o va o so s

a t le f t h A p t li Tw e l e
as t o e Lk os o — p ge f e t r rd i ry i t e re t
c v . . 2 2
21 4 4
a a s sa o x ao na n s

as a p p e ri g t a ff e rn m m ry f t h e e
o o f th f ll e r rr t i e t i ed i
a su a o e v nt s o e u na a v con a n n

J n .
3 1 t t e— s a i y s b é n i p m m E b f o i
’
E
'
b 6 m? i
e ve r o
‘
na ( tA / a
'
a v a r u s, T
‘
r s a zr r c v
’ '

0
’
e va z

p z
e g a T hm i. i m t by L rd w rd
s s f re p r f i w h i h 57 6 63 é
e o ur g {m o a
’
s o s o oo , n c : v ,o s o u
'

I 6 o ( ); b i th e rb l m m ry w i h w hi h h f t w h i g f J 3
t a x o vc v
'

s e v a su a t c t e oo -
as n o n . 1

co rre p d s on th t ed p r b l e
s as O i f th A p tle
e ac ri fe t
a a
p . cc a s o n or e os s
’
st as o re

ce d m y
e nc e D P l m me r
a ,
as gge h e ri e re p e i g th p l e t t h
r . u su sts , av a s n s ct n e ac s a e

L t S p p e r ; b t w he w
as u ide r t h t t h Tw e l e m t p re m bly h e t
u n e c o ns a e v us su a av sa

a t me l l e w i h t hei r M t e r
a s a on m y t he r
t i th re why th as on an o o cc as o n s , e as o n e

st ri fe h l d h e ri es ou th iav i f ll
a he r i t p p re t S p p i g
s n on s o cc as o n o a ot s s no a a n . u os n ,

h w e e r t h t t h i t i me t h ir l e w e l rg ed by d m i i f t h y g d i i pl e
o v , a s e c c as n a a ss o n o e o un sc
,

an d t h t he w a
p l ed by L rd e t t H i m e l f i t m y be t h t w h
as ac ef d
our o n x o s , a a e av ou n

th e e f thi
c a us b re k f p
o s A d p t i g t h i hy p t he i
out a w o ee m ( at oveua a
’
. o n s o s s, e s to

re d a L rd
our w rd f re p r f w i h
o
’
s o w der d i g I t h i j i
s o oo t a ne un s ta n n . n e n u nc t o n

& AA
’
6 p ag E b i e ”, b 6
-
V i p th
p y g d i ip l e J h be m e t h
v « y va n s
-
as e ou n sc o n co s e

c o n cr e t e e m pl e f 6 i p w h i h ee m l m t
xa o q ire th m e i g h i
vec rr e os
,
c s s a os t o ac u e an n ,
‘
t s

y t h ( f Mk 9 d p r ll e l ) Ag i h p i t f pp e r t d t 28
’ 33 - 4 1
ou c . . an a a s . a n, t e o n o v . a a s o s ta n ou

m re l e rl y
o c B t y ( Ap
a le i ‘
tru t t hi y eg d i i p l e ) t hey whi h
ost s, n con as t o s oun sc a re c

h e t i ed w i h Me i My t e m p t i ; d I p p i t t y
av c on nu t n k i gd m ta o ns an a o n un o ou a n o ,

e e My F he r h h p p i t ed
v n as at Me t h t ye m y t d d ri k t My t b l e
at a o n u nt o ,
a a ea an n a a

i n My ki gd m d i n ot hr e j dg i g t h we l e t r be f I r e l The e
,
an s t on on s u n e t v i s o s a
’
. s

w rd w i h l l h f ll e
o s, t af p r m i e w h i h hey
t e u d b t ed ly t i ee m t be
n ss o o s c t un ou con a n , s o

c as t wi h
—
m e h i g l ike
t so t h f ir y i l g ge d p t ed t pp e l t h
t n a ouc o on — a an ua a a o a a to e

t he di i f h A p t l e ide l
n co n
-
t on o t e os s
’
a s .

If t he ry be t r e t h
o ur o re l i f h Twel e t St J h
u p re e t
,
e l e at on o t e v o . o n s n s a c os

a na o l gy t h t f M rt h t M ry ( Lk o t a o Li ke M rt h
a hey w ere e ge r
a o a 1 0
38
a a t a

to s pe d d be p e t i
n an th e r i e f t he ir M t e r ; b t t hey w ere t h t
s n n e s v c o as u no ,
at t a

t ge e d w ed w i h h
s a ,
n o re l ig i i igh t d p iri l ( d i i
t t e fr m p r i l)
o us ns an s t ua as s t nc t o ac t c a

de t i p e ed by M ry d t h y g d i i p l e J h J h li k e M ry h d
vo on o ss ss a an e oun sc o n. o n, a ,
a

c h e h g d p r w hi h w
os n t e oo t be ke w y fr m h i m
a t, c as no to ta n a a o .

If hw h
su c i w h i h l d t h b li m e e m pl e f h f t w h i g
as t e o c ca s o n c e to e su xa o t e oo -
as n ,

w t
e se e a e w h y h F r h E ge l i gi e h i t f h p e i l ir m t e
o nc t e ou t va n st v s no n o t e s c a c cu s anc s

w hi h l d c p e it A e l e w he re he
u to p p re e h i
. w p er s l i ty s f , su ss s s o n s o na as ar as

p o ssibl e d w l d w m y t h i k be t h m re ref l d if i t w h i w
an ou
,
e a n ,
e o ca u to o so as s o n

p i i
os t o n h S p p er wh i h e
at t e i ed h e y f h Tw e l e I t m y be dded
u c xc t t e nv o t e v . a a

t h t t h w rd y d 63 Mo M k 4 y d 63 ob o [p eqfb ] M
a e o s ar . 7 V ex a t f . 1
1 7
,
er
‘
1 V e /ca a
‘
r v t . no o

d v or
'
i h 93 Lk
z a by m e e l de t h p re e e f
maa -
. Ap li no ans xc u e s nc o a no n - o sto c

g e t h S p p e r Th p re e e f J h ( w p i re h i m ) m igh w e l l h e
u s at t e u . e s nc o o n as e c tu t av
1 4 6 EPILOGU E
p o s s ible t o a trai n ed Rabb i n ic s c hola r wh i c h emph a s ized the s e ns e
of i ts privi lege s an d ope n ed out th e vi s ta o f i t s lo fty po ss ibil ities
i n th e ligh t o f th e teachi n g o f H i m wh o was s ee n to be both
i t s s up rem e exp o n e n t a n d i t s ulti mate goal ; wh ile a t th e s a m e
tim e s tre n gthe n i ng th e r ecoil from th o s e i t s profe ss ed teache rs
a nd p ractiti o n ers who re s olutely s h ut th ei r e a r s t o a nd r e
s i s ted th e Truth a nd woul d n o t com e t o H im that they
,

m ight h ave li fe S uch s cholar s we re S t Paul a n d the Fou rth

. .

Ev a ngeli s t .

Th e oth er d i ffi c ulty which may be u rged agai ns t ou r vie w l ie s

i n the fact that there are i nd icatio ns i n th e G o s pel wh ich u n
d oubtedly m ay be take n to poi nt to J oh n the s o n o f Z ebedee a s
th e autho r Th i s co n clu s io n h o weve r i s largely bou n d up with
.
, ,

th e li n e of r e as o n i n g with wh ich D r W e s tcott h as fa m iliar ized .

us ,
i n wh ich we fi r s t take o u r s ta n d upo n th e i ndubit a ble i n d i c a
tio ns th a t th e auth o r o f th e Go s pel wa s a n eye wit n e s s a nd the n -
,

argu e i f a n eye wi t ne s s the n a n Apo s tle if a n Apo s tl e the n J oh n

— -
, ,

the s o n o f Zebedee I f howeve r th e i n fere nce from eye wit ne s s

.
, ,
-

to Apo s tle may be que s tio n ed ( a s the pre s e n t write r h as que s tio n ed
i t i n the pre c ed i ng a rgu m e n t ) a nd if th e grou n d s u p o n wh ich it i s
,

que s tio n ed be hel d to be valid th e n th e c a s e fo r th e a uth o rs h i p

,

o f J oh n the s o n o f Zebedee i s cl e a rly weake n ed Th e fac t that .

J oh n th e s o n o f Zebedee i s n o t m e n ti o n ed by n ame i s weighty

i f the au thor m u s t n eed s be a n Apo s tle I f the r e are gro u n d s .

for h old i ng that h e wa s n o t a n Apo s tle the n th i s omi s s io n fa ll s ,

i n t o th e s am e c a tego ry as th e om i s s io n o f the n a m e s o f J ame s

th e s o n of Zebedee M a tth ew J a me s the so n of Al ph a eu s S imo n
, , ,

Z el o te s a nd po s s ibly Ba rth o lomew i e it m ay be d ue t o ac c ide nt

, ,
. . .

We may fee l s u rpri s e th a t t wo of the Ap o s tle s wh o s o freque n tly

i n the Sy n optic Go s pel s a c comp a n y Pete r a s s pecial a tte n da n t s

o f o u r L o rd s hould n o t receive m e n tio n but we s hould hard ly be

j u s tified i n argu i ng from th i s th a t o n e o f the s e u nna med Apo s tle s
m u s t be the author eve n i n th e ab s e nc e of s tro ng i n di c a ti o n s to
,

th e c o ntra ry F ro m th e o pe n i n g o f ch 2 1 it i s cle a r th a t the

. .

d i s c iple wh o m J e s u s l o ved i s i ncluded u n de r o i r o B Z B Sa t o v o n e e

’

the o rdi n a ry view but u nder M o n raw W oman 51 06 8 50 u p o n the

,
’
ex
«
, 1 1
« 1

view wh i c h we a re m a i n t a i n i ng ; a n d it i s legitim ate t o a rgue

tha t s i nc e the a uth o r a l way s el s ewhere del iberately c o n c eal s h i s
,
 EPILOGU E 1 47

ide n tity th e l a tte r co nc lu s io n i s ( apart from evide n c e to the c o n

,

t ra ry ) more pr o b a ble tha n the former

*
.

Th e argume n t fro m th e fa c t that th e di s ciple wh o m J e s u s loved

i s brought i n to co n n exi o n with Peter th ree time s i n r a ther s pe c ial
c i rcum s t a n ce s 1
( 3 , 5 23
2 1 05
) i s we a ke n ed whe n2
we refle c t th a t

P e te r s t o od i n a s pe c i a l rel a ti o n to our Lo rd as le ade r of the

Ap o s toli c ba nd a nd th erefore a ny o ne el s e wh o fo r any rea s o n
,

li k ewi s e s tood i n a s pe c ial relati o n was b o u n d to com e i nt o c l o s e

c o nn exi o n with Peter In 1 3 ” all that the co nn exio n a m ou nt s
.
2

t o i s th at a privi leged Apo s tle o f gre a ter bol d n e s s th a n th e other s

s ugge s ted a que s ti o n to a d i s cip le whom h e re c o g n i z e d a s s till

m re i ti a te with o u r Lord th a n h i m s elf ; i n 2 1

o n m W that h avi n g 2
,

h e a rd a predicti o n a s to h i s o wn future h e i n qui red a s t o the ,

fa te of th a t other wh o was s i m ilarly u n ited to h i s M a s te r by

a s pecial tie of devotio n Th e rem a i n i n g pa s s age . s ugge s t s ,

i n deed th a t th e two d i s c iple s were lodgi ng t o geth er o r it m ay —

have bee n keepi n g vigil — i h th e s ame a b o de but th i s i s n atu ral i n

,

th e c ircum s ta n c e s Th e very fa ct s th at th e you n ger d i s c iple had

.

wit n e s s ed Peter s de n i a l a nd at th e s am e time was a n im a ted by

’

a ki n d red a ffectio n fo r o u r Lord wh ich wou ld mak e h im u n der s t a n d

the better the d read fu l grief o f the repe n ta n t Apo s t le would u n ,

doubtedly d raw h im c l o s e t o h im i n th e h our o f n eed .

We are left the n with the a c cou n t i n J n 1

, ,
i?
of th e fi rs t .
25

meeti ng with J e s u s of the t wo d i s ciple s of St J oh n Bapti s t o ne .

,

o f wh o m we are told wa s A n dre w th e b rothe r o f Simo n Peter ,

a nd the o ther we i n fer was th e autho r o f th e G o s pel I n i f

, ,
. .
“

’
it i s S a i d Of A ndrew é pfov e t 051 09 p63ro v T ov d B h dx w 7 6V i 8 o v E fjuwv
,
e c
-
7r
‘
e t a
,

a n d from th i s D r W e s t c ott d raw s th e deducti o n Th e w o rd s

.

i mply th a t s ome o n e el s e was a fterward s fou n d ; a nd from th e fo rm

of th e s e nte n ce we m ay co n clude th a t thi s i s J ame s th e brother
’
of J oh n .

Thi s n arr a tive i s n o t a duplicate o f th e a cc o u nt of th e c a ll o f th e

two p a ir s o f Apo s tle s i n M k 1 20
Mt fo r ( n o t t o s peak
.
’6
‘

2 .

i
of the d i ffe re n ce i n det a il ) the s ce n e s d i ere tff n — ih
J n Beth a bara .

o r Beth y beyo d J rd where J h n was b a ptizi n g ; i n the

( a n ) n o a n o ,

Sy n o pti s t s t h e s e a o f G a lilee Th e two a c c o u nt s m ay quite well

,
.

No t ie
c the s m i il ri y a t of th e p hr eas to i f: 1 66V p a onr éw
’

a é r oi} 61 50 1 35
,
6 d AAos
’

pa n ys
 1 4 8 EPI LO GUE
be harmo n ized i f we s upp o s e th a t th e defi n ite c all ( A f ne dm o w p o v) e
’

of th e Sy n o p ti c n a rr a tive c a me s ub s eque n tly to th e vi rtual c a l l

d e s cribed by J n ; a n d o n thi s view the readi n e ss o f the d i s ciple s
.

a t o n ce t o leave their occup a tio n s a n d fo l l o w C h ri s t rece ive s

c o n s id erable elu c id a tio n they c am e a t o n ce without que s tio n
—

be c a u s e th ey h a d a l re ady bee n p repared for th e call by the meeti ng

de s cribed i n J n .

I t mu s c be rem arked h owever th at wh ile th i s co nclu s io n i s

, ,

cle a r a s r egard s A n d rew a nd Peter th e qu e s tio n a s to th e s eco n d ,

aw
d i ciple me ntio n ed i n J n l
s i s i n volved i n co ns id erabl e o b s cu rity
.
.

I n th e fi rs t place we c a nno t b e qu ite s u re th a t th e a uth o r o f th e

,

G o s pel i s refe rri n g to h im s elf ; th o ugh th i s a ss ump tio n i s n a tu r a l ,

a nd explai n s th e au thor s d etailed k n owledge o f th e c ircum s t a n c e s

’
,

both h ere a nd i n th e p rece di ng S eco n dly D r W e s t c o t t s ,

.
’

deducti o n fro m th e s tatem e n t ebp fo x et o irro s p Trrov TA i s s u rely 7r < K .

mu c h t o o c a tegorical W h y s houl d wp am v imply th a t s om e o n e

.

el s e wa s a fte rward s fo u n d ? Compari ng th e u s e o f th e adve rb

i n M t 6 { 1 7 27 6 82 n p ar o v
.
”
7 6 B ao t k ef v
i i r i jv 8 a t 00 1 5V77V br o ii
,
a Ka . LK
'

a
,

we m ay s ay r a the r th a t it implie s th a t A n drew m a d e i t h i s fir s t

bus i ness t o fi nd h i s brother fou n d h im th en a nd th er e I f th e n ’
.
, ,

th e a uth o r o f th e Go s pel i s de sc ribi ng h i s o wn fi r s t i n terview with

o u r Lo rd there i s n oth i n g i n the n arrative wh ich really co n fl i c t s
,

with th e th e o ry that h e wa s n o t the s o n of Z ebedee but a membe r

of a prie s tly family from J eru s alem I t i s qu ite l ikely t h at s uch .

a o n e may h a ve j oi n ed the multitude s who flo c ked to h e a r th e

B apti s t m ay have att ac h ed h im s elf to h i m a s a di s ciple a nd s o

,

have formed a fri e n d s hip with A nd rew from whom i nc ide n tal ly ,

h e m ay at a late r ti m e have lear n ed th e detail s o f th e feed i ng

o f the five thou s a n d ( cf i f as o n ou r view h e wa s n o t perm itted
.
, ,

t o beco m e a c o n s t a n t fo llower o f ou r L o rd but was a n actual ,

eye wit n e s s of th e J eru s a lem s ce n e s o nly

- -
.

I n e n deavou ri n g th u s t o s trike a b a l a n ce betwee n th e t wo views

of a u thors h ip wh i c h we h ave bee n d i s cu s s i ng Apo s tle o r you ng —

p rie s tly d i s c iple — we fi nd th a t wh il e there i s m uch both i n i ntern al

,

a nd exte r n al evide n ce wh ich i s di ffi cult t o h a rmo n ize with the

former view th e l a tter view s eem s wh olly t o be s upp o rted by
,

th e e a rl ie s t externa l evide n ce a n d t o have th e prepo n dera n t

,

s upp o rt of i nte r n a l evide n ce ; s uch i n ter n al i nd icatio ns a s may

1
5 0 EPI LO GUE
Agai n we h ave to n otice th at as D r C h arle s h as ably poi nted
, ,
.

o u t the auth o r o f the Apocalyp s e frame s h i s s tyle upo n a B iblical

,

H ebre w m odel S u ch a k n owledge o f Biblic a l H ebrew though

. ,

u n expected i n a Gal ilaea n fi s herm a n wou ld be natu ral i n a trai ned ,

R abbi n ic s chola r We h ave fou n d re a s o n to bel ieve th at th e

.

a uth or o f th e Go s pel wa s s uch a s cholar ; a n d it s eem s n ece s s a ry

t o h o ld th at the author o f th e Apocalyp s e wh o mu s t likewi s e h ave ,

bee n a Pal e s t i n ia n wa s s imi larly equ ipped ,

.
*

I t i s a re markable fact th at though D r Ch arle s h ol d s th a t th e , .

author o f th e Apocalyp s e was n o t th e autho r o f th e Go s pel th e ,

de s criptio n wh ich he give s ( i p x liv) o f th e cha racteri s tic s o f , .

th e fo rm e r i s appl icable i n i t s mai n detail s t o th e latter accord i n g , ,

to th e c o n clu s io ns wh ich we h ave fo rm ed i n th e p re s e nt d i s cu s s io n .

Th u s we a re to l d th a t th e author o f th e Apocalyp s e wa s a P a le s
ti n ia n J ew H e wa s a great s piritu al ge n iu s a m a n of p rofou n d
.
,

i ns igh t a n d the wide s t sympath ie s H e h ad a n i ntimate a c q u ai n

‘

ta nce with th e H ebrew te x t o f the O T Th e fact that h e thought . .

’ ‘

i n H ebrew a n d tra ns lated i t s idiom s lite rally i n to G reek poi n t s to ,

’
Pale s ti n e a s h i s origi nal h ome H i s extraord i n a ry u s e o f G reek .

app ears t o prove n ot o nly th at he n ever mas tered th e ordi nary

G ree k o f h i s o wn time s but that h e cam e t o acquire whatever ,

k nowledge h e h ad o f thi s la n guage whe n s omewhat adva nce d i n

’
ye a rs Al l th e s e ch aracteri s tic s are preci s ely tho s e wh ich we
.

s houl d expect that th e author o f th e Fourth Go s pel woul d d i s pl a y

if h e tu r n ed h im s el f t o th e compo s itio n o f a bo o k like the

Apocalyp s e I s th i s coi n cide n ce m e rely accid e n tal ?
.

Th e fo llowi ng i s a rough li s t o f S emiti s m s co m mo n to the F o u rth

Go s pel a nd the Apo ca lyp s e
A sy nd eton ( c f p wh ich i s a n Ar a maic c haracte ri s tic i s
. .
,

n atu r a lly n o t t o be e x pected i n a w o rk wh i c h co n form s it s elf to

B ibl ic a l H ebrew s tyle The autho r o f Apoc s lip s i n to it howeve r . .

, ,

Dr . Ch rl e h rd ly
a e k i g ( i p li ) f h i
s is a f H eb re wacc u at r e in sp a n , . x v o
‘
s u se o

pr t ac i ca tlly h i m t he r
H eb re w w
as t ill t h
s l g g e f l e r ed
o on g e (f
u or as s e an ua o a n

di i i
s c u s s o ns Th l g ge f l e r ed di
n i i P l e ti e w e an ua o a n s c u ss o n n a s n as

N w H eb re w w h i h i i m y re p e t m re l e l y k i t A r m i t h
e , c s t th
n an s c s o c os a n o a a c an o e

l i l H ebre w i w h i h t h i wri t e r rre ly fi d t h

c ass c a n th r m de l ( f p
c 7 s co ct n s e au o
'

s o c . . 1 ,

f t t e ) R bb i i h l r w e re h w e e r t r lly k ill ed i t he ir k w l e dge

oo - no . a n c sc o a s ,
o v ,
na u a s n no

of th O T i eh ri gi l . d th . t h r i de li be r t e l y m de lli g h i
n t e o tyl e p
na an e au o s a o n s s u on

th O T
e d t p
. N w H eb re w
. an no u on e .
 EPILOGU E 1
5 1

no t i n freque ntly toward s th e e nd of h i s bo o k p o ss ibly o wi ng to the ,

fa ct th a t Ar a m ai c was h i s m o ther to ngu e I t m a y be n oted th a t -

.

A ram a ic h as i nflue n c ed N ew H ebre w i n thi s re s pect (c f p . .

7 1 5 1
C f Ap o c 1 6
. 2 1 22 .
6
,
4
, .

P a r a taxi s ( c f p The co ord i na tio n o f s e nte n ce s by . .

-

m l i s s o freque n t i n Apoc th a t it n eed s n o il lu s tr a tio n . .

Non us e of A or i s t P a r ti cipl e d escr i bi ng

-
a cti on a nter i or to F i ni te
ver b Th ere s eem s t o be o nly o n e i n s ta n ce vi z émm p e q
’
”
.
, . / ag e i So v I .

In J n th e u s age
. i s far le ss freque n t th a n in the Sy n o pti s t s
( cf . p .

A vo id a nce of th e Geni ti ve Th i s co ns tructio n a bs ol u te cons tr u cti on .

i s t o t a lly a b s e n t from Apoc Though u s ed o c c as io nally i n J n it i s . .

,

fa r l e s s frequ e nt th a n i n the Sy nopti s t s ( c f p 5 7 ) . .

Us e of Ca sus pend ens ( c f p See Swete p cxvii i C h a rle s . .

,
.
,

i pp cxlix 53 Th i s co ns tructio n i s m ore freque n t i n J n tha n

,
.
, . .

i n Apoc .

m t l i n ki ng contr a s ted s ta tements ( cf p C f Ap o c 2 3 1 1 58

3 . . . . .

Gr ea t r a ri ty of S Th ere s eem t o be 5 occu rre n ce s o nly i n '

e.

Ap o c viz I 2 1 0 1 9 2 1 24
.
,
2 8
S i n J n i s propo rti o na tely s lightly
.
"
, ,
2
,
1
, . e
’
.

le ss frequ e n t tha n i n Mk an d le s s t ha n h a lf as freque nt as i n M t .

, .

a n d Lk ( c f p . . .

I nf r eq u ency o y d p ( c f p
f O n ly a bou t 1 7 occu rre n ce s . . .

i va p i ] f req Th ere are 1 1 occurre nc e s of Zv t“ ; ’

u ent p fi l m re ne ver
'
‘ ‘
. . a
,

i n Apoc a n d n o n e o f min or e n or s n ever occu r s i n J n i n s e n s e

mi
.
,
-
. .

’ ’
‘
that no t le s t i t s place bei ng regularly t a ke n by i va mi
.
,
‘
,
’

( c f pp . 6 9 f . .
,

Th e R el a ti ve compl eted by a P r onou n ( c f p C f Apoc 3 8

. . . .
,

8
1 2 20
T
. .

.
,

avop a
’

afin
’

g Wh ose na me was J n 1
.
6
,
Apoc . 6 3
, N eve r
el s ewhere in N T . .
( cf . p .
3 o ) .

p em t P res ent u sed as F u tu ru m i ns ta ns ( cf p . . Cf

Ap o c . .

4
8
,
1 6
‘s
,
Th e s a me u s a ge is s ee n with o ther
’
verb s in 1 1
5
( i efe t ), (fi l i
’
e K zro
-
p ei e ra t , K a r e o
‘
t ea o vm v,
x p a
ov o w,

( i , Aa p fi ofve t )
9
bcppa t vow a t),
' '

e 1 4 a
p oo xvve .

Dr
p ) . e t hC h rl e
t t h Ge i tai e b l t e s (i , . xx x v st a t s a e n v a so u o cc u s o r fe t n in Jn .

A m tt er f f t h
s a rre ea 1 7 g i M 4 8 Mko ac t e o ccu nc s a re ,
as a a nst t .
, . 36 , Lk 59 , . i . e . it
i p r p rt i
s t e ly b
o t 2% t i m e
o freq e t i t h S y p ti
o na a ou s as u n n e no st s a s in Jn .
 1 5 2 EPILOGUE

Ch a ng e of cons tru cti on a f ter P a r ti cipl e ( cf

. p . 6
9 , where th e c a s e s
in Apoc . a re n oted ) .

was (way ) f
o : ( p n one
’
C f Apoc
. 2 1 2 2 . .
27
,
3
.

Th u s it appear s th at th e c a s e agai ns t ide ntity of au thor s hip o f

the G o s pel a n d Apoc alyp s e c a n certai n ly no t be ma i ntai ned upo n
the grou nd o f s tyle Th e evide n ce i s all i n th e other directio n
. .

A fe w word s m ay be added a s t o th e claim t o author s hip m a d e

’
by the Ap o c a lypti s t H e d e s cribe s h im s el f a s J o h n s imply i n
.
‘

1 22
8
i n 1 with the a dditio n of y o u r b r o th e r a n d comp a n io n i n
9 ‘

th e t ribul a tio n a nd k i ngd o m a n d e n du r a nc e ( wh ich i s ) i n J e s u s ’

In 2 1
“
h e s eem s to d i s ti n gu i s h h i m s elf from th e Twelve
Apo s tle s I n 2 2 h e i s ra n k ed am o ng the proph et s Th o ugh th e
.
9
.

t o ne of authority i n which h e deliver s h i s m e s sa ge i s bou n d u p

with the fa c t that h e i s th e m outhpiece of th e gl o rified Ch ri s t it i s ,

cle a r th a t h e recog n i z e s th a t h i s n a me c arrie s the a uthority o f

a tru e mouthp i ece i e h e i s a m a n wel l k n o w n a n d o f i m porta n t
,
. .

s t a n di n g i n th e chu rch e s of A s i a H i s w o rk th ough app a re n tly

.
,

utili z i ng olde r s ou rce s mu s t almo s t certai nly b e dated toward s th e

,

e n d o f th e reig n o f D o mitia n i e s hortly b efo re A D 9 6

,
. . . .

No w th e evide n c e wh i c h we h ave already revie wed p o i n t s t o the

co n clu s io n th a t th ere wa s but one J o h n o f gre a t n o te i n A s i a a t th i s
peri o d v i z J oh n th e p re s byte r wh o wa s k n ow n a s th e d i s c iple o f
,
.
,
‘

th e L o rd Evide n c e a l s o i nd i c a te s th a t th i s J o h n wa s th e a utho r
o f th e Fou rth Go s pel U n le s s therefo re th e Apoc a lyp s e i s
.
, ,

p s eudo nym o u s ( ag a i n s t wh i c h s e e D r Ch a rle s i pp .

, ,
.

th e co n clu s io n i s certai n ly coge nt th a t th e a utho r who s ig ns h im

‘
s el f J oh n i s J oh n th e pre s byte r .

Th u s th e evide nc e o f clai m to authors h ip combi n e s wi t h that o f

Sem iti c s tyl e i n s ugge s ti ng th at th e a u th o r o f th e Apocalyp s e i s
o n e with th e author o f th e F ourth G o s pel a nd Epi s tle s W h eth er .

there exi s t criteria of Theological thought o r other i ntern a l c h a ra c

t e ri s t i c s wh ich are s u ffi c ie n t to d i s prove th i s i n fere n ce i s a que s ti o n

wh i c h th e writer mu s t leave to oth er s to decide .

1 54 APPEN DIX .

‘
F A
331 ! i t a l / Ori y a J
8 1 6
QV 01 3 bp a s, im 6 69 6 69 d y oi v me a r fv
’ ’
1 4 . cc I n .
4
Aw
.

A
r Jn
' 5
X p t o r ov Ee ip,
'
T el t a i dl t nd ws c v 7 01 57 1 9 i ) dry( i n n
’
wg e g I na o -
e T I . 2 /

’
rw i i jv &y d a nv fi 60 1 i v Cf
'
m m i) l t et wra t
' -
n s
‘
o Ka r T er e
‘
. . .

Il t Im
{
3 A 3
d
v ; on ; K a t r e
} os
pxn p
a al a to s,
IA OS be
Im 8 8
I Vw I 11 0 (
9 C
o rr n
r
'
TG a
y y a 7 a 6 .

w
I Lava ®
I e o s e on
9
-
w
y e
/ .

Th e J oh a nn i n e te a ch i ng is he re co mbi n ed with th a t of St Paul .

i n 1 Cor 1 3 . .

A QV A I
J q
6
bSei s d
' c Q
l k
’
I 4 . o 7rt 0 r
'
w ea a
yy nevo s
e t I n .
3 wa s 0 6 01 1.
) Levwv ov
x
Q I 3
be
3 Im I i p a p rofve t
N LGVOS c
'
a r
a p
‘
a a ve t v
‘
K GKT I
'

ou a
y a
j
q
.

20 I A
J
’I

I n .
4 . ca r
“
u s a n
y on Aya a w '

ov d SeAq
'
7 6V ® e o V, Ka i T SoV a ff ro ii “ 1 073,

/
i f ei o i ‘

m s eo n v
’ ’
. Cf al s o .

I Aw A Aw
Jn
T ’
nit s c vr o l uii s
Q
di s
’ ’
1 5 7ra vr a o ur WO L aeV, a i rro v e v I .
3 Ka t o T
np v
“

A sv A V
m fi w o s, fi l o
I
i nt er
9 3 3 9
a y Ka r o m o . ( 3 3
(1 1 7 01 a vr o v
‘

c a vr t
p u ev et Ka t a vr o s
'
(

A
,

va 0l Ka t
s
av ros
‘
9 9
Vm c
(9 6 09
I 3
a v rw.
A

7) (
‘
. . u ll .
(1

A Iw I A
Jn i7 82 o i x t a oi d
3
i m ms
’
A ra gh a fle v l i
’
1 7 1 2
ov
n n
'
r o ur o
.
) p e 7r . ea
p
A A A I A I
pa l m [ ]
3 c ft 3 R

7 7 9
7 na ; a v ro v
‘
0 K v
p to s, wo . 00 1 1 79 T o v u v o v
7 j p .

’
a ve
y r
fi Enxl wyori a

Th e w o rd s l Tijs ( p ws n fi prove that St I g n atiu s h as i n e 7r

’
“ a ai
’
a .

”
m i nd th e n a rr a tive o f the a no i n ti ng a s recorded i n M k 1 4 .

Mt 2 6 Acco rd i n g to J n 1 2
.
6— 1 3
ff ou r
Lo rd s f eet were a n oi n ted
. .
1
’ ’

’
yet it i s di ffi c ult to re s i s t the c o n c lu s io n th at I g na tiu s s w o rd s
Zv m y a x a re ba s ed o n re c o ll ectio n o f th e pa s s a ge from J n
’ ’
a e t . .

wh i c h we h ave pl a ced a s a par a llel th e h ou s e be i ng al legori z ed ,

‘

a s referri n g to the Chu rch .

C
7 9 1 Th e ph
,
ra s e 1 dipxw v m i}. s 01 7 0 57 01 1 occu r s s i x ti m e s o 111 1

i n St I g natiu s s lette rs ( th e o ther oc c ur r e n ce s ar e Mag n 1

’
. T ra l l . .

4; R o m 7 ; Ph il I n th e Syriac
. ver s io n th e equ iv a le n t i s .

b ot L ; w a i l ( Eph we h a ve the 31
a x) In J n 1 2 . .
,
t
ph ra s e o iipxwv 7 08 é o j o v 7 0 57 0 wh i c h i s re n dered by S i n
( x
-
u 1 11 .
,

L oo, b e » ? w a n i l a n d by Pe s h b L 1 9 5 } ? bas i l ; . oo
,

in
t r o fi do p v [1 01 51 0 ] dpxwv i s re n dered by S i n a nd Pe s h
o K
‘

o 11 . .

L n » ? bas i l I n J n a s i n I g na tiu s th e th o ugh t i s of the . .

, ,

s piritu a l ruler o f th e pr esen t a e o r wor l d per i od ( pr o perly 7 08 i a w

g os a
-

j u s t as i n I Cor r w pxdvr wv 7 03 a i i wo s 7 01 57 01 ) de no te s .
0

a
3
a 1 c
 APPENDIX 1 5

the earthly rul er s of th e pre s e n t ag e Aramai c h a s but o n e term .

( Syr M ) to d e n ote i d w a nd.

d S a nd th e J o ha n n i n e a K U L
I
LO
,
‘

1 01 ) i s le s s ac c u rate tha n 7 03 0 1 01 01
r e n deri n g T o ? mi c /1 01 7 0 5 ) 7 01 5 0 1 1 1 1 7 11
,

a n d mi s tra ns l a te s th e o ri gi n al wh ich mu s t have bee n 1 1 1 3 3 15

3
M D I t c a n h a rdly be d o ubted the n th a t I g n a tiu s d rew h i s
. , ,

ph ras e from J n a nd th e fo rm i n wh i c h h e give s i t s ugge s t s th a t .

,

h e m ay h a ve k n o wn the Ara m aic origi na l of th e G o s pel .

To th e Mag nes i a ns .

q
i [ h ncr fa t s] wo w iixo J ( quoted bove
’ ’

I ev a s e xx ev e n . 1 7 a
I A
.

O a pK s
'
o Ka i n vevp a 7 o s Tno o v Eph .

A A A A
r n 7 0s mn (m
c

Xp w 7 0v '
7 01 ) 81 11 i o / ov i
,

Iw wI I f ’
8ev
\

y an
ns 1
7s on
'

s 7 e Ka t d
'

7r 7 e .

I w Se
Im e ov,
3

I no o v '
A
a
p o xex
p a t, 7 0 Kv
p t
p
I
09 .
K a t. 77
a

a r a 31 5
Jn do ao v irr e ,
19
f
’ C
bow ep y d p
’

5 ( e O T LV vo
'

a
y y 0 1 5 e i ex 7 0 8 K
'

q
, .

A
.

I
K I 3‘
6 i bt o v 37 1 81 ex
pi l t e t
d ’
Se
d
® e0v
'

t o v , K a t. e K a 0 7 0V 00 u o s 01 V 7
' '

0 er 0 Ko o
p ec
p . .

I
,

A A
&M
'
do /Lov
'

mp fe
’
b
’ ’
bx
’

01 1 v 3 $ 1 01 !
x p a ax
‘
a e m xe t
p t evo v 7 01 3 K o eo 7 e , e
y t e

A I I A Qe A I
do jw v f 31 0
Q
2X“ ,
o i dm o r ot 7 ou K 7 01 1 7 01 1 , )t e a
p nv vuas
j x 7 ou K oa
p o v, .

i d y ci n y xa pa xr i j 6 6 K éO ILOS
’
o i -
71 1 0 7 o
'
cv
-'
p a 7 0 7 0
p ur e ? '

O eo v
A
b 31 0 1 1 0 00 X 1 07
3 A '

0v
A
77 a 7
p s 1
7 p
A A
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ro m
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30 7 W
I"

01 3K m
x ’

5 { w eV a ul I n I 0u 1 u v
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7 0 1 V uv u o vx eo r 7 t eu
.
7 . . .

10
Jn
'

3 30 7 1 1 1
’
6
' ’
I . I os a 1 1 7 01 3 01 K cv

m u ll .

J
’

n . b l t d yos 6 ‘
w
x p ei

hai r
’
ev .

x Iwm
J
fl

{m
3

1 n .
3 OU K e ec
. o it at ov e v

3
A I
11 1 7 1 0 Levo vo a v.
G )

I Ifi A quoted above
r q J (
t
6 . 7 a v7 e s ovv o
p o et a v ® eo v n . 1 3 on

e e0 9 e M Eph
fi
'
)t a flow es k
’
e v7 o vs
'

1 r
p .

X pw r q l t o vs 31 d
i dl l t i j
'
’
7r a v
'

eu x .

7 09

Q
e
9
6 K up t o s (ii i / en
A J n
19
81 5va 7 a 1 6 vi bs w
7 e
p ou r 7 ou .
5 7ro ¢e

t
.

bbév bi v y r) fi é 61 !
[n A
I
S éa v7 0ii
3 3 I
wa r pos vw x evos fl 7
'
o 7 1 fl
ev e a oc
n o ev
'

ov /
'

}
'

a . 7m 7 e
p a 7 r01 01 v7 a 3 .

'

J
3 bbe v,
'
2”
8 ii 3
’
n . 671 e
p a vr o 7r0u1 o
 1 56 APPENDIX
dMa K a 91bs e 656a 6ev pi e
’ ’
6 7ra 7 i1 p
l t a MI)
'

ra1 7 a i .

J n . I o
30
e
y w n
ai 6 7r a 7 i7p Zr éa p e v .

1
Cf a l s o . 1 0
25 3 38

A 3 7ra 7 p6s
J i
3 3 28
i gva I ncro vv X p 1 0 7 o v t 6 35131 901 , i n
’

7 7 0V a c) n 1 7 01 Ka
'

ea

q
.

I
.

r lt 9 11 0 i pw
f
9

1 1 e i s 7 6V K do
5 i
C
51 1 w
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e vo s 01 / 7 a K a t. et s e va ov 7i cc u
7 a7 0
p s 7r
p oe 1
p
SI

wn w
I 6V mi c p ov -
i r 5 6 6V
o Ka l .
x pno a vr a . 7 Ka 7 o
p e 1 0 1 a 1.
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p a . Cf . 8 42
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a s e va o wa . n . 1 11 w e s 7 K
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7 01

1 01 1 2 0
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p s . Cf . 1 4 .

1 2 58 1 01 7
Ka t . w
x pna a vr a
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07 1 ® eo s e1 1 7 1 v (
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.

c
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81 01 1 71 0 01 ) X p 1 0 7 0v
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A t A vt ov

a br o fi ,
0
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w a v7 0v
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1 a .

l t du w,
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p oe

d K r I 3 I
m
A I t Iw ’
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np eo a ev 7 1
9 Ka t o ne
t
/as u e 1 1 e7
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A
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9 I 1 ? 3 3 3

d w sa r a a v rt
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z a vn a v7 0v . 07 1 . e
y 7 a a
p p
71 Wd VTOT G . Cf . a s l o Wl t h
23 24 3037
J
34
61 f ,
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7r e 1 1
7 b a V7 1 . a117 n .
4 , 5 ,

1 6 1 8 28 33 1 6 1 8 26 4 1 1 45 4 9
6 88 39 44
I 7 8 I 9 ,
1 2 I

20 24 21 5 21
1
3 ,
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1 5
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8v1 / 1 71 r o71 1 e 9a
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m Cf e s peci a lly 5
9 . 71 1 3s ha t e s {fl o at
J n . 1 s . . v .

w i
x p s f
a f ro ii ; C f Trail . .
9 . o ) f xwp i s w
x p i s 371 013.

11 11 001 51 ; {fi r
'
1 01 3K exop e v .

To th e
I
Jn 1 5
1
Th e Fath er i s th e
‘
1 26
I I ( Dev er e
'
our 7 as K a Ka s na a
.
y p .

IB I
ww 9a va 7 77 h u s b a n dm a n wh o te nd s th e vi n e
( p va a s Ta s
y e a a s K a rro v
p
I f I I r and rem o ve s th e w o rth le s s
( bp o o v, o u e a v
y ev o v r a t
r 7 1 s, 7 a
p a v7 a

3
ema x e t
I f‘
01 1 7 01
3]

et m v s hoo t s
aa o . .
y p
a ovK .

( bv refa 7ra 7 p1 5s
'
.

Lightfo ot compare s C leme n t Alex . P a ed . i . 8 Ka dvl t op a ve? y ap u

,
i)
’
i 6 d fi pun ro s 9a 1 p e 1 82
' ’
ka bevop e vn 1 7 1 1 41 71 1 1 81 i3 3
Q '
K 01 , Ka Ka a117 0 7 11s

efvflp t éo uo a s '

71 0 1 1 1
4 4
1 0 480 ; l t dy o s, Th e w o rd
K7 lt p 1 pv0i s de n ote s
. 7ra a

a s ide growth o r worth le s s -

s ucker wh ich detract s fr o m th e fertility
5 8 APPENDIX
61 6a 1 7 Ka A1 a s 67 7 01 1 66 6 J
' 4 0 V

e 3 8m m i l / 7 fl g,
’

d
’
'
7 01 1
7 e 11 7 1 v, n I O 07 a v 7 1 1 7 a ex k
I
.

A
53 AAo i eev
at
l si rs
3
7 1 77 o e xzr a vr wv
'

oo 7ro
p p p e v 67 a 1 , Ka t 7 0
I I I A
.

6 l t w7 1 Z0vcr 1 v 3 0 1 57 x o k o v ee i
3
d
'

1 1 1 1 01 7 ou s 0
y p a a1
XI 11 a 7r
p a7 a
9
I I
.
,

H GOSPOC
Q
) w dp w é
’

IAOU Q Ka t 0 xo g et Ka t
‘
a a vr a

I
.

o KO
m a .

J
i '

3 . A 7rexe0 96 '

7 63V Ka x fi w ,3 07 a 1 / 63V, n . 1
5
q 3
a 0 7 1 1 / a s ou
'

ew a
A I na o vs X p 1 0 7
A '
I
o s,
y py
81 a
I r I
7 0 11 1
, 7 e wa t a n7 o u s
¢ v7 e 1 a r 7 a 7 p os .

Cf . on T ra l l . 1 1 .

A A A 0r
A A
J
er

Géh a w
3 3 8
7 . 7 0 vrve v a a o u a
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3 7 ve vp a 07r o v et ,

6e r y a p 9e 1 / epxe7 a 1 i T9W( pun/ 71 V (1 1 37 05 d xo fi e t s, G

’
OV
'
o1 77 0 11 m 77 01 ) Ka A Y OIJ K ‘

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v77 a
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lt
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at c I
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v 77 7 a e e
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x y
ea 7
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l y 77 69 6 y ey ew np e vo s 6K
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7 01 ?

r ve up a w s ‘

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.

J i 3pxc7
c

n 01 5K a1 7r os 7 0
d uo s ,
. Ka .
p
i va pa}e h eyxefi d zp ya
’ ’
‘
7

8
I A I A 32 36
i 7 1 4 130 6 0 9 6 Ti yv 00h }
J 8
3
7r1 1 rr ev 1 0 7
37 x a
p 17 1 I na 01 ) X p t -
u Ka

A d I A
.
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as \
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'

a a /7 a h H e t o v, Ka i .
Q
7
7 d h fi e et a e h e v ee ui o a
p
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6ecr,1 1 61 / C A
ea V ouy
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Io
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9
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9 . a v7 09 1 0V u
p a 7 01 ) 7 a 7
p o s, 7 s
1 n . IO e
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iw
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3
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px w at A flp p
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aa . Ka i 1 0 01 1 01 3 Ka i r
p fi d m wo £7 03 e 1
5
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3
I a mbB i i i
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ép o v ad v
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Id en o w9
I
p 0¢1 77 i -
Ka o 7r a1 Ka o s c
n o e7 a z .

i i)
’
t
’
o ro t a Ka e xx k nm a .

re qu i re d be m e d ed by i ert i g
.
"

Th e t e ixt h A r me i
m i gh t Ve r i n ns n a na ,
as t e n an s on

g i e li gh t d t r t h O
v s
“
h p i t h w e e r e r i h l i t t l e we igh t
an u
”
. n suc a o n o v a v s on as ,

i e t h i w l d be
s nc e ry b i e p ed i e t f
s ou tr l t r I m d i p ed
a v o v ou s x n or a a ns a o . a s os

t o h i k t h t é 6 76 1 w t h ri gi l re di g f Ig t i ; d t h t p d
t n a r xva 1 7 1 11 1 as e o na a n o na us an a ( on s

w fi r i e ded
as stb i t ti nt gl n p r ll e l
as gge t ed by t h
a su st u on or a o ss or a a a ,
su s e

f m ili r ri p r l p h r e
a a sc
( i i ) p é tu I t m ya be e m r ked ash w e e r h '
7 e nva v o ( an s
’
. a r a , o v ,
t at

Ar m i m eth d f e p re i g mp g/6p ! Nj i lg S y ’ ‘
th l ig h t i
"

th
‘
e a a c t o o x ss n e ru e s u
,
r.

t h i l t t e r be i g ed e g t t r l t e 6 1 63 6
‘ ’
l ig h t f t th , Q’Q J
‘
o ru , s a n us . . o an s a 7 1 5 9 7

6 46 1 i J T
1 1 01 ,h 4 6 6 n
4 0 1 w hi n h. 1 r
9
di. g t L i gh t f us i l de r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1
,
c ,
a c co n o oo t
‘
s o

t h an y e i ti g t h ri ie
an m y w e ll be
x s Ar m i m p
n au i bly p i t i g ( l ike
o t s
’
, a an a a s
,
o ss o n n

6 6, w 7 ié w
11 5 ed p 54 ) t
7 01 a
’

q i os e w i h t h ri gi l
7 01 7 00 n o t on . 1 o an ac u a n t a nc t e o na

Ar m i G p ela F a c mi i f th
os de f i t e r i l e i re de ri g h S e m it i
. or o ss o n o e i n a t c n n n su c a c

p h r e i t G reek
as f G n o n p x t p j n i h t r e ( ri
c gh t ). w y ( l
en i t i .w y
‘
n t e u a
’
.
‘
n a

f tr t h ) LX X 66 g qG ’
666 6 4 6 d pq
’
o u P 8 er np 1 u as
,
s. 1 1 V 1 1 1 01 en a r.
 APPENDIX 1
59

T0 th e S my r na eans .

A
I wer k npo c pnae vovs
'
e s i 7 0V Ka t K a 9di s v av s vt xwo ev
l
Q

/
I
.

K p
c Ay sh A
fiw
I x A I fl c
pm p
a

W
a a
v t ov uo a
n s em H o w eo v 7 0V o
dm f cv 7
7) e u 0v7 ws v i l a)
l
qw
,

v i i So v i
A
07m
A 0V i ov
A d vfi p
Iw
H i p pxov 3 v fl o v,
'

Ka . u 7 e7 c 7 a 7 7 ou a

fi nk wp evo v
I c
r p m ny t A a I A c
o r evwv
I sev s A u

{01 7 W
cv
pm w m a vfl
xy
’
Ka u7 e a oa 0 e
p
‘
. as

V
wa
V I is i mov
’

py o vo o n/Lo v
'

a ( 7 ou s a a

A A A A
.

A
St a d ua o m i o ews J fi ll/ ( 09m
32 ’
a iw va s 7 7 9
1 s s i n 1 2 K d y ciu av ex 7 7 9
7 7 779 ,
I
.

c I 3! I I
q
a a a a
we h xvo w
g
- -
a co vs 7rt o 7 0vs a v7 0v, cv
y u a v ro v.
'
Ka t e 7ra 1 / 7 a 9 e

I o v8a ¢0cs
I 7
6 7 6 Eli zflveo w,
’
cv évi Cf . al s o J n .
“
I
f

o
Iw an
A ’
e K K/ Myo ca g l ’
a i J r ov
A
p 7 779 .

Th e a llu s io n of o i o n/xo v s eem s to be t o th e DJ s ta n d a rd o r l o

‘ ’

’ 8 9
s ig n a l po s t o n wh i c h th e b raze n s erpe n t wa s s e t N um 2 1
‘ -
. .
,

LX X i 9 29 fi 7 0 i o np eco v DJ i s re n dered o fi o o o v by LX X i n
’ '
v Ka
n
' '

a c 7r . . a
,
l

Isa . I t i s s o re n dered by Aqu il a i n P s 6 0 .

I sa 33 ;
. by Symm ac h u s i n I s a
23
1 1 a n d by T h e o d o t i o n .

i n I sa .

2 . R e m i ni s cences o f th e Od es o f S ol om on i n th e
f S t I g n a t i us E p i stl es o . .

Th e pri ncipal pa s s age s from wh i c h Drs Re n del H a rri s a nd .

M i nga ma argu e th a t th e Od e s were fam iliar to I g n a tiu s a re a s

foll o ws :
O de
st L ac k
t s Jo e.
( 4 .

A 1 “ N 0 0» Q l] ? p m o . “ p

l l u a ég 19n
'

} 61
.

\ y o
(
“ an y a4

‘
B ut Tru th pro c eed s i n th e r igh t p a th ,

A n d whatever I d id n o t k n ow it made clear t o m e ;

Eve n a l l th e d rug s o f e rror ,

A n d the pl ague s of de a th wh ich m e n th i n k to b e s weet n e s s .

In th e l a st l in e the S yr i ac c ons t r uct o n i is e wh h r h ; l i A d h

so m at a s t .
‘
n t e

p g e w h i h hey hi k t be w ee e
l
a u s c t t n o s tn ss , f de t h
o Th ep r i f f
a
’
. e s a at on o
‘
o

de h fr m h pl g e ( i f t m ere ly
at
’
o
‘
t e a u s
’
no an i de l m i p l e m e ) m y h e
acc n ta s ac nt a av

bee di ed b de i re b ri g i i t h
n c tat y s to n t n o s a rp r c o ntwee t e h e e
as t to ‘
s n ss
’

,
t e s ns

bei g A d t h pl g e whi h hey hi k

n ,
‘
n e a u s c t t n to be w ee e ( t h gh t hey be h
s tn ss , ou t e

p l g e ) f de h
a u s o at
 1 60 APPENDIX

I n T ral l 6
I g n atiu s war ns h i s reader s a gai n s t the te a ch i ng o f
.

heretic s i n th e followi n g term s : F o r th e s e m e n d o eve n m i n gl e

p o i s o n with J e s u s Ch ri s t impo s i n g u po n other s by a s how o f ,

ho n e s ty like p er s o n s a dm i n i s te ri n g a dead ly d rug wi t h ho n ied

,

wi n e s o th a t o ne wh o k n o weth n o t fe a ri n g n o th i n g d ri n keth i n
, , ,

death with a ba n efu l delight ( ho w p O vd o t p o v qpp v fl o ra c e a a xo

h cr o s, gr ep 6 d y vo éi v 01 86 61 9 Aa a fld va 0d wo ea vefv)
'
i 8
7 77 fi
’ "

o vo t e
‘

l l
eu 1 01 Ka x 7 .

In
the vie w of th e ed it o rs ha ly ii th d i s no t merely s weet
n e ss but s ometh i n g with wh i c h the p o i s o n i s t a k e n i e a s weet ,
. .

d ri n k Th i s i s s ub s t a n tiated by a p as s age i n wh ich Eph rem s t a te s

that B a rd a i s a n i n comp o s i ng h i s P s a lte r i n i m it a tio n o f David
, ,

was a dm i ni s teri n g t o the s imple bitter s i n h a ly zft th ii I t i s a fa i r

i n fere n ce the n that the OZVép GAL of I g natiu s c orre s po n d s t o th e
, , t

Syr ha lyfi th ci Thu s b o th th e Ode a n d I g n atiu s co m p a re h eretic a l

'

. .

teach i n g t o a poi s o n o u s d rug c o n c e a led i n a s weet d ri n k s o th a t ,

m e n imbibe it u nwitti ngly Th e c o i nc id e n ce i n though t c a n h a rd ly .

be accide n t a l .

Ode 1 1
6

‘
A nd s peak i ng w a ter s d rew n ear my l ip s
’
From th e fou n t a i n of th e Lord , without s ti nt .

I g natiu s Rom 7 ; My lu s t h ath bee n crucified a n d the re i s no

, .
‘
,

fi re o f m a terial l o ngi ng i n m e but o n ly water l ivi n g a n d s pe a ki ng ,

i n m e s ayi n g with i n m e C ome t o th e F a th e r ( i 8wp SE {aw K i

’
1 a .
, ,

éo we v ft OL ) éy o v A eii po 7 6V 7r 7
p )
'
Aa k o fi v v a
’ ' ' ' '

c a e a
'

c, e t .

I n expl a nati o n o f K k a fi u Lightfo o t c ite s J o rt i n ( E co/es H i s t 1

a ,
. .
,

pp 356 f ) as fi n d i ng a n allu s i o n t o the h e a the n s upe rs titio n th a t

. .

certai n waters commu n icated a p r o pheti c power t o th e pe o p le

d r i nki n g them A s there wa s o n e o f th e s e s peaki n g fou n t a i ns a t
.

Daph n e ( S o z o m e n H E v 1 9 ; E vag ri u s i th e fa mou s s ubu rb

,
. . .

o f A n ti o ch J o r t i n s uppo s e s that the image c ou ld r ead i ly s ugge s t

,

it s elf to I g n a tiu s Lightfo ot h im s elf i s i nc li n ed t o qu e s ti o n th e

.

text a nd to prefer th e i nterpolator s text m a m ] (c f J n

, bu t
’
, . .

th e c orre c t ne s s of A k o fi v i s n o w co n fir m ed by th e p a s s age i n t h e
a

Ode with wh i c h we c a n h a rdly fa il t o tra ce a c o n n exi o n

,
.
1 62 APPEN DIX
I
h qg
9 I A 3 I 3
‘
9
36 7] V w epfi a
c Iv A 3 A
K a t. o e v
‘

x o
p09 7 1 t , a v7 09 7 0 ( 1 01 91 a v7 01 1
'
ao 7 6
9 p
C
t1 7re
I
7ra V7 a
'
x I 7 6
I9
V 77 0 6 1 / 1
Q
K I
a t i / 07 7 9 1
Q 3
a vo
I 3
o t os 01 1 1 7 01 9 .
A V
0 6V9
3
h
I 1 1 67 0
p 7 a pa 1
7 1
7 7 7 7 p 6

7r a o a
A ‘
I xa t 77 a 9
A I
36 0p 09 n¢a § e7 o a a s, a y vo ca K a dy p e o, wa h a t a
3
m KmI '
w Aw
y
'

a a a,
y
*
h a a 31 6 ¢9d p 6 7 0,
' ’
B
,
ao t ( 9 6 08 d vdp wm vws gba vep ovp évo v c i 9 Ka t vor ma
A 8
I A I I
Cm pfi
3 3
6 d i a
9
u s
9X ? . “ a vev 7 0 7r a a
7 ”
p ® eo n am
ypn o
'

p evov . 7 a r a t/ 7 a

O v VGK t VGZT O 31 a 7 6 6 h 67 60 9a t 9a vd 7 01 1 K a 7 ah
'

vo t v
p .

I t s ee m s cle a r th a t th e d e s criptio n of th e I n car na tio n i ntroduced

by th e qu e ry 39 éa vep fi n 7 0T 9 a i éi o w ; wh i c h i s poetical i n
77 1
'
a

c h ara c ter a n
’
d n o t i n I g n atiu s s u s u a l s tyl e i s a hym n wh ich h e i s ,

quoti n g Tra n s lated i nto Syri a c it i s s ee n t o co n s i s t of fou r

.

s ta n zas carefully co n s tru c ted t o co n s i s t o f 4 6 6 4 li n e s Th e

, , , , .

fol lowi ng tra n s latio n i s ba s ed from 66 1 6A 5€T O 71 60 p a y a upo n th e ,

6 1 1
- -
11
’
a ,

Syriac ver s io n o f th e letter i n wh ich th e earlier p a rt of the p oem .

i s no t i ncluded .

le e -n

h o es
(
an A L.

le a W M ”2 01 501 04 6

1 ° 1 0t G LO Lm O

G a s :
(
so 01 5m m loc o

la d t
s: Jo e» b e ta

Fo ll o wi n g th l der p
e o u n ct u at o n i . L i gh t f oo t
p u nc t u a t s e 39 6 V 01 1 567 0 mi o a p a yet a
'
'
'
'

xa Gy pe h o wa A a t d
’

g B
'
It a l 77 8 9 56 01 1 69 , i t ip am n o x a ma s 67 m m ,
. a o t Aa a ,

reg rdi n g t h e l a st v e rb
a as a gl o ss T . hi fr
s ,
om t h e p o t ca ei lp i o nt o f v iew ,
u ps et s

th b l c e l t o ge t he r
e a an a .
 A P P E NDI X 6 3

p e ak Li e 1 001 0
P 5 “ l es t

P M w i l l ? 1 3 501 t
”
.

”m y or. “ l o os M M ;

1 . A s t a r s h o n e fo rth i n th e h eave n ,

Su rp a ss i ng a l l the s t a rs ;
A n d i t s ligh t wa s n o t t o be uttered ,

A nd i t s n ew n e s s c a u s ed am a ze .

2 . Th e n a l l the re s t of th e s t a rs ,

Together with s u n a nd m o o n ,

J oi ned i n c o n cou r s e rou nd t h e s t a r ;

B ut i t s ligh t out s ho n e them all .

B ewi lde red they qu e s tio ned whe nce cam e

,

Th e ne w thi n g u n l ike t o th em s elve s

. .

3 . Th e n ceforth was m agi c a nn ull ed ,

A n d b o n d s o f evil d i s s olved ;
E rr o r was s wept a w a y ,

A n d the a nc ie n t k i n gd o m p a s s ed ;
Whe n Go d appe a red i n th e fle s h
U n to n ew n e s s o f l ife with o u t e n d .

4 . Thu s was begu n th e s cheme

’
Per fecte d i n G o d s de s ig n
H e n c e a l l th i ng s were pe rtu rbed
F or th a t de a th s de s tru c ti o n wa s pla nn ed
’
.

In thi s o d e th e fo ll o wi n g poi nt s of co nn exio n with th e th o ugh t

of th e Ode s o f S o l o m o n m ay be n o ticed
C o n c epti o n o f the s t a r s h i n i n g i n th e wo rld
I . .

O de 8 Let no t the Lumi na ry be co n quered by d a r k ne s s ;

6 ‘

’
N or let Tru th flee aw ay fr o m fa l s ehood .

O de 4 1 A n d Light d a wn ed from th e W o rd
“ ‘

’
Th a t wa s befo retime i n H i m
2 . The t r g a ther rou n d th e
s a s ne w s tar ,
a nd expre s s thei r
wo nder .

O de 1 z
l
”
A nd the M o s t H igh h a th give n H i m t o H is world s
,

( W o rld s ) wh ich a r e the i n terpreter s o f H i s o wn beauty ,

’
A n d th e repe a ter s o f H i s pra i s e .

M 2
w4 APPENDIX
b o n d s o f evi l di s s o lved
A nd
‘
3 .

O de 1 7 M y c hoki ng bo nd s were c u t O h by H i s h a n d
”
3 ‘
.

’
Ode 2 1 Bec a u s e H e h a th c a s t o ff my b o n d s from me
2 ‘
.

’
O de 2 5 I was re s cued fr o m my b o n d s
1 ‘
.

’
Ode 4 2 A nd b ri ng m e ou t from th e b o n d s o f d a rk ne s s
1 6 ‘
.

Od e 1 7 ( Chri s t s pe a k s )
“

A n d I we n t toward s al l my bo n d s me n to loo s e them

‘
,

’
Th at I migh t n o t leave a ny m an bou n d a nd bi n d i ng .

E rror was sw e p t a w ay
O de 7 ig
21
n o r For
a n ce h a th bee n de s t royed ,

’
B ecau s e th e k n owledge of the L o rd hath a rrived .

We have a dopted 1 1 W error i n ou r re n de ri ng followi ng th e ‘ ’

,

Sy ri ac text Th e G reek h o wever h a s ay vm wh i c h i s exac t ly

.
, ,
'
a,

) h
x a ,‘ ” ( lit n o t k n o w ledge.
)
‘
of th e
-
O de W e have both’
te r m s .

i n th e fol lowi n g p a s s a ge

O de 1 8 1 01 1 ‘
A nd e rro r ( l i n g) Thou k n owe s t n o t ,

For n eith er d o th it k n o w Th ee .

A nd ig no r a n c e II) appeared like du s t ,

A nd l i k e t h e s c u m of th e s e a ’
.

O de 3 8 6 ‘
A nd erro r fl ed a way befo re H i m,
A nd w o u ld n o t m eet H i m ’
.

W i t h the wh ole pa s s age c f Od e . 22 3 f

( where Ch ri s t i s repre s e n ted
as s pe a ki ng )
H e wh o s c attered My e nemie s
‘

A n d M y a dve r s a rie s ;
H e who g ave M e authori ty over b o n d s ,

Th at I m igh t lo o s e th em ;
H e that over t h rew by M y h a n d th e d rago n with s eve n head s ,

A n d s e t M e a t h i s root s that I m ight de s tr o y h i s s eed

Th ou was t there a nd d id s t h elp M e ;
A n d i n every pl a ce Thy n ame was r o u n d about M e
’

L a ter on in th e sa m e O de we re a d
‘
Th o u d i d s t br i ng Thy wor l d to cor rupti o n ,

Th a t everyth i n g might be di ss olved a nd re ne wed ,

A nd o n it Thou d id s t build Thy ki ng d om ;

A nd it became th e dwelli ng pl a ce o f the s ai nt s
’
-
.
1 66 APPEN DIX
For they tr a vailed fro m th e begi nn i ng ,

A nd the e n d of th ei r tr a v a il wa s li fe .

A nd every o n e o f th em that wa s d e fe c t ive peri s hed ;

Fo r it was no t permitted t o them t o m ak e a defe n ce fo r
’
th em s elve s th at they migh t remai n .

H arri s a n d M i nga ma compare a s omewhat s imi l a r pa s s age

Drs .

at th e begi n n i n g o f Ode 3 1
‘
Th e aby s s e s were d i s so lved befo re th e L o rd ;
A n d dark n e s s wa s de s troyed by H i s appeara n c e .

E rro r we n t a s tr ay
A n d di s appeared from H im ,

A nd ( for
as ) Fal s eho od I g a ve it
,
n o p a th ,

A nd it was s ub m erge d by the Truth of th e Lord

F o r that d eath ’
s de s tru c tio n wa s pl a n n ed
O de 1 5
9
Death hath bee n d e s tro yed befo re my fa ce ;
A nd S heol hath bee n a boli s h ed by my word .

’
And th ere hath go n e u p de a th le s s l ife i n th e Lord s
’
la n d .

Thu s ou r I g n ati a n ode appe a rs th rou ghou t t o be th o roughly in

k eepi n g with c o n ceptio ns co n tai ned i n th e O de s o f Solomo n .

R e rn i nzs eenees f th e j oh a nn i ne l i te r a tu re i n
'

3 . o th e
Od es f
o S ol o m o n .

Th e li s t i n cl ude s so m e poi n t s of c o nn ex io n with th e Apo c a lyp s e .

Ode 1 F o r I s hould n o t h ave

3
1 Jn 4 . W e love ( H im )
19 ‘
be
n ow n h o w to l ove th e Lo rd i f ,
c a u s e H e fi r s t love d u s

H e h a d n o t loved m e
A n d wh ere H i s re s t J n 1 4 Th a t wh ere I a m th e r e
3 ‘
O de 1 5 ‘
.
,

i s there a l s o a m I
,
y e m ay be al s o
O de 1 F or h e th a t i s joi n ed J Be c a u s e I live ye s h al l
8
n.
,

to H im th at i s imm o rtal will ,

l ive a l s o
h im s elf al s o b ec o me im mortal ;
a n d h e th a t hath plea s u re i n th e

Livi n g On e will be c o me l ivi ng

,
 APPEN DIX 1 67

Ode I “)
Th i s i s th e Spirit o f
‘
Cf . I ju .
4
’
the L o rd th a t d o th n o t l ie
,
.

Ode 7 H e be c a me l ike me
“ ‘
, J rr 1 .
“ ‘
And the Wo rd
th a t I m ight re c eive H im ; i n fle s h , and t a ber n a c led
fa s h i o n was h e reck o n ed l i ke us

me t h a t I m ight p u t H im o n
, Jn . 1 man y as r e
12
But as

c e i ve d H i m to them g a ve H e ,

p o wer t o bec o me th e s o n s o f
’
G od .

Pr ay a n d c o n ti nue Jn C o n ti nue ye My
‘
Ode 8 32
in
'
J
,
. 1
5
’
i n the love of th e Lord ; l o ve .

J n 1 5 A s th e F a th er h a th
9
Ye beloved o ne s i n th e ,
.
‘

Bel o ved l o ved M e so h a ve I loved you ,

A n d ye th a t are kept i n H i m Jn 1 7 Keep them i n Thy

“
.
,

that l ived n a me
3 1
11 . I h a ve kept them i n Thy
‘

n am e

Th a t Th o u s houlde s t keep
‘

’
them from th e evil (o n e )
J n 1 4 Be c au s e I live
1 9 ‘ ’
.

Ode A nd al l tho s e th a t
‘
Ap o c 3 H e th a t o vercometh
5
.

h ave overcome s h a ll be writte n I will i n n o wi s e bl o t h i s

n a m e out o f th e b o o k o f l ife
’
i n H i s book .

1 Jn 5
‘
O de 9 12
Fo r th ei r i ns cripti o n
‘
A nd th i s i s the vi c to ry
.
‘

i s the vi c t o ry wh i c h i s your s
,
th a t overcometh the wo rld eve n ,

o u r fa ith

Ode 1 0 I ( Ch ri s t ) took th e Jn I h a ve overcome th e

4 ‘ ‘
.

’
w o rld c a ptive world
J Th a t H e might gathe r
2 5
Ode 1 0 A n d th e n a ti o n s were
5 ‘ ‘

n 1 1 .

g a thered t o geth er a s o n e that together i n t o o n e th e c h ild re n of

were s cattered a broad G o d th a t are s c a ttered a br o ad
Ode I o A nd th e tra ce s o f the
6
Apo c 2 1 2
( Pe.s h ) A n d the 4
.
‘

light were s e t upo n th ei r h e a rt n a ti o n s th a t a re s a ved s h a ll w a lk

’
a n d they wal ked i n My l ife a n d by the light thereof .

were s aved ; a n d they be ca m e Ap o c 2 1 3 ‘

A nd they s h a ll be
.

’
M y people fo r eve r a nd ever H i s pe o ple s ( Pe s h pe o ple .
‘

Ap o c 1 1 1
Th e k i ngd o m of the
.
5 ‘

’
w o rld h as become ou r Lord s
1 68 APPEN DIX
’
a nd Ch ri s t s a nd H e s h a l l
H is ,

reig n for ever and ever

Ode ‘
A nd
th i ng a p no J n 1 0 I am th e door ; by M e
.
9 ‘

p e a r e d c l o s ed t o M e becau se ,
i f a ny e n ter i n h e s hal l be ,

’
I was th e d o o r o f eve ryth i ng ’
. s aved .

Ode O L o rd for th e s a k e
, Jn I l ff
.Th e W ord ‘ ’

o f them th a t a re defi c ie n t d o n o t ,
71 . A n d th e Light s hi n eth i n
5 ‘

deprive me of th e W ord Let the d a rk n e s s a nd the dark n e s s ,

’
n o t th e lum i n a ry be c o n quered o b s c u red it n o t

by the d a rk n e s s n o r let Truth ,

fl ee aw ay from fa l s eh o o d
Ode 2 2 ( C h ri s t s peak s ) H e
6
Apo c 1 2 A nd the re wa s s ee n
.
3 ‘

t h a t o verth rew by M y ha n d s th e a n other s ig n i n h eave n : an d ,

drago n with s eve n h e a d s a n d ,

beh o ld a great red d rago n , ,
’
s e t M e at h i s root s that I m ight h a vi ng s eve n h e a d s & c Cf , . .

de s troy h i s s eed th e wh ole ch a pter .

0
J Th ou woulde s t h ave
1 ‘
O de Fi ll ye w a te r for n 4 .

y o u r s elve s from th e l ivi n g fou n a s ked of H im a nd H e would ,

’
tai n of the L o rd fo r it h a th bee n h ave give n th ee livi ng w a ter .

o pe n ed t o you 71 .Th e water that I s h a ll give

h im s hall bec o m e i n him a fou n t
o f water fo r li fe eter n a l Cf .

J n 7 a s eme n ded o n p 1 1 0
38
. . .

J I f m th ir t let
‘
n n n s
A nd come all ye th irs ty a nd
, ,
. a y a ,

take a d ri nk a nd re s t by th e h i m c o m e u nto M e a n d d ri n k
,

fou ntai n o f th e Lord

J
3
O de 36 ( Ch ri s t s pe a k s ) A n d ‘
n . 1
9 ‘
Th a t wa s the true
alth ough a S o n o f Ma n I was ,
Ligh t ’
.

n amed th e Lu m i n a ry th e S o n ,

of G od
O de A n d H i s W ord wa s
‘
Jn .
‘
Th e W ord
with u s i n a l l ou r way eve n th e , Jn .
‘
Th a t giveth l ife to th e
’
Savi o u r wh o giveth li fe a nd d o th world .

n o t rej ect o u r s oul s H im that cometh t o M e

37 ‘
71 .

’
I wil l i n no wi s e c as t out .

O de 4 1
“ ‘
A nd l ight d aw n ed J n I n H im
. w as light a n d
‘
,

S o S in . a nd Cu r .
, om i t t i ng sp ri n g i n g u p ’
1 70 AP PEN DIX
’
a nd were s aved ; a nd they bec a me M y people for ever an d ever .

w a l la 00 9 1 0

w as “ ? p o op at L
)n )
\
»Q J oo . . M
a nd th ey sh al l be H i s ’
that are ved for ever a nd ever
‘
sa ’
.

people
Ap o c . 21 Ap o c 2 1 . Apoc . 1 1

We ice i n cide ntally that th e text of P e s h app ea rs t o be

not .

pre s uppo s ed i n Apoc 2 1 ( m a l l g n bv o wfop evwv W H om ) an d

2
.
4
z
’ '
. . .

A PC C 2 1 l m = Aa 69 a 57 0f W H M oi 7 0i}
3 ’ ’
. 1 1 . . . a 11

Th e s e th ree l i n e s of evide n ce take n togeth er fo rm a n a rgume nt

fo r the early d a te o f th e F o u rth G o s pel wh ich i s exceedi ngly
weighty S t I g natiu s writi n g i n A D 1 1 0 wa s th oroughly fa milia r
. .
,
. .
,

with th e Th eology o f J n a nd I J n a n d th ere fo re ( we m u s t s u rely

. .
,

i n fer) with th e docu me nt s th em s elve s H e a l s o appear s to h ave .

k n ow n th e O de s o f S o l o m o n a n d a t a ny rate quo te s a n ode wh ich

,

i s m a rked by th e s ame li n e s o f though t La s tly th e O de s o f .

,

Sol o mo n appear u n mi s takably to h ave k now n n o t m erely J n a nd .

1 Jn bu t a l s o th e Apocalyp s e Th e k n owledge o f t h e Apoc a lyp s e

.
,
.

s how n i n th e O de s i s perh a p s th e mo s t s u rpri s i n g fact of all .

I f I g n atiu s k n ew th e O de s t hey a re carried back i f n o t t o th e

, ,

fir s t c e n tu ry a t a ny rate to th e very beg i n ni ng o f the s eco n d

,
.

But if the Apo c alyp s e i s a s i s com mo n ly th o ught n o t e a rl ier th a n

, ,

th e la s t years o f Do m i t i an s reig n i e c A D 9 5 th ere s carcely

’
, . . . . .
,

s eem s s u ffi cie n t time fo r th e book t o have i n flue n c ed the Ode s ;

eve n whe n we m a ke full a llowa nce for th e fa ct s that i ntercou r s e

betwee n Eph e s u s an d A n tioch was e a sy a nd th a t th e Apocalyp s e ,

wa s p re c i s ely th e k i n d of work wh ich was l ik ely to gai n ready

circulatio n i n th e ea s t a nd to b e s peed ily u tiliz ed i n time o f
,

per s ecutio n Th i s di ffi culty s eem s h owever t o b e re s olved by

.
, ,

th e c o n s ider a tio n that the b o ok i f a s l a te a s Dom itia n i s ge n erally

, ,

a dmitted to embody mu ch e a rl ier eleme n t s ; a n d it m ay be from

the s e th a t the remi n i s ce n ce s i n th e Ode s are d rawn

Th e weak e s t s tr a n d i n ou r threefold c o rd i s u n d o ubted ly th a t
’
wh i c h po stul ate s I g natiu s s k n owledge of th e O de s o f S olomo n .

Though it wil l p robably be admitted u po n th e evide n ce addu c ed , ,

th at I g natiu s quote s a hym n l ike the O de s a nd though th e evide nce ,

th at h e was i ntere s ted i n hym nology a n d a ctu a lly k n ew s om e o f

 APPEN DIX 1 71

th e Ode s I s s u ffi c ie ntly s triki n g i t h as n o t bee n pr o ved th a t he ,

k n e w a l l the O de s o r th at they a re a l l by o n e h a n d a nd n o t ( like , ,

a m o der n hym n b o o k ) th e w o rk of d i ffere n t a uthor s a t v a riou s -

d a te s At pre s e nt h o wever the fact wh ich p ri nc ip a lly co ncer ns

.
, ,

u s i s I g na tiu s s k n o wledge o f t h e F o urth G o s pel which s eem s to

’

be pr o ved t o dem o ns tratio n Th e ma n n e r i n wh ich h e utilize s .

i t s te a chi ng s hows fu rthe r th at h i s acqu a i nta n ce with i t wa s n o t

m erely s uperfi c i a l but th at h e had a ss im ilated it th rough a fa m iliarity ,

exte n d i ng o ver m a ny years Th i s thoro ugh ly fa vou rs th e th e o ry .

o f the A n ti o che ne o rigi n o f th e Go s pel

*
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