Professional Documents
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Student Handbook
Student Handbook
* Mark of Schlumberger
Table of Contents
There is an expectation that you will be able to recognize the hazards associated with driving and
make the necessary changes to be a safe driver and achieve Crash-free driving. If other road users
do the wrong thing, it is better to give way and be safe, than be right and have the crash.
This course is aimed at giving you the knowledge and skills to;
• Recognize and respond to the hazards associated with driving
• Assess the risks associated with driving tasks
• Implement the appropriate driving initiatives to minimize this risk
The goals of Crash-Free Driving are to ensure that all Schlumberger drivers:
• Recognize and respect the risks and accept the responsibilities associated with driving
• Incorporate the concepts of Crash-Free Driving not only at work, but at home
• Actively implement Crash-Free Driving principles, not only as a driver but as a
passenger
• Commit to the continued reduction in vehicle crashes
Crash-Free Driving
Schlumberger is committed to the elimination of all losses due to driving incidents. Safe driving is
not just the knowledge and skill associated with driving; it is also about the behavior founded on the
attitude of the driver. The attitude of the driver is the single biggest influencing factor in the
implementation of Crash-Free Driving into driving tasks.
The Schlumberger Crash-Free Driving attitude can be summarized in three simple statements.
This attitude recognizes that there are far reaching consequences of a vehicle crash.
While we may never have a crash ourselves, the way we drive can place others at risk.
This policy is the basis of all other driving documents that are developed within Schlumberger.
DriveSMARRT
DriveSMARRT is aimed at getting drivers to recognize that it is not their driving skill that prevents
them from having a crash, but it is their ability to recognize a hazardous situation and make the
appropriate changes that will prevent them from having a crash. By learning to DriveSMARRT you
will be able to make these changes to your driving attitude. DriveSMARRT reflects the behavior
that Schlumberger wants you implement when driving.
To become a Crash-Free Driver you must be able to recognize hazards within the driving the
environment. To do this you must effectively observe and analyze your driving environment. There
are three (3) zones that you must be looking at when you are driving your vehicle. They are;
1. Green Zone
2. Yellow Zone
3. Red Zone
1. Green Zone
The Green Zone is the area that can be seen by the driver from 30 seconds in front of their vehicle
to the limits of their vision. This zone extends to the horizon or as far as you can see. A Crash-Free
Driver will always be able to detect hazards in this zone and it allows them enough time to make the
appropriate changes to their driving. This zone can be thought of as the Pro-Active Zone.
The Schlumberger DriveSMARRT Handbook p 5
2. Yellow Zone
The Yellow Zone is the zone that is 5 to 30 seconds in front of your vehicle. This zone allows the
driver to constantly scan for any changes to the driving environment that may have an impact on
them. If they observe any hazards in the Yellow Zone they still have enough time to make the
required changes to avoid a crash. This zone can be thought of as the Active Zone.
3. Red Zone
The zone that extends from the front of your vehicle to a point five (5) seconds in front of the
vehicle. This is the zone in which you must take immediate action to avoid a crash if a hazard
occurs. You only have a very short period of time to identify hazards and respond effectively to
avoid a crash. This zone can be thought of as the Reactive Zone. Don’t be a Red Zone driver
because these drivers do not look far enough ahead of the vehicle and they have a high likelihood
of being involved in a crash.
The Schlumberger DriveSMARRT Handbook p 6
Head-On Crash
By searching to the horizon you can recognize the risk of one of the deadliest types of crashes, the
head-on crash, before it occurs. Head-on crashes are devastating because of the combined speed
and energy of the vehicles. This greatly increases the injuries and damage caused by the crash.
Head-on crashes are commonly caused when drivers do not take enough care when overtaking
vehicles.
You normally focus only on what is happening in front of you when you are driving. As a Crash-Free
Driver you need to be aware of what is happening all around your vehicle. You need to observe and
understand what is in happening beside you, behind you, below you, and above you. You must be
able to view the entire driving environment clearly so that you can effectively adjust your driving to
suit this environment. If you can view the entire driving environment you can create a
SMARRTspace around your vehicle.
When anybody or anything comes into this SMARRTspace, you should quickly re-establish your
safe area by adjusting your speed and/or position on the road. With time, you should feel
uncomfortable when your SMARRTspace is threatened and move automatically to re-establish it.
The Schlumberger DriveSMARRT Handbook p 7
Following Space
Following space is the minimum distance that you must leave between your vehicle and the vehicle
in front so that you can safely avoid a rear end crash caused by traveling too close. Because
different vehicles and speeds require different distances and distance is hard to determine while
driving, the appropriate following space is measured in time. The space between your vehicle and
the one in front must be protected and you should work to maintain this SMARRTspace as it allows
you more time to act and take action in an emergency situation.
Timed-Interval
In the same period of time, the faster you go, the greater the distance traveled. If we determine a
safe following time, we create a safe space that allows for speed changes. By using time to
determine the following space, when we go slower the space is less and when we go faster the
space is greater.
The Schlumberger standard for Following Space is “one second for each three meters (ten feet) of
vehicle length plus two seconds for think/act time, under ideal conditions.” This would be two
seconds for a standard passenger vehicle (for an average car or pick-up) plus two additional
seconds under ideal driving conditions. So for this sized vehicle, you must follow a minimum of four
(4) seconds behind the vehicle in front of you to allow enough time (distance) to stop or take
effective evasive action.
Larger vehicles require a greater space to compensate for their greater mass and less efficient
braking system. So for them we increase the time. It would be six seconds following time in, for
example, a 12meter (forty foot) long truck, and more for longer units. Again, this is under ideal
conditions. Remember, as the length of the vehicle increases the following distance should also be
increased.
The Schlumberger DriveSMARRT Handbook p 8
One way that you can calculate this distance is to use roadside markers such as signposts and light
poles as a guide. As the rear of the vehicle in front of you passes a marker, start counting — one
thousand one, one thousand two, and so on until the front bumper of your vehicle passes the same
marker. If you have counted higher than one thousand four, you have created a safe following
distance.
If you count less than one thousand four you are too close and will not have enough time to act and
avoid a crash if the vehicle in front stops suddenly. You need to drop back to maintain a safe
following distance.
The Schlumberger DriveSMARRT Handbook p 9
Again, this simple formula applies under ideal driving conditions. – you need to extend the space, or
time, for poor conditions Some of the factors that will affect driving conditions are;
• Light conditions
• Weather conditions
• Road conditions
• Traffic conditions
• Driver reaction speed and fatigue levels
You must constantly work to maintain your SMARRTspace so that you achieve a safe distance
between your vehicle and vehicles following to avoid being hit from behind. You must check your
mirrors constantly for other road users, speeding vehicles or emergency vehicles and make the
appropriate changes to avoid a rear end crash.
Tailgaters are vehicles that follow too closely and they increase your risk of a rear-end crash. If
the vehicle behind is too close, increase the space between you and the vehicle in front of you so
that, when required, you can slow sooner and more gradually over a greater distance to
compensate for the vehicle behind. You will need to see, think and act for them.
Most tailgaters only want to get past you, so let them pass by slightly reducing your speed. DO NOT
apply your brakes lights to cause them to slow abruptly as you may cause a rear end crash.
Gradually adjust your speed and position on the road to encourage them to pass you if it is safe.
Stopping Distance
To fully understand the requirement for following space, you need to understand the concept of
stopping distance. This is the total distance that you will travel between the time you recognize the
need to stop and when your vehicle will be completely stopped. Total stopping distance is
comprised of two main elements:
• Reaction Distance – the distance traveled from when you perceive the need to stop to
when you have actually started to apply the vehicles brakes.
• Braking Distance – the distance traveled between the moments you apply the vehicle
brakes until the vehicle is completely stopped
The following diagrams display results when travelling in Miles per hour and Kilometers per hour
respectively:
The chart shown here illustrates the reaction time and distance required at various speeds. Note
how far you travel just in the time it takes to get off the accelerator and onto the brakes.
Stopping at Intersections
When you approach a traffic intersection, which requires you to stop, allow the vehicle to come to
a complete stop with a distance of one (1) vehicle length between you and the vehicle in front of
you. If another vehicle approaches at speed from the rear and is unable to stop in time you have
created a space where you can move forward to prevent or minimize the effect of a rear end crash.
If you are approaching a controlled intersection and you have not seen the signal turn to green, you
must assume that the signal will change before you get to the intersection. Any green traffic signal
that you have not seen turn green is called a “Steady Green” signal and you must anticipate that it
is going to change color.
The last point on the road where you think that you can safely stop your vehicle is called the “Point
of Decision”. If you pass the Point of Decision and the traffic signals change color you will have
to commit to moving through the intersection because you would not be able to safely stop your
The Schlumberger DriveSMARRT Handbook p 11
vehicle in time. If you brake hard, the vehicle behind may not be able to stop and may cause a rear
end crash with your vehicle.
Moving your eyes allows the driver to continuously search the driving environment for the
information that is required to track the many activities that are taking place so that you can
adjust your driving accordingly
Types of Vision
Humans have two (2) types of vision; a sharply focused central vision, and a much wider, but less
focused peripheral vision that is use to detect movement. Your peripheral vision is the area of
vision that surrounds your central vision and you must learn to react to movement in your peripheral
vision so that you can effectively use your central vision.
If you are not moving your eyes when you are driving, you tend to stare at one point in front of the
vehicle. A vigilant driver needs to constantly move their central vision every two (2) seconds to
ensure that all hazards are being identified. One of the first indicators of fatigue is when a driver
starts to stare at one spot in their vision.
The Schlumberger DriveSMARRT Handbook p 12
When you are moving your eyes, scan from side to side as you drive and include your mirrors so
that you can observe areas to the side and to the rear of the vehicle to ensure other vehicles don’t
impact on you’re SMARRTspace. Periodically check your gauges to monitor your speed and
vehicle performance.
Intersections
An intersection can be defined as any part of the roadway where there may be vehicles,
pedestrians, cyclists or other road users entering the roadway or crossing your path.
Always Move Your Eyes is particularly important when approaching an intersection. Intersections
are not always indicated by signs or traffic signals and are sometimes very hard to see. You need to
identify intersections in you’re Green Zone so that you can make the appropriate changes to safely
move through the intersection.
You must “read” the intersection. Reading the intersection means that you identify all of the
possible hazards in the intersection. These hazards could include;
• Any vehicles that may be in the intersection at the same time as you
• Buildings or signs that block your or another driver’s vision
• Traffic control devices that affect traffic flow
• The intentions of others drivers in the intersection
• The prevailing weather conditions
You must check the intersection in both directions before you enter. Pay particular attention to the
intentions of others as you approach the intersection. Make sure they are aware of your presence
and confirm that they have seen you. NEVER assume that they have seen you and that they will
stop.
When moving through intersections always look for a safe area that you can move into to avoid a
collision. By controlling your speed and pre-determining a safe run off area you have assessed
options that may prevent a crash from occurring.
Blind Spots
A blind spot is an area around a vehicle that cannot be seen with the vehicle mirrors. All vehicles
have blind spots and they tend to be bigger on larger vehicles. Blind spots are usually to the side of
the vehicle, but depending on the type of vehicle there may be blind spots in front of, and above and
to the rear of the vehicle.
The Schlumberger DriveSMARRT Handbook p 13
Whenever you change directions in a vehicle you must ensure that you check your blind spots.
This can be achieved by looking over your shoulder to visually clear the direction that they want to
move the vehicle. This allows the driver to be sure that there are no vehicles, including motorbikes
or cyclists or pedestrians that have moved into the blind spot area and that have not been seen in
the mirrors.
To be a Crash-Free Driver you must plan ahead and respond early to any
hazards within your driving environment. By Recognizing and Responding
early to any hazards you can reduce the likelihood of having a crash by
adjusting your speed and position on the road.
Distractions
There are many distractions that can take your attention away from the task of driving and
therefore your ability to respond. You must recognize these distractions and the effect that they
have on your driving, so that you can deal with them effectively.
• In-vehicle eg. radio/CD player, phones, eating, drinking, passengers and loose cargo.
• Outside vehicle eg. route problems, scenery and unfamiliar driving tasks.
• Driver eg. stress, fatigue, alcohol and drugs.
The Schlumberger DriveSMARRT Handbook p 14
Adverse Conditions
There are six adverse conditions that affect ideal driving. They are:
• Light conditions
o Too much
o Too little
• Weather conditions
o Visibility
o Temperature
• Road conditions
o Surface type
o Surface condition
o Traction related issues
o Vehicle control issues, i.e. rough roads
• Traffic conditions
o Pedestrians
o Animals
o Density
o Regional attitudes/culture
o Speed
• Vehicle conditions
o Vehicle maintenance - Two most important aspects of vehicle control – the
ability to steer and the ability to stop; to be in control, the vehicle must respond
the way you want it to, when you want it to
o Vehicle selection – fit-for-purpose
• Driver conditions
o Greatest issue as drivers make all decisions on above conditions
• Effected by:
o Knowledge
o Attitude
o Competence
o Ambient conditions
o Current vehicle
• Fatigue
• Alcohol/drugs
• Mental distractions
Anywhere another vehicle can cross your path is considered an intersection and you must
recognize and respond accordingly.
As you approach it, you must identify all of the possible hazards that may impact on your movement
through the intersection. These hazards could include:
• Any vehicles that may be in the intersection at the same time as you
• Buildings or signs that block your or another driver’s vision
• Traffic control devices that effect traffic flow
The Schlumberger DriveSMARRT Handbook p 15
• The intentions of others drivers in the intersection are all factors that you must read and
understand at every intersection
• The prevailing weather conditions
You must check left, right, left or right, left, right (depending on the country that you are in)
continually as you approach and enter into the intersection.
Whenever you approach an intersection that is controlled by traffic signals, always look for the
traffic signal color in your Green Zone. If you are approaching an intersection and you have not
seen the signal change to green, you must assume that the signal will change color before you
reach the intersection. Any green traffic signal that you have not seen turn green is called a
“Steady or Stale Green” signal.
When you are approaching the intersection you will have to decide the point at which you can
safely stop your vehicle if the traffic signal changes color. The last point on the road where you
think that you can safely stop your vehicle is called the “Point of Decision”. After the Point of
Decision if the traffic signals change color you will have to commit to continuing through the
intersection, as you would not be able to safely stop your vehicle in time if you were to brake.
Once you have crossed your Point of Decision you should continue through the intersection. If you
are indecisive or change your decision before you reach the intersection, you may cause a crash.
Reversing Vehicles
Reversing a vehicle can be a potentially dangerous maneuver. There is a significant risk of causing
injury, damage and even death. Reduced visibility may prevent you from seeing objects such as;
• Children
• Pedestrians
• Other vehicles
• Fixed objects
• Pets
The following ten (10) precautions or safety tips should be followed every time you reverse a
Schlumberger vehicle, no matter what type and size the vehicle is.
One way to be seen by other road users is to use your headlights. In accordance with
Schlumberger’s Journey Management and Driving Standard you must turn your headlights on
whenever you are driving a vehicle, even during daylight hours. This includes your tail and side
marker lights. The only time that you do not turn on your headlights is when it is against the local
road rules.
Horns and turn signals are also effective communication devices. Turn signals are another form of
communication. NEVER assume a driver is going to turn because their turn signal is flashing – look
for other evidence that they are turning like change of speed and lane position.
Also, NEVER assume that another driver knows you are present or that they, for example have
seen your turning signal. You can only be sure that other road users have seen you if they respond
to your communication – look for feedback or evidence; a smile, hand wave, face-to-face contact,
they speed up or slow down or possibly do neither, they change lanes, etc.
If you are unsure that the other road user has seen you, do not proceed until you are sure.
Overtaking is a hazardous driving task. Overtaking another vehicle can place you in the direct path
of oncoming traffic at potentially very high speeds. You should always question the need to
overtake a vehicle before starting the overtaking move.
• Is it safe?
• Is there enough space to complete the maneuver?
• Does my vehicle have the required acceleration and handling capabilities?
• Is it legal to overtake here?
Fatigue is a personal experience as it has different effects on individuals even though they may
have been placed under the similar environmental conditions. As a result fatigue is very hard to
measure because people feel fatigue in different ways.
Some of the more common indicators of driver fatigue are;
• Loss of concentration
• Felling tired
• Yawning
• Not remembering the last 5 minutes of the journey
• Slow reaction time
• Irritability and restlessness
Your level of fatigue directly affects your level of alertness. As a Crash-Free Driver you need to be
adequately rested before you undertake any journey to reduce the likelihood of having a crash. And
you should never drive vehicles under the influence of alcohol, so to, you should never drive a
vehicle if you feel fatigued.
Alertness
Alertness is about the body’s ability to respond and operate effectively. Our alertness levels are
influenced by factors such as previous rest, sunlight, meals, physical activity and external stimuli.
Factors such as shift work, long working hours and the home environment can influence our
alertness levels as we are working against our natural body clock requirements. Driving a vehicle
on a long journey can have a dramatic affect on our alertness levels, therefore we have to be able
to recognize when our alertness levels are dropping.
Fatigue Management
There are many ways that we can reduce or minimize the effects of fatigue. These include;
When you are on a long journey take regular rest breaks to help prevent fatigue. It is recommended
that you stop every two hours for at least 15 minutes to refresh and prepare yourself for the
remainder of the journey.
Whenever you first get into a vehicle you need to consider and adjust your driving position in
relation to the controls, safety systems and the vehicle instruments. You may also need to adjust
your mirror position.
The seatbelt is to be worn over the shoulder and it is to be pulled comfortably tight over the pelvis
region of the body. The seat belt should not be twisted and should lay flat over your body at all
times – there should be no twists in the belt. When the seatbelt is positioned low and flat it
maximizes the restraint of the driver during a crash.
As a condition of employment, all employees and contractors must wear seatbelts at all times
when driving a vehicle and they must ensure that all other vehicle occupants are also wearing
seatbelts.
Vehicle Passengers
A Crash-Free Driver has the responsibility to ensure that any other vehicle occupants are wearing
seatbelts and all other required safety equipment so that they will minimize any injury in the event of
an accident.
If you are traveling with infants ensure that they are secured in an approved safety capsule that is
aligned correctly and secured using the approved attachment points. All capsules must be aligned
so that the restraint devices will operate as designed and not cause further injury in the event of a
crash. If you are traveling with young children that do not fit correctly into a seatbelt, use a
“booster” type seat to bring them to a height that will ensure that the restraint device operates
effectively and will not cause further injury.
The Schlumberger DriveSMARRT Handbook p 21
• Assignment of Equipment and Personnel – right vehicle and right driver for the job.
• 16-Hour Rule – are the drivers alert and ready to go … and to return?
• Night Driving/Low Visibility Conditions – should we be driving, what is the best speed?
• Vehicle Safety Equipment – is it fit for the expected situations, present and in good
working condition?
The Global Driving Assessment (GDA) is a universal assessment form used by Schlumberger
throughout the world. It is divided into three (3) areas. They are;
1. Pre-Trip Inspection
2. Skills Assessment
3. Commentary Drive
Pre-Trip Inspection
Before you commence any journey in a Schlumberger vehicle you must determine that the vehicle
is safe to drive and is in satisfactory mechanical condition to complete the journey. To ensure this
you need to conduct a pre drive inspection of the vehicle. This is a comprehensive check of all of
the safety components and major mechanical components of the vehicle.
The Schlumberger DriveSMARRT Handbook p 22
Skills Assessment
The Driving Skills Assessment is conducted to assess your vehicle control skills. It allows the
trainer to assess your understanding of the Crash-Free Driving techniques and your ability to
safely drive a vehicle in different driving situations.
Commentary Drive
The commentary drive is, as the name suggests, a journey where you talk as you are driving. This
provides the driver the opportunity to communicate to the assessor what they recognize to be
hazards in the driving environment and what they must do to deal with them safely. It is a critical
component of the Crash-Free Driving program. The driver provides a verbal picture of what they
are seeing in the driving environment and how they should respond which allows the
assessor/trainer to provide the appropriate feedback. This type of assessment allows the trainer to
determine if the participant has attained the required level of knowledge, skill and behaviour to be
deemed competent as a safe Schlumberger driver.
The five assessment areas are based on the five components of DriveSMARRT that are discussed
in detail during the DriveSMARRT training sessions.
The Schlumberger DriveSMARRT Handbook p 23
This page is designed to be perforated for completion, removal and insertion in employee’s file
I hereby acknowledge that I have received training in the Schlumberger DriveSMARRT system and
that I will actively participate in achieving Crash-Free Driving in the following ways:
• Recognizing and respecting the risks and accepting the responsibilities associated with
driving;
• Incorporating the concepts of Crash-Free Driving not only at work, but at home;
• Actively implementing Crash-Free Driving principles, not only as a driver but as a passenger;
and
I agree to intervene and provide coaching when safe practices are not being followed.
Schlumberger
© Copyright January, 2005
QHSE-5001