]p\¿P-∑-k-¶-ev]hpw

]c-tem-I-hn-izmkw

ssiJv apl-ΩZv Imc-Ip∂v

{]km-[\w

Ub-temKv sk‚¿, tIcf

hnX-cWw
Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukv
tImgn-t°mSv, Xncp-h\
- ¥
- ]
- p-cw, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, Xriq¿
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw

]p\¿P-∑-k-¶¬]hpw
]c-temI hnizm-khpw
ssZthm-t{]m-‡-amb aXw F∂pw Fhn-sSbpw GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bnepw
]c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-amWv. hn{K-lm-cm-[-\bpw ]p\¿P-
∑-k-¶¬]hpw AXn¬\n-∂p≈ hyXn-bm-\-amWv. F∂m¬, ]p\¿P-∑-hm-
Z-°m¿ CXw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂n√. ]p\¿P∑ k¶¬]-am-bn-cp∂p AXn-]p-cm-X-
\-sa∂w ]c-tem-I-hn-izmkw tbip-hn\p tij-amWv skan-ÃnIv aX-߃
AwKo- I - c n- ® - s X- ∂ p- a mWv Ah¿ Ah- I m- i - s ∏- S p- ∂ Xv . ]p\¿P- ∑ - k -
¶¬]sØ \ymbo-I-cn®pw CXc ac-Wm-\-¥c hnizm-k-ßsf hna¿in®pw
Fgp-X-s∏´ Hcp IrXn-bn-emWv kzman At`-Zm-\-µs‚ "]p\¿P∑w.' AXn¬
]d-bp-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v ]pcm-X-{Ko-knepw C‰-en-bnepw CuPn-]vXnepw C¥y-
bnepw t]¿jy-bn-ep-sa√mw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xv ]p\¿P∑ k¶-ev]-amWv.
(hnh¿Ø\w. {]^. F. ]fl-\m-`-°p-dp∏v, amXr-`qan {]n‚nwKv B‚ v ]ªn-
jnwKv Iº\n en. ]pdw: 9˛14).
Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew apX¬ Xs∂ temIØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xv GtXm
Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw ]p\-cp-∞m\ kn≤m-¥-hp-am-bn-cp∂p.
a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS Ncn{Xw Ipdn-®n-´-h¿ C°mcyw {]tXyIw tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p≠v. DØc {]mNo\ inem-Z-i-bnse kaq-lsØ kw_-‘n®v
sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: '"Ah¿ ih-kw-kvIm-c-I¿a-߃
]q¿∆-h¿K-ß-tf-°m-f-[nIw hnkvX-cn®p \SØn. ih-i-co-c-Øn¬ Nph∂
Nmbw tX®v Bbp-[-ßfpw B`-c-W-ßfpw `£-W-km-[-\-ßfpw IqsS-
sh®v ad-hp-sNbvXp. Ch-sb√mw Cl-tem-IsØ t]mse ]c-tem-IØpw
D]-I-cn-°p-sa-∂-h¿ hniz-kn-®n-cn-I-IWw.'"(temN-cn{Xw hmfyw˛1]pdw: 42).
{]mKvN-cn-{X-a-\p-jy-s\-°p-dn®v sPbnwkv FUvKm¿ skzbv≥ Fgp-
Xp∂p: '"]c-tem-I-tØ-°p≈ bm{Xbv°v Bflm-hns\ k÷-am-°p-∂-Xn-
\p-th-≠n-bp≈ hn]p-e-ß-fmb NS-ßp-Iƒ ih-kw-kvIm-c-{In-b-I-fn¬
A¥¿`-hn-®n-cp∂p.'' (temI \mK-cn-IX - I
- f
- psS Ncn{Xw. ae-bmfw ]cn-`mj,
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v. t]Pv: 50)
{]mNo\ CuPn-]vXp-Im-sc-°p-dn®v At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p: '"Ah¿ Bflm-
hns‚ ]c-tem-I-bm-{Xbv°v Aan-X-{]m-[m\yw sImSp-Øp-h∂p. F√m Xc-
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
Øn-ep≈ Xn∑-I-sfbpw t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp-sa∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn®p. tam£w
kn≤n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Htc Hcp hgn Pme-hn-Zybpw kq{X-{]-tbm-Khpw ]ptcm-
ln-X≥am-cpsS \n¿t±-i-ßfpw Bbn-cp∂p. At∏mƒ Ah-ti-jn-®n-´p≈
CuPn-]vjy≥ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `qcn-`m-Khpw ]ptcm-ln-X≥am-cpsS CØcw
B⁄-Ifpw \n¿t±-i-ß-fp-amWv. acn® Bfns‚ Bflmhv, Hcp Zo¿L-
bm-{X-bv°p-tijw kXy-Øn¬ Xf-Øn¬ sN√p∂p. A¥n-a-amb hn[n
{]Jym-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ahn-sS-bmWv. \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v AhnsS sN√p-
tºmƒ Bflmhv ]d-tb-≠Xv, '"Ahn-SpsØ apºn¬ ]m]-kv]¿i-an-√msX
Rm≥ h∂n-cn-°p∂p. tZh≥amsc F¥p-sIm≠v Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Ømtam
AsXms° Rm≥ sNbvXn-´p≠v. Rm≥ sIm∂n-´n√. ]nSn-®p-]-dn-®n-´n√.
Iem]w Cf-°n-hn-´n-´n√. I≈w ]d-™n-´n√, tZjy-s∏-´n-´n√, hy`n-N-cn-®n-
´n√...Rm≥ hni-°p-∂-h¿°v Blmcw sImSp-Øn-´p≠v, \·¿°v hkv{Xw
\¬In-bn-´p≠v, tam£m¿∞n-bmb Bflmhv Bfl-ssÿ-cy-tØmSpw DØ-
a-t_m-[y-tØmSpw IqSn CXp ]d-bp-∂] - £w ssZh-hp-ambn kmflyw {]m]n-
°p-hm≥ DS-s\-Xs∂ Abmsf AI-tØ°v IS-Øn-hn-Sp-∂Xpw Ipfn¿Im‰v
hoip-Ibpw a\p-jy-tc-°mƒ Db-c-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-amb [m\y-
hn-f-Iƒ D≈Xpw B\-µ-\n¿`-c-hp-amb kz¿K-Øn¬ \nXy-Po-hnXw \bn-
°p-∂-Xn\v Abmsf A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-amWv. Abmƒ Ip‰-°m-c-\m-sW∂p
ImWp-∂-]£w hngp-ßp-hm≥ Hcp-ßn-\n¬°p∂ `oI-c-P-¥p-°ƒ\n-d™
\mi-Øns‚ ]Sp-Ip-gn-bn-te°v B \n¿`m-Ky-hm-\mb Cc Fdn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNøp∂p.'"(AtX ]pkvXIw: t]Pv. 80)
ac-Wm-\-¥cw Bflmhv `qan-bn-te°v aS-ßp-sa∂v hniz-kn-®n-cp∂
{]m‡\ kaq-l-߃ Ah a‰p Pohn-I-fmtbm a\p-jy-cmtbm P\n-°p-sa-
∂√; arX-ic - o-cØ
- n-tet°m {]Xn-aI
- f
- n-tet°m Hs° Xncn®p hcp-sa-∂mWv
hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vjy≥ kaq-lsØ kw_-‘n®v
sPbnwkv FUvKm¿ skzbv≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: '"acn-®-h¿ Htc kabw Xs∂
`qan-bnepw kz¿§-Ønepw hnNn-{X-amb Hcp Cc´ PohnXw \bn-®p-h-cp-∂-
Xmbn Ah¿ hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. ac-Wm-\-¥cw `qan-bnse PohnXw kpkm-
[y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv arX-tZlw kwc-£n-®p-h-∂Xv'' (AtX ]pkvXIw
t]Pv: 79)
CuPn-b≥amsc kw_-‘n®v {]^. ]n.Fkv. them-bp-[≥ FgpXn:
'"CuPn-b≥ aX-Øn¬ ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-Øn\v ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
AXn-\m¬ CuPn-b≥am¿ CuPn-]vXp-Im-sc-t∏m-se-Xs∂ arX-tZ-l-Øns‚
IqsS `£-W-]m-\o-b-߃, hnf-°p-Iƒ, £uc-°-Øn-Iƒ, apJ-°-Æm-Sn-
Iƒ, ]tc-Xs‚ kpJ-ku-I-cy-߃°p≈ a‰p-]-I-c-W-߃ apX-em-bh
kwkvIc - n-°p∂ ]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.'' (temI Ncn{Xw. tIc-f`- mjm C≥Ãn-
‰yq´v H∂mw `mKw, ]Ømw ]Xn∏v t]Pv. 54).
sshZnI `mc-X-Øn¬
thZ-Ime C¥y-bnepw ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ]c-temI
hnizm-k-amWv kaq-lsØ kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂Xv. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥
C°m-cy-an-ßs\ hy‡-am-°p∂p: '"ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-sØ-∏‰n Ah¿°
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
{]tXy-I-amb kn≤m-¥-ß-sfm∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F¶nepw kz¿§w,
\cIw F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nne Ahy‡ [mc-W-I-fn¬\n∂v Nn¥m-]-c-
amb a\- p-Iƒ°v Hgn-™p-am-dp-hm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂n√. ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m-
¥-߃ At∏mgpw hnZq-c-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. ac-W-tØmsS F√mw Ah-km-
\n-°n-s√∂ Dd∏v sshZnI Bcy≥am¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. cm{Xn-°p-tijw
]I¬: ac-W-Øn-\p-tijw PohnXw, Hcn-bv°-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Pohn-Iƒ
]n∂oSv Xosc C√m-Xm-hpI km[y-a√. Ah¿ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw, Hcp ]t£,
ba≥ `cn-°p∂ AkvX-a-b-kq-cys‚ km{am-Py-Øn¬, \ne-\n¬°Ww.''
(`mc-Xo-b-Z¿i\w hmfyw ˛1 t]Pv: 91˛92).
'"\mw tZh-X-Isf Bcm-[n-®n-s√-¶n¬ \ap°v F¥p kw`-hn-°p∂p
F∂ tNmZyw ChnsS DZn-°p∂p. kz¿K-Øn\v FXn¿h-iØv kZm-Nm-c-
Øn\v \nc-°mØ ]m]-߃ sNbvX-h¿°pw tZh-X-I-fn¬ hniz-kn-°mØ
\mkv X n- I ≥am¿°p- a mbn \cIw F∂ thdn- s ´m- c n- S - a pt≠m? ]pWy-
hm≥am¿°pw \√-h¿°p-ap-≈-XmWv kz¿§-sa-¶n¬ ZpjvS-_p-≤n-Isf ac-
W-tØmsS Xosc C√m-Xm-°p-hmt\m kz¿§-Øn-se-Øn-°p-hmt\m km[y-
a-√t√m. Aßs\ Hcp \cIw Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp∂p. hcp-W≥ ]m]n-Isf
ASn-bn-ep≈ A‘-Im-cm-hr-X-amb AKm-[-X-I-fn-te°v X≈n-bn-Sp-∂-Xmbn
thZ-ßf - n¬ ]d-bp-∂p≠v. Ahn-sS-\n∂v Db¿∂p-hc
- m≥ Ah¿°v Hcn-°epw
km[y-a√. Bcm-[I - s\ t{Zmln-°p∂ a\p-jys\ Xmsg-bp≈ Xa- n-te°v
X≈n-bn-Sp-hm≥ C{µ-t\mSv Ejn {]m¿∞n-°p∂p. Cu Ccp-f-S™ Bg-
Øn¬hoWv A{]-Xy-£-\m-hp-I-bmWv ]m]n-bpsS hn[n F∂p tXm∂p∂p.
]n¬°m-e-Øp≈ ]pcm-W-ß-fnse \c-I-Øn-s‚bpw AXnse Nne ]nU-
I-fp-sSbpw hnIr-X-k-¶¬]-߃ Cu L´-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-°-gn-™n-´n√.
[¿an-jvT≥am¿°v kz¿§hpw A[m¿an-I¿°v \c-Ihpw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
\nbaw. kZm-Nm-c-Øn\v kΩm\w e`n°pw. Zpcm-Nm-c-Øn\v in£bpw''
(AtX ]pkvXIw t]Pv: 93).
hnNn-{X-amb hymJym-\-߃
I¿a-^-e-a-\p-k-cn®v a\p-jy¿ arKhpw arKw a\p-jy-\p-sam-s°-bmbn
amdp-sa-∂mWv ]p\¿P-∑-k-¶¬]w kn≤m-¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ ]cn-Wm-
a-kn-≤m-¥-hp-ambn ]p\¿P∑ k¶¬∏sØ s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥ {ian-
°p∂ B[p-\nI hymJym-Xm-°ƒ a\p-jy≥ arK-ambn ]p\¿P-\n-°p-sa∂
Bi-bsØ Xo¿Øpw \ntj-[n-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv. kzman At`-Zm-\-
µ≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: '"lnµp-°-fpsS ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m¥w a\p-jym-flm-°-fpsS
ico-c-Øn-te-°p≈ Xncn-®p-t]m-°ns\ \ncm-I-cn-°p∂p. \mw arK-Øns‚
Xs∂ ico-c-Øn¬\n∂v ]cn-Wma {]{In-b-bn-eqsS IS¬ IS∂v Cu \ne-
bn-se-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. C\n arK-i-co-c-Øn-te-°p-Xs∂ aS-ßp-∂-sX-¥n\v?
a\p-jym-flm-°ƒ ac-Wm-\¥ - cw ZpjvI¿a-ßf- psS ^e-a\
- p-`h
- n-°m≥ th≠n
I¿a-\n-b-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn arK-i-co-c-ß-fn-te°v A[x-]-Xn-°p-∂p-sh∂v
hniz-kn-°p∂ A⁄-cmb Hcp hn`mKw lnµp-°ƒ C¥y-bn-ep-s≠-∂Xv
bmYm¿∞y-amWv. lnµp-°-fpsS Nne aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ a\p-jym-flm-°ƒ
ac-Wm-\-¥cw arK-{]-Ir-Xn-bn-te°v A[x-]-Xn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWn-°p∂
`mK-߃ Ds≠-¶nepw Ahbv°v a\p-jym-flm-°ƒ arK-i-co-c-sa-Sp-°p-∂p-
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
sh∂v A¿Yw I¬]n-t°-≠-Xn√. a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-en-cp-∂p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
Ah arKo-b-Po-hnXw \bn-°p-∂p-sht∂ AXn-\¿Y-ap≈q. \Ωp-sS-bn-S-
bn¬Xs∂ ]q®-I-sf-t∏m-sebpw \mbv°-sf-t∏m-sebpw ]mºp-I-sf-t∏m-
sebpw a‰p-ap≈ \nIr-jvS-Po-hnXw \bn-°p-∂-hsc \mw ImWm-dp-≠t√m.
Ah-c-[n-Ihpw icn-bmb ]q®-I-tf-°mfpw \mbv°-sf-°mfpw ]mºp-I-sf-
°mfpw IqSp-X¬ \nIr-jvS-cm-bn-cn°pw. Ah¿ imco-cn-I-ambn a\p-jy-sc-
t∏m-se-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa-¶nepw kz¥w arK-{]-Ir-Xnsb {]Im-in-∏n-®p-sIm≠v
kz¥w I¿a-^ew A\p-`h - n-°p-Ib - m-sW-∂p-thWw Icp-Xm≥.'' (]p\¿P∑w
t]Pv: 92)
{KŸ-]-cn-Nbw \n¿h-ln® hnZym-hm-N-kv]Xn hn. ]t\mfn Fgp-Xp∂p:
'"]cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m¥w km¿Y-I-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ ]p\¿P∑ kn≤m-¥sØ
AwKo-I-cnt® ]‰q F∂v kzman-Iƒ Cu IrXn-bn¬ kbq-‡nIw sXfn-bn-
®n-cn-°p∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w ]mc-ºc - y-kn-≤m-¥Ø
- n-s‚bpw Abp-‡n-IX - bpw
πmt‰m-hns‚ tZlm-¥-c-{]m]vXn hnizm-k-Øns‚ sshI-eyhpw CXn¬
bp‡n-bp‡w ka¿∞n-®n-´p≠v. am{X-a√, \c-P∑w In´n-bm¬ ]n∂oSv
sNbvX \nIr-jvS-hr-Øn-Iƒ tlXp-hmbn ho≠pw arK-ambn P\n-°p-∂p-
sh∂ A`n-{]m-b-sØbpw kzman-Iƒ CXn¬ Jfin-®n-cn-°p∂p. a\p-jy-
\mbn Hcn-°¬ P\n-®p-I-gn-™m¬ ho≠pw arK-ambn P\n-°p-∂n-s√∂pw
a\p-jy-cq-]-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv ho≠pw P\n-°p-∂-sX-∂p-amWv kzman-I-
fpsS \nK-a\w. ]t£, Hcp hyXymkw am{Xw˛AØ-c-°m¿ tIhew a\p-
jy-ar-K-ß-fmbn Pohn-°p∂p. a\p-jy-cpsS CS-bn¬Xs∂ izm°-sfbpw
am¿Pm-c≥am-scbpw k¿∏-ß-sfbpw \mw ImWp-∂nt√ F∂v kzman-Iƒ
tNmZn-°p∂p. Hcp-Ø-c-ta-bp≈q˛bYm¿∞ izm°ƒ, am¿Pm-c≥am¿, k¿∏-
߃, F∂n-h-sb-°mƒ \nIrjvS Pohn-X-amWv AØ-c-°m¿ \bn-°p-∂-
sX-∂p-am{Xw. bp‡n-k-lhpw Atß-b‰w imkv{Xo-b-amb Cu \nK-a-\-
߃ \ap°v DtØ-P\w \¬Ip-∂nt√? (ibid t]Pv: 11).
Xo¿Øpw Ir{Xn-ahpw hnNn-{X-hp-amb hymJym-\-amWv ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Z-
Øn\v kzman At`-Zm-\-µ\pw ]t\m-fn-bp-an-hnsS \¬Ip-∂Xv. CØ-c-samcp
hni-Zo-Ic
- W
- Ø
- n-\p≈ ]gp-Xp-t]mepw sslµh aX-{K-Ÿß - f
- n-se-hn-sSbpw
ImWpI km[y-a√. F∂√, Ah-bnse ]cm-a¿i-߃ CØcw hymJym-
\-߃°v Hcp \nebv°pw hg-ßp-∂-h-b√.
{_m“-W-ß-fn¬ ]c-temI hnizm-k-am-Wt√m D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. D]-
\n-j-Øp-°-fpsS Ime-Øm-WXv ]p\¿P-∑-ambn ]cn-W-an-®Xv. tUm.Fkv.
cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Cu hkvXpX Cßs\ hy‡-am-°p∂p: '"{_m“Ww
ASpØ temI-Ønte P\-\a - c
- W
- ß - ƒ \S-°p-∂X - mbn kzoI-cn-°p-∂p≈q.
D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-em-b-t∏mƒ B hnizmkw Cu temI-Øn\v ]p\¿P-∑-
sa∂ hnizm-k-{]-am-W-am-bn-amdn.'' (`mc-Xob Z¿i\w hmeyw: 1 t]Pv. 224).
]p\¿P-∑sØ hni-Z-ambn hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv Omtµm-tKym-]-\n-j-ØmWv.
AXv Cu hn[-as{X. '"XZvb Cl ca-Wn-b-N-cWm A`ymtim l btØ
ca-Wobmw tbm\n-am-]-tZy-c≥, {_m“-W-tbm\nw hm £{Xn-b-tbm\nw hm
sshiy-tbm\nw hm. AY b Cl I]q-b-N-cWm A`ymtim lbmtØ
I]pbmw tbm\n-am-]-tZy-c≥, iztbm\nw hm kpI-c-tbm\nw Nfime
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
tbm\nw hm'' ˛ A[ymbw: 5, Jfi: 10, t«mIw: 7 ˛(Ah-cn¬ k¬°¿Ω-
߃ sNøp-∂-htcm Ah¿ thKw Xs∂ DØ-a-tbm-\n-I-fn¬sN∂p
tNcp∂p. {_m“W tbm\n-bntem £{Xn-b-tbm-\n-bntem FØn-t®-cp∂p.
AXp-t]mse Aip-`-Nm-c≥amtcm Ah¿ Aip-`-tbm-\nsb {]th-in-°p∂p.
]´n-bpsS tbm\n-sbtbm ]∂n-bpsS tbm\n-sbtbm Nfim-es‚ tbm\n-
sbtbm {]m]n-°p∂p).
ChnsS Omtµm-tKym-]-\n-jØv ]d-bp-∂Xv Aip-`-I¿an-Iƒ Ipc-ß-
s‚tbm ]´n-bp-sStbm ]∂n-bp-sStbm {]Ir-X-tØmsS P\n-°p-sa-∂mWv.
]´nbpw ]∂nbpw a\p-jy-°p-™p-ß-sf-b-e-√t√m {]k-hn-°pI.
]p\¿P-∑-k-¶¬]w ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-hp-ambn CW-ßp-∂Xpw imkv{Xo-
b-hp-am-sW∂v hcp-Øm-\mbn hnNn-{X-amb ]e hmZ-ßfpw ]p\¿P-∑-kn-
≤m-¥-Øns‚ h‡m-°ƒ apt∂m-´p-sh-bv°p-∂p≠v. kzman At`-Zm-\-µ≥
Fgp-Xp∂p: '"sslµh kn≤m-¥a - \- p-kc
- n®v ico-cß
- ƒ Bflm-°sf kzoI-
cn-°m≥ ap≥Iq-´n-Xs∂ ImØp-\n¬°p-∂n√. {]XypX, Bflm-°ƒ Xß-
fpsS kz`mh {]h-W-X-Iƒ°-\p-kr-X-ambn, ]cn-Wma kn≤m-¥-Øn-\p-hn-
t[-b-ambn ÿqe `uXnI ico-c-߃ \n¿an-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv. Hcp
Poh-_oPw tImi-hn-`-P\w, kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ kmflo-I-cWw,
hf¿® F∂nh hgn hnImkw {]m]n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse a\p-jym-flm-hns‚
tImi-am-hs´ `uXn-IX - e
- sØ `cn-°p∂ \nb-aß - ƒ°-\p-kc - n®v ico-csØ
\n¿an-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv.'' (]p\¿P∑w, t]Pv: 89).
]cn-Wma kn≤m-¥-Øn\v A\n-tj-[ytam imkv{Xo-b-ambn sXfn-bn-
°-s∏-´tXm Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´tXm A√. AXn\v \nin-X-
amb hna¿i-\-߃°pw tNmZyw-sN-ø-ep-Iƒ°pw hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-
cn-°p-I-bmWv. F∂m¬ ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ ]cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m-¥sØ A\n-
tj-[y-sa∂ \ne-bn-ew-Ko-I-cn®v Xß-fpsS hmZw AXp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-sW∂v hcp-Øm-\mWv hy{KX ImWn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\mbn
hy{KX ImWn-°p-∂Xv AXn-\mbn Bflm-hn\v tImi-ap-s≠∂v t]mepw
Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂p. tImiw ]Zm¿∞-\n-jvTa - m-Wt√m. At∏mƒ Bflmhpw
]Zm¿∞-\n-jvTa - mtWm? tImi-ßf - p-≈h hn`-Pn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xv kpk-ΩX - hpw
kphn-Zn-X-hp-as{X. Bflm-hn\v tImi-ap-s≠-¶n¬ AXpw hn`-Pn-°-s∏-tS-
≠-Xt√? F¶n¬ Hcm-flmhv ]e-Xmbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏´v ]e-Xn-s\bpw D¬]m-
Zn-∏n-t°-≠-Xt√?
hr£-Øns‚ hnØpw Pohm-flmhpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-sW∂ ho£-W-
amWv ]p\¿P-∑h - m-Zn-Iƒ ka¿∏n-°p-∂Xv. '"Cu Poh-_o-Pß - f - n¬ {]mW≥,
C{µn-b-i-‡n-Iƒ, Bflo-b-i-‡n-Iƒ, PU-Øns‚ _mjv]-cq-]n-bmb
AWp-°¬ F∂nh A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-´p≠v. ac-W-k-a-bØv Pohm-flmhv
kt¶m-Nn®v C{µn-b-ß-fn¬\n∂v ka-kvX-i-‡n-I-sfbpw D≈n-ep≈ tI{µ-
Øn-te°v ]n≥h-en-°p-Ibpw B kq£va-cq-]-Øn¬ AXv ico-csØ ho´p-
t]m-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Cu i‡n-I-sfm∂pw Bflm-hns\ hn´p-t]m-Ip-
∂n√. AXns‚ ]p\x-{]-Im-i-\-Øn-∂-\p-Iq-e-amb kml-N-cy-߃ h∂p
tNcp-∂-Xp-hsc "i‡n ÿnc-Xm-\n-ba"Øn\pw "Du¿÷ kwc-£-W-\n-b-
a-Øn\pw' hnt[-b-ambn AXv tI{µ-Øn¬ eo\m-h-ÿ-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
øp∂p. Pohm-flm-hn¬ IpSn-sIm-≈p∂ i‡n-I-fpsS {]Im-i-\-Øn-\mWv
]p\¿P-∑-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. Cu _oP-ß-fm-hs´ ]e t]cp-I-fn-e-dn-b-s∏-
Sp∂p. thZm-¥n-Iƒ AXn\v kq£va-i-co-c-sa-∂mWv t]¿ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-
∂Xv. Cu Poh-_oPw ]cn-Wm-a-Øn\pw hf¿®bv°pw hnt[-b-amWv. Ah
XmW Xe-Øn¬\n∂v D®m-hÿ - b
- n-te°v hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ib
- mWv.
AXm-bXv [mXp-{Z-hy-߃, kky-߃, arK-߃, a\p-jy¿ F∂o \ne-I-
fn¬ ]ptcm-K-an-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p∂p. (ibid t]Pv: 90)
kky-ß-fp-sSbpw ac-ß-fp-sS-bp-sams° Poh-_oPw Ah-bpsS hnØn-
em-sW∂v imkv{Xw Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn
πmhns‚ Poh-_oPw N°-bpsS Ipcp-hn-em-Wp-≠m-hpI. Hcmƒ AXv ]mIw-
sNbvXv Ign-®m¬ ]n∂oSv AXn¬\n∂v πmhp-≠m-hp-I-bn√. Poh-_o-P-
amWv Bflmhv As√-¶n¬ kq£va-i-co-c-sa-¶n¬ AXn¬am‰w hcp-Øm≥
a\p-jy\pw a‰p Pohn-Iƒ°pw km[n-°p-sa∂v hcnt√? ÿqe-i-co-csØ
kzbw krjvSn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Pohm-flmhv As√-¶n¬ kq£va-i-cocw
Hcp Im°°pw tImgn-°p-sams° CS-s]-Sm≥ Ign-bp-amdv Zp¿_-ehpw Ign-
hp-sI-´-Xp-amtWm? s\∑Wn tImgn sImØn-Øn-∂m¬ ]ns∂ AXn¬
\n∂v s\¬s®Sn D≠m-hn-√t√m.
I¿a-^-e-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv Bflm-hn\v DZvK-Xnbpw At[m-K-Xn-bp-ap-
≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂pw Pohm-flm-hns‚ Ah-ÿ-b-\p-k-cn-®mWv AXv achpw
arKhpw a\p-jy-\p-sam-s°-bmbn cq]w sIm≈p-∂-sX∂pw ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-
I-fn-hnsS Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. F¶n¬ kky-ß-fn-sebpw arK-ß-fn-sebpw
Cg-Po-hn-I-fn-sebpw ]d-h-I-fn-sebpw Bflm-°-fpsS ]pWy-]m-]-ß-sf-
¥mWv? Ahbv°v a\p-jy-sc-t∏mse C—m-\p-krXw I¿aw sNøm≥ Ign-
bptam? GXp ]pWyw sNbvXm-emWv acw arKhpw arKw a\p-jy-\p-am-
hpI? Hcn-°¬ ac-amb Pohm-flmhv ho≠pw ac-am-hptam? BIp-sa-¶n¬
F¥p-sIm≠v? AXv Ft∏m-gmWv arK-am-hpI? arK-amb Pohm-flmhv As√-
¶n¬ kq£va-i-cocw ho≠pw arK-am-hptam? F¶n¬ F¥p-]m]w sNøp-
∂-Xn-\m-emWv? arKw a\p-jy-\m-Im≥ F¥p ]pWy-amWv sNtø-≠Xv?
CØcw \nc-h[n tNmZy-߃°v DØcw \¬Im≥ ]p\¿P∑ k¶¬]w
DØcw \¬Im≥ ]p\¿P∑ k¶¬]w XnI®pw imkv{Xo-bhpw bp‡n-`-
{Z-hp-am-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏´v cwK-Øp-h-cp-∂-h¿s°m∂pw km[n-®n-´n√.
km[n-°p-I-bp-an√.
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw

DØcw In´mØ Ht´sd tNmZy-߃

Cu {]]©w ]Zm¿∞-\n-jvTa - mWv. AXn-\m-en-Xn¬ ]pXp-Xmbn Fs¥-
¶nepw D≠m-hp-Itbm D≈Xv \in-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n√. ]Zm¿∞w ]cn-
h¿Ø-\-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂p-sh-∂-√msX kq£vam¿∞-Øn¬ \n¿am-Wtam
kwlm-ctam \S-°p-∂n√. F∂m¬ ]Zm¿∞-\n-jvT-amb Cu {]]©w
Xs∂ ssZh-kr-jvS-am-sW∂v aXw DZvtLm-jn-°p∂p. AXv A\m-Zytam
A\-¥tam A√. A\m-Zy\pw A\-¥y-\p-ambn ssZhw am{X-ta-bp≈q.
ssZh-\n-tj-[n-I-fmb ]Zm¿∞-hm-Zn-Iƒ am{Xta CXns\ \ncm-I-cn-°p-
∂p≈q. Ah-cpsS `mj-bn¬ A\m-Znbpw A\-¥y-hp-am-bXv ]Zm¿Y-amWv.
A\m-Zn-bn¬ Cu {]]©w AXoh km{µ-Xb - p≈ ]nfi-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw
Bbn-cØn A™qtdm c≠m-bn-ctam tImSn sIm√w apºv AXns‚
Dujvamhpw km{µ-Xbpw ]mc-ay-X-bn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ hnkvt^m-S\w kw`-
hn-®p-sh∂pw Aßs\ {]]-©-ap-≠mbn F∂pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p.
A\m-Zn-bmb ]Zm¿∞-Øn¬ km{µ-Xbpw Dujvamhpw ]mc-ay-X-bn-se-
Øn-b-sX-ßs\? A\m-Zn-bn¬ Xs∂ ]Zm¿∞-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
¶n¬ A\m-Zn-bn¬Xs∂ s]m´n-sØdn kw`-hn-t°-≠X - m-bn-cp-∂nt√? F¥p-
sIm≠v, Hcp {]tXyI kµ¿`-Øn¬ kw`-hn®p? AXn-\p-aptºm tijtam
Bhm-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v? CØcw \nc-h[n tNmZy-߃°p-Øcw \¬Im≥
Ct∂mfw ]Zm¿Y-hm-Zn-Iƒ°p km[n-®n-´n√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ `uXn-I-
hmZw imkv{Xo-btam kbp-‡n-Itam A√. F∂n´pw ssZh-hn-izm-kn-I-
sf-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ AXns\ ]n¥p-W-bv°p-I-bmWv
sNøp-∂Xv. kzman At`-Zm-\-µ≥ Fgp-Xp∂p. '"thZm¥ ]cn-Wm-a-sØbpw
hnhn[ coXn-bn-ep≈ am‰-Øns‚ \nb-a-ß-sfbpw {]Ir-Xn-\n¿≤m-c-W-
sØbpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. F∂m¬ hyXykvX coXn-bn¬ ]cn-W-an-
°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h-W-Xbv°v bp‡n-bp-‡-amb hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬In-
s°m≠v B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-tØ-°mƒ thZm¥w hf-sc-tbsd apt∂m-´p-
t]m-b-Xmbn ImWmw. "BZn-bn-en-√m-Ø-sXm∂pw A¥y-Øn-en√' F∂mWv
thZm-¥-imkv{Xw DZvtLm-jn-°p-∂Xv.'' (]p\¿P∑w. t]Pv: 52)
'"Hcp GI-tImi Poh-_oPw AYhm ssPh-tImiw ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚
hnhn[ Zi-I-fn¬IqSn IS∂v Ah-km\w G‰hpw hnI-kn-X-amb a\p-jy-
Po-hn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. AXn-\m¬ {]Im-in-X-amb kakvX i‡n-I-fp-sSbpw
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
kmcmwiw Cu Poh-_o-P-Øn¬ BZyw Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v a\-
 n-em-t°-≠-XmWv. A¥y-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sXt¥m AXv BZn-bn-ep-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ \nbaw Xs∂-bmWv CXn-∂-Sn-ÿm\w.'' (ibid t]Pv: 53)
ChnsS Gsd {]k-‡ß - fpw {][m-\ß
- f- p-amb Nne {]iv\ß
- f
- p-b¿∂p-
h-cp-∂p≠v. ]p\¿P∑w kpbp-‡n-Ihpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-am-sW-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-
Sp-∂-h¿ AXn\v adp-]Sn \¬Im≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv.
1. {_“w AYhm ssZhw Xs∂-bmtWm Cu ssPh-tImiw? BsW-
¶n¬ ssPh-tIm-i-sØ-t∏mse \oNm-h-ÿbpw A[-a-ÿn-Xn-bp-ap-≈-h-
\mtWm ssZhw? ssPh-tIm-i-Øn\v sshhn-[y-Xbpw Ah-ÿm-t`-Z-ß-fp-
ap-≠t√m. kky-Ønepw arK-ß-fnepw a\p-jy-cn-ep-sa√mw hnhn[ ÿnXn-
bn-ep≈ ssPh-tIm-i-am-Wt√m D≈Xv. ssZhw C∆n[w hn`-Pn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-
h\pw Ah-ÿm-¥-c-߃°v hnt[-b-\p-amtWm? ÿqem-hÿ {]m]n-
°m\pw ]cn-W-an-°m\pw \n¿_-‘n-X-am-Wt√m ssPh-tImiw. ssZhw
C∆n[w \n¿_-‘n-Xm-hÿ D≈-h-\mtWm? kZm ]cn-h¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-
∂-h-\mtWm?
2. {_“w AYhm ssZh-a√ ssPh-tIm-is - a-¶n¬ ]ns∂ AsX-¥mWv?
ssZh-Øns‚ krjvSn-bmtWm? iq\y-X-bn¬\n∂v H∂pw D≠m-hp-∂n-
s√∂pw ]pXp-Xm-sbm∂pw krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-∂p-am-Wt√m ]cn-Wm-a-
hm-Zn-Ifpw ]p\¿P-∑-k-¶¬]-°mcpw Htc-t]mse Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
AXns‚ A¿∞w ssPh-tImiw A\m-Zn-bm-sW-∂m-Wt√m. At∏mƒ
ssPh-tIm-ihpw ssZh-sØ-t∏mse A\m-Zn-bmtWm? F¶n¬ ssZh-Øns‚
{]k‡n F¥mWv? ssZhhpw ssPh-tIm-ihpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sa-
¥mWv? c≠pw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-sa-¥mWv?
3. ssPh-tImiw ssZh-Øns‚ krjvSn-b-s√-¶n¬ Awi-amtWm?
F¶n¬ ssZhw Awin-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\mtWm? ssZh-Øns‚ Awiw A[-a-
ÿn- X nbpw \oNm- h - ÿ bpw {]m]n- ° ptam? AYhm, ssZh- Ø ns‚
krjvSnbpw Awi-hp-a√ F¶n¬ ]ns∂ F¥mWv? At∏mƒ A\m-Zn-bmb
ssZhhpw A\m-Zn-bmb ssPh-tIm-i-hp-ap-≠m-hnt√? CXv ]p\¿P-∑m-hm-
Zn-Iƒ Du∂n-∏-d-bp∂ AssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥-Øn\v IS-I-hn-cp-≤-at√?
k¿∆-i-‡-\mb Pohm-flmhv?
]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-I-fpsS `mj-bn¬ ssPh-tImiw AYhm Pohm-flmhv
k¿∆-i-‡-s\-t∏m-se-bmWv. kzman At`-Zm-\-µ≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: '"Poh-ssN-
X\yw AYhm Pohm-flmhv A\-¥-amb km[yX Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv.
Hmtcm Pohm-flmhpw kz¥w {]Ir-Xn-bpsS {KŸw Xmfp-I-fmbn adn-®p-
t\m°n. ]Tn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. F√m Xmfp-Ifpw t\m°n-°-gn-
™m¬˛]cn- W m- a - Ø ns‚ F√m L´- ß fpw Ign- ™ m¬˛]cn- ] q¿Æ-
⁄m\w B¿Pn-®p-I-gn-bp∂p. AtXm-Sp-IqSn AXns‚ {]bmWw Ah-km-
\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.'' (]p\¿P∑w. t]Pv: 58).
'"Pohn-X-{KŸw hmbn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp Pohm-flmhv Hcp {]tXy-I-L-´-
Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ X¬]-c-\m-sW-¶n¬ Abmƒ ]q¿W-Xr-]vXn-bm-hp-∂-Xp-
hsc Abmƒ ]q¿W-Xr-]vXn-bm-hp-∂X - p-hsc Ahn-sS-Xs∂ Xßn-\n¬°pw.
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
XZ-\-¥cw Abmƒ apt∂m-´p≈ a‰p Xmfp-Iƒ hmbn°pw. Hcmƒ kmh-
[m-\-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw hmbn-°p-∂Xv. as‰m-cmƒ {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-em-bn-cn°pw''
(ibid t]Pv: 59)
'"thZm-¥-a-\p-k-cn®v ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ A¥yhpw e£yhpw ]q¿W-X-
bpsS {]m]vXn-bmWv. arK-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `uXnI ]cn-Wmaw ]q¿W-am-Ip-
∂Xv a\p-jy-cq-]-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv....Bflob ]q¿W-X-bm-Is´ A\-iz-
chpw kzX-{¥hpw Znhy-hp-amb ]c-am-flm-hp-ambn Pohm-flmhv XmZmflyw
{]m]n-°p-tºm-gmWv Zriy-am-hp-∂Xv. Bflmhv ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambn {]Im-in-
°p-∂t- Xm-sS-bmWv ]cn-Wm-aØ - ns‚ kap-∂X e£yw \nd-th-dp-∂Xv.'' (ibid
t]Pv: 59, 60)
"Pohm-flmhv ]cn-]q¿Æ-⁄m\w B¿Pn-®p-I-gn-bp-∂-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv
AXns‚ {]bmWw Ah-km-\n-°pI"sb∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ Pohm-flm-hn\v
A]q¿Æ ⁄m\-Øns‚ At\Iw L´-ß-fp-s≠-∂m-Wt√m AXn-\¿Yw.
ssZhw A]q¿W-⁄-\m-hpI km[y-a-√t√m. At∏mƒ Pohm-flmhv ssZh-
Øns‚ krjvSntbm AtXm Awitam F∂p XpS-ßnb tNmZy-ß-sf√mw
ho≠pw D¤-hn-°p∂p. IqSmsX \nc-h[n {]iv\-߃ D]-cyp‡ D≤-c-Wn-
Iƒ Db¿Øp-∂p≠v.
1. Pohm-flmhv F√m L´-ß-sfbpw XcWw sNbvXv ]cn-]q¿W-X-bpsS
BXy-¥nI Xe-Øn-se-Øn-bm¬ A\-iz-chpw Znhy-hp-amb AXns‚
bYm¿∞ {]Ir-Xnsb km£m¬°-cn-°p-sa∂pw ]c-am-flm-hn¬ hnebw
{]m]n-°p-sa-∂m-Wt√m ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-I-fn-hnsS Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
At∏mƒ ssZhw AYhm {_“-am-Ip∂ ]c-am-flm-hn¬ ebn-°p∂ Pohm-
flmhv ssZhw Xs∂-bmtWm? A√m F¶n¬ ssZh-a-√mØ H∂v ssZh-
Øn¬ hnebw {]m]n-°ptam? ssZhw, ssZhhpw ssZh-a-√m-Ø-hbpw IqSn-
t®¿∂-XmtWm? Pohm-flmhv ssZh-am-sW-¶n¬ ssZhw C∆n[w Pohm-flm-
°-fmbn Awin-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h\pw A]q¿Whpw A¬]-⁄-hp-amb Ah-ÿ-
bp-≈-h\pw Ht´sd ]cn-Wm-a-L-´-ßsf {]m]n-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\p-
amtWm? CØcw \n¿_-‘n-Xm-h-ÿ-I-fp≈ ssZhw k¿∆-i-‡\pw \ncm-
{i-b-\p-am-hp-∂-sX-ßs\?
2. A\m-Zn-bmb Pohm-flmhv F∂mWv ÿqe-{]-IrXw kzoI-cn®v GI-
tImi Pohn-bm-bXpw XpS¿∂v ]cn-Wm-a-am-cw-`n-®Xpw? F¥p-sIm-≠mWv
Aßs\ kw`-hn-®Xv? A\m-Zn-bn¬ Xs∂ AXn-\p≈ Ignhv Pohm-flm-
hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ F¥p-sIm≠v A\m-Zn-bn¬ Xs∂ ÿqe-cq]w
kzoI-cn-®n√? A\m-Zn-bn¬ AXn-\p≈ Ignhv C√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬]ns∂
B Ignhv Fhn-sS-\n∂v, Fßs\ e`n®p? F¥p-sIm≠v ÿqe-cq]w kzoI-
cn-®Xv Hcp {]tXy-I-L-´-Øn-embn? aptºm tijtam Bhm-Xn-cp-∂-sX-
¥p-sIm≠v?
3. Pohm-flmhv hnhn[ L´-߃ Xc-Ww-sNbvXv kky-ßfpw arK-
ßfpw a\p-jy-cp-sam-s°-bmbn amdn ]q¿WX {]m]n®v ]c-am-flm-hn¬
AYhm {_“-Øn¬ hnebw {]m]n-®m¬ ho≠pw Pohm-flm-hmbn cq]w
{]m]n-°ptam? Cs√-¶n¬ A\m-Zn-bmb Pohm-flm-hn¬ A\m-Zn-bn¬Xs∂
Cu {]{In-bI - s
- f√mw ]q¿Øn-bm-th-≠X- m-bn-cp-∂nt√? Pohm-flmhv ]q¿W-
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
X-bn-seØn ]c-am-flm-hn¬ hnebw {]mhn-®t- ijw ho≠pw Pohm-flm-hmbn
kkyhpw Cg-Po-hnbpw arK-hp-sams° Bh-W-sa-¶n¬ F¥v A¿∞hpw
{]tbm-P-\-hp-am-Wp-≈Xv?
4. ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-Iƒ ]Zm¿∞w A\m-Zn-bm-sW-∂m-Wt√m Ah-Im-i-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ]p\¿P∑ k¶¬]w CXv AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂pt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬
ssZh-sØ-t∏mse A\m-Zn-bmbn as‰m-∂p-IqSn Ds≠-∂p-h-cnt√? ]cn-Wm-
a-hm-ZsØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ "]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ kbp-‡n-I-amb
A\-¥-c-^-e-amWv ]p\¿P∑"sa∂pw (]p\¿P∑w. t]Pv 64) "]p\¿P∑w
]cn-Wm-a-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-sW∂pw' (ibid t]Pv: 72) Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-I-bn-
√t√m.
5. hyXykv X coXn- b n¬ ]cn- W - a n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ {]h- W - X bv ° v
thZm¥w bp‡n-bp-‡a - mb hni-Zo-Ic - Ww \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂m-Wt√m
]p\¿P-∑h - m-Zn-Iƒ Ah-Im-is- ∏-Sp-∂Xv. F¥mWv Bk-bp-‡n-Ia - mb hni-
Zo-I-cWw? Nne Pohm-flm-°ƒ A[-am-h-ÿ-bnepw a‰p NneXv D∂-Xm-h-
ÿ-bn-ep-am-hm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
6. Nne Pohm-flm-°ƒ Nne {]tXy-I-L-´-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ X¬]-c-am-
bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw NneXv kz¥w {]Ir-Xn-bpsS {KŸ-Øm-fp-Iƒ thKhpw
a‰p-Nn-eXv kmh-[m-hp-amWv adn-°p-I-sb-∂p-am-Wt√m ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ
Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp-∂Xv. Pohm-flm-°ƒ C∆n[w hyXykvX kz`m-hØ - n-em-hm≥
Imc-W-sa¥v?
km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ aX-{]-am-W-ß-sfbpw hnizm-k-Im-cy-ß-sfbpw
bp‡n-bp-sSbpw \ymb-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tNmZyw sNøp-∂-
Xn-e¿Y-an√. Ch C{µn-bm-Xo-Xa - mb A`u-Xn-II - m-cy-ßf - m-Wt√m. F∂n´pw
]p\¿P-∑-k-¶¬]sØ C∆n[w tNmZyw sNøm≥ ImcWw AXn≥sc
h‡m-°-fpsS AXn-cp-I-S∂ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-amWv. Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂ev]v
kn≤m¥w imkv{Xo-b-a-s√∂v hmZn-°p∂ ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ Xß-fp-tSXv
kbp-‡n-Ihpw XnI®pw imkv{Xo-bh - p-am-sW∂v Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp∂p. kzman
At`-Zm-\-µ≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: '"]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m¥w hfsc bp‡n-bp-‡hpw
Xr]vXn-I-c-hp-amWv. F∂m¬, Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏v kn≤m¥w imkv{X-k-
Xy-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-a-s√-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw P\-\-a-c-W-߃°p≈ ImcWw
kbp-‡nIw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ AXv ka¿∞-am-Ip-∂n-s√-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw
AwKo-Im-cy-a√. ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m¥w a\p-jy-a-\- n-ep-Zn-°p∂ F√m kwi-
b-߃°pw {]iv\-߃°pw imkv{Xo-bhpw kbp-‡n-I-hp-amb adp-]Sn
\¬Ip∂p.'' (ibid t]Pv: 78, 79)
AXn-\m¬ D]-cyp‡ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw \¬Im≥ ]p\¿P-∑-hm-
Zn-Iƒ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv.
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw

A¿Y-iq-\y-amb Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-߃
ap≥P-∑-Ønse {]_-e-ß-fmb A\p-`-h-ßfpw kz`m-h-ßfpw A`n-em-
j-ßfpw A`n-cp-Nn-I-fp-amWv a\p-jys‚ `mK-t[bw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-sX∂v
]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. {]]© LS-\-bnse ssZth-—-
sbbpw hn[n-sbbpw Ah¿ Xo¿Øpw \ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. ]{¥-
≠m-asØ hb- n¬Xs∂ ]mkvI-en\p sπbn≥ tPyma-{Sn-bpsS an° `mK-
ßfpw a\- n-em-°m≥ B´n-S-b-\m-bn-cp∂ sawKn-bm-an-tem-hn\v A©m-
asØ hb- n¬ KWn-X-b-{¥w-t]mse IW-°q-Iq-´m≥ Ign-™Xpw
samkm¿´v \mem-asØ hb- n¬ c≠p-Km-\-߃°p-X-Ip∂ KoX-Ihpw
F´m-asØ hb- n¬ Hm∏-sdbpw cNn-®Xpw "sXdo- -an-√m-t\m√' sIm®p-
\m-fn¬ hb-en≥ hmbn-®Xpw A‘-\mb \ot{Km ASna tSman, ]obmt\m
hmbn®v kwKo-Xa - m-e]
- n-®Xpw ap≥P-∑Ø- n-em¿Pn® Ign-hp-sIm-≠m-sW∂pw
Ip´n-I-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ CØcw A¤p-X-kn-≤n-Isf bp‡n-k-l-ambn
hymJym-\n-°m≥ ]p\¿P∑ kn≤m-¥-Øn-\p-am-{Xta km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q-
sh∂pw kzman At`-Zm-\-µ≥ hmZn-°p∂p. (]p\¿P∑w t]Pv: 42:44)
F∂m¬, Ip´n-I-fnepw F¥p-sIm≠v CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Fs¥-¶nepw
Ign-hp-Iƒ ssii-h-Ønepw _mey-Ønepw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√∂ Imcyw
]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂n√. GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ign-
hp-t\-Sn-bm-Wt√m F√m-hcpw ac-W-a-S-bp-∂Xv. Ah-scm-s°bpw hcp-P-∑-
Øn¬ ssii-h-Øn¬Xs∂ Ah {]I-Sn-∏n-t°-≠-Xt√? ]p\¿P-∑-Øn¬
inip-°fpw _me≥am-cp-sam-s°-bm-bn-cn-°-Xs∂, Ign™ P∑-Ønse
\o¥¬°m¿ \o¥-e-dn-bp-∂-hcpw imkv{X-⁄≥ imkv{X-⁄m-\-ap-≈-
hcpw Nn{X-Im-c≥am¿ Nn{Xw hc-bv°p-∂-hcpw Bth-≠-Xt√? ]p\¿P-∑-
th-f-bn¬ sIm®p-Ip-´n-I-fm-bn-cn-°-Xs∂ tjIvkv]n-b¿ \mS-I-c-N-\-bnepw
an¬´¨ Ihn- X - s b- g p- Ø nepw ]n°mtkm in¬]- \ n¿am- W - Ø nepw
sshZKv[yw {]I-Sn-∏n-t°-≠-Xt√? F´v F∂ A°-sa-SpØv AXns\ 16
aS-ßp-hsc Db¿Øn AXns‚ ^e-amb ]Xn-\©v A°-ap≈ 281, 479,
976, 710, 656 F∂ kwJy s]s´∂v ]d-bp-Ibpw e£-°-W-°n\v A°-
߃ hcp∂ Nne kwJy-I-fpsS Iyq_v dq´p-Iƒ \nan-j-߃s°m≠v
Is≠-Øp-Ibpw 48 h¿j-Øn\v F{X an\n-‰m-sW∂ tNmZy-Øn\v \nanjw
sIm≠v 25,288, 800 F∂ DØcw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvX "kotdm tImƒ_v\v'
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
AXn\p km[n-®Xv Ign™ P∑-Øn-em¿Pn® Ign-hp-Im-c-W-am-sW-¶n¬
(]p\¿P∑w t]Pv 42) AØcw tbmKy-X-I-fp≈ Bsc-¶nepw apºv Pohn-
®n-cn-°-W-at√m. F∂m¬ Cu hn[w A¤p-X-kn-≤n-I-fp≈ Bsc-¶nepw
Fs∂-¶nepw Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw Pohn-®-Xmbn Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Hcn-°epw tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´n-´n√.
ssii-h-Ønepw _mey-Ønepw anI® {]I-S-\-߃ ImgvN-h-bv°p-
∂Xv Ign™ P∑-Øn¬ t\Snb Ign-hns‚ {]Im-i-\-am-sW-¶n¬ AXv
hfsc kzm`m-hn-Ihpw km[m-c-W-hp-am-th-≠-Xt√? AØcw kn≤n-Iƒ
Gh-cmepw {i≤n-°-s∏-Sp-amdv AXy-]q¿Whpw AXoh hnkva-b-I-c-hp-am-
hm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v? CØcw \nc-h[n tNmZy-߃°v DØcw \¬Im≥
]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ°v km[n-®n-´n√.
arK-ßf
- psS ]pWy˛]m]-߃
kzman At`-Zm-\µ - ≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: '"Bsc-¶nepw \oN-{]-Ir-Xnsb Db¿∂
{]Ir-Xn-sIm≠v Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n¬ hnP-bn-®n-s√-¶n¬ ap÷-aØ
- n¬ GXp
\ne-hsc FØn-bn-cp-∂pthm B \ne-bn¬ \n∂v Ah\v ASp-ØP - ∑
- Ø
- n¬
ho≠pw Bcw-`n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Ah\v Bcw`w apX¬°p-Xs∂ XpS-ßn-
h-cp-∂n√. FØn-t®¿∂v B L´w apX¬ Bcw-`n°mw'' (ibid t]Pv
64). '"thZm-¥-a-X-a-\p-k-cn®v ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ A¥yhpw e£yhpw ]q¿W-
X-bpsS {]m]vXn-bmWv. arK-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `uXnI ]cn-Wmaw ]q¿W-am-
hp-∂Xv a\p-jy-cq-]-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv. (ibid t]Pv 59)
arK-߃°v \∑bpw sX‰pw icnbpw Xocp-am-\n-°m\pw sXc-s™-Sp-
°m\pw km[y-Xbpw kzmX-{¥yhpw C√m-Xn-cns°, arK-߃ a\p-jy-cmbn
]p\¿P-\n-°p-tºmƒ F√m-hcpw Htc \ne-hm-cØ - nepw kz`m-hØ
- nepw Ah-
ÿ-bnepw Bth-≠-Xt√? hºn® hyXym-khpw sshhn-[yhpw D≠m-hm≥
Imc-W-sa¥v? arKw a\p-jy-\mbn amdp-tºmƒ Nne¿ sIme-bm-fn-Ifpw
sIm≈-°mcpw sIm≈-cp-Xm-Ø-h-cmbn amdp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? arK-am-bn-
cns°, F¥p sX‰p sNbvX-Xns‚ t]cn-emWv Aßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv?
a\p-jy-\mbn ]p\¿P-\n-°p-tºmƒ hnip-≤\pw ]pWy-hm-\p-am-Im≥ arKw
A\p-jvTn-t°≠ kpIrXw GXmWv? C°m-cy-ß-sfm-s°bpw hni-Zo-I-cn-
°m≥ ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv. Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-a-\p-k-cn®v
\nc-h[n tbip-amcpw _p≤≥amcpw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. kzman At`-Zm-\-
µ≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: '"GXp hy‡nbpw Cu Pohn-X-Øntem tbip-hn-s\-t∏m-
sesb _p≤-s\-t∏m-setbm AYhm kz¿K-ÿ-\mb ]nXm-hn-s\-t∏m-
setbm kºq¿ÆX {]m]n-°p-Ibpw ZnhyXzw {]Im-in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
sa∂v ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m¥w {]t_m-[n-∏n-°p∂p.'' (ibid t]Pv 76).
tbiphpw _p≤-\p-sa√mw Ncn-{X-Ønse AXy-]q¿∆ hy‡n-Xz-ß-fm-
bn-cp∂p. Ah-sc-Ønb hnXm-\hpw ]Z-hnbpw kzb-am¿Pn-°m≥ B¿°pw
km[y-a√. Ahcpw AsXm∂pw kzb-am¿Pn-®-h-b√. ssZh-a-h¿°v I\n-
™-cp-fn-b-h-bmWv.
I¿a-ß-fpsS kzX-{¥-I¿Øm-°tfm?
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬]v kn≤m¥w hn[n-hn-izm-k-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-sW∂v
Btcm-]n®v hna¿i\ hnt[-b-am-°p∂ ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ, Xß-fpsS
k¶¬]-a-\p-k-cn®v a\p-jy¿ I¿a-ß-fpsS kzX-{¥-I¿Øm-°-fm-sW∂v
Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. '"am\-kn-I-ß-fmb hnNm-c-߃ \√-Xm-sW-¶n¬
Ahbv°p \√ {]Xn-Ic - W
- hpw Zpjn-®X- m-sW-¶n¬ Ahbv°p Zpjn® {]Xn-
I-c-W-hp-ap-≠m-Ip∂p. Hmtcm I¿ahpw XØp-ey-amb {]Xn-I-c-WsØ
krjvSn-°p∂p. k¥p-jvSnbpw kam-[m-\-hp-ap-≠m-°p-∂Xv \√ I¿a-ßfpw
Ak-¥p-jvSnbpw Ak-am-[m-\hpw Df-hm-°p-∂Xv Zpjn® I¿a-ß-fp-amWv.
]p\¿P∑w \sΩ I¿Ω-ß-fpsS t`m‡m-°-fp-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂p.'"(ibid
t]Pv 74).
CXv Ccp-´p-sIm≠v Hm´-b-S-°m-\p≈ {ia-amWv. ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-a-
\p-k-cn®v a\p-jy≥ I¿a-ß-fpsS kzX{¥ I¿Øm-h√. Ign™ P∑-
Ønse, AYhm `qX-Im-e-Ønse I¿a-ß-fpsS ^e-a-\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-
°m\pw Pohn-°m≥ hn[n-°-s∏-´-h\pw \n¿_-‘n-X-\p-amWv. B `qX-Im-
eØv AXn-\p-ap-ºp≈ `qX-Ønse AYhm P∑-Ønse I¿a-ß-fpsS ^ew
]n¥p-S-cm≥ _m[y-ÿ-\mWv. B P∑-Øn¬ AXn\p apºp≈ P∑-Øn-
sebpw AXn-\m¬ ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-a-\p-k-cn®v F√m a\p-jycpw Xo¿-
Øpw Akz-X-{¥cpw `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ XS-hp-]p-≈n-I-fp-amWv. B `qX-Im-
etam AXns‚ apºsØ `qX-Øm¬ _‘n-Xhpw. C°mcyw AwKo-I-cn-
°m≥ kzman At`-Zm-\-µ≥ Xs∂ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-bn-cn-°p∂p: '"Bflmhv
BI-kvan-I-ambn D¤q-X-am-btXm {]Y-a-ambn krjvSn-°-s∏-´tXm BsW-
∂ Bi-bsØ ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m¥w \ncm-I-cn-°p∂p. A\m-Zn-bmb `qX-
Imew apX¬°p-Xs∂ AXv \ne-\n-∂p-h-cp-∂p-sh∂pw A\-¥-X-bn-eqsS
AXv XpS¿∂p \ne-\n¬°p-sa∂pw ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m¥w ]d-bp∂p. Pohm-
flmhv AXns‚ I¿a-K-Xn-°-\p-k-cn®v kpJn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. F√m
kpJ-Zpx-Jß- fpw \ΩpsS I¿a-ßf - psS {]Xn-Ic
- W
- ß
- f
- mWv. I¿a-߃ Imc-
W-ßfpw {]Xn-I-c-W-߃ ^e-ß-fp-amWv. \ΩpsS h¿Ø-am-\-Po-hnXw
`qX-Im-e-ß-fpsS ^e-amWv. `mhn-Po-hn-X-am-Is´ h¿Ø-am-\-ß-fpsS
^ehpw. Ct∏mƒ \mw sNøp∂ I¿a-ß-sfm∂pw \jvS-am-bn-t∏m-Ip-∂n√.''
( Ibid t]Pv 73).
\mw I¿a-ß-sfm∂pw sNøp-∂n-s√-∂t√ CXv sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv? \mw
Ft∏mgpw `qX-Im-e-I¿a-ß-fpsS ^ew A\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bt√?
B `qX-Im-e-Ønepw I¿a-߃ kzb-sam∂pw sNbvXn-´n-√t√m. AXn-\p-
ap-ºsØ `qX-Im-e-I¿a-ß-fpsS ^e-a-\p-`-hn-®n-´-t√-bp≈q. B A\¥
`qX-Im-eß
- f - n-se√mw AXp-Xs- ∂-bt√ kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv? AXn-
\m¬ ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬ a\p-jy¿ I¿a-ß-fpsS kzX{¥ I¿Øm-
hm-sW∂ hmZw Xo¿Øpw sX‰mWv. F∂pw GX-h-ÿ-bnepw `qX-Im-e-
Øm¬ hcn-™p-ap-dp-°-s∏´, A\-ßm-\m-hmØ hn[w Akz-X-{¥-\mb XS-
hp-]p-≈n-bmWv. C°mcyw kzman At`-Zm-\-µ≥Xs∂ H∂p-IqSn hy‡-am-
°p∂p. '"]ucm-Wn-I-`m-c-X-Ønse Nn¥-Icpw XXzm-t\z-jn-I-fp-amb Ejo-
iz-c≥am¿ Xm¥m-ß-fpsS ]pWy-]m-]-I¿a-߃°-\p-k-cn® icocw kzoI-
cn-°m≥ Hmtcm Pohm-flmhpw Aew-Ly-amb {]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-Øm¬ \n¿_-
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
‘n-X-am-sW∂pw kz`mh {]h-W-X-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v CjvSw-t]m-se-bp≈
ico-c-߃ sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw Ah-bv°n-s√∂pw Ak-∂n-
Kv[-amb `mj-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p... a\p-jym-flm-hns‚ `mK-t[-b-Øn\p tlXp-
`q-X-amb XXz-ta-sX∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ ]ucm-WnI `mc-Xob Nn¥-
I≥am¿ I¿a-kn-≤m-¥s - Ø-bmWv {]tbm-P\ - s
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. ]p\¿P∑
kn≤m¥w A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-´p-≈Xpw Cu \nb-a-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv. a\p-
jym-flmhv Aew-Ly-amb Cu \nb-a-Øn\p hnt[-b-amWv. AXns\ A\p-
k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Pohm-flm-hn\p km[y-a√. Pohs‚ `mhn kzX-{¥-amb
\n¿[m-cW- sØ B{i-bn-®√ \n¬°p-∂Xv. ap÷-ΩØ - nse Nn¥-If - p-sSbpw
]pWy-]m-]ß - f- p-sSbpw ]cn-an-Xn-bnepw \nb-{¥-WØ - n-ep-amWv AXv ÿnXn-
sN-øp-∂Xv.'' (ibid t]Pv 87˛89). B ap÷∑w AXns‚ ap÷-Ω-Øn-sebpw.
AXn-\m¬ a\p-jy≥ ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Z-a-\p-k-cn®v A\-¥-amb Hcp he-b-
Ønse, hnNm-c-hn-Im-c-ß-fnepw hmNm-I¿a-ß-fn-ep-sa√mw Xo¿Øpw Akz-
X-{¥\pw Hcp-hn[ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n\pw H´pw Ah-k-c-an-√m-Ø-h-\p-amb Hcp
IÆn-bs{X.
_men-i_
- p≤n BcpsS?
]p\¿P-∑ -kn-≤m-¥sØ AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-hsc AXn-cq-£-ambn
Bt£-]n-®p-sIm≠v kzman At`-Zm-\-µ≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: '"[\w, {]ikvXn
F∂n-h-bpsS ambm-h-e-b-Øn¬s]´p Nn¥m-iq-\y-\m-bn-°-gn-bp∂ _men-
i-_p-≤n°v ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m¥w Ffp-∏-Øn¬ {Kln-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-X√.
ac-W-tØmsS k¿hhpw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p-sh∂ Nn¥-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ah≥
ho≠pw ho≠pw arXy-hn-∂n-c-bm-bn-s°m-t≠-bn-cn-°p∂p.'"(ibid t]Pv 79).
Nn¥m-iq-\y-amb Cu _men-i_- p≤n `qX-Im-eP
- o-hn-XØ
- ns‚ ^e-at√?
B `qX-Imew AXns‚ apºsØ `qX-Im-e-Øn-s‚bpw. ChnsS Cu _men-
i-_p-≤n-bpsS DSa F¥p-]n-g®p? arKw a\p-jy-\mbn amdn-b-t∏mƒ _men-
i-_p-≤n-bm-b-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? arKw B sX‰p-sN-øm≥ Imc-Wtam? _men-
i-_p≤n ]ns∂bpw ]ns∂bpw _men-i-_p-≤n-bmbn P\n®v arXy-hn-∂n-c-
bm-hp-sa-¶n¬ A{I-ahpw A\o-Xnbpw sIm≈bpw sIme-bp-sams° \S-
Øp-∂-hcpw F√m P∑-Ønepw B hn[w Xs∂-bt√ BhpI? B Ah-
ÿbv°v am‰-ap-≠m-hpI Ft∏m-gmWv? Fß-s\-bmWv? _men-i-_p≤n
{]_-e-_p-≤n-bm-hpI. Ft∏mƒ? Fßs\? '"]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m¥w hfsc
bp‡n-bp-‡nhpw Xr]vXn-I-c-hp-am-sW∂v'' (ibid t]Pv 78) Ah-Im-i-s∏-
Sp-∂-h¿ CØcw tNmZy-߃°v DØcw \¬Im≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv. H∏w
_men-i-_p≤n GXm-sW∂v Btem-Nn-°m\pw.
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw

PmXn-hy-h-ÿbv°p \ymbo-I-cWw
]pd-sa-\n-∂p≈ CS-s]-S-en-√m-sX-Øs∂ Pohm-flm-hn¬ \neo-\-amb Ign-
hp-Iƒ kzbw {]Im-in-X-am-Ip-sa∂v ap≥P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p.
Pohm-flm-h-√mØ H∂pw {]]-©-Øn\p ]n∂n-en-s√-∂m-Wt√m CXns‚
A¿∞w. F¶n¬ ssZhw AYhm {_“-sa∂ ]c-am-Xvam-hns‚ {]k‡n
F¥mWv? Pohm-flm-hn¬Xs∂ k¿∆-khpw \neo-\s - a-¶n¬ Ah Fßs\
Ft∏mƒ, F¥p-sIm≠v {]Im-in-X-am-Ip∂p. Cu {]iv\-Øn\v ]cn-lmcw
ImWm-\m¿°pw km[y-a-s√∂v "]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m¥w a\p-jy-a-\- n-ep-Zn-
°p∂ F√m kwi-b-߃°pw {]iv\-߃°pw imkv{Xo-bhpw kbp-‡n-
I-hp-amb DØcw \¬Ip-∂p-s≠∂v' hmZn® kzman At`-Zm-µ≥ Xs∂
Xpd-∂p-k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p≠v. '"{]IrXn kzbw ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ]pd-sa-\n-∂√;
D≈n¬\n-∂p-Xs - ∂-bmWv. Pohm-flm-hn-t\mSv ]pd-sa-\n∂v bmsXm∂pw IqSp-
X-embn Iq´n-t®¿°-s∏-Sp-∂n√. Poh-_oPw Ahn-sS-X-s∂-bp≠v. AXns‚
hnIm-k-am-Is´ DNn-X-amb {]Im-i-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-I-
fp-am-bp≈ kº¿°sØ B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Hcp ZpjvS≥ s]mSp-∂-\sh
Znhy-\m-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv Nne-t∏mƒ \mw ImWp∂p. sIme-]m-X-In-Ifpw
Ih¿®-°mcpw Znhy≥am-cp-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fp≠v. Hcp aX-
hn-izmkn, Cu s]mSp-∂-\-sh-bp≈ am‰sØ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv k¿h-i-
‡≥ Xs‚ ImcpWyw Ahs‚ ta¬ h¿jn-®-Xns‚ ^e-ambn s]s´∂v
Ahs‚ apgp-h≥ {]Ir-Xnbpw cq]-s∏-´p-sh∂v ]d-™p-sIm-≠mWv. F∂m¬
thZm¥w ]d-bp-∂Xv Ah-\n¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cp∂ [m¿an-Ihpw Bflo-
b-hp-amb i‡n-Iƒ s]s´-∂p-W¿Ø-s∏-´-Xns‚ ^e-ambn s]mSp-∂-\sh
Ah¿ cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p-sh-∂mWv. kp]vX-am-bn-°n-S-°p∂ Cu i‡n-Iƒ
Fßs\, Ft∏mƒ DW-cp-Ibpw {]Im-in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-sh∂v
B¿°pw ]d-bm-\m-hn√.'' (]p\¿P∑w t]Pv, 57, 58).
]p\¿P-∑-k-¶¬]hpw AXn-∂-Sn-ÿm-\-amb thZm-¥hpw aXw ]cn-N-
b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ k¿∆-i-‡\pw Imcp-Wy-hm-\p-amb Cuiz-cs‚ {]]©
krjvSn-bnepw LS-\-bn-ep-ap≈ CS-s]-S-ens\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-s√-∂m-
Wt√m CXv Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv. CXmWv thZm-¥-sa-¶n¬
Cu thZm-¥hpw ssZh-\n-tj-[-]-c-amb ]Zm¿∞-hm-Zhpw XΩn¬ auen-I-
amb Fs¥-¶nepw A¥-c-apt≠m? t]cn¬am-{X-amWv am‰-sa-∂-Xt√
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
hkvXpX. `uXn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ ]Zm¿∞-sa∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xns\ ]p\¿P-∑-hm-
Zn-Iƒ Pohm-flmhv As√-¶n¬ ssNX-\y-sa∂v \ma-Ic - Ww sNøp∂p. AXp-
sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cn°mw ]p\¿P-∑-k-¶¬]-°m¿°v aX-\n-cm-k-Øn-e-
[n-jvTn-Xhpw `uXn-I-hm-Z-]-c-hp-amb {]]-©-hym-Jym-\sØ imkv{Xo-b-
sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n®v AwKo-I-cn-°m\pw ]n¥p-W-°m\pw km[n-°p-∂Xv.
kzman At`-Zm-\-µ≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: '"imkv{Xw \tΩmSv ]d-bp-∂Xv iq\y-X-
bn¬\n∂v s]mSp-∂s - \-bp≈ krjvSnbpw kºq¿Æ-\m-ihpw c≠pw Akm-
[y-am-sW-∂mWv. ]Zm¿∞hpw ssNX-\yhpw c≠pw \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-
bm-Ø-h-bmWv. imkv{Xw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ]cn-Wm-a-sa-∂mWv; krjvSn-sb-
∂√. {]mXn-`m-knI ]cn-Wm-a-ß-fn¬ Aeu-InI i‡n-I-fpsS kzm[o-
\sØ imkv{Xw \ncm-I-cn-°p∂p. Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂ev]v kn≤m-¥-am-Is´
B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ BXy-¥nI \nb-a-ß-sf-sb√mw Ah-K-Wn-°p-
I-bmWv. F∂m¬ ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-am-Is´ B[p-\nI imkv{X-Øns‚
BXy-¥nI \nb-a-ß-sf-sb√mw Ah-K-Wn-°p-I-bmWv. F∂m¬ ]p\¿P-
∑-kn-≤m-¥-am-Is´ B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xw I≠p-]n-Sn-®n-´p≈ F√m {]Ir-Xn-
k-Xy-ßs - fbpw \nb-aß
- s- fbpw AwKo-Ic - n-°p-∂t- Xm-Sp-IqSn Ahsb kbp-
‡n-I-amb \nK-a-\-ß-fn-te°v \bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p≠v. ]p\¿P∑w ]cn-
Wm-a-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amWv'' (ibid t]Pv 72.)
imkv{XsØ kw_-‘n® Cu Ah-Im-i-hmZw A_-≤-]q¿W-amWv.
imkv{Xw krjvSnsb \ntj-[n-°p-∂n√ F∂√, B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xw
AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv. \n¿am-Whpw kºq¿W-\m-i-
hpw \S-°m-ØXv ]Zm¿∞-\n-jvT-amb Cu {]]-©-Øn-\p-≈n-emWv.
F∂m¬ {]]©w Xs∂ krjvSnbpw \mi-Øn\p hnt[-b-hp-am-sW-∂mWv
aXw ]d-bp-∂Xv. {]]-©-L-S-\-bpsS `mK-ambn \n∂p-sIm≠v AXn-s\-
°p-dn®v A`n-{]mbw ]d-bp-∂-Xn-e¿Y-an√. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bmWv Imcy-
t_m-[-ap≈ imkv{X-⁄¿ {]]-©-Øn\p ]n∂nse {kjvSm-hns\ \ncm-
I-cn-°mt\m \ntj-[n-°mt\m apXn-cm-ØXv. k¿ sFkIv \yq´≥ ]d-bp∂p:
'"kqcy\pw N{µ\pw D¬°fpw Dƒs∏´ G‰hpw at\m-l-c-amb {]]-©-am-
Ip∂ Cu alm-b{¥w _p≤n-am-\mb Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Icp-Xepw i‡nbpw
aptJ-\-b-√msX as‰mcp hn[-Ønepw D≠m-Ip-∂n√'' (Natural Theology
page: 48) D≤-cWw: \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-J-fi\w t]Pv 57)
hn{ipX {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{X-⁄\pw \nc-h[n imkv{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS
I¿Øm-hp-amb Ãnh¿´v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: '"ssZh-ap-s≠∂pw Ah-\mWv
k¿h-h-kvXp-°-fp-sSbpw {kjvSmhpw ]cn-]m-e-I-s\-∂p-ap≈ hkvXpX
F{Xbpw hy‡-am-sW-∂mWv \ΩpsS A`n-{]mbw.'' (Unseen Universe
page: 47 D≤-cWw \nco-iz-c-hmZ Jfi\w t]Pv: 57) Pn.Pn. sÃbvIvkv
]d-bp∂p: '"Hcp kwhn-[m-b-I-s\-Iq-SmsX kwhn-[m\w D≠m-hp-I-bm-sW-
¶n¬ {]Ir-Xn-sb-∏‰n \mw ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ ImWp∂ kwhn-[m-\-Øn\pw
B[m-c-amb Hcp in¬]n D≠m-th-≠-X-\n-hm-cy-amWv.'' (Burnelt Lectures
page: 327).
A\m-Zn-bmb ]Zm¿∞w hnkvt^m-S\w kw`-hn-°p-amdv Af-°m-\m-
hmØ Dujvam-hnepw km{µ-Xb - nepw FØn-bs - X-ßs\ F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
]Zm¿∞-hm-Zn-Iƒ°v DØ-ca - n-√m-Øt- ]mse Xs∂ A\m-Zn-bmb Pohm-flmhv
]cn-W-an-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-sX-¥p-sIm≠v F∂p XpSßn \nc-h[n tNmZy-
߃°v adp-]Sn \¬Im≥ ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ°pw km[y-a√.
\mw Pohn-°p∂ temIØv Adp-\q-dp-tIm-Sn-bn-tesd a\p-jy-cp≠v. Ah-
cn-tem-tcm-cp-Ø¿°pw ]c-kv]cw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bm≥ Ign-bp-amdv ]c-
kv]cw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-amdv a‰m¿°p-an-√mØ apJhpw ssIhn-cepw
K‘hpw c‡hpw Xe-ap-Sn-bp-sa-√m-ap≠v. ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-ß-
fn-eqsS AXy¥w A¤p-X-I-chpw Bkq-{Xn-X-hp-amb Cu LS\ Fßs\
D≠mbn F∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ `uXn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ°v Ct∂mfw km[n-®n-
´n√. A{]-Imcw Xs∂ temI-Ønse tImSm-\p-tImSn Poh-Pm-e-߃
Xo¿Øpw hyXy-kvXhpw hyXn-cn-‡-hp-amb cq]-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Im≥
km[n-°pw-hn[w tImSm-\p-tImSn Pohm-flm-°-fn-tem-tcm∂pw a‰p-≈-h-
bn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-b-sX-ßs\, F¥p-sIm≠v F∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥
]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ°pw Ign-™n-´n√. {]]© LS-\-bnse ssZhnI CS-
s]-S-ens\ \ncm-I-cn-°p∂ ]Zm¿∞-hm-Zn-Ifpw ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Ifpw XΩn¬
C°m-cy-Øn-sem´pw A¥-c-an√. F∂n´pw krjvSn-hm-Zn-Isf hna¿in-°m≥
]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ [m¿jvSyw ImWn-°p∂p. '"Cuiz-c≥ F¥p-sIm≠v
F√m Pohn-Is - fbpw Hcp-t]mse krjvSn-°p-∂n√? F¥p-sIm≠v Hcp Pohm-
flmhv Bflo-b-ambn hfsc ]ptcm-K-an® Ah-ÿ-bnepw as‰m∂v A⁄m-
X-_m-[n-X-amb \ne-bnepw Bbn-Øo-cp∂p? Cu {]iv\-߃°v kphy-
‡-amb DØ-c-߃ \¬Im≥' {]tXyI krjvSn-hmZ"Øn\p-km-[y-a√.
(]p\¿ P∑w t]Pv 86).
PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS krjvSn
PmXn-hy-h-ÿbv°v aX-Io-bX \¬In \ymbo-I-cn-°m-\mWv ]p\¿P∑
k¶¬]w cq]w sIm≠Xv. ta¬Pm-Xn-°m¿ {_“m-hns‚ ico-c-Ønse
t{ijvT-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw iq{Z¿ ]mZ-Øn¬\n∂pw D≠m-b-h-cm-sW∂pw
a‰p Xmg∂ hn`m-Kß - ƒ {_“m-hn¬\n-∂p-≠m-bh - c
- s
- √∂pw ]Tn-∏n®v PmXo-
b-Xsb ssZh-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ `mK-am°n am‰nb Nmtµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øn-
emWv ]p\¿P-∑sØ kw_-‘n® hni-Za - mb ]cm-a¿i-ap-≈Xv. AXn-ßs\
hmbn°mw. '"Ah-cn¬ k¬°¿Ω-߃ sNøp-∂-htcm Ah¿ thKw Xs∂
DØ-a-tbm-\n-I-fn¬ sN∂p-tN-cp∂p. {_m“-W-tbm-\n-bntem £{Xn-b-tbm-
\n-bntem sshiy-tbm-\n-bntem FØn-t®-cp∂p. AXp-t]mse Aip-`-Nm-
c-∑m-cm-b-htcm Ah¿ Aip-`-tbm-\nsb {]m]n-°p∂p. ]´n-bp-sStbm ]∂n-
bp-sStbm Nfim-es - ‚tbm tbm\nsb {]m]n-°p∂p.'' (A[ymbw 5 Jfiw:
10 t«mIw 7)
Cu hnizmkw Db¿∂ PmXn-°m-cn¬ X߃ ta¬Pm-Xn-°m-cm-bXv
Ign™ P∑-Øn¬ ]pWyw sNbvX-Xn-\m-em-sW∂pw AXn-\m¬ Xß-f-
\p-`h
- n-°p∂ {]tXy-Im-hI
- m-iß
- ƒs°√mw A¿l-cm-sW-∂p-ap≈ t_m[w
hf¿Øp∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w Xmgv∂ PmXn-°m¿ B hn[-am-bXv Ah-cpsS
Xs∂ I¿a-^-e-am-sW∂ [mc-Wbpw krjvSn-°p∂p. Ahsc ]´n-I-sfbpw
]∂n-I-sf-bp-sa-∂-t]mse \nIr-jvS-Po-hn-I-fmbn ImWm≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
Ibpw sNøp∂p.
]p\¿P∑w Xo¿Øpw bp‡n-]q¿∆-I-am-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿
Chn-sSbpw Nne tNmZy-߃°v DØcw \¬Im≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv.
1. Cu P∑-Øn¬ {_m“-Wcpw £{Xn-b-cp-am-b-h¿ Ign™ P∑-Øn¬
ip`-I¿a-߃ sNbvX-Xn-\m-e-Wt√m A{]-Im-c-am-bXv. Ign™ P∑-Øn¬
ip`-I¿a-߃ sNbvXXv AXns‚ apºsØ P∑-Øn¬ sNbvX I¿a-ß-
fpsS ^e-am-Wt√m. B P∑-Øn¬ Ah¿ sNbvX I¿a-ß-sf-¥m-bn-cp∂p?
AXn-\p-Im-c-W-amb ap≥P-∑-Ønse I¿atam?
2. ]´nbpw ]∂nbpw Nfim-e\pw A{]-Im-ca - m-bXv Ign™ P∑-Ønse
Aip-`I - ¿a-߃ Imc-Wa- m-Wt√m. F¥m-bn-cp∂p B Aip-`I - ¿Ωw? AXv
AXns‚ apºsØ P∑-Ønse I¿a-^-e-am-Wt√m. F¥m-bn-cp∂p Aip-
`-I¿a-Øn\p Imc-W-amb I¿aw? AXn-s\ms° Imc-W-amb BZn-I¿a-
taXv?
3. GsXm-cm-sfbpw Abmƒ sNbvX sX‰v hy‡-am-°p-Ibpw ImcWw
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNømsX in£n-®m¬ AXv ISpØ A\o-Xn-bm-
bmWv A\p-`-h-s∏-SpI. \mw Bsc-sb-¶nepw ASn-°p-Itbm Pbn-en-e-S-
bv°p-Itbm BsW-¶n¬ AXv GXv Ip‰-Øns‚ t]cn-em-sW∂v hy‡-
am-°p-Ibpw AXv in£m¿lsc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw. CXv \oXn-
bpsS {]mY-anI Xm¬]-cy-as{X. F∂m¬ ]´ntbm ]∂ntbm Nfim-et\m
Ign™ P∑-Øn¬ F¥p sX‰p-sN-bvX-Xns‚ t]cn-emWv Cu P∑-Øn¬
A{]-Im-c-am-b-sX∂v Adn-bp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬ Ahsc kw_-‘n-t®-S-
tØmfw AXv I¿a-^-etam in£tbm A√.
]q¿∆-P-∑-Øn¬ sNbvX A]-cm-[-Øns‚ in£-sb∂ \ne-bn-emWv
Ip´n-Iƒ ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. kzman At`-Zm-\-µ≥ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p.
(]p\¿P∑w t]Pv 13). GsX-¶nepw Ip´n-°-dn-bptam X≥ in£n-°-s∏-Sp-I-
bm-sW∂v? in£n-°-s∏-Sm≥ F¥p-sX-‰mWv Ign™ P∑-Øn¬ sNbvX-
sX∂v? AX-dn-bm-tØmfw Imew AXp in£-bm-Iptam?
AXn-\m¬ ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m¥w ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hnX hnizm-k-Øns‚
BZn-cq-]tam auen-Itam A√, sshZn-I-hp-a√. PmXn-hy-h-ÿsb BZ¿i-
h¬°-cn-°m\pw Ac-°n-´p-d∏ - n-°m-\p-ambn Bhn-jvIc - n-°s
- ∏´ Bi-ba - mWv.
C¥y-bn-te-°Xv ]I¿∂p-In-´n-bXv {]mIrX tKm{X-hn-izm-kØ - n¬\n-∂mWv.
tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: '"I¿a-]-≤-Xn-bp-sSbpw ]p\¿P-
∑-Øn-s‚bpw Bibw Bcy-a-kvXn-jvI-Øn¬ cq]w sIm≠-Xm-sW∂v
Dd-∏n-®p-]-dbmw. F∂m¬ CXn-\p≈ t{]cW e`n-®Xv ac-W-tijw Bflm-
°ƒ arX-i-co-c-ß-fn¬ IpSn-sIm-≈p∂p F∂p hniz-kn-°p∂ BZn-tKm-
{X-°m-cn¬\n-∂m-I-W-sa∂ kwK-Xnbpw \ntj-[n-t°-≠-Xn√.'' (`mc-Xob
Z¿i\w hmfyw 1 t]Pv 113).
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw

thtZm-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬
sshZn-I-a-X-Øn¬ ]p\¿P-∑-k-¶¬]-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. GtXm Xc-Øn-
ep≈ ]c-temI hnizm-k-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-
Xp∂p: '"ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n Ah¿°v {]tXyI kn≤m-¥-ß-
sfm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F¶nepw kz¿Kw, \cIw F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈
Nne Ahy-‡-[m-c-W-I-fn¬\n∂v Nn¥m-]-c-amb a\- p-Iƒ°v Hgn-™p-
am-dp-hm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂n√. ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-߃ At∏mgpw hnZq-c-Øn-
em-bn-cp∂p. ac-W-tØmsS F√mw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂n-s√∂ Dd∏v sshZn-I-
Im-cy≥am¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. cm{Xn-°p-tijw ]I¬, ac-W-Øn-\p-tijw
PohnXw. Hcn-°e - p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Pohn-Iƒ ]n∂oSv Xosc C√m-Xm-hpI km[y-
a√. Ah¿ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw, Hcp ]t£, ba≥ `cn-°p∂ AkvX-ab
kqcys‚ km{am-Py-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°Ww. ac-WsØ `b-∂p-hn-d-bv°p∂
a\p-jys‚ `mh\ A°m-eØv bas\ `b-¶-c-\mb Hcp {]Xn-Im-c-tZ-h-
\mbn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂n√. Atß temI-tØ°v BZy-ambn
{]th-in®v AhnsS `cn-°m≥ XpS-ßnb BZysØ a\p-jy-cm-bn-cp∂p
ba\pw banbpw. Hcp a\p-jy≥ acn-°p-tºmƒ Abmƒ bas‚ cmPy-Øn¬
FØp-∂-Xmbn k¶¬]n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p. ba≥ \ap-°mbn Hcp ]m¿∏nSw,
\Ωn¬\n∂v Hcn-°epw FSp-Øp-I-f-bm-\m-hmØ Hcp hoSv D≠m-°n-bn-
cn°pw. icocw Dt]-£n-°-s∏-´p-I-gn-bp-tºmƒ Bflm-hn\v DPz-e-amb Hcm-
[ym-flnI cq]w ssIh-cn-Ibpw AXv ac-W-c-ln-X-amb ba\pw ]nXr-°fpw
hmgp∂ tZh-X-I-fpsS \nhm-k-ÿm-\-tØ-°p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
sh≈-Øn-eq-sSbpw Hcp ]me-Øn-eq-sSbpw k©-cn-®-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv Cu
kz¿K temI-Øn-te°v acn-®-h¿ FØn-t®-cp-∂-sX∂v k¶¬]n-°-s∏-´n-
cp∂p.'' (EtKzZw 10˛6˛10 9 41:2).
'"acn-®-h-cpsS Bflm-°ƒ kz¿K-Øn¬ ba-t\m-S-s\m-∂n®v "tamZn®v'
Ccn-°p∂p. \Ωp-tS-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Hcp Pohn-X-amWv AhnsS Ah-cp-tSXv.
`qan-bnse BÀm-Z-߃°v ]q¿W-Xbpw Hu∂-Xyhpw h∂m¬ kz¿§-
Ønse BÀm-Z-ambn. Zm\w \¬Ip-∂-h¿°p-≈-XmWv Cu Xnf-ßp∂
]Zm¿∞-߃; Ah¿°p-th≠n kz¿K-Øn¬ kqcy≥am-cp≠v; Ah¿ Aar-
XXzw t\Sp∂p; Ah¿°v Zo¿Lm-bp v ssIh-cp∂p'' (EtKzZw 1.25:6) ac-
Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ sshZnI k¶¬]-Øn¬ sshj-bnI
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
kpJ-߃°v \¬In-bn-´p≈ {]map-Jy-sØ-∏‰n ]ecpw Du∂n-∏d - ™
- n-´p≠v.
'"\mw tZh-X-Isf Bcm-[n-®n-s√-¶n¬ \ap-s°¥p kw`-hn-°p∂p F∂
tNmZyw ChnsS DZn-°p∂p. kz¿K-Øn\v FXn¿h-iØv kZm-Nm-c-Øn\p
\nc-°mØ ]m]-߃ sNbvXh - ¿°pw thZ-ßf- n¬ hniz-kn-°mØ \mkvXn-
I¿°p-ambn \cIw F∂ thdn-s´m-cn-S-apt≠m? ]pWy-hm≥am¿°pw \√-
h¿°p-ap-≈-XmWv kz¿K-sa-¶n¬ ZpjvS-_p-≤n-Isf ac-W-tØmsS Xotc
C√m-Xm-°p-hmt\m kz¿K-Øn-se-Øn-°p-hmt\m km[y-a-√t√m. Aßs\
Hcp \cIw Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp∂p. hcp-W≥ ]m]n-Isf ASn-bn-ep≈ A‘-
Im-cm-hr-X-amb AKm-[-X-I-fn-te°v X≈n-bn-Sp-∂-Xmbn thZ-ß-fn¬ ]d-
bp-∂p≠v. Ahn-sS-\n∂v Db¿∂p-h-cm≥ Ah¿°v Hcn-°epw km[y-a√.
Bcm-[-Is\ t{Zmln-°p∂ a\p-jys\ Xmsg-bp≈ Xa- n-te°v X≈n-bn-
Sp-hm≥ C{µ-t\mSv Ejn-{]m¿∞n-°p-∂p≠v. Cu Ccp-f-S™ Bg-Øn¬
hoWv A{]-Xy-£-\m-hp-I-bmWv ]m]n-bpsS hn[n-sb∂v tXm∂p∂p.
]n¬°m-e-Øp≈ ]pcm-W-ß-fnse \c-I-Øn-s‚bpw AXnse Nne ]oU-
I-fp-sSbpw hnIr-X-k-¶¬]-߃°v Cu L´-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-°-gn-™n-´n√.
[¿an-jvT-∑m¿°v kz¿Khpw \c-Ihpw A[m¿an-I¿°v \c-Ihpw F∂-Xm-
bn-cp∂p \nbaw. kZm-Nm-c-Øn\p kΩm\w e`n°pw Zpcm-Nm-c-Øn\p
in£bpw. ac-W-Øn-\p-tijw A⁄≥am¿ sNs∂-Øp∂ BÀm-Zn-c-ln-
X-ß-fmb A‘-Xm-an-{k-{]-tZ-i-߃ \mw Pohn-®p-t]m-cp∂ Cu temIw
Xs∂-bm-sW∂v Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂n√. ]t£, tUmbv ns‚ A`n-{]m-b-a-
XmWv. kwkm-c-sØ-∏-‰ntbm kpJ-Øns‚ Xmc-X-ay-t`-Z-ß-sf-∏-‰ntbm
C\nbpw bmsXmcp {]kvXm-h-hp-an√. EtKz-Z-Øn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ A¿∞-
Øn¬ Hcp a{¥-ap≠v. '"kz¥w I¿Ø-hy-ßs - e√mw \n¿∆-ln-®X- n-\p-tijw
hr≤-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ Abmƒ ChnsS hn´p-t]m-Ip∂p. Chn-sS-\n∂v t]mbn-
°-gn™ Abmƒ Hcn-°¬IqSn P\n-°p∂p. CXv aq∂m-asØ P\-\-am-
Ip∂p.'' CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw aq∂p P∑-ß-fp-s≠∂
sshZnI kn≤m-¥-sØ-bmWv. inip-hm-bn-´p≈ H∂m-asØ P∑w. B[ym-
fln-Ia- mb hnZym-`ymkw sIm≠p-≠m-Ip-∂Xv. c≠m-asØ P\\w. Bflmhv
k©-cn-°p∂ Hcp Poh-X-Xz-am-sW∂ hnizmkw EtKz-Z-Øn¬ \mw
ImWp∂p. (EtKzZw 1:164:30). Zi-afi
- e
- Ø
- nse 58˛mw kq‡-Øn¬, t_m[-
c-ln-X-\mbn InS-°p-∂-h-s\∂v Icp-Xm-hp∂ Hcp-hs‚ Bflm-hns\ (a\:)
aW-ß-fn¬\n∂pw BIm-i-Øp-\n∂pw kqcy-\n¬\n∂pw Xncn®p hcp-hm≥
£Wn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Nne Akz-`m-hnI ÿnXn-I-fn¬ Bflm-hns\ ico-c-
Øn¬\n∂v th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Icp-X-s∏-´n-cp∂p F∂Xv {]I-S-
amWv. F∂mepw ]p\¿P-∑-hn-izmkw sshZn-Im-cy-am¿°p ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-
cp∂p F∂v CXn¬\n∂p kn≤n-°p-∂n√.'' (`mc-Xob Z¿i\w. ae-bmf
hnh¿Ø\w: `mKw 1 t]Pv 91˛93).
EtKz-Z-Ønepw kma-th-Z-Ønepw AY¿h-th-Z-Ønepw ]c-tem-IsØ
kw_-‘n® ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp≠v. kma-th-Z-Øn-en-ßs\ ImWmw:
'"cmtb At· atl Xzm Zm\mb kan-[o-aln
CuUnjzm ln atl hrj≥ Zrm-hm-tlm-{Xmb ]rYnho
(Bt·b Imfiw 1˛10˛3)
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
(F√m B{K-l-ßfpw ]q¿W-am-°p∂ `K-hmt\, Aß-bn¬\n∂pw
G‰hpw henb Zm\w In´m≥ Aßsb R߃ kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p∂p. Adn-
hn-\mbpw `qan-bn¬ kam-[m-\-Øn-\mbpw ]c-tem-IØv im¥n-°mbpw
R߃ Aßsb kvXpXn-°p∂p.)
AY¿h thZw, ]c-tem-I-sØ-∏‰n Nn¥n®v k¬°¿Ω-ß-f-\p-jvTn-
°m≥ Zº-Xn-I-tfm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-Sp∂p:
'"A\zmc t`Ym a\x-kwc t`Ym taXw temIw {i≤-[m\m: kNt¥''
(6:12:3).
cmlp¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: '"thZ-Ønse Ejn-am¿ Cu temI-Øn\v hn`n-∂-
amb as‰mcp temI-ap-s≠∂v hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. Ahn-tS-°mWv ac-Wm-\-
¥cw k¬°¿Ωn-Iƒ t]mhpI. Ah-c-hnsS B\-µ-]q¿∆w Pohn-°p-∂-
XmWv. Xmsg-bp≈ ]mXmfw A‘-Im-c-amb \c-I-tem-I-amWv. Ahn-tS-
°mWv ZpjvI¿an-Iƒ t]mIp-∂Xv'' (hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]Pv 552).
{_m“-Wß
- f
- n¬
{_m“-W-ß-fn¬ ]p\¿P-∑sØ kw_-‘n®v ]cm-a¿i-ap-s≠-¶nepw
{][m-\-ambpw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂Xv ]c-tem-I-sØ-∏-‰n-bmWv. tUm. cm[m-Ir-
jvW≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: '"{_m“-Wß - f
- n¬ `mhn-Po-hn-XsØ kw_-‘n®v \n›n-
X-amb Hc-`n-{]mbw ImWp-∂n√. tZh-bm-\hpw ]nXr-bm-\hpw XΩn-ep≈
A¥cw FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-®n-´p≠v. `qan-bn¬ ]p\¿P∑w Nne-t∏mƒ Hc-\p-
{K-la - m-bn-´mWv; Hgn-™p-am-td≠ Hc-`n-im-]a
- m-bn-´√ ]cn-KW
- n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂Xv.
AXv Nne Znhy-c-l-ky-ß-dn-bm≥ {]Xn-⁄m-X-amb ]pc-kvIm-c-am-bn-cp∂p.
F∂m¬ F√m-‰nepw D]-cn-bmb A`n-{]mbw a\p-jy-P-∑-Øn-eqsS Aa-
cXzw hcn®v tZh≥am-cpsS \nhm-k-ÿm-\-amb kz¿K-temIw {]m]n-
°m≥I-gn-bp-sa-∂mWv. '"C{]-Imcw b⁄w sNøp-∂-h≥ imiz-X-amb
sFiz-cyhpw bi pw t\Sp∂p. BZn-Xy≥, A·n F∂o c≠p tZh-X-I-
fp-ambn kº¿°w {]m]n®p hnPbw hcn-°p∂p. Ah-tcm-sSm∏w AtX
temI-Øn¬Xs∂ ÿm\w t\Sp∂p.' (iX-]Y {_m“Ww 11:6:2:5) Nne
{]tXyI bmK-߃ \sΩ {]tXyI tZh≥am-cpsS temIØv {]th-in-
°p-hm≥ A¿l-cm-°n-Øo¿°p∂p.'"( ibid 2 6:4:8)
'"Cu temI-tØ-°mƒ DØ-a-amb Hcp temI-Øn-em-sW-¶nepw hy‡n-
]-c-amb Pohn-X-Øn\v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-bmWv ]ns∂bpw e£yw.'' b⁄-
I¿a-߃ icn-°p-a-\- n-em°n hn[n-s°mØv \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-h¿°v Aa-
c-Xztam Npcp-ßnb ]£w Zo¿L-Po-hn-Xtam e`n-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v {_m“-
W-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ {]Xn⁄ sNøp-∂p≠v. Cu b⁄-`m-h-\bpw A\p-jvTm-
\hpw Ipd-™-h¿ ka-b-Øn-\p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ acn®v ]c-temIw ]qIp∂p.
AhnsS Ahsc Hcp Xpem- n¬ Xq°p∂p. ( ibid 2:6) {Ia-Øn¬ Xpey-
amb \oXy-\ym-b-Øns‚ Bibw hnI-kn®p hcp∂p. EtKz-Z-Øns‚ ]nXr-
°-fpsS temIw tIhew Hcp am¿K-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ sshZnI tZh-X-
Ifpw Ah-cpsS temIhpw ]nXr-bm-\hpw {]Xn-Im-c-\oXn \S-∏p≈ Ah-
cpsS temIhpw XΩn¬ henb `n∂X h∂p. adp-tem-IØv ]p\¿P-∑-
sØ-∏-‰nbpw Cu temI-Øn¬ sNøp∂ I¿a-ß-sf-s®m√n ]›m-Øm]w,
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
{]mb-›nØw F∂n-hs - b-∏‰
- n-bp-ap≈ Nn¥ C\nbpw \ΩpsS apºn¬ h∂p-
I-gn-™n-cp-∂n√.'' (`mc-Xob Z¿i\w `mKw 1 t]Pv: 110˛112).
D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬
]p\¿P-∑-k-¶¬]w hnImkw {]m]n-®Xpw kzm[o\w t\Sn-bXpw D]-
\n-j-Øp-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. AtXm-sSm∏w ]c-tem-I-sØbpw ]p\-cp-∞m-\-
Po-hn-X-sØbpw kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßfpw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ [mcm-f-ambn
ImWmw. Cuim-hm-tkym-]\ - n-jØ
- n¬ ac-Wm-\¥
- c
- a
- p≈ \c-IsØ kw_-
‘n®v Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p:
Akqcym \ma tX temIm At‘\ Xa-km-hrXm:
XmwkvtX t{]Xym-`n-K-—¥n tb tI Nmfl-lt\m P\m: (a{¥w: 3)
(kqcy-\n-√mØ B temI-߃ A⁄-Xm-‘-Im-cm-hr-X-ß-fm-Ip∂p.
Bfl-Lm-Xn-Iƒ, AYhm Cuiz-c-kva-c-W-bn-√msX hnj-bm-k-‡-cmbn
Ign-bp-∂-h¿ ho≠pw ZpxJ-\n-c-X-amb B temI-ß-fn-se-Øp∂p.)
kz¿KsØ kw_-‘n®v ItTm-]-\n-jØv ]d-bp∂p:
kz¿tK temtI \ `bw Io©-\mkvXn
\X{X Xzw \P-cbm _nt`Xn
Dt` Xo¿Xzm-i-\mb ]n]mtk
timIm-XntKm tamZtX kz¿K-temtI (1:1:12)
(kz¿K-tem-IØv A¬]w-t]mepw `b-an√. AhnsS B¿°pw ac-W-
an√. Pcm-\c- b
- m¬ B¿°pw `b-hp-an√. AhnsS hkn-°p-∂h - ¿ hni-∏n∂pw
Zml-Øn\pw timIm-Zn-Iƒ°pw AXo-X-∑m-cmbn F√m-hn[ B\-µhpw
A\p-`-hn-°p∂p.
a\p-kvar-Xnbpw ]c-tem-I-Po-hn-XsØ kw_-‘n®v kwkm-cn-°p∂p:
\map{X ln klm-bm¿Yw ]nXm amXm N XnjvTX
\ ]p{X-Zmcm \ ⁄mXn¿ [¿a-kvXm-jvTXn tIhe: (4:239).
(]c-tem-IØv klm-b-Øn\v A—-\-Ω-amsc In´p-I-bn√. a°tfm
`mcytbm _‘p-°tfm AhnsS {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-I-bn√. klm-bn-°m≥
[¿aw-am{Xw \ne-sIm-≈p∂p).
GI: {]Pm-btX P¥p-tcI Gh {]eo-btX
GtIm (A)\p `pMvIvtX kpIr-X-taI Gh N ZpjvIrXw (4:240)
(Pohn P\n-°p-∂Xpw acn-°p-∂Xpw X\n-®mWv. kz¿K-Øn¬ kpIrXw
A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xpw \c-I-Øn¬ ZpjvIrXw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xpw X\n-®p-
Xs∂).
`K-h-ZvKo-Xbpw kz¿K-\-c-I-ß-fpsS Imcyw [mcm-f-ambn Du∂n-∏-d-
bp∂p. Ah-cn¬ Nne-Xn-hnsS D≤-cn°mw.
D’-∂-Ip-e-[¿amWmw
a\p-jymWmw P\m¿±\m
\ctI \nbXw hmtkm `h-Xo-Xy\p ip{ipa ({]Y-am-[ymbw, t«mIw:
44)
(tl P\m¿≤\m, Ipe-[¿Ω-߃ \in-®p-t]mb a\p-jy-cpsS hmkw
Fs∂-t∂°pw \c-I-Øn-em-sW∂v R߃ tI´-dn-™n-´p≠v.)
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
AY tNØzn-anaw [¿ayw
kw{Kmaw \ Icn-jykn
AX: kz[¿aw Io¿ØnwN
lnXzm ]m]-am-]vkykn (ZznXo-bm-[ymbw t«mIw: 33)
(F∂m¬ A¿÷p\m, \o kz[¿am-\p-kr-X-amb Cu bp≤w sNøm-
Xn-cn-°p-∂-]£w kz¿K-{]m-]vXn-bp-≠m-hp-I-bn-s√∂p Xs∂-b√ kz[¿a-
sØbpw bi- n-s\bpw Dt]-£n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v \n\°v ]m]w t\cn-Sp-
∂-Xp-amWv).
ltXm hm {]m]vkykn kz¿Kw
PnXzm hm t`m£ytk alow
Xkvam-Zp-ØnjvT Iut¥b
bp≤mb IrX-\n-›b: (ZznXo-bm-[ymbw. t«mIw 37)
(A√tbm Ip¥o-]p{Xm, i{Xp-°ƒ \ns∂ h[n-®m¬, \n\°p kz¿§-
Øn¬ t]mImw. \o i{Xp-°sf Pbn-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ cmPy-a-\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw
sNømw. AXp-sIm≠v c≠m-bmepw \o bp≤w sNøm-\p-d-®p-sIm≠v thKw
Fgp-t∂¬°pI.)
Npcp-°-Øn¬, ]p\¿P-∑-sØ-∏‰n sslµh thZ-߃ H∂pw ]d-bp-
∂n√. {_m“-W-ß-fnepw AXns‚ hni-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fn√. PmXn-hy-h-ÿ°p
aX-Io-bX \¬Ipw-hn[w D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-emWv AXv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv.
F∂m¬ ]c-temI hnizm-k-sØ-∏‰n thZ-ß-fnepw {_m“-W-ß-fnepw D]-
\n-j-Øp-I-fnepw kvarXn-I-fnepw KoX-bn-ep-sa√mw hy‡-amb ]cm-a¿i-
ß-fp≠v. sslµ-h-a-X-Øns‚ auen-IX ]c-temI hnizm-k-am-sW∂v CXv
kpXcmw hy‡-am-°p∂p.
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw

]c-temI hnizm-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb
hna¿i-\-߃
]c-tem-I-hn-izm-ksØ hna¿i\ hnt[-b-am-°p∂ kzman At`-Zm-\-µ≥
Fgp-Xp∂p: '"c≠p henb aX-߃ blq-Z-a-Xhpw (AXns‚ c≠p k¥m-
\-ß-fmb {InkvXp-a-Xhpw Ckvemw-a-Xhpw) kucm-jv{Sn-b≥a-Xhpw
Ct∏mgpw GI-P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂p. Ch-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-
Iƒ Aß-s\-bp≈ Hcp kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ \nc¿∞-I-X-bp-sSbpw Abp-
‡n-bp-sSbpw t\sc IÆ-S-®p-sIm≠v a\p-jym-flmhv iq\y-X-bn¬\n∂v
krjvSn-°-s∏-´p-sh∂pw AXv A\-¥-X-bn¬°qSn `qan-bn¬ Pohn-®-t∏mƒ
sNbvX ]pWy-]m-]-߃°-\p-k-cn®v kpJ-a-\p-`-hn-°p-Itbm ZpxJ-a-\p-`-
hn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p-sh∂pw hniz-kn-°p-I-bmWv. ChnsS kzm`m-hn-I-
ambpw Hcp tNmZy-ap-b-cp-∂p≠v. Cu `qan-bnse {lkz-Ime Pohn-X-Øn¬
{]]-©-I¿Øm-hns‚ C—m-\p-k-cWw Hcp a\p-jy¿ sNøp-hm≥ \n¿_-
‘n-X-am-Ip∂ I¿a-ß-fpsS ^e-߃ F°m-ehpw A\p-`-hn-°m≥ X°-
hÆw B a\p-jy≥ DØ-c-hm-Zn-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-sX-ßs\? ap≥hn-[nbpw
Imcp-Wy-hp-sa∂ kn≤m¥w hnj-bsØ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw
ssZhsØ ]£-]m-Xnbpw A\oXn sNøp-∂-h-\p-am-°n-Øo¿°p-I-bmWv
sNøp-∂Xv. k¿∆-i-‡-\mb Hcp hr‡n-ssZhw' iyq\y-X-bn¬\n∂v a\p-
jym-flm-°sf krjvSn-®p-sh-¶n¬ F√m Bflm-°-sfbpw Hcp-t]mse \√-
hcpw k¥p-jvS-cp-am°n At±-l-Øn\p krjvSn-®p-Iq-Sm-bn-cpt∂m? F¥n-
\mWv At±lw Hcmsf Pohn-X-Ønse F√m A\p-{K-l-ßfpw Bkz-Zn-
°p-∂-Xn\pw a‰-hs\ F√m IjvS-∏m-Sp-Ifpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn
\ntbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv. F¥n-\mWv Hcmƒ hnin-jvS-amb at\m-K-Xn-tbmSpw
as‰m-cmƒ ZpjvS-a-\-t m-Spw-IqSn ]nd-°p-∂Xv? F¥p-sIm-≠mWv PohnXw
apgp-h≥ Hcmƒ injvS\pw as‰m-cmƒ hnUvVn-bp-ambn P∑-sa-Sp-°p-∂-sX-
¥p-sIm≠v? ssZhw tk—m-\p-km-c-amWv B Ak-a-Xz-߃ krjvSn-°p-
∂-sX-¶n¬, as‰mcp `mj-bn¬ ]d-™m¬ Hcmƒ°v ZpxJhpw as‰m-cmƒ°v
kt¥m-jhpw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-sX-¶n¬ B ssZhw F{X ]£-]m-Xnbpw
A\o-Xn-am-\p-am-bn-cn-°Ww? Abmƒ Hcp tk—m-[n-]-Xn-sb-°mƒ \nIr-
jvS-\m-bn-cn-°p-I-bnt√? \ap-s°-ßs\ Abmsf Bcm-[n-°m≥ Ignbpw?
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
Fßs\ \oXn-am-s\∂pw ]c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I-s\∂pw hnfn-°m≥ Ignbpw?''
(]p\¿P∑w. ]pdw: 19:20).
D]-cyp‡ D≤-cWn am‰sØ kw_-‘n® XnI™ A⁄X hy‡-
am-°p-∂-Xm-b-Xn-\m¬ hni-Z-amb hnh-cWw Bh-iy-amWv.
1. ssZh-sØbpw ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-sØbpw kw_-‘n®v kwkm-
cn-°p∂ aX-sam-s°bpw Htc t{kmX- n¬\n∂v Ah-Xo¿Æ-am-b-h-bmWv.
AXn-\m¬ auen-I-ambn H∂mWv. Ah-bv°n-S-bn¬ hyXym-khpw sshcp-
[yhpw ImW-s∏-Sm≥ ImcWw a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-Sepw sh´n-®p-cp-°epw
Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-sam-s°-bmWv. CXns‚ G‰hpw henb DZm-l-c-W-amWv
]p\¿P-∑-k-¶ev]w. sslµh thZ-ß-fn-se-hn-sSbpw AXn-s√-∂Xv kphn-
Zn-Xhpw kpk-Ω-X-hp-as{X. C°mcyw Ign™ A[ym-b-Øn¬ hy‡-am-
°n-bn-´p≠v.
F√m aX-ßfpw ssZh-Øn¬\n∂v Ah-Xo¿Æ-am-bh - b
- m-bX
- n-\m¬ H∂v
as‰m-∂ns‚ k¥m-\-am-Ip-∂n√. F√mw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn H∂m-sW-∂-
XmWv kXyw. AXn-\m¬ ss{IkvX-h-Xbpw Ckvemapw blq-Z-a-X-Øns‚
k¥m-\-am-sW∂ ]cm-a¿iw icn-b√.
2. blq-Z-a-Xhpw ss{IkvX-h-Xbpw Ckvemapw kucm-jv{Sn-b≥a-Xhpw
t]mse-Øs∂ sslµ-h-Xbpw GI-ssZ-h-sØbpw ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-
Ønse kz¿K˛\c-I-ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n-®mWv kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]p\¿P-
∑-hn-izmkw sslµ-h-X-bn¬ ]n∂oSv Iq´n-t®¿°-s∏-´-XmWv. PmXn-hy-h-
ÿ-sbbpw AXns‚ Po¿W-X-sbbpw Ac-°n-´p-d-∏n-°m≥ cq]w sIm≠-
XmWv. C°mcyw sXfn-hp-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ t\csØ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-
´p≠v.
3.) Bflmhpw ]Zm¿∞hpw krjvSn-bm-sW∂ hnizm-ksØ At`-Zm-
\µ kzman Abp-‡n-I-am-sW∂v Btcm-]n®v cq£-ambn ]cn-l-kn-°p∂p.
F∂m¬ ]Icw At±lw Ah-X-cn-∏n® Ah A\m-Zn-bm-sW∂ hmZw
F{X-am{Xw A¿∞-iq-\yhpw A_-≤-P-Sn-ehpw Abp-‡n-I-hp-am-sW∂v
A¬]w Btem-Nn-®m¬ t_m[y-amIpw. Bflmhv A\m-Zn-bm-sW-¶n¬
A\m-Zn-bn¬Xs∂ AXv kkyhpw Pe-Po-hnbpw Cg-P-¥phpw arKhpw
a\p-jy-\p-sam-s°-bmbn AXns‚ ]cn-Wmaw ]q¿Øn-bm-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-
∂nt√? A\m-Zn-bn-en-sXms° \S-°msX Ct∏m-sg-¥p-sIm≠v kw`-hn-
°p∂p? CXp-t]m-ep≈ Cu hnj-b-I-ambn t\csØ D∂-bn® \nc-h[n
tNmZy-߃°v DØcw \¬Im≥ ]p\¿P-∑-k-¶¬]-°m¿°v km[n-®n-´n√,
km[n-°p-I-bp-an√.
4. Adp-\q-dp-tImSn a\p-jy¿°v Adp-\q-dp-tImSn cq]-Øn-ep≈ apJhpw
ssIhn-cepw apSnbpw c‡hpw K‘hpw AkvXn-Xzhpw hy‡n-Xz-hp-sams°
\¬Im≥ Ign-bp-amdv Ign-hp-‰X - mtWm Bflmhv? F¶n¬ B Ignhv AXn\v
Fhn-sS-\n∂p In´n? Adp-\q-dp-tImSn P\-߃°v Adnhpw t_m[hpw
_p≤nbpw bp‡n-bp-sams° \¬Inb AXn-cp-I-fn-√mØ Adn-hn-s‚bpw
bp‡n-bp-sSbpw DS-ab - mb ssZhw iq\y-Xb- n¬\n∂v {]]-©sØ krjvSn-
®p-sh-∂Xv Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-am-sW-¶n¬ CsXm-s°bpw Bflm-hns‚ Ign-
hm-sW∂ hmZw AXn-s\-°mƒ Ahn-iz-k-\o-bhpw Abp-‡n-I-hp-at√?
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
hfsc hyh-ÿm-]n-Xhpw hnkva-b-P-\yhpw IWn-ihpw {Ia-_-≤-hp-amb
Cu {]]©w Fß-s\-bp-≠mbn F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb hni-
Zo-I-cWw \¬Im≥ ssZh-kr-jvSn-∏ns\ \ntj-[n-°p∂ B¿°pw km[y-
a√. Ah¿ `uXn-I-hm-Zn-I-fm-bmepw ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-I-fm-bmepw icn.
5. ssZh-amWv {kjvSm-sh-¶n¬ a\p-jy¿°n-S-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-
ÿm-¥-c-߃ A\o-Xn-bm-hnt√; ssZhw Cuhn[w A\oXn sNøp∂ tkz-
—m-[n-]-Xn-bmtWm F∂mWv At`-Zm-\µ kzman tNmZn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬
CtX tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw \¬Im≥ ]p\¿P-∑- hm-Zn-Ifpw _m[y-ÿ-
cmWv. Ah-cpsS k¶¬]-a-\p-k-cn®v a\p-jy-cn-hnsS hnI-emw-Kcpw aµ-_p-
≤n-Ifpw {`m¥≥amcpw Zcn-{Zcpw IjvS-X-b-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h-cp-sam-s°-bm-bXv
Ign™ P∑-Ønse I¿a-ß-fpsS ^e-amWv. Ign™ P∑-Øn¬ CXn-
s\m-s°bpw Imc-W-amb I¿a-߃ sNøm≥ ImcWw AXn\p apºsØ
P∑-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv. B P∑-Ønse AØcw {]h¿Ø-\-
߃°v ImcWw AXns‚ apºp≈ P∑-Ønse I¿ahpw. Cßs\ Hmtcm
P∑hpw ap≥P-∑-Ønse I¿a-^-e-ß-fm¬ _‘n-Xhpw Akz-X-{¥-hp-am-
b-Xn-\m¬ B¿°pw H∂pw kzbw Xocp-am-\n-°mt\m sNømt\m km[y-
a√. Bflm-°ƒ A\m-Zn-bn¬ F√mw Htc t]mse-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Htc
I¿aw sNøp-∂-hbpw Htc A\p-`-h-ap-≈-hbpw BtI-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂nt√?
]ns∂-sb-ßs\ C∂p ImW-s∏-Sp∂ sshhn-[y-X-Ifpw sshcp-[y-X-I-fp-
ap-≠mbn? A\m-Zn-bn¬ F√mw Htc-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ AXv Ak-
a-Xzhpw Ah-tbmSp sNøp∂ A\o-Xn-bp-at√? a\p-jy¿°n-S-bnse Ah-
ÿm-¥-c-߃°v F¥p hni-Zo-I-c-W-amWv ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Zn-Iƒ°v \¬Im-
\p-≈Xv? A\m-Zn-bn¬ Bflm-°ƒ Htc Ah-ÿ-bnepw {]Ir-X-Øn-ep-am-
bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Htc Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]cn-Wm-a-at√ D≠m-th-≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv?
F¶n¬ Nne¿ hnI-emw-Kcpw aµ-_p-≤n-Ifpw {`m¥cpw Idp-Ø-hcpw Ipdn-
b-hcpw Zcn-{Zcpw ]oUn-Xcpw a‰p-≈-h¿ adn®pw Bb-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? A\m-
Zn-bn¬ Xs∂ Cu sshhn-[yX D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ISpØ A\o-Xn-
bt√?
F∂m¬ Ckvemw CØcw {]iv\-߃°v \ymbhpw Xr]vXn-I-c-hp-
amb DØcw \¬Ip-∂p≠v. a\p-jy-Po-hnXw ac-W-tØmsS Ah-km-\n-
°p-∂n√. CXv I¿a-Im-e-amWv. hnNm-c-Wbpw hn[nbpw {]Xn-^-ehpw ac-
Wm-\-¥cw ]c-tem-I-ØmWv. AXmWv ÿnchpw imiz-X-hp-amb PohnXw.
ChnsS Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw \¬I-s∏´ Ignhpw km[y-Xbpw kzmX-{¥y-hp-
a-\p-k-cn-®mWv Ah-c-h-cpsS _m[yX. AXn-\m¬ ]W-°m-cs‚ _m[yX
]mh-s∏-´-ht∂m {]Xn-`m-im-en-bp-tSXv kmam-\y-_p-≤nt°m ]q¿Wm-tcm-Ky-
hm-t‚Xv tcmKnt°m Icp-Ø-t‚Xv Zp¿_-et∂m kuI-cy-a-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h-
t‚Xv AXn-√m-Ø-ht∂m C√. Cu _m[y-X-I-fpsS \n¿h-l-Whpw ewL-
\-hp-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv ]c-tem-I-Po-hn-X-Ønse c£m-in-£-Ifpw kz¿K-\-c-
I-ßfpw. AXn-\m¬ B¿°pw H´pw A\oXn kw`-hn-°p-∂n√. Hmtcm-cp-
Ø¿°pw X߃°v \¬I-s∏´ Ign-hn-s‚bpw km[y-X-bp-sSbpw tXmX-
\p-k-cn® _m[yX; AXns‚ \n¿h-l-Whpw ewL-\-hp-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈
c£m-in-£-Ifpw. ssZh-Im-cp-Wy-Øn-s‚bpw \oXn-bp-sSbpw A\n-hm-cy-
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
Xbpw {]Im-i-\-hp-as{X ]c-tem-I-Po-hnXw.
6. P∑-hm-k-\-I-fm¬ _‘n-X-\-√mØ GI krjvSn a\p-jy-\s{X.
PohnXw GXp hn[-am-h-W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈ km[y-Xbpw kzmX-
{¥yhpw Ah\v \¬I-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬ a\p-jy¿s°√mw \∑bpw
Xn∑bpw sX‰pw icnbpw [¿ahpw A[¿ahpw sXc- s ™- S pØv
k∑m¿Knbpw Zp¿am¿Kn-bp-am-Im-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-ap≠v. A∆n[w kzbw
Xocp-am-\n®v Pohn-°p-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cn°pw ac-Wm-\-¥-c-ap≈ c£m-
in-£-Iƒ. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: '"B¿ k∑m¿Kw kzoI-cn-°p-
∂pthm AXv Ahs‚ Xs∂ KpW-Øn\p th≠n-bmWv. B¿ Zp¿am¿K-a-
h-ew-_n-°-∂pthm AXns‚ tZmjhpw Ah-\p-Xs∂. `mcw hln-°p-∂-h-
cmcpw a‰m-cp-sSbpw `mcw Npa-°p-I-bn√.'"(17:15).
'"]d-bpI: CXv \ns‚ \mY-\n¬\n-∂p≈ kXy-amWv. CjvS-ap-≈-
h¿°nXv kzoI-cn°mw. CjvSa - p-≈h
- ¿°v \ntj-[n°mw. A{I-an-Iƒ°v \mw
\cIw k÷-am-°n-bn-´p≠v.'' (18:29)
'"Hcp P\-Xbpw Ah¿ kzbw am‰p-∂-Xp-hsc A√mlp ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-
°p-I-bn√.'' (13:11)
'"B¿ sX‰p-sN-øp-∂pthm Ah-\-Xns‚ ^e-a-\p-`-hn°pw.'' (4:123).
'"Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v IS-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.'' (52:21).
'"\n߃ {]h¿Øn-®-X-√msX \n߃°v ]Icw \¬I-s∏-Sptam?
(27:90)
'"B¿ AWp-a-Wn-Øq°w \∑ sNbvXpthm Ah-\Xv Is≠-ØpI
Xs∂ sNøpw. B¿ AWp-a-Wn-Øq°w Xn∑ sNbvXpthm Ah-\Xpw
Is≠Øpw.'' (99:7,8)
'"`mcw Npa-°p∂ Bcpw as‰m-cp-hs‚ `mcw t]dp-I-bn√. a\p-jy∂v
Xm≥ {]b-Xv\n-®√ - msX bmsXm-∂p-an√. Xm≥ {]h¿Øn-®Xv Xma-kn-bmsX
Ah\v ImWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv. A\-¥cw Ah\v XnI-thmsS {]Xn-^ew
\¬I-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw.'' (53:38˛41). Ckvem-anI ho£-W-Øn¬ a\p-
jy¿ Xo¿Øpw Akz-X-{¥t\m tIhew hn[n-bpsS ssIbnse ]mhtbm
D]-I-c-Wtam As√∂v AhnsS D≤-cn-®-hbpw AXp-t]m-se-bp-≈-hp-amb
\nc-h[n Jp¿-B≥ hmIy-߃ Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn hy‡-am-°p∂p. Xs‚
Pohn-X-am¿Kw Xocp-am-\n-°m\pw sXc-s™-Sp-°m\pw Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw
A\p-hm-Zhpw kzmX-{¥yhpw \¬I-s∏-´n-´p≠v. k≥am¿§w kzoI-cn®v \√-
h-cmbn Pohn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n® Bscbpw A√mlp \n¿_-‘n®v Zp¿am¿Kn-
bm-°p-I-bn√. adn®pw A∆n[w Xs∂.
a\p-jy∂v \¬I-s∏´ kzmX-¥y-Øn\pw km[y-X-°p-a-∏p-d-samcp
Imcyhpw ssZhw a\p-jy-t∂m-Sm-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Itbm B⁄m-]n-°p-Itbm
sNøp-∂n√. '"A√mlp BtcmSpw Ahs‚ Ign-hn-∂-Xo-X-am-bXv I¬]n-
°p-I-bn√. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw {]h¿Øn-®-Xn-\-\p-k-cn® c£bpw in£bpw
Ah¿°p≠v.'' (2:286)
a\p-jys‚ Xocp-am-\-ßfpw I¿a-ßfpw ssZh-Øns‚ Adn-hn∂pw
hn[n°pw hnt[-b-at√? a\p-jys‚ kzmX-{¥y-sØbpw ssZh-\n-›-b-
sØbpw _‘n-∏n-°p∂ IÆn GXv, Fßs\ XpS-ßnb tNmZy-ß-fp-∂-
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
bn-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-XmWv. F∂m¬ a\p-jy-\n-hnsS Xs‚ ]cn-[nbpw ]cn-an-
Xnbpw \∂mbn a\- n-em-°p-I-Xs∂ thWw. A\-¥-hn-kvXr-X-amb Cu
alm-{]-]© - Ø - nse Hcp sIm®p-tKm-fa - mWv `qan. AXnse ]c-tImSn krjvSn-
I-fn-sem-∂p-am-{X-amWv a\p-jy¿. Xs∂bpw Xm≥ Pohn-°p∂ `qan-sbbpw
AXpƒs°m-≈p∂ {]]-©-sØbpw kw_-‘n® Ahs‚ Adnhv hfsc
]cn-an-X-as{X. Hcp kap-Zm-b-Ønse sh≈hpw AXnse Hcp Xp≈nbpw
Xmc-Xa - yw-sN-bm-Xm¬ B Hcp Xp≈n sh≈-Øn\p kam-\a - mb hn⁄m\w
t]mepw a\p-jy-\n-t∂mfw t\Sm-\m-bn-´n√. Cu ]cn-an-X⁄ - m-\Ø
- ns‚ ]cn-
[n-bn¬\n∂v {]]-©-{k-jvSm-hmb ssZh-sØbpw Ahs‚ I¿a-ß-sfbpw
kw_-‘n®v F√m \ap-°-dn-b-W-sa∂v iTn-°p-∂-Xn-sem´pw A¿Y-an√.
ssZh-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m ]t©-{µn-b-߃°pw Ah-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-
Iƒ°v hnt[-b-amb a\p-jy-_p-≤n°pw Nn¥bv°pw A{]m-]y-amb A`u-
Xn-I-⁄m-\-Øn¬s]-´-h-bmWv. ssZh-Zq-X≥am-cn-eqsS e`y-am-b-Xn-\-∏pdw
AXn-s\-°p-dn®v B¿°pw H∂p-a-dn-bn√. ssZh-hn-[n-bpsS ÿnXnbpw CXp-
Xs∂. AXn-\m¬ thZ-{K-Ÿ-Øn-eqsS e`y-amb ⁄m\-a-\p-k-cn®v ssZh-
hn-[nbpw ⁄m\hpw {]]-©s - Øbpw AXn-ep≈ kI-eX - n-s\bpw Nqgv∂p-
\n-ev°p∂p. a\p-jy∂pw AXn-∂-Xo-X-\√. AtX-k-abw kzbw Xocp-am-\-
sa-Sp-°m\pw AX-\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°m\pw a\p-jy\v kzmX-{¥yhpw km[y-
Xbpw \¬I-s∏-´n-´p≠v. AXv A]-cn-an-Xtam A\n-b-{¥n-Xtam A√.
kzmX{¥yw e`n® taJ-e-I-fn¬ ssZhsØ A\p-k-cn®v Ah≥ \n›-
bn® PohnX ]mX ]n¥p-S-c-W-sa∂v Ah≥ A\p-im-kn-®n-cn-°p∂p.
Aßs\ sNøp-∂-h¿°v Pohn-X-hn-P-bhpw ]c-tem-I-in-£bpw hmKvZm\w
sNbvXn-´p≠v. ssZhsØ [n°-cn-°m-\p≈ km[y-Xbpw kzmX-{¥yhpw
a\p-jy\v \¬I-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. Aßs\ sNøp-∂-h¿°v ]cm-P-bhpw ]c-
tem-IØv ISpØ in£-bp-am-Wp-≠m-hp-I-sb∂v Xm°oXv \¬Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. Npcp-°Ø - n¬, Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw \¬s∏´ Ign-hn-s‚bpw
kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚bpw tXmX-\p-kc - n-®mWv Ah-ch - c
- psS _m[yX. AXns‚
\n¿h-lW - Ø - n-s‚bpw ewL-\Ø - n-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-em-bn-cn°pw ]c-
tem-IsØ c£m-in-£I - ƒ. AXn-\m¬ At`-Zm-\µ kzman Btcm-]n-°p∂
t]mse A\o-Xntbm {Iqc-Xtbm Imcp-Wy-cm-ln-Xytam kw`-hn-°p-∂n√.
hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: "\ns‚ \mY≥ Xs‚ Zmk≥am-tcmSv H´pw
A\oXn ImWn-°p-∂-h-\√.'' (41:46)
'"\n›bw, A√mlp a\p-jy-tcmSv Hcn-°epw A{Iaw {]h¿Øn-°p-
∂-X√. {]XypX, a\p-jy≥ kzbw Xs∂ A{Iaw {]h¿Øn-°p-I-bmWv''
(10:44).
7. `qan-bnse {lkz-Ime Pohn-X-Øn\v ÿnc-amb c£m-in-£-Iƒ
\¬Ip-∂Xv A\o-Xn-bm-sW-∂mWv At`-Zm-\-µ-kzm-an-bpsS as‰m-cm-tcm-
]Ww.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ I¿a-ß-fpsS ka-bhpw Ah-bpsS ^ehpw XΩn¬
Hcp _‘-hp-an√. Hcmsf sIm√m≥ Hcp \nanjw aXn. AXns‚ ^etam
Gsd Zo¿Lhpw AXn-Kp-cp-X-chpw. Hcp t_mw_v h¿jn-°m≥ CØn-cn-
t\cw aXn. AXns‚ {]Xym-Lm-Xtam? e£-ß-sftbm tImSn-I-sftbm
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
]Xn-‰m-≠p-Itfm \q‰m-≠p-Itfm \o≠p-\n¬°p-∂-hn[w _m[n-°p∂p.
C‚¿hyq thf-bnse tNmtZym-Ø-c-Øn\v \nan-j-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-ta-bp≈q.
AtX kabw AXns‚ ^ew Pohn-Xm-¥yw-hsc XpS-cp∂p. ]co-£-bp-
sSbpw AXns‚ ^e-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-ÿbpw CXp-Xs∂.
Hcm-fpsS Pohn-Xm-¥y-tØmsS Abm-fpsS I¿a-^-e-߃ `qan-bn¬
Xs∂ Xocp-I-bn√. Hcmƒ Hcp D∂-X-hn-Zym-ebw ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬
AXns‚ kZv^ew \q‰m-≠p-Ifpw kl-{km-_vZ-ßfpw \ne-\n¬°p∂p.
Ahn-sS-\n∂v ]Tn-°p∂ tImSn-If - p-sams° AXns‚ KpW-t`m-‡m-°f - s{X.
Ah-cp-sS-sbms° \∑-bp-sSbpw t\´-Øn-s‚bpw kZv^ew hnZym-ebw
ÿm]n® hy‡n°v e`n-°p∂p. Hcp Xn∑ Bsc-sb√mw kzm[o-\n-°p-
∂pthm Ah-cp-sSbpw Ah-cn-eqsS kzm[o-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-sSbpw ]n∂oSv
kzm[o-\n-°-s∏-´-h-cm¬ kzm[o-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-h-cp-sS-sb√w Xn∑-I-fpsS
Zpjv^ew XpS-°-°m-c-\n-te°v sNs∂-Øp∂p. lntcm-jn-a-bnepw \mK-
km-°n-bnepw t_mw_v h¿jn-®Xv Npcp-ßnb ka-bw-sIm-≠mWv. AXv
krjvSn® Zpc-¥tam C∂pw Ahn-cmaw XpS-cp∂p.
Ime-ssZ¿Lytam Bbp- ns‚ \oftam \√-hs\ sIm≈-cp-Xm-Ø-
ht\m \oNt\m D¬Ir-jvSt\m B°p-I-bn√. AXn-\m¬ I¿a-߃s°-
Sp-°p∂ ka-bhpw I¿a-^-ehpw XΩn¬ Hcp _‘-hp-an√. a\p-jy≥ acn-
®mepw Ahs‚ I¿a-^-e-an-hnsS Ahn-cmaw XpScpw. I¿aw \∑-bm-sW-
¶n¬ Zpjv^-ehpw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ BcpsS I¿a-^-ehpw Ah-cpsS
Pohn-X-Im-eØv Xn´-s∏-Sp-ØpI km[y-a√. hnNm-c-Wbpw hn[nbpw c£m-
in-£-Ifpw `qan-bn¬sh®v kw`-hn-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ Imc-Whpw AXm-
bn-cn°mw. GXm-bmepw ]c-tem-I-Ønse imiz-X-amb c£m-in-£-Iƒ°v
`qan-bnse Pohn-X-Imew Xs∂ [mcm-f-am-sW∂v CsXm-s°bpw Ak-µn-
Kv[-ambn hy‡-am-°p∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ssZhw BtcmSpw H´pw
A\oXn sNøp-∂n√. ]ns∂ ssZhw F¥v, Fß\ sNø-W-sa∂v Ahs‚
tImSm-\p-tImSn krjvSn-I-fn-sem-∂mb a\p-jy≥ COn-°p-Ibpw Xocp-am-
\n-°p-Ibpw ]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-hp-I-bn-√t√m.
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw

]c-temIw Ckvem-anI ho£-W-Øn¬

`uXnI hn⁄m-\o-b-߃Xs∂ hnhn-[-bn-\-amWv. Ah Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw
hmXn¬ Xpd-°m≥ hyXykvX Xmt°m-ep-Iƒ thWw. KWn-X-imkv{Xw
]Tn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ am¿Khpw am\-Z-fi-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v ico-c-
imkv{Xw {Kln-°pI km[y-a√. KWn-X-im-kv{X-Øns‚ Xs∂ hnhn[
hi-߃°v hyXykvX am[y-a-ß-fm-h-iy-amWv. Hcp hrØ-Øn\v ap∂q-‰n-
b-dp-]Xv Un{Kn-bm-sW∂pw {XntIm-W-Øn\v \q‰n-sb¨]Xv Un{Kn-bm-sW-
∂p-ap≈ k¶¬]w kzoI-cn-°msX t£{X-K-WnXw A`y-kn-°m-\m-hn√.
_oP-K-Wn-X-Øn\v `n∂-amb am\-Zfiw A\n-hm-cy-as{X. tKmf-imkv{Xw,
`qK¿`-imkv{Xw, `qan-imkv{Xw, kky-imkv{Xw t]mep-≈-h-bvs°√mw
{]tXyIw {]tXyIw am[y-a-ß-fm-h-iy-amWv.
`uXn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS hnhn[ hi-߃°v hyXykvX am\-Z-fi-߃
thW-sa-∂n-cns° A`u-Xn-I-⁄m\w t\Sm≥ Xo¿Øpw `n∂-amb am¿Kw
A\n-hm-cy-as{X. ssZhw, ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hnXw, kz¿Kw, \cIw, amemJ,
]nimNv t]mep-≈-h-sb-∏‰n ]Tn-°m≥ a\p-jys‚ hiw Hcp am\-Z-fitam
am¿Ktam C√. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ hnhn[ Zim-k-‘-I-fn¬ hyXykvX tZi-
ß-fn¬ \ntbm-Kn-X-cmb ssZh-Zq-X≥am-cn-eqsS Ah-Xo¿W-amb Znhy-k-
tµ-i-ß-f-√msX, AYhm, Znhy-t_m-[-\-amWv A`u-Xn-I-⁄m-\-Øns‚
GI am[yaw.
P∑\m A‘-\mb a\p-jy-t\mSv \mw Ce-bpsS \ndw ]®bpw ]mens‚
\ndw shfp∏pw Im°-bp-tSXv Idp-∏p-am-sW∂p ]d-™m¬ Abmƒ°Xv
Dƒs°m-≈-W-sa-¶n¬ ]d-bp∂ Bsf hniz-kn-°p-I-b-√msX \n¿hm-l-
an√. adn®v h¿W-sØ-°p-dn®v kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h-sc-sbms° A‘-\mb
a\p-jy≥ Ahn-iz-kn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ Hcp henb temIw
Xs∂ Abmƒ°v A\y-am-bn-cn°pw. A{]-Imcw Xs∂-bmWv, a\p-jy-
cn¬\n∂v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´, Pohn-X-Øn¬ Hcn-°epw I≈w ]d-™n-´n-
√mØ, Bscbpw t{Zmln-®n-´n-√mØ, kz`mhw, s]cp-am‰w, kao-]\w, Pohn-
X-coXn, t]mep-≈-h-bm¬ Xo¿Øpw khn-ti-j-cmb ssZh-Zq-X-∑m-cn-eqsS
e`y-amb Znhy-k-tµ-isØ \ntj-[n-°p-∂-h-cpsS Ahÿ. kXy-k-‘X
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
Bcmepw tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sm-Ø-hcpw ssZh-Zq-X≥am-sc∂v ka-Im-enI
kaq-l-Øn\v kpXcmw t_m[y-am-b-h-cp-amb B {]hm-N-I≥amsc AwKo-
I-cn-°m-Ø-h¿°v A`u-Xn-I-⁄m-\-Øns‚ hnim-e-amb temIw F∂pw
A\y-am-bn-cn°pw.
AtXm-sSm∏w Hcp Imcyw-IqSn \mw {Kln-t°-≠-Xp≠v. \ne-hn-ep≈
Ah-ÿ-bn¬\n-∂p-sIm≠v \mw a\- n-em-°p-∂-XmWv bYm¿Y hkvXp-
X-sb∂v [cn-°p-∂Xv icn-b√. D]-I-c-W-ta-Xp-an-√msX \ng-ens\ t\m°p-
tºmƒ AXv Xo¿Øpw \n›-e-am-sW∂v \ap°p tXm∂pI. F∂m¬ \ng-
en\v kZm t\cnb Ne-\-ap-≠t√m. aco-NnI sh≈-am-sW∂v Icp-Xm-dp≠v.
ASp-sØ-Øp-tºm-gmWv kXyw t_m[y-am-hpI. \n{Zm-th-f-bn¬ kz]v\-
Øn¬ ImWp∂ Imcy-߃ bmYm¿∞y-sa-∂mWv \ap°v At∏mƒ
tXm∂pI. DW-cp-∂-tXmsS adn®v A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂p. AXn-\m¬ ]t©-{µn-
b-߃ am{X-ap≈ \ap°v a\- n-em-°m-\m-hØ ]eXpw Znhy-t_m-[-\-am-
Ip∂ Adn-hns‚ Bdmw t{kmX v Xpd-∂p-In-´p∂ ssZh-Zq-X≥am¿°v
{Kln-°m≥ Ignbpw. kz]v\w ImWp-∂-h¿ At∏mƒ ]d-bp∂ Imcy-
߃°-∏p-da - mWv hkvXp-Xs
- b∂v DW¿∂n-cn-°p-∂h- ¿ Adn-bp-∂X- p-t]mse
C{µn-_-‘n-X-amb a\p-jy≥ ImWp-∂-Xn-\-∏p-d-amWv kXy-sa∂v ssZh-Zq-
X-∑m-c-dn-bp∂p. Ah-cXv kaq-lsØ Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. A`u-
XnI ⁄m\-Øns‚ ]nghp ]‰mØ GIm-h-ew_w AXp am{X-as{X.
AXn-\m¬ Znhy-t_m-[-\-Øn-eqsS {]hm-N-I≥am¿°v e`y-am-b-Xn-\-
∏pdw A`u-XnI Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v B¿°pw H∂p-a-dn-bn√. AXp-sIm-
≠p-Xs∂, ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hnXw, kz¿Kw, \cIw t]mep-≈h ]t©-{µn-b-
ß-fpsS At\z-j-W-߃°pw imkv{Xob ]T-\-߃°pw Xo¿Øpw AXo-
X-amWv. ac-Wm-Xn¿Øn-°-∏pdw FØn-t\m-°m-hp∂ IÆp-Itfm Ahn-
SsØ i_vZw tIƒ°m-hp∂ ImXp-Itfm B¿°p-an-√t√m. ac-Wm-\-¥-c-
ÿnXn \nco-£n-°m-\p≈ D]-I-c-Whpw Bcp-sSbpw hi-an√. AXn-\m¬
ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-XsØ kw_-‘n® GsXm-c-t\z-j-Whpw imkv{X-
Øns‚ ]cn-[n-°p-]p-dØ- mWv. `uXn-It- em-IsØ hn⁄m-\k - º
- m-Z\ am\-
Z-fi-߃°pw am[y-a-߃°pw AXo-Xhpw. ssZhw Xs‚ ZqX≥am-cn-
eqsS ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-XsØ kw_-‘n®pw kz¿K˛\c-I-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw
\nc-¥cw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°m-\p≈ Imc-Whpw AXp-Xs∂.
\oXn-bpsS tX´w
{]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn®v a\p-jy-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `uXn-I-^ew `qan-
bn¬ h®p-Xs∂ {]I-S-amIpw. sh≈w IpSn-®m¬ Zmlw ian°pw. hnjw
Ign-®m¬ acWw kw`-hn°pw. ASn-sIm-≠m¬ thZ-\n°pw, Xo sXm´m¬
s]m≈-te¬°pw. F∂m¬ I¿a-ß-fpsS [m¿an-I-^ew Hcn-°epw ChnsS
sh®p-≠m-hp-I-bn√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ `qan-bn-sem-cn-°epw \njvIr-jvS-
amb \oXn ]pe-cp-I-bn√.
a\p-jy-sc√mw ac-W-Øn-eqsS Chn-sS-\n∂v A{]-Xy-£-am-hp∂p. Xß-
fpsS I¿a-ß-fpsS [m¿an-I-^ew G‰p-hm-ßn-s°m-≠√ Bcpw ac-W-a-S-
bp-∂Xv. At\-Im-bncw a\p-jysc sIm∂ sIme-bm-fn-Ifpw sImSpw-{Iq-
]p\¿P≥a-k-¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
c≥amcpw Cu temI-Øp-≠m-bn-´p≠v. Ah¿s°m∂pw A¿l-amb in£
\¬Im-\m¿°pw Ign-™n-´n√. Ign-bp-I-bp-an√. Hcmsf sIm∂m¬ \ap°v
]c-am-h[n km[n-°pI sIme-bm-fnsb sIm√m-\mWv. ]s£ \ma-ßs\
sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw \oXn ÿm]n-X-am-hp-I-bn√. LmX-Is\ h[n-
°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v sIm√-s∏-´-hs‚ sIm√-s∏-´-hs‚ hn[-h-bp-sSbpw A\m-
Y-a-°-fp-sSbpw {]bm-k-ßfpw {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√s√m.
Ah¿°v `¿Øm-hn-s\bpw ]nXm-hn-s\bpw Xncn-®p-In-´p-I-bp-an√. F∂n´pw
\oXn-\ymb tImS-Xn-Ifpw \nb-a\ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw th≠n-h-cp-∂Xv `qan-bn¬
kam-[m\w ÿm]n-°m≥ A\n-hm-cy-am-b-Xn-\m-emWv.
\oXn ]pe-c-W-sa∂v Ghcpw B{K-ln-°p∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w AXv
Xo¿Øp-an-hnsS A{]m-]y-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Xn∑ sNbvX-
h¿ in£tbm \∑-sN-bvX-h¿ G‰p-hm-ßn-s°m-≠√ Cu temI-tØmSv
hnS ]d-bp-∂Xv. AXv c≠pw In´-W-sa∂v sImXn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-s°-Øs∂,
AXv \S-°msX a\p-jy-Po-hnXw ChnsS HSp-ßp-I-bmWv. AXy¥w A¤p-
X-I-c-amb Hcp krjvSn kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ ]cy-h-km\w C∆n[w A‘hpw
A\o-Xn-]-chpw {Iqchpw A¿Y-iq-\y-hp-am-hpI km[y-ta-b√. AXp-sIm-
≠p-Xs∂ a\p-jys‚ I¿a-^ew \nIr-jvSa - mbn e`y-am-hp∂ Hcp ]c-temIw
A\n-hm-cy-amWv. AXv \oXn sImXn-°p∂ am\-h-a-\- ns‚ tX´-as{X.
C√m-bva-bn¬\n∂v {]]-©-sØbpw a\p-jy-\pƒs∏sS AXn-ep≈
k¿h-Xn-s\bpw hfsc Bkq-{Xn-Xa - mbpw hyh-ÿm-]n-Xa - mbpw IrXy-ambpw
IWn-i-ambpw krjvSn® ssZh-Øn\v a\p-jys‚ ]p\x-krjvSn H´pw {]bm-
k-I-ctam Akm-[ytam A√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ac-W-tijw adp-tem-
IØv a\p-jy-sc√mw Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-sa-∂Xpw `qan-bnse I¿a-
ß-fpsS ^ew Ahn-sS-sh®v A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-cp-sa-∂Xpw kwi-bm-Xo-
X-as{X. C°mcyw hnip-≤-Jp¿-B≥ Cßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p:
'"Ah¿ tNmZn-°p∂p: R߃ tIhew Aÿn-Ifpw aÆp-am-bn-
Øo¿∂m¬ ]ns∂ ho≠pw ]pXnb krjvSn-bmbn Fgp-t∂¬∏n-°-s∏-Sp-
sat∂m? Ah-tcmSv ]d-bpI: \n߃ It√m Xpcptºm Bbn-s°m-≈pI:
As√-¶n¬ Poh-\p¬s°m-≈m≥ Xosc Akm-[y-am-b-sX∂v \n߃°p
tXm∂p∂ as‰-s¥-¶nepw ISpØ krjvSn-bm-bn-s°m-≈pI. F∂mepw
\n߃ Fgp-t∂¬∏n-°-s∏Spw. Ah¿ Xo¿®-bmbpw tNmZn°pw: BcmWv
Rßsf ho≠pw Pohn-XØ - n-te°v aS-ßpI? ]d-bpI: BZy-Xh - W krjvSn-
®-h-\mtcm Ah≥Xs∂. Ah¿ Xe-bn-f°n ]cn-lm-k-tØmsS tNmZn°pw:
Hmtlm AsX-t∏m-gm-Wp-≠m-hpI? ]d-bpI: A¤p-Xs - a¥v? ASp-Øp-Xs∂
AXv kw`-hn-t®°mw. ssZhw \nßsf hnfn-°p∂ \mfn¬ AXn-\p-Ø-c-
ambn \nß-f-hs\ kvXpXn-®p-sIm≠v ]pd-s∏-´p-hcpw. R߃ A¬]-t\cw
am{Xta Cu Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Ign-™n-´p≈q F∂m-bn-cn°pw. At∂cw \nß-
fpsS tXm∂¬'' (17:49˛52).
'"R߃ tIhew Aÿn-Ifpw aÆp-am-bn-°-gn-™-tijw ]pXnb
krjvSn-bmbn ho≠pw Fgp-t∂¬]n-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm F∂v tNmZn-®-Xn-\p≈
{]Xn-^e - a
- m-WnXv. `qtem-Is
- Øbpw hm\-tem-Iß - s - fbpw krjvSn® A√m-
lp-hn\v Ch-sc-t∏m-ep-≈-h-scbpw krjvSn-°m≥ Xo¿®-bmbpw Ign-hp-
 ]p\¿P≥a k¶-ev]hpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-khpw
s≠∂v Ch¿°v a\- n-em-bn-´nt√? Ahsc ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n®v Hcp-an-®p-Iq-
´p-∂X - n\v Ah-s\mcp kabw \n¿W-bn-®p-h® - n-´p≠v. AXp-≠m-hp-sa-∂X - n¬
kwi-b-an√. ]t£, AXns\ [n°-cn-°pI Xs∂ thW-sa∂v \ntj-[n-
Iƒ°v imTy-ap≠v.'' (17:98˛99)
'"\n߃ temI-sc-sb√mw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw ]ns∂ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-sb-∂Xv Ah\v Hcp Pohnsb krjvSn-°p-Ibpw ]p\-cp-
÷o-hn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-t]m-setb D≈q:'' (31:28). '"kXy-\n-tj-[n-
Iƒ henb hmZ-ambn D∂-bn®p, ac-Wm-\-¥cw Xß-sfm-cn-°epw ]p\-cp-
÷o-hn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn-s√∂v. Ah-tcmSp ]d-bpI: A√, Fs‚ \mY-\mWv
kXyw. \n߃ Xo¿®-bmbpw ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-°s - ∏-Sp-IX
- s∂ sNøpw. Aß-
s\-sb-¶n¬ A√m-lp-hn\v Xo¿Øpw A\m-bm-k-I-c-as{X'' (64:7).
'"BIm-i-`q-an-Isf krjvSn-®-h\pw Ah-bpsS krjvSn-bm¬ £oWn-
°m-Ø-h-\p-amb A√mlp Xo¿®-bmbpw acn-®-hs\ Pohn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-hp-
≈-h-\m-sW∂ Imcyw Cu P\-Øn\v a\- n-em-bn-s√t∂m? F¥p-sIm-
≠n√? \n›bw, Ah≥ kIe kwK-Xn-Iƒ°pw Ign-hp-≈-h-\m-Ip∂p.''
(46 :33) '"A√m-lp-hns‚ ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fn-sem∂v CXm-Ip∂p: Fs¥-∂m¬
`qansb ssNX-\y-a‰p InS-°p-∂-Xmbn \o ImWp∂p. ]ns∂ \ma-Xn¬ ag-
h¿jn-®mtem, s]s´-∂Xm, AXv Ne\w sIm≈p-Ibpw hf¿∂p-hn-I-kn-
°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. \n›bw, Cu amXr-`q-ansb kPo-h-am-°n-b-Xmtcm,
Ah≥ acn-®p-t]m-b-h-scbpw Pohn-∏n-°p-∂-h-\m-Ip∂p. Ah≥ kI-e-kw-
K-Xn-Iƒ°pw Ign-hp-‰-h-\-√t√m.'' (41:39) '"a\p-jy≥ hnNm-cn-°p-∂pthm,
Ahs‚ Aÿn-Isf kwL-Sn-∏n-°m≥ \ap-°m-hn-s√∂v. F¥p-sIm-≠m-
hn√? \mhns‚ hnc¬Xp-ºp-hsc IrXy-ambn \n¿an-°m≥ Ign-hp-≈-h-
\t√m'"(75:3˛4).
AXy-¤p-X-I-c-amw-hn[w Cu {]]-©-sØbpw AXn-ep-≈-h-sbbpw
krjvSn® k¿h-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øn\v a\p-jys‚ ]p\x-krjvSn H´pw
{]bm-k-I-c-amb Imcy-a√. AXn-\m¬ blqZ, ss{IkvXh, Ckvem-anI,
sslµh, skmcm-{„n-b≥ Z¿i-\-ß-sf√mw hy‡-am-°p-∂-t]mse a\p-
jy-sc√mw Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬]n-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw `qan-bnse I¿a-ßf- psS \oXn-
bp-‡-amb ^ew A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. kpI¿an-Iƒ kz¿Km-h-Im-
in-I-fp-am-bn-Øocpw; Xo¿®. F∂m¬ kz¿K-\-K-c-߃ F∆n-[-am-bn-cn-°p-
sat∂m Ahn-SsØ c£m-in-£-Iƒ Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°p-sat∂m kq£va-
ambn B¿°p-ad - n-bp-Ib
- p-an√. ]Zm¿∞-\n-jvTa - mb `uXnI {]]-©Ø - n¬\n-
∂p-sIm≠v, AXns‚ `mK-amb a\p-jy\v Xo¿Øpw A`u-Xn-I-amb kz¿K-
\-cI
- ß - s- f-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°m-\m-hn√. Ah-sb-°p-dn® thZ-{K-Ÿß - f- nse
]cm-a¿i-߃ t]mepw a\p-jys‚ `mj-bn¬ Ahs‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬\n∂v
{Kln-°m-hp∂ Nne kqN-\I - ƒ am{X-as{X. AXn-\m-emWv ]c-tem-IØ - nse
Ahÿ Hcp IÆpw ImWm-ØXpw Hcp ImXpw tIƒ°m-ØXpw Hcp
a\ pw Btem-Nn-°m-Ø-Xp-am-bn-cp-°p-sa∂v aXw Du∂n-∏-d-™Xv. GXm-
bn-cp-∂mepw kz¿Kw kpJ-ku-I-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw \cIw sImSn-in-£-I-fp-
sSbpw ]mc-ay-X-bn-em-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√. aX-ß-sfm-s°bpw
C°mcyw Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v.