PERCEPTION ON ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG

THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY ECHAGUE

A Quantitative Research
Presented to the
Faculty of Senior High School Department
College of Education
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Echague, Isabela

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Subject
PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

BY:

RALPH COLEY L. TALIPAN

PHOEMELA ALESSANDRA C. GUMPAL
(February 2023)
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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Alcohol consumption varies across gender and race/ethnicity. Across the

world, men consume more alcohol than women, and women in more developed

countries drink more than women in developing countries (Rehm et al. 2009).

American men are much more likely than women to use alcohol (56.5 percent vs.

47.9 percent, respectively), to binge drink (30.4 percent vs. 16 percent,

respectively), and to report heavy drinking (9.9 percent vs. 3.4 percent,

respectively) (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

[SAMSHA] 2013). (Binge drinking is defined here as the number of instances in

the past 12 months that women drank 4 or more drinks and men drank 5 or more

drinks within a 2-hour period.) Among racial and ethnic groups, Whites report

the highest overall alcohol use among persons age 12 and over (57.4 percent).

American Indian/Alaska Natives report the highest levels of binge drinking

(30.2 percent), followed by Whites (23.9 percent), Hispanic/Latinos (23.2

percent), African Americans (20.6 percent), and Asians (12.7 percent)

(SAMHSA 2013). Alarmingly, according to two nationally representative

samples, trends in alcohol misuse increased among both men and women and

African-American and Hispanic youth over the decade between 1991−1992 and

2001−2002. Rates of dependence also increased among men, young Black

women, and Asian men during the same time period (Grant et al. 2004).
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Given these trends, it is clear that a better understanding of the underlying

social and cultural factors contributing to these disparities is needed. For

example, socioeconomic status (SES) indicators (i.e., education, income, and

occupation) usually are strong predictors of health behaviors and outcomes and

tend to be positively associated with health. People with higher SES tend to

drink more frequently than others (Huckle et al. 2010). Among drinkers, low-

SES groups tend to drink larger quantities of alcohol. Like other health issues,

alcohol use can be linked to a complex array of factors ranging from individual-

level (i.e., genetics) to population-level (i.e., cultural and societal factors)

characteristics (Krieger 2001). Individuals who have higher levels of social

support and community cohesion generally are thought to be healthier because

they have better links to basic health information, better access to health

services, and greater financial support with medical costs. (Berkman and

Kawachi 2000). It is the premise of this study to examine these population level

as well as individual influences through a social–ecological framework, which

posits that human health and development occur across a spectrum— from the

individual to the macro or societal level. In the context of alcohol use,

individuals are nested within their microsystem (their home, work, and school

environments), which is nested itself within the larger community.

It is in this light that this study entitled “Perception on alcohol

consumption among Senior High School Students of ISU Echague” which

specifically aims to determine the perception on alcohol consumption among the

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Senior High School Students of ISU Echague, Isabela (Main Campus) School

2002 – 2023.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aimed to determine the perception of Grade 12 Students about

alcoholic drinking in Isabela State University:

Specifically, it sought to answer the questions:

1. What is the demographic profile in terms of their:

a. Age;

b. sex; and

c. strand.

2. What are the perceptions of the respondents in alcohol consumption?

3. What are the difference in the perceptions of the respondents when

grouped according to their profile variables regarding alcohol

consumption?

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of the study is to determine the perception on

alcohol consumption of the respondents when compared to their gender.

1. Identifying the most prone to alcohol use in terms of:

1.1 age

1.2 sex,

1.3 and strand;

2. What is their perception on alcohol consumption?

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3. Is there a difference on the perception on alcohol consumption when

the respondents are grouped according to their profile variables?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study would be beneficial to the following individuals:

School Administration . This study would inform the school administration on

the reasons how some of their students perceive the consumption of alcohol.

Teachers. The information that would be gathered from this study would

inform them of how their students understand the consumption of alcohol thus

informing them and given them guidance and understanding on how they might

be able to help or advise their students.

Parents. This study would shed to why or how their children understand and

perceive alcohol consumption and how it affects the way they consume alcohol

on their own, with their peers and when and where they consume alcohol. It

would make the parents better understand what must be done in order for them

to better guide their own children in the way they consume alcohol.

Researchers. The proponents would better learn the proper way of conducting

research and thus be better equipped in the future on how to conduct properly

research when and if they are in their tertiary level of their academic lives.

Future Researchers. The findings of this study could be used as baseline data

for their future studies if it is related to the subject matter of this study. It

could also be used to expand the subject matters for any research gaps that can

be discussed in a more detailed manner.

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SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The scope of this study is to investigate the perception on how alcohol

consumption and its relationship to their gender.

The study would focus mainly on the currently enrolled senior high

school students of Isabela State University Echague main campus located at the

4 t h district of the Province of Isabela, Municipality of Echague, school year

2022 – 2023.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Alcohol is a beverage. It is classed as a depressant, meaning that it slows down

vital functions — resulting in slurred speech, unsteady movement, disturbed

perceptions and an inability to react quickly.

Alcohol Use is an unhealthy or dangerous drinking habits, such as drinking

every day or drinking too much at a time.

Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory

information in order to represent and understand the presented information, or

the environment
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter consists of definitions, previous and recent articles,

discussion, arguments, and journal review of authors that provided evidence and

support to the study

Review of Literature and Studies

Historically, alcoholic beverages have served as sources of needed

nutrients. They have been widely used for their medicinal, antiseptic, and

analgesic properties. The role of such beverages as thirst quenchers is obvious.

They also play an important role in enhancing the enjoyment of life. They can be

a social lubricant, facilitate relaxation, can provide pharmacological pleasure,

and increase the pleasure of eating (Hanson, 2013).

There are types of alcoholic beverages that includes beer, cider, wine, and

spirit. A beer is believed to be the alcoholic beverage that humans have been

consuming the longest. It is created by fermenting any of a variety of starches

including malted barley, rice, wheat, or maize. Types of beer include larger

beers, which are fermented and conditioned at low temperature to give them

milder taste, they are usually also a light color. Ales are made from malted

barley and involve warm fermentation with brewer’s yeast. Wheat beers are

made with wheat as well as barley that gives the beer the distinctive taste; this

type of beer is particularly popular in Europe. Fruit beers are often made by
 8

adding flavor extracts to beer rather than fermenting fruit. Cider is made from

fermented apple juice, it is sometimes referred to as apple wine. Wine can be

created from fermented grapes or other fruits. Humans have been drinking wine

for at least 8,000 years. Wine has also its types that include red wine, rose wine,

white wine, champagne, and fortified

wine. Red wine is a type of wine is made from red or black grapes. The taste of

red wine is often described as more complex than that of white wine. Rose wine

is a type of wine which is made from red grapes, but these undergo a special

process to create the rose look. White wine is a type of wine is produced using

white grapes. This type of wine has a lighter taste than the red or rose wine.

Champagne is a type of wine that bubbles from the fermentation process due to

carbon dioxide in the bottles. Fortified wine is a type of wine with distilled

beverage added to them to make them stronger. The reason why fortified wines

originally became popular was that they were easier to transport around the

world by ship. Spirits, wherein it refers to those alcoholic drinks that have been

distilled to make them stronger. Spirits have also its types that include vodka,

whiskey, rum, tequila, gin, absinthe, and liqueurs. Vodka is usually made from

distillation of grains or potatoes. Whiskey is a type of spirit that is usually made

from fermented grain mash. Rum is a type of spirit that comes from sugarcane

juice. Tequila is created from the blue agave plant. Gin is made from juniper

berries. Absinthe is made from many different flowers. Liqueurs covers a wide

range of drinks that involve the addition of herbs, nuts, fruits, spices, cream, or
 9

flowers. It is also possible to get other spirits that have been turned into

liqueurs for example vodka liqueurs (Dara, 2008).

Though most of the types of alcohol are made of plants and fruits

there is also growing concerns about the harmful effects of alcohol if abused. An

early study of drinking problem was conducted between year 1975-1985 where it

stated that alcohol is abused if involved in weekly drinking more than 5 or more

drinks per occasion (Berkowitz & Perkins, 1986). According to Arnarson (2017)

drinking too much on a single occasion or overtime can take a serious toll on

your health. That is because alcohol is metabolized by the liver, and frequent

consumption can lead to increased fat inside liver cells. It can also lead to

cirrhosis. Chronic alcohol abuse can impair brain function permanently. Also,

heavy drinking and beer are linked to increased weight gain, while moderate

drinking and wine are linked to reduced weight gain. Alcohol can also increase

the risk of certain types of cancer, especially mouth and throat cancer. Lastly

chronic alcohol abuse can have severe detrimental effects on the body and brain,

increasing the risk of all sorts of diseases (Arnarson, 2017).

Gleaner (2013) proposed that in order to lessen the number of diseases of

the alcohol users might get weigh in with her best advice for safe alcohol

consumption. That includes: (1) know your limit, (2) eat food while you drink,

(3) sip your drink, (4) accept a drink only when you really want one, (5) choose

quality rather than quantity, (6) skip a drink now and then, (7) beware of
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unfamiliar drinks, (8) appoint a designated driver, (9) upper limits of drinks for

males are 21 and for females are 14 drinks per week.

There is a theory called Alcohol – Expectancy theory wherein this theory

suggests that individuals consume alcohol because they believe drinking will

lead to a certain effect. Examples are increasing social interaction and relieving

tension, and these beliefs have long been suggested to influence individuals'

drinking levels (Brown et. al, 1980). Individuals may expect different types of

alcoholic beverages to affect them in different ways, thus they may drink

different types of beverages when seeking these differential effects. Previous

research suggests that individuals perceive differences among varying types of

alcoholic beverages regarding the alcohol type's global positive (e.g., alcohol

leads to good outcomes) or negative (e.g., alcohol leads to negative outcomes)

effects. Studies found individuals reported higher negative expectancies for

drinking shots of distilled spirits and higher positive expectancies for beer and

wine (Lang, Kaas, & Barnes, 1983). In relation to this study, Hudspeth (2017)

gave different types of alcohol that can give you different emotional responses.

For example, 53 percent of respondents reported that red wine made them feel

relaxed. There’s a physiological explanation for this. Red wine contains high

levels of melatonin, the hormone that tells our brains it’s time to go to bed.

Another example is that beer relaxes the user, but the carbohydrates therein also

have a reputation for making drinkers drowsy. However According to Gonzales

(2013) “Alcohol is alcohol”, which is to say that the alcohol in wine is the same

as the alcohol in beer which is all the same as the alcohol in the unholy red-cup
 11

concoction at a dorm room game of King's Cup. That alcohol is ethyl alcohol,

otherwise known as ethanol, and it'll get you drunk. The fact that liquor tends to

contain higher concentrations of ethanol than wine, and wine higher

concentrations than beer, means that the same volume of different alcoholic

beverages will get you more or less drunk, which is the "standard drink" rule.

Age

According to Salas-Wright et. al (2016), binge drinking and violent

attacks among youth between ages twelve and twenty-four or twenty-five.

Although youth drink less often than adults does, when they do drink, they drink

more. 90 percent of young people consume alcohol by binge drinking. And binge

drinking is the over consumption of many beverages on an occasion. As people

gets older, drinking alcohol and binge drinking becomes more prevalent. As

adolescents get older, they tend to drink more. Prevalence of drinking by boys

and girls is similar, although among older adolescents, boys binge more than

girls (Johnston, Miech, & O’Malley, 2015). Underage drinking poses a range of

risks and negative consequences. It is dangerous because it causes many deaths,

many injuries, impairs judgment such as drinking and driving, sexual activity

(such as unprotected sex), and aggressive or violent behavior. It increases the

risk of physical and sexual assault. Some adolescent drinks because of risk

taking, expectancies, sensitivity and tolerance to alcohol , personality

characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity, hereditary factors, and

environmental aspect. (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism,

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2006). Thus, perhaps the best way to understand and prevent underage alcohol

use is to view drinking as it relates to development. This "entire framework"

way to deal with underage drinking considered an immature's exceptional hazard

and defensive elements—from hereditary qualities and identity attributes to

social and ecological components. Seen along these lines, advancement

incorporates the pre-adult's characteristic hazard and strength as well as the

present conditions that assistance to shape his or her conduct (Sroufe & Rutter,

1984.)

Gender

Alcohol was frequently used in childbirth throughout the ages and beer

was thought to fortify a woman for breast feeding. Hot toddies of various fruit

tonics have been used for centuries for menstrual cramps and for pre-menstrual

tension. In the later part of the 19th Century many women drank tonics with

high alcohol contents to ease the frustrations of child rearing or for depression.

Women who were alcoholics during this period were often labeled hysterical.

They were not called alcoholics because it conflicted with their role as good

mother, wife or well-mannered spinster (Hornik, 1977). However, alcohol

consumption among women has begun to attract increased attention. This

appears to have resulted from the rise of feminism, increased drinking by

women, and health concerns such as "hidden alcoholism" and cirrhosis of the

liver (Chalfant & Roper, 1980). Because of this, the youth are the future,

considerable attention has been directed toward drinking among college women.
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Several reasons were counseled for the differential in consuming styles

between men and women (Myerson, 1940; Gusfield, 1962; Lisansky,1958).

Windham and Aldridge (1965) as well as Siegel (1952)

noted the traditional perception that the use and abuse of alcohol changed into a

male prerogative. Clark (1967) suggested that drinking differences are based

largely on the expectation that female sex roles are characterized by what he

termed "conventionality." By this he referred to the "acceptance of the dominant

'official' standards of morality and propriety" Preston (1964) similarly asserted

that drinking is often a symbol that differentiates the sexes. Windham and

Aldridge (1965) additionally pointed out that women traditionally tended to be

economically dependent on and subordinate to men. In this regard, Knupfer,

Fink, & Goffman (1963) emphasized that other members of the population who

do not earn their living by paid work also have more restricted drinking

privileges than adult free males-for example, children, prisoners, mental

patients, and persons on relief. Wilsnack & Wilsnack (1978) point out that

increased drinking among females might be a result of the women’s movement

and changes in women’s roles, especially changes that involve exposure to

formerly masculine environments and roles. They suggest that changes in sex

roles might increase women’s exposure to alcohol and opportunities to drink. It

might modify traditional norms against female drinking, thereby making

drinking more permissible and might offer females new goals and aspirations,

hence, causing stress that alcohol might be used to reduce.

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Recent study of Palmera (2010) about alcoholism states that men are more at

risk for abusing or becoming dependent on alcohol than women. But the drops in

the price, which has led to wine and beer becoming regular items in the

supermarket shopping trolley and part of everyday life at home, has also been a

factor, alongside deliberate marketing targeted at women (Sarah Boseley, 2016).

Men are also constantly more than two times as likely as women to record

continual heavy ingesting (at suggest intake thresholds various from forty to

eighty grams of ethanol a day) (de Lima et. al, 2003). Recurrent alcohol

intoxication is much more prevalent and more frequent among men than among

women (Hao, 2004; Makela et al, 2001; Rehm et al., 2001). It is said that among

late teenagers or college students gender gaps in continual or episodic heavy

ingesting may be smaller (Dawson et. al, 2004) Men are much more likely than

women to record diagnosable alcohol abuse, both currently Bijl, et. al, (2002) or

as a life-time enjoyment (Kawakami et al., 2004; Meyer et al., 2000). Men are

also much more likely than women to report diagnosable alcohol dependence,

currently or as a lifetime. A higher percentage of men are likely to drink, to

drink more often, to consume more, and to experience more drinking problems

than women. While the differentials in drinking patterns and problems might be

narrowing, they clearly remain significant and potent. To be most effective,

alcohol policies and programs must reflect these continuing differentials

Adolescent alcohol use is related to a variety of problem behaviors,

including harmful alcohol use, drinking and driving, risky sex, and violence

(Sise et al., 2009). Despite the increasing influence of peers from late childhood
 15

through adolescence, one of the most important social contexts impacting

adolescent decisions to use alcohol is the family (Reifman et al., 1998). A

variety of modifiable family factors are related to later alcohol and substance

use. Longitudinal studies demonstrate that good family management practices,

including clear rules prohibiting alcohol use, monitoring of children’s behavior,

and consistent consequences for violating rules, are related to decreases in teen

alcohol use (Sargent and Dalton, 2001).

In contrast, parental attitudes favoring alcohol and other drug use tend to

be linked with a greater likelihood of substance use by adolescents (Foley et al.,

2004). Positive norms (e.g., approval of underage drinking) are communicated

by parents to children, who, in turn, develop favorable attitudes around drinking

(Foley et al., 2004).

Likewise, parental patterns of alcohol use and involvement of their

children in their use have been shown to be risk factors for adolescent alcohol

and other drug use (Chassin et al., 2003). Media exposure helps influence social

norms about alcohol through advertising, product placements, and stories in a

wide range of sources, including movies, television, social media, and other

forms of entertainment. Although alcohol sales and marketing are highly

regulated, people are exposed to a wide variety of alcohol and liquor

advertisements, especially in the United States. Whether these advertisements

directly result in an increase in consumption has been the topic of many public

policy debates and much alcohol and consumer research. Recent studies have

used robust methodological designs in order to assess the effects of

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advertisements on alcohol consumption (Koordeman et al. 2012). Although

longitudinal studies have found that alcohol commercials particularly affected

younger adolescents’ propensity to consume alcohol, an experimental design

randomly assigning college students to alcohol advertisements demonstrated no

differences compared with the control group (Koordeman et al. 2012).

It is likely that the effects of advertisement differ across age groups and

races. The alcohol industry uses complex targeted marketing strategies that

focus on African Americans, Latinos, and American Indians, among other

demographic groups, such as youth and other ethnic minorities (Moore et al.

2008). Empirical studies show that targeted alcohol marketing results in

individuals developing positive beliefs about drinking, and creating and

expanding environments where alcohol use is socially acceptable and

encouraged (McKee et al. 2011).

These factors can result in the onset of drinking and binge drinking, and

in increased alcohol consumption (Tanski et al. 2015). Since the introduction of

flavored alcoholic beverages in the 1980s, the alcohol industry has engaged in

targeted marketing efforts toward youth in general, and especially young

women. Products with sweet fruity flavors, colorful appearance and packaging,

as well as lower alcohol content are designed to appeal to young women. Fruity

drinks mask the taste of traditional alcoholic beverages with the sugary flavors

of soft drinks (Mosher and Johnsson 2005), making them more palatable for this

consumer market. Although the alcohol industry claims that its marketing
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strategies target adults ages 21–29, products like flavored alcoholic beverages

remain attractive to younger drinkers.

Research estimates that 38.5 percent of high school students have used

alcohol in the past month, and 20.5 percent of teenagers started drinking before

age 13 (Eaton et al. 2012). Approximately 75 percent of high school seniors and

64 percent of high school 10th graders report having experimented with alcohol

(Kann et al. 2014). Youth under age 21 see and hear marketing for flavored

alcoholic beverages disproportionally on a per capita basis compared with

adults, and a disproportionate number of youth consume alcoholic beverages.

Furthermore, youth exposed to alcohol advertisements tend to drink more

on average than their peers who were exposed to less intensive alcohol-related

marketing. Specifically, the authors found that each additional advertisement

viewed by youth increased the reported number of drinks consumed by 1

percent. Alcohol marketing also can lead to youth and young adults developing

alcohol brand preferences, which can influence their reports of alcohol

consumption (Roberts et al. 2014).

For example, youth reported on average 11 more drinks per month when

responding to an online survey that used brand-specific measures compared with

a survey using more general alcohol measures (Roberts et al. 2014). The

relationship between alcohol brand receptivity and alcohol brand consumption

also has been linked to whether and when adolescents begin to binge drink.

Increased use of social media for alcohol marketing has paralleled changes in

communication methods among adolescents and college-age youth. Marketing

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techniques for a wide range of products reflect studies that online platforms are

likely to influence adolescent behaviors (Cook et al. 2013). Social media venues

are most widely used by youth, with 92 percent of teens reporting being online

daily and 24 percent online “almost constantly”. Social-networking sites such as

Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook feature alcohol-related marketing.

One study found that by 2012, there were more than 1,000 alcohol-related

sites on Facebook alone (Nhean et al. 2014). Alcohol use increases with the

number of online peer ties and greater peer density, a measure of

interconnectedness in the social network. Despite self-imposed regulations

aimed at preventing underage youth from accessing alcohol advertisements on

social media, more than two-thirds of advertisements on YouTube are accessible

to youth under the legal drinking age.

Perceptions

According to Social Norms Theory, our perceptions and beliefs of what is

‘normal’ behavior by others will influence our own behavior (Berkowitz, 2005).

This implies that what others do may influence us to do also what they called so

as 'normal' but for others is not. Eventually the environment where we are will

push us into doing things that what they believe is normal. An act that what used

to be not normal will just became an ordinary act to everyone. For example, the

belief that others drink heavily will have considerable influence on the amount a

person drinks. According to Myers (2010) Our perceptions are only one small

step in getting to the truth. Humans quest for knowledge begins with sensory
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input. The collection of sensory inputs about an object leads to our perception of

what that object is (consider the feel, smell, and taste of a lemon). Then our

capacity for reason begins (Myers, 2010). Alcohol use interventions should aim

at correcting misperceptions by providing normative feedback on prevailing

drinking norms. One hypothesis is that individuals with heavy alcohol use

should decrease their consumption by correcting the misperception (Bertholet,

2010)

Peluso (2007) studied the popular perception show that individuals with

alcohol dependence are viewed as more responsible for their problem, and more

violent and unpredictable than other individuals affected by mental disorders.

They provoke more negative reactions in the population such as a desire for

greater social distance and greater rejection than individuals with other

disorders, except for drug dependence. In addition, alcohol dependence is one of

the conditions for which the public is least willing to spend public financial

resources. These negative reactions are even more frequent than the ones

reported for schizophrenia

Teenagers, as a population group, incorporate cultural patterns that are

valued in the context in which they are integrated. Alcohol consumption by

adolescents is related to the specific group behavior of this age and may be

influenced by friends and characterized as a facilitator and a precondition of

interaction and permanence within a group. The risk of adolescents beginning to

consume alcohol rises because of their position in the social network of friends,
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and friends of friends. This consumption is positively and significantly

correlated when family members are also consumers. Parenting styles and

parental attitudes and behaviors are significant factors associated with heavy

drinking. However, there is a lack of studies in relationship to the perception of

teenagers on the aspects involved to the initiation and persistence of this habit

(Freitas, 2014)
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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research design, locale of the study, research

instrument, respondents of the study, data gathering procedure, and statistical

treatment of data.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The study will utilize a correlational method type of research design as

the main tool for gathering data to determine the relationship between the

profile of the respondents and its relationship to alcohol consumption.

The study is correlational in nature because the goal was to know the

significant relationship and significant difference among the mentioned

variables.

A correlational study is a form of research technique in which the

researcher tries to figure out what kinds of connections exist between naturally

occurring variables (Artem, 2018).

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The researchers will utilize a modified survey questionnaire which was

adapted from the study of Diosana, Nestor G Jr., Jaducan, Noel John Z., Ponte,

Marlou P. II., Recinto, Adrian Bernard A., Robles, Claire Nicolle C. and

Talagtag, Kieth Lester M., 2018 "Perception of Grade 12 Students in Drinking

Alcohol".
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LOCALE OF THE STUDY

The study will be conducted during the 2 n d semester of the current school

year among currently enrolled senior high school students of Isabela State

University Echague Main Campus, located at the municipality of Echague,

Province of Isabela, Region 2, Philippines.

Based on the literature readings and studies mentioned, the questionnaire

was constructed in coherence with the current conditions in the locale of the

study.

The aforementioned questionnaire was split into three parts: Part I

included details the demographic profile of the respondents and Part II will

include details about the perception on alcohol consumption of the respondents.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

1. Approval of the Letter. Before the actual data collection, the researchers

secured an approval letter from their practical Research Adviser to

conduct the research study and to seek permission to do so.

2. Approval of the Consent. Upon the receipt of the approval letter from

their Research Adviser, proper consent has been provided to the

researchers to conduct its purpose.

3. Dissemination of the questionnaires. With the approval of the adapted

survey questionnaires and instructors, and with all the suggestions

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incorporated, the survey questionnaire was administered to the

respondents face to face method. The researchers also conducted brief

personal interviews for any clarification and interpretation of the

questionnaires by the respondents for better understanding.

4. Interpretation of Data. After the questionnaire had been filled up by the

respondents, the researcher scrutinized the questionnaire to ensure that all

questions were answered. A complete answer to all the questions raised in

the questionnaire is necessary to avoid inconsistencies in the computation

of the tabulation results.

DATA ANALYSIS

The survey of the respondents was arranged, tabulated, and statistically

treated based on meaningful analysis and interpretation of data.

1. Frequency and Percentage were used to get the distribution of

respondents according to their demographic profile and drinking

habits.

2. Mean and Standard Deviation were used to measure the spread or

dispersion of the responses of respondents around the mean to know its

corresponding descriptive statistics.

3. Independent Sample T-tests were used to know the significant

difference between the perspective on alcohol consumption when

grouped according to their profile variables.

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QUESTIONNAIRE
A. Profile of the Respondent

Name (optional):
Age: ___ Sex: ____ Strand: ____________

B. Questionnaire on alcohol consumption

Direction: Please check the box of your choice to represent your answer that
best fits with how the following applies to you. Use the rating scale provided
below.
SCALE:
4- Always 3- Often 2- Sometimes 1- Never

4 3 2 1
1. How often do you drink alcohol?
2. Do you ever have five or more drinks of alcohol at a time when drinking?
3. Do your parents know you drink alcohol?
4. Do your parents permit you to drink alcohol at home?

C. Perception of Students Drinking Alcohol

Directions: Read each statement mentioned thoroughly and check the box with
the answer that best fits you. The following are the indicators:

Scale Response
4 Strongly Agree
3 Agree
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree

STATEMENTS 4 3 2 1
1. I believe people have the right to drink if they want to.
2. Alcoholic beverages are enjoyable and make people feel
good.
3. The use of alcoholic beverages is normal.
4. I believe that drinking any type of alcoholic beverage is
considered as drinking socially.
5. Beverages, in any amount, will make an individual
dependent.
6. Drinking alcoholic beverages moderately is not harmful.
7. I am against using alcohol at any time.
8. Alcohol, in small amounts, is considered beneficial.
9. Alcoholic beverages relieve the daily tensions.
10. I am favorable to drinking moderately.
11. Small amounts of alcohol can cause dependence.
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12. There are people who know how to drink and know how to
control themselves.
REFERENCES

Berkman, L.F., and Kawachi, I. Social Epidemiology. 1 s t ed. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2000.

Diosana, Nestor G Jr., Jaducan, Noel John Z., Ponte, Marlou P. II., Recinto,
Adrian Bernard A., Robles, Claire Nicolle C. and Talagtag, Kieth Lester
M., 2018 "Perception of Grade 12 Students in Drinking Alcohol " Notre
Dame of Marbel University, Integrated Basic Education Department,
Denior High School, Koronadal City, South Cotabato

Grant, B.F.; Dawson, D.A.; Stinson, F.S.; et al. The 12-month prevalence and
trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991–
1992 and 2001–2002. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 74(3):223– 234,
2004. PMID: 15194200

Krieger, N. Embodying inequality: A review of concepts, measures, and methods

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