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The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
Shafiq Alam · Donna Post Guillen · Fiseha Tesfaye ·
Lei Zhang · Susanna A. C. Hockaday ·
Neale R. Neelameggham · Hong Peng ·
Nawshad Haque · Yan Liu
Editors

Energy Technology 2023

Carbon Dioxide Management and Other
Technologies
Editors
Shafiq Alam Donna Post Guillen
University of Saskatchewan Idaho National Laboratory
Saskatoon, SK, Canada Idaho Falls, ID, USA

Fiseha Tesfaye Lei Zhang

Metso Outotec Metals Oy University of Alaska Fairbanks
Espoo, Finland Fairbanks, AK, USA

Susanna A. C. Hockaday Neale R. Neelameggham

Curtin University IND LLC
Perth, WA, Australia South Jordan, UT, USA

Hong Peng Nawshad Haque

University of Queensland Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Brisbane, QLD, Australia Research Organisation (CSIRO)
Clayton, VIC, Australia
Yan Liu
Northeastern University
Shenyang, China

ISSN 2367-1181 ISSN 2367-1696 (electronic)

The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
ISBN 978-3-031-22637-3 ISBN 978-3-031-22638-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22638-0

© The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2023

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

It is an honor to present the Energy Technology 2023: Carbon Dioxide Manage-

ment and Other Technologies proceedings volume that contains peer-reviewed papers
presented at the Energy Technologies and CO2 Management Symposium organized
in conjunction with the TMS 2023 Annual Meeting & Exhibition in San Diego, Cali-
fornia, USA. This symposium was organized by the TMS Energy Committee, which
is part of the TMS Extraction & Processing Division and Light Metals Division.
Industrial activities, economic development, the environment, and public welfare
are dependent on clean and sustainable energy. Taking into consideration the goal of
NetZero, researchers in both academia and industry as well as policymakers are now
putting tremendous efforts into the generation, storage, and applications of clean
energy. Therefore, the Energy Technologies and CO2 Management Symposium was
open to participants from academia, industry, and government sectors and focused
on new and efficient energy technologies including innovative ore beneficiation,
smelting technologies, recycling and waste heat recovery, and emerging novel energy
solutions.
This proceedings volume reflects an incredible effort by all the authors and their
organizations in conducting their research and preparing the manuscripts that are
published in this book, which contains research and development papers on mature
and new technological aspects of sustainable energy ecosystems, materials for energy
storage, life cycle assessment of energy systems, energy-efficient technologies in
extractive metallurgy as well as processes and devices that improve energy effi-
ciency, reduce thermal emissions, and reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gas emissions.
It is the editors’ sincere hope that this proceedings volume will remain a valuable
record of the 2023 Energy Technologies and CO2 Management Symposium and
that it will serve as a reference for materials scientists and engineers as well as
metallurgists for exploring innovative energy technologies, novel energy materials
processing, and carbon sequestration techniques.
The production of the proceedings volume was a major undertaking, and many
individuals were involved over the course of several months. The engagement of TMS

v
vi Preface

and committee members to chair sessions and review manuscripts made this sympo-
sium and its proceedings possible. The editors would like to extend their sincere
appreciation to the authors for their contributions and acknowledge the invaluable
support from the TMS staff members in the production of this proceedings volume.

Shafiq Alam, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Lead Organizer

Energy Technology 2023: Carbon Dioxide Management

and Other Technologies Editors

Shafiq Alam, University of Saskatchewan, Canada

Donna Post Guillen, Idaho National Laboratory, USA
Fiseha Tesfaye, Metso Outotec Metals Oy, Finland
Lei Zhang, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
Susanna A. C. Hockaday, Curtin University, Australia
Neale R. Neelameggham, IND LLC, USA
Hong Peng, University of Queensland, Australia
Nawshad Haque, CSIRO, Australia
Yan Liu, Northeastern University, China
Contents

Part I Renewable Energy and Combustion Technologies

Analysis of Environmental Impact of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Using Circular Economy Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Satyendra Dayalu, Shalini Verma, Akshoy Ranjan Paul,
and Nawshad Haque
Corrosion and Erosion Protection to Accelerate Deployment
of Sustainable Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Patrick Shower, Scott Weaver, Voramon Dheeradhada,
Aida Amroussia, Michael Pagan, Patrick Brennan, Martin Morra,
Bruce Pint, Suresh Babu, Phil Gilston, Steve Lombardo,
Tamara Russell, and Anteneh Kebbede
Development of Indium-Tin Oxide Thin Films on PAMAM
Dendrimer Layers for Perovskite Solar Cells Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Firdos Ali, Alecsander D. Mshar, Ka Ming Law, Xiao Li, A. J. Hauser,
Shanlin Pan, Dawen Li, and Subhadra Gupta
DFT Study of CuS-ZnS Heterostructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Louis Oppong-Antwi and Judy N. Hart
Effect of H2 Enrichment on CO/N2 /H2 -air Turbulence Partial
Premixed Flame Combustion Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Fan Yang, Qingguo Xue, Haibin Zuo, Binbin Lv, Yu Liu,
and Jingsong Wang

Part II Energy Efficiency, Decarbonization and CO2 Management

CO2 Mineralization and Critical Battery Metals Recovery
from Olivine and Nickel Laterites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Fei Wang and David Dreisinger

vii
viii Contents

Decarbonization Pathways for an Aluminum Rolling Mill

and Downstream Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Alexander Wimmer
Rethinking the Decomposition of Refractory Lithium
Aluminosilicates: Opportunities for Energy-Efficient Li Recovery
from LCT Pegmatites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Joanne Gamage McEvoy, Yves Thibault, Nail R. Zagrtdenov,
and Dominique Duguay
Energy-Saving Green Technologies in the Mining and Mineral
Processing Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Shafiq Alam
Extraction of Valuable Metals from Luanshya Copper Smelting
Slag with Minimal Waste Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Yaki Chiyokoma Namiluko, Yotamu Rainford Stephen Hara,
Agabu Shane, Makwenda Thelma Ngomba, Ireen Musukwa,
Alexander Old, Ronald Hara, Rainford Hara, and Stephen Parirenyatwa
Carbon Footprint Assessment of Waste PCB Recycling Through
Black Copper Smelting in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
A. Q. Mairizal, A. Y. Sembada, K. M. Tse, N. Haque,
and M. A. Rhamdhani
Screening High-Entropy Alloys for Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Reaction Using Alchemical Perturbation Density Functional
Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Mohamed Hendy, Okan K. Orhan, Homin Shin, Ali Malek,
and Mauricio Ponga

Part III Thermal Management, Environmental and Energy Technologies

Novel Thermal Conductivity Measurement Technique Utilizing
a Transient Multilayer Analytical Model of a Line Heat Source
Probe for Extreme Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Katelyn Wada, Austin Fleming, and David Estrada
The Effect of Reduced Flue Gas Suctioning on Superstructure
and Gas Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Brandon Velasquez, Sarah DiBenedetto, Yonatan A. Tesfahunegn,
Maria Gudjonsdottir, and Gudrun Saevarsdottir
Assessing the Environmental Footprints of Gold Production
in Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Saeede Kadivar and Ehsan Vahidi
Contents ix

Polymeric Composite Dense Membranes Applied for the Flue Gas

Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Dragutin Nedeljkovic
Molten Salt Mg-Air Battery Improvement and Recharging . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Mahya Shahabi, Nicholas Masse, Amanda Lota, Lucien Wallace,
Heath Bastow, and Adam Powell
Superconductor Busbar Systems in the Light of Increased Energy
Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Wolfgang Reiser, Till Reek, Claus Hanebeck, and Peter Abrell
Critical Metals for Clean Energy: Extraction of Rare Earth
Elements from Coal Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Sara Penney and Shafiq Alam

Part IV Energy Technologies

Investigation of Slag and Condensate from the Charge Top
in a FeSi75 Furnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
M. B. Folstad, K. F. Jusnes, and M. Tangstad
Lithium Extraction from Natural Resources to Meet the High
Demand in EV and Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Valan Namq and Shafiq Alam

Part V Poster Session

Hydrogen Storage Properties of Graphitic Carbon Nitride
Nanotube Synthesized by Mix-Grind Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Barton Arkhurst, Ruiran Guo, Ghazaleh Bahman Rokh,
and Sammy Lap Ip Chan
Study on Preparation and Electrocatalytic Performance
of Self-supported Carbon Transition Metal Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Ze Yang, Yanfang Huang, Guihong Han, Bingbing Liu,
and Shengpeng Su
Modification and Evaluation of Energy Saving and Consumption
for Reduction Technology of 500 t/d Beckenbach Annular Lime Kiln . . . 243
Yapeng Zhang, Wen Pan, Zhenping Miao, Jianbo Zhu, Shaoguo Chen,
Huaiying Ma, and Zhixing Zhao
Research on the Gasification Characteristic of Cokes of BIOC-HPC
Extracted from the Mixture of Low-Rank Coal and Biomass . . . . . . . . . . 251
Jun Zhao and Xueya Wang
x Contents

Thermodynamic Examination of Selected Phases

in the Ag–Co–Sn–S System at T < 600 K by the Solid-State EMF
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Mykola Moroz, Fiseha Tesfaye, Pavlo Demchenko,
Myroslava Prokhorenko, Oksana Mysina, Lyudmyla Soliak,
Daniel Lindberg, Oleksandr Reshetnyak, and Leena Hupa

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
About the Editors

Shafiq Alam is an Associate Professor at the Univer-

sity of Saskatchewan, Canada. He is an expert in the area
of mining and mineral processing with profound experi-
ence in industrial operations, management, engineering,
design, consulting, teaching, research, and professional
services. As a productive researcher, Dr. Alam has
secured 2 patents and has produced over 175 publi-
cations. He is the lead/co-editor of 13 books, and an
editorial board member of two mining and mineral
processing journals named Minerals (an Open Access
Journal by MDPI) and the International Journal of
Mining, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering. He
is the winner of the 2015 Technology Award from
the Extraction & Processing Division of The Minerals,
Metals & Materials Society (TMS), USA.
With extensive relevant industry experience as a
registered professional engineer, Dr. Alam has worked
on projects with many different mining industries. He
is an Executive Committee Member of the Hydromet-
allurgy Section of the Canadian Institute of Mining,
Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM). During 2015–2017,
he served as the Chair of the Hydrometallurgy and Elec-
trometallurgy Committee of the Extraction & Processing
Division (EPD) of TMS. Currently, he is the Secre-
tary of the Recycling and Environmental Technologies
Committee of TMS and is serving on the TMS-EPD
Awards Committee. He is a lead/co-organizer of at least
17 symposia at international conferences through CIM
and TMS. Dr. Alam is one of the founding organizers
of the Rare Metal Extraction & Processing Sympo-
sium at TMS and since 2014, he has been involved

xi
xii About the Editors

in organizing this symposium every year with great

success. In the past, he was involved in organizing the
International Nickel-Cobalt 2013 Symposium and TMS
2017 Honorary Symposium on applications of Process
Engineering Principles in Materials Processing, Energy
and Environmental Technologies. Dr. Alam was also
a co-organizer of the 9th International Symposium on
Lead and Zinc Processing (PbZn 2020), and the 2022
Energy Technologies and CO2 Management Sympo-
sium. In addition to leading the 2023 Energy Technolo-
gies and CO2 Management Symposium, he is involved
in co-organizing the 2023 Rare Metal Extraction and
Processing Symposium, co-located with the TMS 2023
Annual Meeting and Exhibition in San Diego, Cali-
fornia. He is also a co-organizer of the PbZn 2023 confer-
ence in China and the Pressure Hydrometallurgy 2023
conference in Toronto, Canada.

Donna Post Guillen is the Group Lead for Modeling

and Simulation in the Materials Science and Engi-
neering Department at the Idaho National Labora-
tory. Dr. Guillen has over 35 years of research engi-
neering experience and has served as principal inves-
tigator/technical lead for numerous multidisciplinary
projects encompassing waste heat recovery, combus-
tion, heat exchangers, power conversion systems,
nuclear reactor fuels and materials experiments, waste
vitrification, and advanced manufacturing. Her core
area of expertise is computational modeling of energy
systems, materials, and thermal fluid systems. She is
experienced with X-ray and neutron beamline experi-
ments, computational methods, tools and software for
data analysis, visualization, application development,
machine learning and informatics, numerical simula-
tion, and design optimization. As Principal Investi-
gator/Technical Lead for the DOE Nuclear Science
User Facility Program, she has engaged in irradia-
tion testing of new materials and performed thermal
analysis for nuclear reactor experiments. She actively
mentors students, serves in a leadership capacity as
well as routinely chairs and organizes technical meet-
ings for professional societies, provides subject matter
reviews for proposals and technical manuscripts, has
published over 100 papers and received three Best
About the Editors xiii

Paper awards, authored numerous technical reports and

journal articles, and has written/edited several books.

Fiseha Tesfaye is a Process Metallurgist at Metso

Outotec Metals Oy and Adjunct Professor in the Labo-
ratory of Molecular Science and Engineering at Åbo
Akademi University. He received his M.Sc. degree in
materials processing technology and Ph.D. degree in
metallurgy from Aalto University. With expertise in
metallurgical thermodynamics, Dr. Tesfaye’s research
activities are focused mainly on the thermodynamic
characterization of inorganic materials as well as
rigorous theoretical and experimental investigations for
promoting sustainable production of metals and renew-
able energy. In 2018, Dr. Tesfaye was also appointed as
a visiting research scientist in Seoul National Univer-
sity, South Korea. Dr. Tesfaye is an active member of
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS), and
is a winner of the 2018 TMS Young Leaders Profes-
sional Development Award. He serves as a subject
editor for different journals including JOM, the member
journal of TMS, and Energies, MDPI. In addition, he
has edited several scientific research books. His personal
research achievements include remarkable improvement
of experimental research applying the solid-state EMF
technique for thermodynamic investigations of inor-
ganic materials, as well as a noticeable contribution to
promoting the transition toward the circular economy.
In his research areas, Dr. Tesfaye has published over 75
peer-reviewed articles.

Lei Zhang is an Associate Professor in the Department

of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Alaska
Fairbanks (UAF). Prior to joining UAF, she worked as
a postdoctoral associate in the Department of Chem-
ical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of
Pennsylvania. Dr. Zhang obtained her Ph.D. in Materials
Science and Engineering from Michigan Technological
University in 2011, and her M.S. and B.E. in Mate-
rials Science and Engineering from China University
of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China, in 2008 and
2005, respectively. Her current research mainly focuses
on the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
and MOF-based nanocomposites, and the manipulation
xiv About the Editors

of their properties and applications in gas storage, sepa-

ration, and water treatment. She is also working on
the development and characterization of anti-corrosion
coatings on metallic alloys for aerospace and biomedical
applications.
Dr. Zhang has served on the TMS Energy Committee
since 2014, including the Vice-Chair role in 2018–2020
and the Chair role in 2020–2022. She also served on
a Best Paper Award Subcommittee of the committee.
She has served as a frequent organizer and session chair
of TMS Annual Meeting symposia (2015– present).
She was the recipient of the 2015 TMS Young Leaders
Professional Development Award.

Susanna A. C. Hockaday has 18 years of pyrometal-

lurgical research experience in the non-ferrous industry.
She joined Mintek in 2002 after obtaining her B. Chem.
Eng. (Minerals Processing specialization) and M.Sc. in
Extractive Metallurgy at the University of Stellenbosch
in South Africa. During 2002 to 2010 she worked in the
commercial projects group on various projects including
the recovery of precious metals in liquid iron and the
smelting of ores to produce design specifications of an
industrial ferrochrome DC arc furnace. From 2011 to
late 2015 she took a break from work and had two
delightful children, now aged 11 and 8. From 2015 till
2021, she has been involved in research of new tech-
nologies for titanium metal production, chlorination of
titanium dioxides in a fluidized bed, and the application
of renewable energy in minerals processing. Since 2016
she has been enrolled at the University of Stellenbosch
as a part-time Ph.D. student with the working title of
“Solar thermal treatment of Manganese Ores”. She acted
as a work package leader responsible for e2 million of
research toward advancement of solar thermal process
heating technology in manganese ferroalloy produc-
tion for the PRÉMA project. The PRÉMA project is
funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research
and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No
820561 and is part of the SPIRE group of projects.
Mrs. Hockaday was co-ordinator and the main author
for Mintek’s Roadmap for Solar Thermal Applications
in Minerals Processing (STAMP). Mrs. Hockaday is a
member of the South African Institute of Mining and
About the Editors xv

Metallurgy (SAIMM) and part of the SAIMM tech-

nical programme committee. She was also head of
the organizing committee for the SAIMM Colloquium
on Renewable Energy Solutions for Energy Intensive
Industry in 2020 and the Renewable Energy Solutions
for Energy Intensive Industry Conference in 2021.
Mrs. Hockaday resigned from Mintek in June 2021
to move with her family to Perth, Australia. She has
founded GamAesa as vehicle to continue her support of
process innovation and renewable energy integrating in
minerals processing.

Neale R. Neelameggham IND LLC, is involved in

international technology and management licensing for
metals and chemicals, thiometallurgy, energy technolo-
gies, Agricoal, lithium-ion battery, energy efficient low
cost OrangeH2, Netzero sooner with Maroon gas and
Pink hydrogen, rare earth oxides, etc. He has more
than 38 years of expertise in magnesium production
and was involved in the process development of its
startup company NL Magnesium to the present US
Magnesium LLC, UT until 2011, during which he
was instrumental in process development from the
solar ponds to magnesium metal foundry. His exper-
tise includes competitive magnesium processes world-
wide and related trade cases. In 2016, Dr. Neelameg-
gham and Brian Davis authored the ICE-JNME award-
winning paper “Twenty-First Century Global Anthro-
pogenic Warming Convective Model.” He is working
on Agricoal® to greening arid soils, and at present
energy efficient Orange hydrogen, and methane abate-
ment. He authored the ebook The Return of Manmade
CO2 to Earth: Ecochemistry. Dr. Neelameggham holds
16 patents and applications and has published several
technical papers. He has served in the Magnesium
Committee of the TMS Light Metals Division (LMD)
since its inception in 2000, chaired in 2005, and since
2007 has been a permanent advisor for the Magne-
sium Technology Symposium. He has been a member of
the Reactive Metals Committee, Recycling Committee,
Titanium Committee, and Program Committee for
LMD and LMD council. Dr. Neelameggham was the
Inaugural Chair, when in 2008, LMD and the TMS
Extraction and Processing Division (EPD) created the
Energy Committee and has been a Co-Editor of the
xvi About the Editors

Energy Technology Symposium through the present.

He received the LMD Distinguished Service Award in
2010. As Chair of the Hydrometallurgy and Electromet-
allurgy Committee, he initiated the Rare Metal Tech-
nology Symposium in 2014 and has been a co-organizer
to the present. He organized the 2018 TMS Symposium
on Stored Renewable Energy in Coal.

Hong Peng is currently the Senior Research Fellow at

the School of Chemical Engineering in the University
of Queensland (UQ), Australia. He obtained a bach-
elor’s degree in Minerals Engineering and a master’s
degree in Microbiology at Central South University,
China followed by a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering
at UQ. Before joining UQ, Dr. Peng had the experi-
ence as a chemical engineer in its Newcastle Tech-
nology Research Center and Olympic Dam at BHP
Billiton. He was the recipient of the 2020 TMS Young
Leaders Professional Development Award. Dr. Peng’s
research focuses on the fundamental aspects of mineral
processing, interfacial colloid science, crystal kinetics,
and precipitation as well as molecular dynamics simu-
lation. These projects are of interest to the nanobubbles,
mine tailings, zeolite, clay minerals, and metal resource
recovery.

Nawshad Haque is a Principal Research Scientist at

the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation (CSIRO) Australia and leads the Electro-
chemical Energy Systems Team in the Energy Tech-
nologies Program. He manages a team of around 13
researchers, 2 post-docs, and 8 Ph.D. students. The Team
is developing low-cost electrolyzers and other asso-
ciated technologies for hydrogen energy systems. Dr.
Haque has over 20 years R&D experience since having
a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of
Sydney. He has played a key role in the development of
CSIRO’s technology evaluation capabilities including
flowsheeting, techno-economic and life cycle assess-
ment methodologies using various databases, tools, and
software to aid in decision. Dr. Haque has a strong
interest in the evaluation of technologies for decar-
bonization of the energy, mining, mineral processing,
and metallurgical industries. In his current role, Dr.
 About the Editors xvii

Haque has initiated several large international multi-

party collaborative research relationships with govern-
ments and industries leading to the establishment of
multi-million-dollar projects related to various tech-
nologies for science capacity development. Dr. Haque is
the Leader for the CSIRO BCSIR Bangladesh and RMIT
University long-term collaboration program for scien-
tific research capability development in Bangladesh.
Dr. Haque has co-authored more than 100 publications
attracting numerous citations. Dr. Haque is currently an
elected Fellow of the Australian Institute of Energy,
Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, and
a member of TMS. He has assisted several journals
including Minerals, Journal of Cleaner Production,
Drying Technology, and is a regular reviewer of Inter-
national Journal of Hydrogen Energy. He has served as
a Director of the Board of Australian Life Cycle Assess-
ment Society for 10 years. Dr Haque has co-supervised
CSIRO sponsored 11 Ph.D. students and over 54 vaca-
tion scholarship projects to completion, many on techno-
economic and life cycle assessment. He is an adjunct
academic at Swinburne University, Monash University,
and RMIT University in Australia.

Yan Liu is currently a professor at the School of Metal-

lurgy at Northeastern University, China. She obtained
her bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, and doctorate
in Thermal Energy and Dynamic Engineering at North-
eastern University, China. She is mainly engaged in the
fields of nonferrous metallurgy, metallurgical reaction
engineering, refinement and dispersion of bubbles in
chemical metallurgy process, design of chemical metal-
lurgy reactor, and physical and numerical simulation
of reactor. Also, she has built a physical and numer-
ical simulation platform. She has done a lot of effective
work in CO2 capture and reactor simulation. Dr. Liu has
participated in the TMS Annual Meeting almost every
year for decades, and her team has won several awards
in TMS conference papers.

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