Digital Technologies

COMP4001

Elementary Functions

Elementary Functions
 Learning Outcomes

• On completion of this topic you should be

able to:
– Understand and use elementary functions in
problem solving
– Develop competence in solving the
exponential and logarithmic functions and in
their applications
– Develop confidence in trigonometry functions
and apply the concepts in computing fields

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Topics to be covered
ØLinear functions
ØQuadratic functions
ØExponential functions
ØLogarithmic functions
Ø Trigonometric functions

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Linear Function
y = mx +c where,
m,c are real numbers (m,c ∈ ℝ)
m = gradient/ slope of the line
c = y-intercept
Eg:

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Sketch these graphs
1) m>0, c>0
2) m>0, c=0
3) m>0, c<0
4) m<0, c>0
5) m<0, c=0
6) m<0, c<0

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Quadratic Function

When a>0 parabola opens upward

y= ax2
+ bx + c where, When a<0 parabola opens downward
a, b, c ∈ ? and a≠ 0
Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
Eg: Discriminant>0 -> 2 x-intercepts
Discriminant=0 -> 1 x-intercept
Discriminant<0 -> no x-intercepts

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Sketch these graphs
1) a>0, b2 – 4ac >0, I) c>0 II) c=0 III) c<0
2) a>0, b2 – 4ac =0, I) c>0 II) c=0 III) c<0
3) a>0, b2 – 4ac <0, I) c>0 II) c=0 III) c<0
4) a<0, b2 – 4ac >0, I) c>0 II) c=0 III) c<0
5) a<0, b2 – 4ac =0, I) c>0 II) c=0 III) c<0
6) a<0, b2 – 4ac <0, I) c>0 II) c=0 III) c<0

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Sketch these graphs
1) a>0, b2 – 4ac >0, I) c>0 II) c=0 III) c<0
2) a>0, b2 – 4ac =0, I) c>0 II) c=0 III) c<0
3) a>0, b2 – 4ac <0, I) c>0 II) c=0 III) c<0
4) a<0, b2 – 4ac >0, I) c>0 II) c=0 III) c<0
5) a<0, b2 – 4ac =0, I) c>0 II) c=0 III) c<0
6) a<0, b2 – 4ac <0, I) c>0 II) c=0 III) c<0

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Exponential functions
§Exponential Function
Øy = ax where a>0 and a≠1
output input

Eg: y= 2x, 3x, 100x, (1/2)x, 0.3x

0<a<1
a>1

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Exponential functions
§ Graph of Exponential Function ax when
a>1

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Ex:
• Sketch Exponential Function ax when
0< a< 1

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Exponential functions
x
y=a
§ Properties of exponential function
Ø az+c = az ac

Ø abx =(ab)x =(ax)b

Ø a0 = 1

Ø a-bx = 1/ abx

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Logarithmic function

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Logarithmic functions

Ø How to express the exponential function

in logarithm form
Ø How to express the logarithm form in the
exponential function
Ø How to determine the unknown
Ø log100.01 = x
Ø logb (1/4) = -(1/2)
Ø log2 x = 3

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Logarithmic functions

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Relationship between exponential and
logarithmic functions

Domain =

Range =

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Logarithmic functions
§Graph of logarithm when a>1

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 • Sketch Logarithmic Function logax when
0< a< 1
Eg: y= log(1/2)x
y= log0.25x

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Logarithmic functions
ØCommon logarithm
Øbase is always 10
Øif no base is explicitly indicated, base 10 is
implied
Ølog x= lg x= log10x

ØNatural logarithm
Øbase is always 2.718281828
Øbase is usually indicated as e
Øusually indicated as ln x= logex

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Logarithmic functions

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
S
l
i
d
e
2
2
o
§ Laws of logarithms
f ØFirst law
2
1 logb(A x B) = logbA + logb(B)
Eg: log7(10 x 5) = log710+ log75

NOTE THAT
logbA + logb(B)= logb(A x B)
¹logbA x logbB

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
S
l
i
d
e
2
3
o
f
2
æAö
1 log ç ÷
bè B ø

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
S
l
i
d
e
2
4 Ø Third Law
o
f ( the log of a number raised to a power p
2
1
is the same as p times the log)
logbAp = p x logbA

Eg: log 103 = 3 x log 10

7 7

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Trigonometry functions
§Introduction
Ø Radian measure vs. degree measure
Ø units used to measure an angle
Ø p radian = 1800

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Trigonometry functions
§ Evaluation of Trigonometric functions
Consider the triangle with sides of length a>0, b>0 and
hypotenuse c>0 as in Figure below:

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Trigonometry functions
Øthen Cosec q

Sec q
opposite
Øsin q = Cot q
hypotenuse
adjacent
Øcos q =
hypotenuse
opposite
Ø tan q = adjacent

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Trigonometry functions
Quadrant sin cos tan 1st quadrant
2nd quadrant
1st +ve +ve +ve
2nd +ve -ve -ve
3rd -ve -ve +ve
4th quadrant
4th -ve +ve -ve 3rd quadrant

Quadrant Writing in terms of an acute angle

1st q
2nd 180 - q eg: 1500 = 1800 – 300
3rd 180 + q eg: 2400 = 1800 + 600
4th 360- q eg: 3000 = 3600 – 600

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Quadrant sin cos tan
1st +ve +ve +ve
2nd +ve -ve -ve
3rd -ve -ve +ve
4th -ve +ve -ve
§Graphs of trigonometry functions
Ø Sine function

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 ØCosine function

-1 ≤ cos q ≤ 1

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 ØTangent function

-∞ ≤ tan q ≤ ∞

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 00 300 450 600 900

sin 0 1

cos 1 0

tan 0 1 Not
defined

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Quadrant Writing in terms of an
acute angle
1st (all +) q

2nd (sin +) 180 - q Sin (180 - q) = sin q

eg: 1500 = 1800 – 300 Sin (180 – 30) = sin 30=1/2
100 = 180 – 80 Sin 150 = ½
170 = 180 - 10 cos (180 - q) = - cos q
tan (180 - q) = - tan q

3rd (tan +) 180 + q tan (180 + q) = tan q

Eg: 200 = 180 + 20 tan (180 + 45) = tan 45= 1
250 = 180 + 70 tan 225 = 1
sin (180 + q) = -sin q
cos (180 + q) = - cos q

4th (cos +) 360 - q Cos (360 - q) = cos q

Eg: 300 = 360 -60 Cos (360 – 60) = cos 60 = ½
330 = 360 - 30 Cos 300 = ½
sin (360 - q) = -sin q
tan (360 - q) = -tan q

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Evaluation of trigonometry
functions
• θ= -300

• Sin (180 + 30) = -sin 30 = -0.5

• y= 3x
x goes 1 round means y goes 3
rounds

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 Question and Answer Session

Q&A

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions
 What we will cover next

Probability

Propositional Logic
Elementary Functions