 What you know compress of

I know that .. our knowledge

 Knowledge pertains to ideas
I know why … Knowledge and belief that we know to be
I know how .. true
 Man believe to have a
knowledge of a thing we he
can explain, identify give
Ideas and Beliefs example point out or relate

“Doubt everything that can be doubted”

René Descartes
Help to determine the Truth
Systematic doubt
Nothing is taking as true unless there is
sufficient evidence to prove that is it true

DETERRING TRUTH
1. A belief is true if it can Example Using doubt we analyze and
be justified or proven  I am alive question thing.
through the use of one’s  I have a body
senses.  I can breath Example:

 Am I alive?
 Do I have a body?
 Can I breathe?

If the answer is “yes” it is true

2. A belief or statement is Example
true if it is based on facts Dictionary or any source to check
I am a Filipino if it is a fact

3. Getting a consensus or Has certain limitation

having people agree on a
common belief Getting everyone to agree on
something may not make the
belief true. However you may
use other evidence to support
that it is true
4. A statement should be If you said that you know how to
proven through an bake a cake
action to determine its
truth You should make a cake and
your product will determine your
claim
5. Claims and belief should
be subjected to test to
determine truth Passing the test

Doubt -> senses -> facts -> actions -> test

 “If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is
necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as
far as possible, all things.” – Rene Descartes

DISTINGUISH OPINION FROM TRUTH

A B
My brother is a selfless person because My brother gave me the last piece of
he give me the last piece of the bread bread
even though he haven’t eaten yet

Fact - are statement that can be check or

Opinion is based on: backup with evidence

 Facts These are the facts that determining the

 Emotions truth
 Belief
 Views
Factual – undisputed, objective, universal,
Is not based on conclusive evidence but
exact and constant are manifestation of
instead on an inclination or and intuition
truth. It applies that it can be proven as
which brings an individual to a conclusion
true. Knowledge must be truthful to gain
validity and acceptance

Bases on making arguments and

convincing people that a certain claim is is
a fact.

Example

My boyfriend is the most handsome man

in the world

 This is based on feelings

Conclusion – it is a judgment based on certain facts. Cannot be disputed but it can be question

Belief – are statement that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts

Explanation – when statement goes beyond facts and provides reason why statement is true.
Makes this more understandable by providing details or supporting ideas
Activity
1.Asia is largest continent in the world - fact
2.Jose Rizal is the best hero in the Philippines. –
Opinion
3.According to Miss World Organization records,
Megan Young was the first Filipina to be crowned
as Miss World - fact
4.2 + 2 = 4 - fact
5.Socrates was the most intelligent person ever
lived – opinion

THE DIALECTIC METHOD

Dialectic
 Refers to a form of a reasoning which uses the
pattern of question and answer exemplified
by Plato’s dialogue.
 Is a method for arriving at the truth
 Didactic dialogue of questioning that is
expressed in the critical examination and cross
examination of the position of every participant
in the dialogue
 A way to discover the truth
 Neither a rhetoric (art of persuasion); nor a
debate – work together to discover the truth
 Guide in knowing what is true
 Maieutic or intellectual midwifery - the
participants in a dialogue, do not force fit their
own beliefs on others

Example:

The teacher
- act as a guide in arriving to the truth
 Facilitates discussion

The students
- serves as the active agent in the acquisition of
knowledge

Socrates line “know thyself”

Participants in the dialogue must first admit their

ignorance

Knowledge begins the moment one admit her

ignorance
The more we know that more that we don’t
know, that we begin to seek the truth and
acquire wisdom
Socratic method: 3 steps in arriving t at the truth

Step 1: give an initial definition of a thing or a concept

Example: A table is four-legged furniture.

Step 2: Look for characterictics not capture in the

initial definition

Example: is a table a cow?

Step 3: give a new definition:

Example: a table is a four legged furniture made up of
wood and has a flat surface

Socratic Method/ Socratic Dialectic = enables us to

move from the state of “not knowing” to that of
“knowing”

The Pragmatic Method

Dewey believed that traditional subject matter was

important ---- >>> integrated with the strength and
interest of the learner
Develop a concept of inquiry, prompted by a sense of
need, and followed by intellectual work
 Defining problems
  Testing hypotheses
 Finding satisfactory solution

Individual learn and grow as a result of experiences

and interaction with the world