Name : IBALE, ARJAY D.

Course : BSABE 2-1

Date : 9/5/2023

Schedule (Day / Time) : TUESDAY : 1-4PM

LABORATORY ERCISE 2 : CONCEP OF ENERGY

INTRODUCTION:

The modern world depends on energy, a fundamental idea that affects every aspect of human
lives. It has broad ramifications for many different scientific areas as well as practical
applications. It is a concept that is firmly grounded in the laws of physics. Energy knowledge
and use have played a significant role in determining the development of human civilization,
from the ancient practice of harnessing fire for warmth and defense to the sophisticated energy
systems that underpin our modern digital age.

Energy is fundamentally the ability to do tasks or affect change. This ability can be seen in
many different shapes, each with its own special qualities and uses. The multidisciplinary
aspect of the study of energy is highlighted by the fact that it crosses numerous disciplines,
including physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and environmental science. To deepen our
understanding and create novel responses to urgent global concerns including climate
change, energy sustainability, and resource depletion, researchers and scientists continuously
investigate the numerous facets of energy.

Exploring the idea of energy and the formulae that go along with it enables us to understand
the basic laws that govern the universe. These mathematical frameworks, which range from the
laws of thermodynamics to the equations of motion, help us to understand how energy is
conserved, transported, and changed in many systems and processes. This concept can be
further enhanced through the listed activities in this exercise.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

1. List the different units of energy and its conversion from one unit to other unit
2. research on the Internet or textbook, list and define the following energy and write its
appropriate equations (fill in table 1)
a. Potential energy
b. kinetic energy
c. internal energy
d. work
3. provide an example of energy conservation as seen in the field of ABE

RESULTS

List the different units of energy and its conversion from one unit to other unit

Joule (J): The SI (International System of Units) unit of energy. 1 Joule is equal to 1 Newton-
meter (N·m) or 1 kilogram-meter squared per second squared (kg·m²/s²).

Calorie (Cal): A unit of energy commonly used in nutrition. 1 calorie is approximately equal to
4.184 joules.

Kilocalorie (kcal): Also known as a Calorie (with a capital "C") in nutrition. 1 kilocalorie is equal
to 1,000 calories or approximately 4,184 joules.

British Thermal Unit (BTU): Used in the United States and the UK for measuring energy. 1
BTU is approximately equal to 1,055.06 joules.

Electron Volt (eV): A unit of energy commonly used in atomic and particle physics. 1 electron
volt is equal to approximately 1.602 x 10^-19 joules.

Kilowatt-hour (kWh): A unit of electrical energy commonly used for billing purposes. 1
kilowatt-hour is equal to 3.6 million joules (3.6 x 10^6 J).
Table 1. Energy and its equations

Energy Definition Equation

Potential energy Potential energy, a fundamental concept in physics,
refers to the energy that an item possesses as a result
of its location or configuration in a force field. It
denotes an object's capacity to carry out tasks even
when its position or status shifts. Potential energy is a
fundamental component of the energy conservation
concept and can be described in a variety of ways
depending on the type of force field involved.
P.E. = mgh
For instance, gravitational potential energy affects how
an object is positioned within a gravitational field. The
formula for estimating gravitational potential energy
(PE_gravity), according to Halliday, Resnick, and
Walker (2017), is as follows:

Kinetic energy According to Fundamentals of Physics 2017; The

energy an item holds as a result of its motion is
referred to as kinetic energy, which is a fundamental
idea in physics. It emphasizes the fact that an object's
kinetic energy grows noticeably when it accelerates or
moves more quickly because kinetic energy is exactly
related to the square of an object's speed.
Understanding the dynamics of moving objects and K.E. = 1/2 m v2
their interactions in the natural world requires an
understanding of kinetic energy, which plays a crucial
role in a variety of physical phenomena.
Internal energy Internal energy, a key idea in thermodynamics, is the
total energy held within a system as a result of the
interactions and microscopic movements of its
constituent parts, including atoms and molecules.
Internal energy includes both potential energy, which
is related to intermolecular forces, and kinetic energy,
which results from the random motion of particles, as Q =(U2 – U1)+W
stated in "Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach" by Cengel and Boles (2014). For the
purpose of comprehending and studying
thermodynamic processes, such as phase shifts and
heat transfer in various physical systems, changes in
internal energy might result from heat transfer or work
done on or by the system.
Work Work is the transfer of energy between a system and
its surroundings that happens as a result of the
application of a force across a distance in the context
of physics and thermodynamics. A system's energy
can change depending on whether work is done by it
or on it, increasing or decreasing it. grasp how energy W = fd
is transmitted and converted through many physical
processes, such as mechanical labor, electrical work,
and more, requires a grasp of this fundamental idea.
3. provide an example of energy conservation as seen in the field of ABE

Several tactics are used in the context of agricultural energy conservation to improve
effectiveness and decrease waste in irrigation systems. One of these is the use of variable
frequency drives (VFDs), which allow for exact regulation of water flow rates and pressure to
match crop water requirements, reducing over-pumping and energy waste. Changing from less
effective flood or sprinkler irrigation to drip irrigation systems, which distribute water directly
to plant roots and reduce energy waste from evaporation and runoff, is another strategy. Solar-
powered pumps employ renewable energy sources to run their motors, decreasing their
dependency on fossil fuels and operating expenses while storing any excess energy for later
use. Along with improving overall efficiency, the use of energy-efficient electric motors in
pumps and automated control systems leads to significant energy savings. Last but not least,
routine maintenance procedures like filter cleaning and leak detection increase system
efficiency and lessen the need for unnecessary energy usage. Together, these techniques
support environmentally responsible and sustainable agriculture operations.

DISCUSSION/ CONCLUSION

The fundamental idea of energy and its numerous applications were examined in this lab
activity, demonstrating its significant significance in numerous scientific fields and real-world
situations. The study highlighted how energy is a multidisciplinary field that spans physics,
chemistry, biology, engineering, and environmental science. Understanding how energy is
conserved, transported, and changed across many systems and processes requires an
understanding of the mathematical frameworks that are related to it, such as the laws of
thermodynamics and equations of motion. The exercise also offered useful insights into the
various energy units and their conversions, including joules to calories, BTUs, electron volts,
and kilowatt-hours (kWh).

The activity also presented key energy concepts, including work, internal energy, potential and
kinetic energy, as well as their corresponding equations and definitions. For instance, potential
energy was defined as the energy that an item had because of its location in a force field, and
gravitational potential energy was computed using the formula P.E. = mgh. The energy
connected to an object's motion was called kinetic energy, and its formula is K.E. = half of a
mv2 was shown. The role of internal energy in various physical processes and its formula Q =
(U2 - U1) + W, which considers heat transfer and work done on or by the system, were
highlighted in the context of thermodynamics. The equation W = fd was used to define work as
the transfer of energy through the application of a force over a distance.

Finally, a practical example of energy conservation in agricultural and biosystems engineering

(ABE) was given. It addressed methods for maximizing energy use in irrigation systems and
promoting ecologically friendly and sustainable farming practices, including variable frequency
drives (VFDs), drip irrigation, solar-powered pumps, energy-efficient motors, and adequate
maintenance.

As a result, this lab activity not only highlighted the fundamental significance of energy in many
situations, but also showed how it might be used practically to address modern world issues
like climate change and resource sustainability, both within the context of ABE and beyond.

GUIDE QUESTIONS :

1. Use dimensional analysis and show that the expressions E = mc2 has a unit of energy

• Energy (E) is usually measured in joules (J) in the International System of Units (SI).
Mass (m) is measured in kilograms (kg) in SI.
• The speed of light (c) is measured in meters per second (m/s) in SI. Now, let's substitute
these units into the equation: E (joules) = m (kilograms) * c^2 (m^2/s^2)
• To simplify the expression, notice that c^2 has units of (m^2/s^2). So, the units of
mass times c^2 become: m (kilograms) * c^2 (m^2/s^2) = m (kilograms) *
(m^2/s^2)
• Now, we can simplify the right side: m (kilograms) * (m^2/s^2) = m (kilograms) *
m/s^2
Now, we have confirmed that both sides of the equation have the same units, which are joules
(J). Therefore, E = mc^2 indeed has the units of energy.

2. In accordance with Einstein theory of relativity, calculate the mass of the matter
headed to be destroyed to produce an energy of 1.75 x 1015W -hr

REFERENCES:

Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2017). Fundamentals of Physics. John Wiley &
Sons.

Young, H. D., & Freedman, R. A. (2016). University Physics. Pearson.

Atkins, P., & de Paula, J. (2018). Atkins' Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press.

Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2017). Fundamentals of Physics. John Wiley &
Sons.

Cengel, Y. A., & Boles, M. A. (2014). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach.

McGraw-Hill.